Losing the World's Heritage
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Losing the world’s heritage – ancient life forms at risk Burnt forest, including rainforest, in canyon, Devils Gullet, Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area, February 2016. Rob Blakers. Submission to the Senate Environment and Communications References Committee on the Tasmanian wilderness bushfires April 2016 The Wilderness Society and Greenpeace acknowledge the traditional Aboriginal owners of all Country in Tasmania and pay respect to elders past and present and the Tasmanian Aboriginal Community. We support efforts to progress reconciliation, land justice and equality. We 1 recognise and welcome actions that seek to better identify, present, protect and conserve Aboriginal cultural heritage, irrespective of where it is located. Submission - Senate Inquiry into bushfires in remote Tasmanian wilderness – April 2016 Inquiry into the response to, and lessons learnt from, recent bushfires in remote Tasmanian wilderness The fires are extremely destructive for two main reasons. First, the fires are threatening vegetation that is unique to Tasmania, including iconic alpine species such as the Pencil Pine and cushion plants, as well as temperate rainforests. Second, the fires are burning up large areas of organic soils upon which the unique Tasmanian vegetation depends. It is extremely unlikely burnt areas with the endemic alpine flora will ever fully recover given the slow growth of these species and the increased risk of subsequent fires given the change to more flammable vegetation and the slow accumulation of peat soils, which takes thousands of years. Past fires have resulted in a permanent switch from the unique Tasmanian alpine vegetation to more fire-tolerant vegetation. David Bowman, Professor of Environmental Change Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, 29 January 2016 (Bowman 2016) The Wilderness Society (TWS) and Greenpeace Asia Pacific (GPAP) welcomes the Senate Environment and Communications References Committee inquiry into the 2016 Tasmanian bushfires and offer this submission as a contribution to deliberations, reporting and recommendations. We request the opportunity to appear before the Committee to further explain our observations, analysis and recommendations. This submission is made with respectful recognition of the dangerous and challenging nature of fighting all wildfires, let alone remote area fires. It recognises the professionalism and dedication of fire-fighting staff and volunteers and offers thanks for the efforts expended in the 2016 Tasmanian campaign. It does however raise questions regarding Tasmania’s preparedness in the face of climate change, its willingness to ask for external assistance, prioritisation of fire-fighting effort in certain circumstances and the proposed articulation of fire response policy in statutory management frameworks. It asks these questions in the spirit of a constructive contribution within a process of continual improvement, with the view to identifying opportunities to learn from the events of 2016, to augment and develop current fire-fighting capacity, strategy, policy and funding, particularly for remote area fire-fighting. All observations, analysis and recommendations in this submission are made against the backdrop of an escalating global emergency driven by human-induced climate change. In this context, this submission and its recommendations are made within an overarching call for greater government action to combat climate change. 2 Submission - Senate Inquiry into bushfires in remote Tasmanian wilderness – April 2016 1. Summary In January and February 2016, a spate of fires burnt out of control in Tasmania. At the height of this ‘unprecedented’ crisis, over 80 fires were uncontained, more than 20 of them inside the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area (TWWHA). Others burnt in places of outstanding natural and cultural heritage value that the Wilderness Society has long proposed as formal conservation reserves, including as extensions to the TWWHA. The fires were caused by hundreds of lightning strikes across western Tasmania that ignited natural vegetation enduring the driest conditions on record. Respected local scientists described the event as the direct result of climate change because of the extraordinarily dry conditions and the intensity of the dry-lightning storm. The fires burnt terrain whose natural and cultural attributes constitute part of the Outstanding Universal Value of the TWWHA. Of particular concern was a complex of fires immediately north (up-wind) of the heart of Tasmania’s alpine country, a spectacular glaciated landscape of jagged peaks, lakes, plateaux and ancient vegetation. The world’s biggest stands of pencil- pine trees were under threat of permanent damage for over two weeks. Pencil pines are members of the genus Athrotaxis, a life form with a lineage of over 150 million years, limited range restricted to Tasmania’s alpine country and no evidence of regeneration after fire. Fortunately, a period of cooler and wetter weather occurred, subduing the fires that were causing the most serious threat to Outstanding Universal Value. The efforts of Tasmanian fire-fighting agencies – augmented by over 1200 personnel from other states and New Zealand over the course of two months – were also a major factor in containing the fires. In retrospect, it appears that the TWWHA was extremely lucky that hot, windy, northerly conditions (common in January and February in Tasmania) did not occur, that resources were not required to tackle fires in major population centres, and that no major fire emergencies were occurring on the Australian mainland at this time. The incident has raised several issues of concern to the management of the TWWHA. These include: The state of preparation of fire agencies, given that a bad fire season had been predicted; The response time of the Tasmanian Government in calling for resources from outside the state; The future of ancient fire-sensitive life-forms within the TWWHA given that this event is part of a clear trend towards more dry lightning strikes and hot, dry summers; The resourcing of Tasmanian fire-fighting agencies by the Tasmanian Government, which has been criticised by the fire-fighters’ union for budget cuts and restructuring; The level of remote-area fire-fighting and coordination expertise, both within the Tasmanian Fire Service and at the federal level; The inadequacy of public communication about the crisis (particularly wuith regard to natural values) on the part of the Tasmanian Government; 3 Submission - Senate Inquiry into bushfires in remote Tasmanian wilderness – April 2016 The inadequacy of the draft new Management Plan for the TWWHA in recognising the need for rapid-response capabilities and prioritising the protection of fire-sensitive vegetation over built infrastructure (as provided for in the current (1999) Management Plan. TWS and GPAP recommend the following actions by the Australian Government: The Australian Government should recognise the role of climate change in exacerbating the threat to the Outstanding Universal Value of the TWWHA as bushfire seasons lengthen and intensify; The Australian Government should state the seriousness of the fire threat to the Outstanding Universal Value of the TWWHA to UNESCO’s World Heritage Committee and its advisory bodies (the IUCN and ICOMOS) and report on the issue of wildfires in all future State of Conservation reports; The Australian government should recognise the catastrophic threat to key Outstanding Universal Values of the Tasmanian Wilderness posed by wild fires and ensure it is articulated in all relevant UNESCO reports, management plans and fire plans; The Australian Government should oversee the review of the Management Plan for the TWWHA to ensure wildfires and their threats to Outstanding Universal Value are adequately addressed, including by retaining and expanding the capacity for rapid response to tackle remote-area fires, by ensuring that the protection of fire- sensitive vegetation is a higher priority than protecting infrastructure within the World Heritage Area, and by improving remote-area detection of fires by utilising the best available technology; The Australian Government should offer adequate and immediate financial backing for the suppression of the uncontrolled fires that threaten the TWWHA and other irreplaceable environmental and cultural attributes (such as the takayna/Tarkine rainforest, Tyndall Range and Western Tasmania Aboriginal Cultural Landscape); The Australian Government should provide adequate funding to the Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service, through the Tasmanian Government, to: o properly resource all aspects of management of the TWWHA; o bolster remote area fire-fighting capacity; o restore its education program about fire (including campfires) for outdoor recreationalists using the TWWHA; The Australian Government should provide coordination and financial support to enable the Tasmanian Government to develop and implement a long-term bushfire response plan designed to protect Outstanding Universal Value and other environmental and cultural attributes in the TWWHA and across Tasmania; The Australian Government should provide financial resources for additional research (including by the CSIRO) into the relationship between climate change, bushfires and ecology in Australia; 4 Submission - Senate Inquiry into bushfires in remote Tasmanian wilderness – April 2016 The Australian Government should bolster its efforts to research, model and tackle climate