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Peterson-Dissertation-2017 THE RHETORIC OF YORKIST POLITICAL WRITING DURING THE WARS OF THE ROSES A Dissertation by NOAH GENE PETERSON Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Britt Mize Co-Chair of Committee, Nancy Warren Committee Members, Amy Earhart Donnalee Dox Head of Department, Maura Ives May 2017 Major Subject: English Copyright 2017 Noah Peterson ABSTRACT This dissertation focuses on the rhetoric of political writing in late medieval England and particularly the ways in which Yorkist writers established their own form of rhetoric for political ends. I argue that Yorkist writers distanced themselves from their Lancastrian predecessors while creating their own form of political rhetoric. I identify four major aspects of Yorkist rhetorical practice. One, several Yorkist poets work within or create a “network” of textual connection through direct quotations and references to politically relevant and contemporary texts. Two, Yorkist writers, for the most part, rejected the genre of prophecy and some offered alternatives. Three, Yorkist writers worked to emphasize the role of women and their importance in England. Four, Yorkist writers highlighted the heraldic identity of noblemen. The most important of these elements of Yorkist rhetoric is their treatment of women in short poetry and their historical writing. I examine the ways in which women were included and excluded from the historical and literary record in order to advance political discourses. The texts I focus on have been neglected by modern scholars, and many have not been edited. As such, I also offer an edition of the Middle English commonplace book found within Trinity College Dublin Manuscript 432. The manuscript is a unique collection of Yorkist writing and represents a major text for those interested in Yorkist political poetry. This project helps us see the roots of our own rhetorical political practices particularly the ways in which what looks like gender inclusivity can reinforce patriarchal political constructs. ii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my mom and dad who, for some reason, supported my decision to go to graduate school to read medieval literature. Thank you for always being behind me and pushing me forward. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It would be impossible to acknowledge all those who influenced me while working on this project. It is with great pleasure that I acknowledge Nancy Warren and Britt Mize who helped steer me toward fifteenth-century political writing and provided support and feedback as I sent them draft after draft of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Amy Earhart for introducing me to Digital Humanities and the highs and lows of wrestling with texts in TEI. Many thanks as well to my fellow graduate students who looked at chapter drafts and were forced to hear more about fifteenth century politics than they probably cared for: Bryan Tarpley, Kathy Torabi, Caitlin Brenner, and Nigel Lepianka. Thanks, of course, go to the librarians at both Texas A&M University and Trinity College Dublin for their help in finding books and handling medieval manuscripts. iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES Chapter V of this dissertation represents the first steps of creating a digital edition of a manuscript. This project was possible thanks to the Texas A&M Summertime Advanced Research Award and the Vision 2020 Dissertation Enhancement Award, which provided funding for a research trip to Trinity College Dublin. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. ii DEDICATION .......................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................... iv CONTRIBUTORS AND FUNDING SOURCES ..................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................... vi LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: POLITICAL WRITING AND THE WARS OF THE ROSES ................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER II YORKIST OCCASIONAL POETRY: REFORM AND RENEWAL .................................................................................... 21 Ballad Set upon the Gates of Canterbury ....................................... 23 Battle of Northampton .................................................................... 45 Twelve Letters that Saved England ................................................ 54 Reform and Renewal ...................................................................... 61 CHAPTER III FEMINIZING HISTORY: CHRONICLE WRITING IN THE YORKIST AGE ............................................................................. 66 Introduction: Chronicles and Historical Writing ............................ 66 Rollo ............................................................................................... 71 Arrival ............................................................................................ 80 English Chronicle ........................................................................... 86 Hardyng .......................................................................................... 94 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 106 vi CHAPTER IV YORKIST RHETORICAL STRATEGIES AND THOMAS MALORY’S LE MORTE DARTHUR ............................................ 108 Textual Networks ........................................................................... 114 Political Prophecy .......................................................................... 126 Women ........................................................................................... 136 Heraldric Badges ............................................................................ 151 Conclusion ...................................................................................... 155 CHAPTER V TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN MS 432 ....................................... 157 Introduction .................................................................................... 157 Manuscript ...................................................................................... 159 Editorial Policy ............................................................................... 165 CHAPTER VI CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................ 166 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 175 APPENDIX 1 TEI ENCODING OF TRINITY COLLEGE DUBLIN MS 432 ....... 187 vii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE Page 1 The genealogical claim of Henry VI to the crown of England and France, BL MS Royal 15 E VI, 3r. ......................................................................... 7 2 Edward IV’s descent from Edward III ....................................................... 79 3 Detail of three hands writing in TCD MS 432, 75r. ................................... 164 viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION: POLITICAL WRITING AND THE WARS OF THE ROSES Plantagenet: Since you are tongue-tied and so loath to speak, In dumb significants proclaim your thoughts: Let him that is a trueborn gentleman And stands upon the honor of his birth, If he suppose that I have pleaded truth, From off this brier pluck a white rose with me. Somerset: Let him that is no coward nor no flatterer, But dare maintain the party of the truth, Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me. (1 Henry VI II.iv.25-33)1 In 1337, Edward III “set a precedent in England by creating a dukedom for his first-born son.”2 Following this, all of Edward III’s sons who lived past infancy became royal dukes. Edward, the Black Prince, became duke of Cornwall; Lionel became duke of Clarence; John became duke of Lancaster; Edmund became duke of York; and, Thomas became duke of Gloucester. It is in this multiplication of royal dukedoms that Chrimes identifies as the seeds of the dynastic conflict that spanned 1455 to 1485 and 1 William Shakespeare, The Complete Works of Shakespeare, 5th ed., David Bevington, ed., (New York: Pearson Longman, 2004). 2 S.B. Chrimes, Lancastrians, Yorkists, and Henry VII, 2nd ed., (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1966): 6. 1 became known as the Wars of the Roses. If it was the large number of royal sons that planted the seeds for the conflict, it was the long minority of Henry VI following the death of his father Henry V in 1422 that made the conflict a reality. Henry VI was not yet one year old when his father, Henry V, died. Henry VI became King of England on 31 August 1422, and what followed was the longest minority rule in English history. Henry V’s eldest surviving brother, John Duke of Bedford, became regent in France. Meanwhile, a council was established to rule in Henry VI’s name in England. It was lead by Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, Henry V’s youngest brother, and Henry Beaufort, Bishop of Winchester. The two did not see eye to eye, and unsurprisingly did not govern well in Henry VI’s name. In the late 1430s, as a teenager, the responsibilities of kingship were foisted onto the young king. However, the young king ruling in his own name did not stabilize the government
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