Household Dynamics in Pastoral Communities and Implications for Humanitarian Aid Interventions
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ILRI DISCUSSION PAPER 37 Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions RESEARCH PROGRAM ON ISBN: 92–9146–597–6 The International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) works to improve food and nutritional security and reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock. Co-hosted by Kenya and Ethiopia, it has regional or country offices and projects in East, South and Southeast Asia as well as Central, East, Southern and West Africa. ilri.org CGIAR is a global agricultural research partnership for a food-secure future. Its research is carried out by 15 research centres in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations. cgiar.org ii Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions Fiona Flintan1, Abule Ebro1, Mulubrhan Balehegn2, Hamdi Aden3, Habtamu Disasa Muleta4, Bikila Negasa5, Amanuel Assefa1, Bedasa Eba1, Yasin Getahun1 and Mahamuda Mohammed6 1. International Livestock Research Institute 2. Mekelle University Department of Animal, Rangeland and Wildlife Sciences 3. Consultant (previously Oxfam and Jijiga University) 4. Dilla University 5. Yabello Pastoral and Dryland Agriculture Research Centre 6. University of Semera, Afar Regional State, Ethiopia December 2019 ©2019 International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) ILRI thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund This publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s). NOTICE: For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of this work must be made clear to others. Any of the above conditions can be waived if permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of the publication. ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used. Editing, design and layout—ILRI Editorial and Publishing Services, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Cover photo—Wolfgang Bayer and ILRI\Zerihun Sewunet ISBN 92–9146–597–6 Citation: Flintan, F., Ebro, A., Balehegn, M., Aden, H., Disasa, H., Negasa, B., Assefa, A., Eba, B., Getahun, Y. and Mohammed, M. 2019. Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions. ILRI Discussion Paper 37. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI Patron: Professor Peter C Doherty AC, FAA, FRS Animal scientist, Nobel Prize Laureate for Physiology or Medicine–1996 Box 30709, Nairobi 00100 Kenya ilri.org Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone +254 20 422 3000 better lives through livestock Phone +251 11 617 2000 Fax +254 20 422 3001 Fax +251 11 667 6923 Email [email protected] ILRI is a CGIAR research centre Email [email protected] ILRI has offices in East Africa • South Asia • Southeast and East Asia • Southern Africa • West Africa iv Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions Contents Tables vi Figures vii Abbreviations and acronyms ix Acknowledgements x Executive summary xi Introduction xi The study xi Humanitarian aid delivery in pastoral areas xi Definitions of pastoralist HHs xi What is a pastoralist HH? xii Discussion and conclusions xiii Recommendations xiv 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Background to the research 1 1.2 This research 2 1.3 This report 9 2. Humanitarian aid delivery including definitions of a HH 10 2.1 Targeting of aid 11 2.2 Humanitarian aid organizations and definitions of a pastoralist HH 12 2.3 Taking account of diversity and variability within and between HHs 12 2.4 Livestock feed aid 13 2.5 Improving humanitarian aid targeting 14 3. Views and perceptions of pastoralist HHs 19 3.1 Aid delivery, coping strategies and recovery 19 Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions v 4. Relationship between the social and physical landscapes related to aid delivery 20 4.1 Giving of food aid to another HH 20 4.2 Receiving of food aid from another HH 23 4.3 Two-way transactions 26 4.4 Giving other kinds of assistance 26 4.5 Receiving of other kinds of assistance from another HH 27 4.6 Mapping of transactions through SNA 29 4.7 Mapping the physical landscape 29 4.8 The relationship between HHs in the physical landscape and their resilience to drought 30 5 Structures, relations and dynamics of pastoralist HHs 35 5.1 Foundations of pastoralist HHs 35 5.2 HH sizes, definitions and structures 36 5.3 Traditional “HH” definitions and practices 36 5.4 Authority in the HH 39 5.5 Relevance of the term “HH” 40 5.6 Transactions—the giving and receiving of assistance 41 5.7 Other types of assistance 42 5.8 Coping with drought 42 6. Discussion, conclusions and recommendations 44 6.1 Discussion and conclusions 44 6.2 Recommendations 47 References 49 Annex 52 Annex 1: Questionnaire sent to NGOs 52 Annex 2: List of key informant interviews 54 Annex 3: Checklists for key informant interviews 56 Annex 4: HH survey questionnaire 2018 62 Annex 5: Checklists and tools for in-depth case study interviews 69 Annex 6: Background information on case study woreda and kebele 81 Annex 7: Social network analysis maps 93 vi Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions Tables Table 1.1 Research questions 4 Table 1.2 HHs interviewed per kebele/region 5 Table 1.3 Age of those interviewed (HH heads) 6 Table 1.4 Number of HHs in certain age brackets 6 Table 1.5 Local research teams 9 Table 3.1 Number of respondents who received food aid 15 Table 3.2 Sources of food aid 16 Table 3.3 Number (No.) and percentage of male- and female-headed HHs who received food aid 16 Table 3.4 Mean scores of HHs responses for coping with the last drought 17 Table 3.5 What percentage of your livestock died from drought-related causes in the last drought period? 17 Table 3.6 Mean scores of HHs responses for recovering from the last drought 18 Table 3.7 Gender differences in resilience scoring 18 Table 4.1 Statistics on the giving of food aid 21 Table 4.2 Proportion of male and female-headed HHs sharing food aid 21 Table 4.3 Statistics on the receiving of food aid 24 Table A6-1: Example of wealth categories 83 Table A6-2: Household types 84 Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions vii Figures Figure 1.1 How the social network structure can impact on a HH’s or a community’s resilience and vulnerability (Cassidy and Barnes 2012) 7 Figure 1.2 How social network structure can impact resilience and vulnerability (Cassidy and Barnes 2012). 7 Figure 1.3 List and weighting of indicators used to calculate the HH resilience index, based on Vincent’s HH Adaptive Capacity Index (2007) (Cassidy and Barnes 2012). 7 Figure 1.4 Examples of hypothetical social networks. 8 Figure 3.1 Scores by HHs for coping with the last drought 17 Figure 3.2 Scores by HHs for recovering from the last drought 17 Figure 3.3 Gender differences in coping with drought 18 Figure 3.4 Gender differences in recovery from drought 19 Figure 4.1 Did you give food aid to another HH during the last drought period? 22 Figure 4.2 The type of food aid given out 22 Figure 4.3 The relationships between the giver and the receiver 22 Figure 4.4 The source of the food given to another HH 22 Figure 4.5 Why did you share the food aid with the other HH? 23 Figure 4.6 Responses to the question ‘did you receive food aid from another HH?’ 23 Figure 4.7 Types of relationships between the receiver and the giver 25 Figure 4.8 Reasons why the HH received food aid from another HH 25 Figure 4.9 What did you do with the food aid that you received from the other HH? 25 Figure 4.10 Types of assistance given 26 Figure 4.11 Types of relationships between giver and receiver for other assistance 27 Figure 4.12 Reasons for giving other assistance to another HH 27 Figure 4.13 Types of assistance received 28 Figure 4.14 Relationship between the receiver and the giver 28 Figure 4.15 Why HHs received other types of assistance 29 viii Household dynamics in pastoral communities and implications for humanitarian aid interventions Figure 4.16 Example of social network map of food aid received from another HH during 2016–17 drought period in Su’ula kebele, Afar region. 31 Figure 4.17 The social network map of food aid received from another HH during 2016–17 drought period in Fuldowa kebele, Oromia region. 32 Figure 4.18 The social network map of food aid received and given from another HH during 2016–17 drought period in Asli kebele, Somali region. Arrows flow from the one giving to the one receiving. 33 Figure 4.19 Location of HHs as defined by kebele and receiving of food aid in Asli kebele, Somali region 36 Figure 5.1 Example of a flow diagram from Somali region 37 Figure 5.2 Mapping of members of HH No.