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Hosmer Grove and Associated Planting Areas Haleakalā National Park

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Hosmer Grove and Associated Planting Areas Haleakalā National Park Hosmer Grove and Associated Planting Areas Haleakalā National Park Vestiges of Experimental Forestry in One of America’s Earliest National Parks July 2019 Hosmer Grove and Associated Planting Areas Haleakalā National Park Vestiges of Experimental Forestry in One of America’s Earliest National Parks William Chapman, PI Jeffrey Tripp, RA Task Agreement Project between Haleakalā National Park, Maui, State of Hawai‘i and the University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa Hawai‘i-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Unit and Joint Venture Agreement P14AC00637 July 2019 Table of Contents Illustrations [i] Authorization [iv] Preface [viii] Introduction 1 The U.S. Forest Service and the Nation’s Forests 2 Hawaiian Lands and Forests 13 Forestry and the Territory of Hawaii 26 Ralph S. Hosmer 30 Work of the Board 34 Forest Products in Hawai‘i 42 Experimental Forestry 46 Hosmer’s Plantings at Haleakalā 50 The Hawaii National Park 58 Growth of the Park 67 “Hosmer Grove” 73 The Development of Hosmer Grove 78 Conclusions 89 Sources and Bibliography 93 Illustrations Cover. Hosmer Grove, February 2018. Figure a. Hosmer Grove, February 2018. ix Figure b. Locations of the four experimental forestry plots of 1909-1910. xii Figure 1. Old growth forest, American Chestnut trees, West Virginia, ca. 1870. 3 Figure 2. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882). 4 Figure 3. George Perkins Marsh (1801-1882). 5 Figure 4. Ferdinand V. Hayden near Casper, Wyoming in 1870. 6 Figure 5. Mt. Moran, Grand Tetons, Wyoming. 7 Figure 6. Map of the Rocky Mountains region in 1885. 8 Figure 7. Dr. Bernard E. Fernow (1851-1943). 9 Figure 8. Shoshone National Forest. 10 Figure 9. Gifford Pinchot (1865-1946). 12 Figure 10. Satellite view of the Hawaiian Islands, 2003. 15 Figure 11. The Island of Hawai'i at the time of the first Western contact, 1778. 16 Figure 12. View of Honolulu, C. E. Bensell, 1821. 19 Figure 13. Honolulu Harbor, ca. 1850. 20 Figure 14. “Forest Scenery, Puna” Frontispiece from William Hillebrand, Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, 1888. 21 Figure 15. Hawaii's sugar industry. 23 Figure 16. Henry Perrine Baldwin (1842-1911). 25 Figure 17. Tantalus, behind Honolulu, ca. 1900. 28 Figure 18. The Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturalist, 1906. 29 Figure 19. Ralph S. Hosmer, ca. 1957. 31 i Figure 20. Yale School of Forestry, 1904. 33 Figure 21. George R. Carter, Governor of the Territory of Hawaii. 34 Figure 22. Territory of Hawaii, I. P. Berthong, USGS, 1919. 35 Figure 23. Hamakualoa-Koolau Forest Reserve, Proposal, 1905. 37 Figure 24. Walter F. Frear, Governor of the Territory of Hawaii. 39 Figure 25. Pineapple growing in Hawai‘i. 41 Figure 26. Paniolo workers at Haleakala Ranch, ca. 1909. 47 Figure 27. Paniolo riders at Haleakala Ranch, ca. 1910. 47 Figure 28. Louis Von Tempsky, ca. 1910. 48 Figure 29. T. Anderson, Ralph Hosmer, Louis Von Tempsky, and W. T. Brigham on Haleakalā, June 1909. 49 Figure 30. The summit of Haleakalā. 51 Figure 31. Joseph Francis Rock's Ornamental Plants of Hawaii, 1917. 56 Figure 32. Hawaii National Park Map. 60 Figure 33. Stable associated with the Kalahaku rest house on Haleakalā. 62 Figure 34. Group of Coulter pines (Pinus coulteri) at the 6,500-foot level. 64 Figure 35. White pine (Pinus strobus) at the 6,500-foot level. 65 Figure 36. Opening ceremonies for the new road to the summit of Haleakalā, February 23, 1935. 68 Figure 37. The new road cut Haleakalā. 69 Figure 38. Silversword in bloom, Haleakalā. 72 Figure 39. Pine Trees Campground drawing. 76 Figure 40. Haleakala Mountain Lodge dining room and lounge, 1947 77 Figure 41. Detail from 1960 drawing of Haleakalā National Park Minor ii Developed Areas Master Plan. 79 Figure 42. Hosmer Grove Nature Trail Guide, illustration dated to 1958. 80 Figure 43. Haleakala National Park brochure, 1961. 81 Figure 44. Photo of Lahaina Methodist Church Group camped at Hosmer Grove campground, 1961. 82 Figure 45. Photo of Hosmer Grove picnic shelter, 1962. 82 Figure 46. Hosmer Grove directional sign, May 1964. 83 Figure 47. Boy Scouts clearing the nature trail, 1969. 84 Figure 48. Hosmer Grove Nature Trail Sign, September 1971. 85 Figure 49. Hosmer Grove, ca. 1972. 85 Figure 50. Bruce McGrew, Watercolor of Hosmer Grove, 1976. 87 Figure 51. Hosmer Grove nature trail, February 2018. 89 Figure 52. Plot III at 8,500 feet, February 2018. 90 iii Purpose and Authorization Authorization This project was conducted under Hawaii-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystems Studies Unit (CESU) Cooperative Agreement Number P14AC00637 between the United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service and the University of Hawai‘i (Duns No.: 965088057) authorized under the Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance (CFDA: 15.945), Cooperative Research and Training Programs – Resources of the National Park System. The Project Title is “Historical and Cultural Research at Haleakalā National Park.” The amount of federal funds obligated was $25,018.45; the total amount of the Task Agreement Award was $25,018.45. The Period of Performance was 09/01/2017 – 02/28/2019. For performance under this Task Agreement, the regulations were set forth in 2 CFR 200 superseding OMB Circulars A–21 (2 CFR 220), A–87 (2 CFR 225), A–110 (2 CFR 215), and A–122 (2 CFR 230); Circulars A–89, A–102 (43 CFR 12, Subpart C), and A–133; and the guidance in Circular A–50 on Single Audit Act follow-up. The recipient adhered to 2 CFR 200 in its entirety, in addition to any terms and conditions of P14AC00637 not superseded by 2 CFR 200, as well as the terms and conditions set forth in this Task Agreement. It was recognized that in the event of a conflict between the original terms of P14AC00637 and 2 CFR 200, relating to this Task Agreement, 2 CFR 200 would take precedence. This Task Agreement by and between the National Park Service (NPS) and University of Hawai‘i (UH) was issued against the Hawai‘i-Pacific Islands Cooperative Ecosystem Studies Unit Cooperative and Joint Venture Agreement, P14AC00637, for the purpose of mutual assistance in conducting a project entitled “Historical Research on Hosmer’s Planting Areas at Haleakalā National Park and other Cultural Resource Projects As Needed.” Unless otherwise specified herein, the terms and conditions as stated in the Cooperative Agreement applied to this Task Agreement. Background and Objectives This project has connected personnel at Haleakalā National Park with historians and cultural resource specialists at University of Hawa‘i in order to enhance public understanding of the historic and cultural resources at Haleakalā National Park and create training opportunities for University of Hawai‘i using these resources. For the Phase I objective, the project fills a void in understanding the impact that Hawai‘i’s first Territorial Forester, Ralph S. Hosmer (1874-1963), had on Haleakalā National Park’s resources. iv Ralph Hosmer led the development of three experimental forest plantings on Haleakalā’s western facing slope starting in 1909 in areas that now comprise the park. The National Park Service developed one area—Hosmer Grove—during the Mission 66 era as the Pine Trees Camp and Picnic Ground. The goal of this Phase I, “Historical Background Research on Hosmer’s Planting Areas at Haleakalā National Park,” has been to develop historical background for use by the park and the public, and to support the future development of a Determination of Eligibility (DOE) and Cultural Landscape Inventory (CLI) for the proposed “Hosmer’s Planting Areas Cultural Landscape.” University of Hawai‘i experts who meet the Secretary of the Interior’s Professional Qualification Standards have conducted the project, with considerable input by the park staff. Phase I will disseminate more information regarding Hosmer and his impact on park resources to the public at large. Phase I has included the following steps: 1. Historical research using primary and secondary sources a. The final research product will be made widely available to the public. 2. Field documentation of all resources associated with the landscape a. GIS spatial data will be created for the landscape boundary, landscape characteristics and features. 3. Outreach to park staff and visitors regarding the historical background of Hosmer’s Planting Areas. Outreach was fulfilled by conducting: a. One workshop for park staff on site at the park (February 8, 2018), and b. One public lecture for the larger Maui community, held at UH Maui College (February 8, 2018). The Phase II objectives are to: 1. Host a field school of University of Hawai‘i using Hosmer’s Planting Area, or another cultural landscape at HALE, as a teaching tool. Public Purpose The project’s public purpose is to provide historical background research on Hosmer’s Planting areas at Haleakalā National park in order to enhance public understanding of the role of Ralph Hosmer. Hosmer, Hawai‘i’s first Territorial Forester, was instrumental in shaping Hawai‘i’s native and non-native forests in the early 1900s and parts of Haleakalā National Park, including the now popular public campground named in Hosmer’s memory. Through a public workshop, and potentially a Phase II field school, the project will provide the public and university students with a deeper understanding of Hosmer’s legacy and the role of cultural landscapes within the national parks. Also, the project will provide the park service with critical information to develop a DOE and CLI, and potentially list additional resources to the National Register of Historic Places, further protecting the resources for the public and allowing the park to strategically manage the cultural and natural resources that are part of “Hosmer’s Planting Areas Cultural Landscape.” The final study will be posted online for public access.
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