Mary R. O'grady, 011434 Joshua D. Bendor, 031908 Emma J. Cone

1 Mary R. O'Grady, 011434 Joshua D. Bendor, 031908 2 Emma J. Cone-Roddy, 034285 OSBORN MALEDON, P.A. 3 2929 North Central Avenue 21st Floor 4 Phoenix, Arizona 85012-2793 (602) 640-9000 5 [email protected] [email protected] 6 [email protected]

7 Attorneys for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs

8 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA 9 IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA 10 ARIZONA DEMOCRATIC PARTY, an No. CV2021-006646 11 Arizona political party and political action committee; and STEVE GALLARDO, a 12 qualified elector, BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE SECRETARY OF STATE KATIE 13 HOBBS IN OPPOSITION TO Plaintiffs, CYBER NINJAS’ MOTION TO 14 FILE EX PARTE AND UNDER vs. SEAL 15 KAREN FANN, in her official capacity as 16 President of the Arizona Senate; WARREN PETERSEN, in his official capacity as (Assigned to the Honorable 17 Chairman of the Senate Judiciary Daniel G. Martin) Committee; KEN BENNETT, in his 18 official capacity as the liaison of the Arizona Senate; and CYBER NINJAS, 19 Inc., a Florida corporation,

20 Defendants. 21 Arizona Secretary of State Katie Hobbs (the “Secretary”) files this amicus brief 22 in opposition to Defendant Cyber Ninja’s Motion to File Ex Parte and Under Seal. The 23 Secretary will soon be filing a motion to intervene in this action and, if that motion is 24 granted, this brief should be considered her response to the Motion to File Ex Parte and 25 Under Seal. 26 As the Court is aware from the Secretary’s prior amicus brief in this action, the 27 Secretary, in her capacity as Arizona’s Chief Election Official, is deeply concerned 28 about both the procedures Cyber Ninjas is following as it purports to audit Maricopa

1 County’s votes and the lack of transparency with which Cyber Ninjas has approached 2 this task. The Secretary is particularly concerned, as she explained in her prior brief, 3 that Cyber Ninjas’ failure to follow the Election Procedures Manual (which sets out 4 Arizona’s law for the safe and secure handling of ballots) creates risk of local elections 5 officials being unable to comply with state and federal obligations to preserve ballots 6 and creates concerns that Cyber Ninjas may violate the rights of Arizona’s voters to a 7 secret ballot. Cyber Ninjas’ ongoing efforts to shield their procedures and policies from 8 the public’s view has only deepened the Secretary’s concerns. 9 Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 5.4(c) requires a party requesting to file 10 documents under seal to show that: 11 (A) an overriding interest exists that supports filing the document under seal and 12 overcomes the right of public access to it;

13 (B) a substantial probability exists that the person seeking to file the document under seal (or another person) would be prejudiced if it is not filed under seal; 14 (C) the proposed restriction on public access to the document is no greater than 15 necessary to preserve the confidentiality of the information subject to the overriding interest; and 16 (D) no reasonable, less restrictive alternative exists to preserve the confidentiality 17 of the information subject to the overriding interest. 18 Cyber Ninjas has not met its burden to show any of these four required factors. The 19 attached declarations of the Secretary’s election security and election auditing experts, 20 Ryan Macias and Jennifer Morrell, further show that Cyber Ninjas has not (and cannot) 21 meet the requirements for sealing. 22 Ms. Morrell is an expert in election auditing, and the author of a four-part 23 publication on election auditing. See Supplemental Declaration of Jennifer Morrell, 24 attached as Exhibit A, ¶ 5. In her experience, auditors make their procedures public, 25 and there would be no “legitimate reason” to withhold audit procedures as it undermines 26 the purpose: reassuring voters of the accuracy of an election. Id. ¶¶ 4, 6-8. And 27 because auditors will typically have their work open to observation from third parties 28 (such as political party observers, journalists, and other independent observers), election

1 auditing is a field where there is literally no point to keeping auditing procedures secret. 2 Id. ¶¶ 8-9 3 Similarly, Mr. Macias cannot conceive of any trade secrets Cyber Ninjas could 4 possibly be protecting. Because elections are highly regulated, there are generally no 5 trade secrets applicable to election systems, except for the methods of making hardware 6 and software. See Supplemental Declaration of Ryan Macias, attached as Exhibit B, 7 ¶ 7. The operations of voting systems indeed are never the subject of trade secrets 8 claims and are required by federal regulators to be publicly available. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. Nor is 9 it just that as a matter of practice, election systems cannot be the subject of trade secrets 10 claims but having publicly available procedures is recognized by federal cybersecurity 11 agencies as an important component of ensuring public trust in elections. Id. ¶ 12. As 12 an election security expert, Mr. Macias cannot fathom what Cyber Ninjas could be 13 doing that is “proprietary” and would require trade secret protection—election 14 procedures are generally published online, freely available as templates. Id. ¶ 6. 15 Being clear about chain of custody in particular—as Arizona law requires, id. 16 ¶ 11—is important to avoid situations where an audit is warranted. Id. ¶ 13. Cyber 17 Ninjas’ refusal to provide its chain of custody procedures is particularly concerning in 18 light of what Mr. Macias and Ms. Morrell have observed viewing the audit livestream. 19 In particular, Ms. Morrell observed this very morning that ballots are being transferred 20 between multiple teams—both Cyber Ninjas’ “hand counting” teams and a separate 21 group that is shining what appears to be a UV light on the ballots. Morrell Suppl. Decl. 22 ¶ 10. Mr. Macias also observed this—and was deeply concerned because he has always 23 understood that UV light will deteriorate ink and paper. Macias Suppl. Decl. ¶ 14. The 24 State Archivist and Records Officer, Dennis Preisler, has confirmed the dangerous 25 effects of UV light on paper and ink. See Declaration of Dennis Preisler, attached as 26 Exhibit C, ¶¶ 1-6. 27 28

1 As the Secretary explained in her merits brief, as a matter of state and federal 2 law, Arizona election officials are required to retain and preserve ballots for at least 22 3 months following an election. 52 U.S.C. § 20701; A.R.S. § 16-624(A). It is paramount 4 that Cyber Ninjas disclose documents that meaningfully explain its procedures, 5 especially when those procedures appear likely to undermine statutory obligations to 6 retain and preserve ballots. 7 Additionally, given ongoing concerns about Cyber Ninjas’ election practices, it is 8 imperative that independent subject matter experts like Mr. Macias and Ms. Morrell 9 have meaningful opportunities to review what Cyber Ninjas is or purports to be doing. 10 The Secretary urges the Court to deny Cyber Ninjas’ motion to file their 11 procedures under seal. The sealing request is contrary to Rule 5.4(c) and unjustified 12 given the realities of election administration and auditing, particularly the public 13 observation under which it typically proceeds. 14 DATED this 27th day of April, 2021. 15 OSBORN MALEDON, P.A. 16 By /s/ Joshua D. Bendor 17 Mary R. O'Grady Joshua D. Bendor 18 Emma J. Cone-Roddy 2929 North Central Avenue 19 21st Floor Phoenix, Arizona 85012-2793 20 Attorneys for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

1 THE FOREGOING has been electronically filed this 27th day of April, 2021: 2 COPY of the foregoing e-served through AZTurboCourt 3 this 27th day of April, 2021 and emailed to: 4 Roopali H. Desai D. Andrew Gaona 5 Kristen Yost Coppersmith Brockelman PLC 6 2800 North Central Avenue, Suite 1900 Phoenix, Arizona 85004 7 [email protected] [email protected] 8 [email protected] 9 James E. Barton II Jacqueline Mendez Soto 10 Barton Mendez Soto PLLC 401 West Baseline Road, Suite 205 11 Tempe, Arizona 85253 [email protected] 12 [email protected] 13 Attorneys for Plaintiffs 14 Kory Langhofer Thomas Basile 15 Statecraft PLLC 649 North Fourth Avenue, First Floor 16 Phoenix, Arizona 85003 [email protected] 17 [email protected] 18 Attorneys for Karen Fann, Warren Petersen, and Ken Bennett 19 Alexander Kolodin 20 Christopher Viskovic Kolodin Law Group PLLC 21 3443 North Central Avenue, Suite 1009 Phoenix, Arizona 85012 22 [email protected] [email protected] 23 Attorneys for Cyber Ninjas, Inc. 24 25 /s/Karen Willoughby 26 27 28

5 EXHIBIT A

7 Attorneys for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs

8 9 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

10 IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA 11 ARIZONA DEMOCRATIC PARTY, an No. CV2021-006646 Arizona political party and political action 12 committee; and STEVE GALLARDO, a qualified elector, SUPPLEMENTAL 13 DECLARATION OF JENNIFER MORRELL 14 Plaintiffs,

15 vs.

16 KAREN FANN, in her official capacity as President of the Arizona Senate; 17 WARREN PETERSEN, in his official capacity as Chairman of the Senate 18 Judiciary Committee; KEN BENNETT, in his official capacity as the liaison of the 19 Arizona Senate; and CYBER NINJAS, Inc., a Florida corporation, 20 Defendants. 21 I, JENNIFER MORRELL declare as follows: 22 1. I am over 18 years of age and am competent to testify regarding the 23 matters discussed in this declaration. 24 2. My areas of expertise include election administration and election 25 auditing. I have trained election officials across the country on the principles of robust 26 election audits. My expertise, experience, and retention information are more fully 27 28

1 explained in my declaration dated April 25, 2021 submitted in this case. I am not being 2 compensated for my work in this case. 3 3. 4 Ninjas, Inc. seeks to have its audit policies and procedures filed under seal and not made 5 available to the public for asserted reasons related to security and trade secrets. 6 4. This request was very surprising and concerning to me. Transparency is 7 an important value in election administration, including with respect to post-election 8 tabulation audits. As a result, post-election tabulation audits rely on established 9 procedures, most often set forth in state laws and administrative rules. These 10 procedures are typically made public, with the limited exception of certain details 11 related to physical security and cybersecurity (e.g., passwords, security badge controls, 12 etc.). For example, -election hand count audit procedures are detailed in 13 Other states also publish their 14 audit procedures.1 15 5. Sample policies and procedures for post-election audits are already in the 16 public domain. For example, I authored a four-part series on risk-limiting audits and 17 , which is available publicly at 18 https://democracyfund.org/idea/knowing-its-right-limiting-the-risk-of-certifying- 19 elections/. The procedures and examples in these guidance documents are typical of the 20 types of procedures state and local jurisdictions would use in preparing for and 21 conducting an audit and are an example of the types of policies and procedures I would 22 expect to see from CyberNinjas. 23 6. In addition, the software used to conduct risk-limiting audits is generally 24 open source and freely available to the public. 25

26 1 Examples are available at https://www.michigan.gov/documents/sos/Post_Election_Audit_Manual_418482_7.pdf; 27 https://www.ohiosos.gov/globalassets/elections/directives/2019/dir2019-11_eom.pdf; https://elections.ri.gov/elections/results/RLA.php; 28 https://www.sos.wa.gov/_assets/elections/01%20complete%20notebook_2021%20.pdf. 2

1 7. With this detailed information on how to conduct an audit, including 2 templates, checklists and auditing software freely available, it is my opinion that the 3 disclosure of any procedures, process, and methodologies that an auditing company has 4 developed would not harm their business (unless, of course, the procedures show a lack 5 of competence or expertise, which would not be a reason to shield them from public 6 view). 7 8. I can conceive of no legitimate reason why audit procedures, processes, 8 and methodology would need to be withheld from public disclosure. In fact, doing so 9 undermines the purpose of an audit assuring voters that election results are accurate. 10 9. Additionally, as I noted in my previous declaration, post-election audits 11 are typically open to observation from the party, candidate, campaign, or other interest 12 groups; the press; independent observers; and at times, other subject matter experts. If 13 an audit is transparent and open to the public, as it should be, there is no need to and no 14 point in keeping its procedures secret. 15 10. An important part of audit policies and procedures includes procedures for 16 ensuring a secure and documented chain of custody for ballots during the audit process. 17 Based on what I observed today through the live video feed of the Coliseum available at 18 www.arizonaaudit.com, it appears that, in addition to being handled by the three person 19 20 where individuals seem to be taking a picture of the ballot, putting the ballot on a light 21 box (seemingly exposing the ballot to what may be UV light), holding the ballot in a 22 black box, and then occasionally running a handheld UV light across one or both sides 23 of the ballot. There has been no information provided to the public regarding what the 24 purpose of this additional processing is, but it only further highlights the need for proper 25 chain of custody procedures to thoroughly document the transfer of ballot custody to 26 and from the various processing areas. 27 28

1 I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements are true and 2 correct 3 DATED this 26th day of April, 2021. 4

5 By /s/ Jennifer Morrell 6

7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14

15 16 17

18 19 20

21 22

23 24 25

26 27 28

EXHIBIT B

7 Attorneys for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs

8 9 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA 10 IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF MARICOPA 11 ARIZONA DEMOCRATIC PARTY, an No. CV2021-006646 Arizona political party and political action 12 committee; and STEVE GALLARDO, a qualified elector, SUPPLEMENTAL 13 DECLARATION OF RYAN MACIAS 14 Plaintiffs,

15 vs.

16 KAREN FANN, in her official capacity as President of the Arizona Senate; 17 WARREN PETERSEN, in his official capacity as Chairman of the Senate 18 Judiciary Committee; KEN BENNETT, in his official capacity as the liaison of the 19 Arizona Senate; and CYBER NINJAS, Inc., a Florida corporation, 20 Defendants. 21 I, RYAN MACIAS, declare as follows: 22 1. I am over 18 years of age and am competent to testify regarding the 23 matters discussed in this declaration. 24 2. My areas of expertise include election technology, security, and policy. 25 3. I have been retained in this matter to provide an expert opinion regarding 26 the security and reliability of the practices and procedures of the Arizona Senate and 27 28

1 Cyber Ninjas, Inc. in their audit of the Maricopa County ballots and election equipment 2 from the 2020 General Election. I am not being compensated for my work in this case. 3 4. I previously filed a declaration in this case that more fully sets forth my 4 relevant experience. 5 5. I have reviewed Cyber Ninjas’ brief dated April 25, 2021, in which Cyber 6 Ninjas, Inc. seeks to have its audit policies and procedures filed under seal and not made 7 available to the public for asserted reasons related to security and trade secrets. 8 6. I was both surprised and concerned by Cyber Ninjas’ brief. In my 9 experience, election and post-election procedures cannot generally be protected by 10 claims of trade secrets, and it is anathema to election security and integrity to shield 11 procedures from the voters. 12 7. The United States Election Assistance Commission (“EAC”) sets out 13 standards for what cannot be protected as trade secrets with respect to voting systems. 14 While certain items related to the production of voting machines can be protected (such 15 as plans, materials, or source code), information related to any voting system’s 16 capabilities, features, functionality, or performance is not amenable to being restricted 17 as a trade secret. See EAC, Testing & Certification Program Manual, attached as 18 Exhibit 1, § 10.3. 19 8. Nothing the Court ordered Cyber Ninjas to file would appear to touch on a 20 trade secret for an election system as defined by the EAC. Rather, the Court ordered the 21 filing of operational and procedural documentation that would describe what Cyber 22 Ninjas is doing with Arizona’s ballots. This information is not within the ambit of a 23 trade secret in election operations. 24 9. Indeed, operations manuals for certified voting systems are required to be 25 publicly available. For example, Dominion Voting Systems’ Operation Procedures are 26 available here publicly at 27 28

1 https://www.sos.state.co.us/pubs/elections/VotingSystems/DVS- 2 DemocracySuite/documentation/2-08-ICXSystemOperationProcedures.pdf. 3 10. Moreover, it is unclear to me what “trade secrets” Cyber Ninjas could 4 possibly have for conducting an audit. Best practices and templates for elections 5 procedures are widely and freely available, covering the various approaches across the 6 country. It is not apparent to me what Cyber Ninjas could come up with that would be 7 proprietary. 8 11. I also noted that Cyber Ninjas claims that releasing its security and chain 9 of custody documentation would raise concerns about security risks. However, the 10 release of documents that discuss the policies and procedures for maintaining security or 11 chain of custody would not generally create security risks. Indeed, these documents are 12 regularly released by election officials, including in Arizona. For example, in Section 13 III(A) of Chapter 4 of the Arizona Election Procedures Manual, Arizona publishes the 14 baseline and high-level rules for physical security and chain of custody for Arizona’s 15 ballots. And local election officials are required by Arizona law to maintain records 16 that reflect chain of custody for all election equipment and ballots. A.R.S. § 16-621. 17 12. Moreover, it is well known that chain of custody records and public 18 release of the procedures helps control and prevent rumor mongering regarding 19 elections. The federal Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (“CISA”) points 20 to the federal statutes and state law governing ballot retention, chain of custody, and 21 security as key features for fighting rumors that ballots are or have been destroyed or 22 lost, and ensuring that the American public can trust the results of elections.1 23 13. Indeed, the lack of clarity regarding chain of custody is normally a reason 24 to perform a forensic audit. For example, in the 2020 Election in Michigan, chain of 25 custody questions caused Republicans in Michigan’s 14th Congressional District to 26 request a forensic audit to ensure that the security of the election was not breached. A 27

28 1 https://www.cisa.gov/rumorcontrol

1 copy of their audit request is available at 2 https://www.14cd.com/resolution_requesting_forensic_audit_of_2020_election_results. 3 Failure to establish, abide by, and make transparent adequate security and chain of 4 custody procedures for this audit would render any results unreliable and raise concerns 5 as to whether an audit of this audit will be necessary. 6 14. What I observed today through the live video feed of the Coliseum 7 available at www.arizonaaudit.com only increases my concerns regarding the integrity 8 and preservation of the ballots now in the custody of Cyber Ninjas. It appears that 9 ballots are being exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light as part of some examination process 10 separate from the recounting of the ballots, but without access to observe the process 11 except via the live video feed it is difficult to determine what Cyber Ninjas is doing with 12 the ballots and the light source.2 Based on my experience in election administration, 13 including my 10 years of auditing and certifying ballot printers for the California 14 Secretary of State, ballots should not be exposed to UV light, which deteriorates ink on 15 paper as well as the paper itself. Therefore, this process could impede Maricopa 16 County’s ability to preserve and maintain the ballots for the applicable federal and state 17 retention period (at least 22 months under federal law, 24 months under state law). 18 DATED this 26th day of April, 2021. 19

20 By /s/ Ryan Macias Ryan Macias 21

22 23 24 25

26 2 While no information has been provided about this process and what it is seeking to accomplish, and it is not described in the Cyber Ninjas Statement of Work, it appears 27 possible they are implementing J. Hutton Pulitzer’s questionable process of examining 28 “kinematic folds” to identify allegedly fraudulent ballots.

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Ñ½¬±¾»® îðïì EXHIBIT C

7 Attorneys for Secretary of State Katie Hobbs

8 9 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF ARIZONA

14 Plaintiffs,

15 vs.

22 I, DENNIS PREISLER declare as follows: 23 1. I am over 18 years of age and am competent to testify regarding the 24 matters discussed in this declaration. 25 2. I am the State Archivist and Records Officer in the Arizona Secretary of 26 State’s Office. In this role, I ensure that best practices are applied to the care, handling, 27 and disposition of all records created by all State, County, Municipal, and other 28

1 agencies that receive taxpayer funds. This includes ensuring that the public has access to 2 government records and that chain of custody is adhered to in the handling and 3 preserving of these records. 4 3. I have served as the State Archivist since September 2019. I have worked 5 for the State Archives since June 2012, first as an archivist and later as the Deputy State 6 Archivist. 7 4. From my experience and training in document preservation, I ensure that 8 any ultraviolet (“UV”) light exposure to documents is kept at a minimum. UV light is a 9 very common cause of damage to records. Materials that are sensitive and can be 10 damaged by UV light include: paper, cloth, leather, photographs, and media. UV light 11 can cause the documents to fade, and equally important for records retention purposes, 12 UV light can damage the physical and chemical structure of materials since UV 13 radiation provides energy to fuel chemical reactions that lead to and speed up 14 deterioration. 15 5. For an example of the protocols in place to properly preserve records, the 16 Polly Rosenbaum State Archives and History building, which I oversee, was engineered 17 to ensure that the records stored in the building will be safe and available to inspection 18 by members of the general public. An important part of this design includes limiting the 19 impact of UV light to government documents, given the damage that it causes. 20 6. In my professional experience, exposing records like the Maricopa County 21 ballots to UV light could cause damage to the record and prevent proper preservation. 22

23 I declare under penalty of perjury that the foregoing statements are true and 24 correct. 25 DATED this 26th day of April, 2021. 26

27 By /s/Dennis Preisler Dennis Preisler 28 2