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Chapter 5 Notes 1 ChaPter 5 Classical Greece 2 Section 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea How did geography influence the Greeks? Rocky land, high mountains and deep valleys. Moving over the land was difficult Because of the geography of the land Greeks were not easily united 3 Section 1 Continued Why did Greeks become good sailors? the need for resources and easy access to the sea resulted in the Greeks becoming good sailors Greece has a mild climate 4 5 Pictures of Greece 6 Mycenaean Civilization Develops Who were the Mycenaeans? A large group of people moved from Europe, India and Southwest Asia around 2000 BC They developed a strong culture and borrowed many of their ideas from Crete Fought a long war with the people of Troy called the Trojan War 7 Mycenaeans greatest warrior according to Hollywood and Homer 8 Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians What was Greece like under the Dorians? Mycenaeans fell about 1200 BC and the Dorians occupied the land. For the next 400 years Greece culture declined, there are very few written records of this time They caused a lack of writing so spoken word became important. 9 Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians 9 Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians How did Homer keep Greek culture alive under the Dorians? A great story teller named Homer spoke great epic poems about heroes and their deeds. Iliad centers on the heroes of the Trojan War Rich myths or stories explaining the actions of the gods were also told during this time 10 Homer 11 Iliad 12 Setting the Stage formal government developed, home culture began to prevail 13 Section 2: Warring City-States City States The center of Greek life was the polis - city state or political unit in Greece acropolis: where citizens gathered to discuss city government The city state had different kinds of governments. Some had monarchy, aristocracy, and oligarchy 14 Different forms of Government monarchy: king or single person rules aristocracy: ruled by a small group of nobles, land owning families oligarchy: government ruled by a few powerful people tyrants: single powerful individual ruler democracy: government ruled by the people 15 Athens Builds a Limited Democracy Leaders Draco developed laws that made rich and poor equal, criminals were punished harshly Solon - outlawed debt slavery, organized citizens into four groups, only top three could hold office Cleisthenes - created council of the 500, divided people into groups based on where they lived, citizens participated in a limited democracy b/c only free adult males who owned property could be citizens 16 Education only wealthy families participated in schooling school started at age 7, studies reading, grammar, poetry, history, math, music, athletics, public speaking girls were educated at home 17 girls were educated at home 17 18 Sparta Builds a Military State Location: Peloponnesus, Southern Greece Government: Military State Sparta Dominates Messenians: helots - peasant forced to stay on land and work, 1/2 of the crops produced were given to Sparta revolted and Sparta put down revolt but decided to focus on military 19 Government/ Society Government/Society: Council of Elders - made up of 30 older citizens made laws, had two Kings that ruled the military forces Daily life: Powerful army, individual expression was discouraged. No value in art, literature or intealectural pursuits were discouraged. Values were duty, strength, discipline over freedom. served in army until they were 60. Lived and learned how to be soldiers from 7 to 30 Women were hard but had freedom and were educated 20 21 22 The Persian Wars Over the years the Greeks developed the ability to make iron weapons. Each city state had its own army. Soldiers stood side by side. They held a spear in one hand and a shield in the other. Together they formed a phalanx 23 The Persian Wars In 490 BC Persians landed 25,000 soldiers on the coast of Greece. At the Battle of Marathon, the Greeks won a tremendous victory that saved Athens. Pheidippides ran from the Battle of Marathon to Athens to tell of the news of Athens great victory over the Persians. Thermopylae and Salamis: 10 years later, the Persians returned. The Greeks lost a battle on land despite the heroic efforts of a small band of Spartans (300). The Persians burned Athens, but Greek leaders had already planned for a sea battle. Athens won a great sea battle and followed up with a great victory on land due the 200 cites uniting in the Delian League. The Persians were driven from Greece right before the golden age 24 25 Xerxes the Persian leader the second time 26 Consequences of the Persian War 25 Xerxes the Persian leader the second time 26 Consequences of the Persian War Athens began to lead the Delian League, moved the headquarter of the League to Athens Athens began to use military force against those who challenged their authority 27 Section 3: Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Pericles’ Plan for Athens Pericles led Athens during its golden age. Golden age - is when drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture and science reached new heights He set three goals 1. Make Athens much more democratic (helped bring about a direct democracy - ruled directly by the citizens 2. Make Athens stronger (created a very strong navy 3. Make Athens beautiful 28 Glorious Art and Architecture One of the glories of Athens was the Parthenon, this temple was built to honor the goddess Athena classical art: focused on harmony, balance, proportion 29 30 Pericles’ Goals how they were achieved 1. increased the number of public officials and they were paid positions 2. Organized the Delian League, used money from the league to make Athens navy strong and make Athens beautiful 31 Drama and History Athens became home to a group of very skilled playwrights who wrote either tragedies - serious drama about common themes such as love, hate, war or betrayal. Hero with a tragic flaw. comedies - plays that made audiences laugh about important issues and ideas, made fun of politics and respected people 32 Athenians and Spartans Go to War The Peloponnesian War began in 431 BC, both were city states The conflict ended badly for Athens A horrible plague killed a great many people in Athens began in 431 BC, both were city states The conflict ended badly for Athens A horrible plague killed a great many people in Athens Several battles were fought and they signed a truce and Athens gave up and lost its empire in 404 BC 33 34 Philosophers Search for Truth Philosophers - thinkers who tried to understand human life, lovers of wisdom Two assumptions: The universe is put together in an orderly way and subject to un-changing laws Socrates - one of the most powerful thinkers in history. He believed deeply in truth and justice. Some thought his teaching were dangerous to young people. He was brought to trial and put to death Plato - Socrates pupil, born to wealthy Athenian family, became a great thinker himself and wrote The Republic Aristotle - Plato’s student who developed a method for testing and organizing ideas 35 Aristotle 36 Plato 37 Socrates 38 Section 4: Alexander’s Empire Philip Builds Macedonian Power Philip II became king of Macedonia - kingdom located just north of Greece He was a strong leader and trained his troops to be tough fighters. Macedonia’s thought of themselves as Greeks, but the Greeks looked down on them. Attacked Greece and won soon after Peloponnesian War. Philip planned to invade Persia but was stabbed to death by former guard His son Alexander became king and became know as Alexander the Great ` 39 40 Alexander Defeats Persia In 334 BC Alexander invaded Persia. Darius III raised a huge army to face him, Alexander used a surprise attack that forced Darius III to retreat. Alexander conquered Egypt, where he was welcomed as a liberator. He was crowned pharaoh and named the city after himself, Alexandria. Alexandria is found on the African continent. He finished Persia off and the empire was his 41 42 Alexander’s Other Conquest 41 42 Alexander’s Other Conquest Alexander pushed east taking his army as far as India He decided to return home and he was making plans on how to govern his empire when he became ill and died at the age of 32. Alexanders’s Legacy: Three of his generals divided his empire One ruled Macedonia and Greece One ruled Egypt One ruled the lands of the old Persian Empire 43 Alexander the Great Who: Great Military Leader Where: Macedonia When: 336 BC - 323 BC Why Important: Conquered the greatest empire of the time, outstanding military leader 44 Darius III Who: Leader of Persia Where: Persia When: 334 BC Why Important: forced to give up Persian Empire to Alexander the Great, was defeated several times by him. 45 Section 5: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria Hellenistic - blended culture of the Greeks, Egyptian, Persian and Indian influences The center of the new culture was Alexandria in Egypt. 46 Science and Technology Scholars used observatory to look at the stars and the planets. One of these astronomers developed the idea that the sun was actually larger than the Earth. Euclid - wrote a book with the basic ideas of geometry Archimedes - invented many clever machines, one was the pulley another was called Archimedes screw which was used to bring water from lower level to a higher one 47 Philosophy and Art Two new schools of philosophy developed Stoics - argued that people should live a good life to keep themselves in harmony with natural laws.
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