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Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR): a New DDR Approach for Iraq

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Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR): a New DDR Approach for Iraq Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR): A New DDR Approach for Iraq A thesis presented to the faculty of the Center for International Studies of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Arts Amal Hussein Alwan Shimir April 2021 © 2021 Amal Hussein Alwan Shimir. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR): A New DDR Approach for Iraq by AMAL HUSSEIN ALWAN SHIMIR has been approved for the Center for International Studies by Brandon Kendhammer Associate Professor of Political Science Patrick Barr-Melej Interim Executive Director of the Center for International Studies 3 Abstract SHIMIR, AMAL, M.A., April 2021, International Development Studies Demobilization, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR): A New DDR Approach for Iraq Director of Thesis: Brandon Kendhammer This thesis offers a theoretical review of the literature related to the practices of Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration (DDR), a strategy for addressing the status of former armed fighters in post-conflict societies and proposes a new DDR approach— “fluid” DDR with reference to the case of Iraq. Fluid DDR is a more flexible approach to the practice of DDR than the traditional one and offers a new perspective for practitioners and scholars to consider within Iraq's context. In Iraq, the standard DDR approach has largely failed to address the country’s challenges related to civilian militias, largely due to challenges with correctly sequencing the steps in the absence of a stable peace. “Fluid” DDR addresses these concerns by providing the possibility of military disarmament alongside non-military demobilization and reintegration strategies. 4 Dedication I would like to dedicate this thesis to my family, my mom, my sisters and my brothers who always supported me to cross oceans to follow my dreams. I cannot express my gratitude of having this wonderful family by my side especially in these difficult times. 5 Acknowledgments Special thanks to my thesis advisor, Dr. Brandon Kendhammer, who has read through many rough drafts. He encouraged me and pushed me to focus on my writing. I would also like to thank my committee members, Dr. Loren D. Lybarger and Dr. Nukhet Sandal for their comments and feedbacks that were given to me. Special thanks also to my mom, Kareema Salman who has always supported me and encouraged my independent choices. She is my role model. 6 Table of Contents Page Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 3 Dedication ........................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................... 5 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................... 8 List of Figures ..................................................................................................................... 9 List of Acronyms .............................................................................................................. 10 Chapter 1: Introduction ..................................................................................................... 11 The Purpose of this Thesis .......................................................................................... 12 An Overview of Iraq's Context after 2003 .................................................................. 12 Why DDR? .................................................................................................................. 19 Obstacles of DDR ....................................................................................................... 20 The US's Role in the Invasion and Its Presence in Iraq since 2003 ...................... 22 Chapter 2: The Challenges of DDR .................................................................................. 27 Typologies of DDR ..................................................................................................... 27 Where There Is No Peace ........................................................................................... 28 Characteristics of Militias in Iraq ......................................................................... 31 DDR in Iraq ................................................................................................................. 34 Chapter 3: Fluid DDR and Prospects of Success in Iraq ................................................. 38 The Past Attempts of DDR in Iraq .............................................................................. 38 Pros vs Cons of Coercive DDR .................................................................................. 43 The Impact of the Militias in Iraq ............................................................................... 44 "Fluid" DDR ............................................................................................................... 45 Possibilities of a Successful Fluid DDR ..................................................................... 46 Chapter 4: The Role of Economic Development as a Tool for Reintegration of Ex- combatants ........................................................................................................................ 49 The Economic Situation of Iraq .................................................................................. 50 Iraq's Living Standards ......................................................................................... 50 Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows ............................................................... 53 Iraq Imports and Exports ...................................................................................... 56 Analysis of the Economic Situation in Iraq ................................................................ 57 7 Chapter 5: Conclusion ....................................................................................................... 60 References ......................................................................................................................... 62 8 List of Tables Page Table 1 Pros vs Cons of Coercive DDR. ..................................................................... 43-44 9 List of Figures Page Figure 1 Iraq GNI. ............................................................................................................. 50 Figure 2 Iraq's Foreign direct investment, net inflows ..................................................... 53 Figure 3 Iraq's Export and Import ..................................................................................... 56 10 List of Acronyms DDR Disarming, demobilizing and reintegrating PMF Popular Mobilization Forces CSOs Civil society organizations ICS Iraqi Civil Society PGMs Pro-government militias ISIS Islamic State of Iraq and Syria NGOs Non-governmental Organizations GNI Gross national income FDI Foreign direct investment 11 Chapter 1: Introduction Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) is a strategic program designed to address the place of non-state armed groups in post-conflict peacebuilding. The three components each represent an important step in eliminating the threat of these groups. The first step, disarmament is the act of collecting, controlling and disposing weapons and ammunitions of the militias to deprive them from the violence tools to create a stable situation in a post-conflict setting (Dzinesa, 2007). In other words, it is a guide of how the combatants should live their lives without weapons and tools of violence. The second step, demobilization, is the aim to reduce the size of militias and armed groups by downsizing or complete disbanding them which would lead to their transition to civilian life (Dzinesa, 2007). The last one, reintegration, is a long-term process that ex-combatants resettle and become part of their communities in both social and economic levels, which open the doors of opportunities for them to be involved in the peace building process within their nation (Dzinesa, 2007). Also, it involves the need in changing attitudes and behavior in addition to given opportunities and benefits such as cash payments, foodstuffs, household utensils, school fees, vocational training, job placement, and healthcare support (Dzinesa, 2007). DDR is a development intervention program as it is "based on the clime to know how others should live, to know what the best for them is, and to know what they need" (Burns and Worsley, p3, 2016). Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR) programs are a "vital" part of policy efforts to stabilize post- conflict environments and help a community's "transition from conflict to normality and development" (Rufer, 2005, p1). DDR 12 programs have been implemented in more than 60 countries since the 1990s; thus, "DDR can be described as something of a growth industry" (Muggah, 2010, p.2). Yet not all DDR programs are the same. It is important for the development practitioners, governmental institutions and international organizations, to understand the challenges of and how to involve different institutions in DDR implementation. The Purpose of this Thesis DDR is a flexible strategy for thinking about how to deal with conflict environments where there are non-state actors. Thus, DDR is not a solution or peace arrangement,
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