ABSTRACTS the villeins were Romanian, their number grew continuously due to resettlement from 2013/3 Veronka Dáné the neighbouring principalities and due to The Jurisdiction of the Principality of natural reproduction. Transylvania Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, juris- András Kovács diction, Tripartitum, parliamentary resolutions Princely Building Operations in Tran- The jurisdiction of the Principality of sylvania Transylvania evolved as a result of a process Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, buil- which lasted many decades, side by side ding operations, late Renaissance, Szamos- with the state, uniting the characteristics of újvár (Gherla), Nagyvárad (Oradea), Gyula- the pre-Mohács Hungarian Kingdom and fehérvár (Alba Iulia), Gabriel (Gábor) Bethlen, the novel characteristics of the new state. Collegium Academicum, Giacomo Resti The year 1619 could be regarded as the end The beginning of the Principality coincided date of this process. The jurisdiction of the with the spreading of the manifestations Principality is characterized by unity as of the high and the late Renaissance in well as diversity with regard to the basic Transylvania. The castles of Szamosújvár statute and the procedures. (Gherla) and Nagyvárad (Oradea) are im- portant early relics of the revolution in the Annamária Jeney-Tóth field of military science. In the transitional The Princely Household in the Principa- period, Queen Dowager Isabel and her son, lity of Transylvania John Sigismund, occupy the domains of the Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, prin- bishop and the chapter of Transylvania. cely household, main and deputy steward, Due to these circumstances, the capital of master of the horse, captain general of the the principality is located at the seat from court, valet Gyulafehérvár (Alba Iulia) of the medieval The princely household meant a kind episcopate. The bishop’s palace has been of narrowing of the court’s society as a remade and extended already in these first travelling section of the central government decades. The greatest achievement from the offices (the chancellery and the treasury) era of the princes from the House of Báthory which escorted the prince. It only changed in was the castle of Nagyvárad (Oradea). the case of national and regional assemblies. The leaders of the princely household were Gyöngy Kovács Kiss the main and the deputy stewards, the master Mosaic Pieces of Everyday Life in Ko- of the horse, the captain general of the court lozsvár during the Era of the Principality and the valets/chamberlains (cubicularius). Keywords: Principality, Kolozsvár, guild life, The steward of the household supervised leisure activities, communication pheno- the work of the master of the kitchen besides mena, regulation of costumes the work of the youths (valets, Lord High The study examines different segments of Stewards, table masters, cupbearers), fur- everyday life in Kolozsvár during the 16th thermore, he also had control over the and 17th centuries, including leisure activi- craftsmen and a part of the protectors of order ties and phenomena of social interaction (doorkeepers, couriers, postal youths). and communication, while regarding the city – viewed as a process in itself – not Gusztáv Mihály Hermann merely as a location of the discussed events, A Glance at Transylvania's Society in but as a place which influences citizens as the Age of the Principality well as outsiders. The discussed domains Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, pri- include guild life and the function of guilds vileged orders: the aristocracy, the Saxons, in closed and characteristically self orga- the Szeklers nizing communities, certain types and After having become independent, sub- specific locations of pastimes and games, sequently to Hungary’s splitting into three gossip and insult as the warrants of parts, Transylvania has kept its feudal publicity, and the regulation of costumes. structure. The privileged orders were the aristocracy, the Saxons and the Szeklers. Teréz Oborni There were few aristocratic families, and The State and Political Regime of the only 15% of the aristocracy had as many as Principality of Transylvania 1-3 villages. The principal property was Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, very large; the ruler of the country was state, political regime, ottoman Porte prince and squire at the same time for the In the 16th and 17th centuries the Principality 126 majority of the villeins. The greatest part of of Transylvania, a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, functioned as a state with limited András Lajos Róth sovereignty. The Hungarian kings consi- Premonition of Our Europeanism 127 dered Transylvania to be an integral part of Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, the Holy Crown of Hungary, and thus never cultural/artistic/intellectual tendencies relinquished their claim to it. According to a The era of the Transylvanian principality is right, which became a law in 1567, the as significant and rich in events culturally Transylvanian princes were elected by the and historically as politically, economically Transylvanian estates from 1571 onwards. and socially. Actually, these events are the This paragraph of the Law of 1567 named consequences of the mentioned facts. This ‘libera electio’, that is free election, was is the era of considerable changes also on an repeatedly acknowledged by the Ottoman international scale, resulting in the align- Porte. The Porte always required pre-election ment of Transylvania – as a geopolitical negotiations regarding the person of the territory – to the European standards; future prince, or on occasion ordered its moreover, it even exceeded those standards, troops to bring a new prince to the for instance, in the case of announcing Transylvanian throne, as was the case of religious freedom for the first time. It is also Gábor Bethlen in 1613. It was the prince who the era of great and essential changes, the summoned the lords of the Princely Council effects and consequences of which can be and decided the matters of discussion. The perceived even today. Apart from Catholic first of the councillors was the head of the theories and concepts – considered to be government, the chancellor. The prince also eternal –, further outstanding religious commanded the army, decided in matters of ideologies, including Protestantism and the war and peace as well as diplomacy, and in more radical Unitarianism and Anabaptism, matters concerning the treasury and finances. also evolved, determining the most funda- mental aspects of Transylvanian culture. It Klára Papp is due to the intellectuals of the western Aristocratic Society in the Principality societies, the monarchs and nobles, who of Transylvania supported culture, as well as to the cou- Keywords: Principality of Transylvania, rageous citizenship and to the society aristocracy, baron, count, prince, nobility, always ready to adapt to changes, that landed gentry, armalists Transylvanian culture could ultimately The new districts from the Partium region, enrich the universal European civilization. which were included in the Principality of Transylvania, were inhabited by a social Péter Takács stratum formed by hereditary barons and by The Blessed and Cursed Érmindszent rich landed gentry, which wanted to take of Ady their share of the possibilities offered by the Keywords: Endre Ady, Érmindszent, Adél new political power. An important part of Brüll, Paris, poetry, Hungarian history the Transylvanian aristocracy has been Endre Ady was born in Érmindszent, a promoted to the rank of baron or count by village which counts less than a thousand the Hungarian king. Some of them were the inhabitants. He graduated in Zilah (Zalãu), beneficiaries of the right of free baronship, and studied law in Debrecen, but soon and many princes have also been accorded discontinued his studies. He was a journalist the title of imperial prince. The bulk of in Debrecen and then in Nagyvárad (Oradea). Transylvanian nobility was composed of Ady met Adél Brüll in Nagyvárad, she was the landed gentry, in possession of smaller called Léda in his poems. He visited Paris parcels of land. Similarly to the Hungarian with Léda’s help. Paris charmed and fascina- Kingdom, the so-called “armalist” nobility ted Ady. However, Ady was emotionally tied gained in importance also in Transylvania to his birthplace. Ady’s poetry was informed in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Szeklers by this un-resolved conflict – Érmindszent vs. and, from the beginning of the 17th century, Paris. His relationship with Léda inspired un- the so-called hajdús benefited from a usual poetry, both in style and content. Fee- special form of communal freedom. lings and experiences of everyday reality were transferred into symbols by the poet. The cosmopolitan city and the native village (Paris and Érmindszent) play an equally important role in his poetic world.

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