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Rediscovery of Assyriella Rechingeri (Fuchs Et Käufel, 1936) (Gastropoda Helicidae) in Karpathos Island (Dodecanese, Greece)

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Rediscovery of Assyriella Rechingeri (Fuchs Et Käufel, 1936) (Gastropoda Helicidae) in Karpathos Island (Dodecanese, Greece) Biodiversity Journal, 2021,12 (2): 467–474 https://doi.org/10.31396/Biodiv.Jour.2021.12.2.467.474 Rediscovery of Assyriella rechingeri (Fuchs et Käufel, 1936) (Gastropoda Helicidae) in Karpathos Island (Dodecanese, Greece) Mauro Grano1 & Cristina Cattaneo2 ¹Via Valcenischia 24, 00141 Rome, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] ²Via Eleonora d’Arborea 12, 00162 Rome, Italy; e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to confirm the occurrence of several living populations of Assyriella rechingeri (Fuchs et Käufel, 1936) (Gastropoda Helicidae) in Karpathos Island (Dodecanese, Greece) since the species was believed to be extinct in the past by some authors due to the dis- covery of only subfossils specimens. Its systematic status and the sympatry with Levantina spiriplana (Glaubrecht, 1993) and L. malziana (L. Pfeiffer, 1861) are discussed. KEY WORDS Assyriella rechingeri; endemism; Kali Limni. Received 26.02.2021; accepted 30.04.2021; published online 30.06.2021 INTRODUCTION tomella (instead of Gyrostoma). As knowledge of species, localities, distribution areas and system- Assyriella rechingeri (Fuchs et Käufel, 1936) atic position of the supraspecific taxa mentioned (Helicidae family, Helicinae subfamily, Helicini above increased, Assyriella was treated as a sepa- tribe) is part of a group of conchologically similar rate genus (Glaubrecht 1993a, 1993b; Subai, genera found between the central Mediterranean to 1994). Molecular data are in Korabek et al. (2014). Middle East and the Caucasus, which are close rel- Currently, Assyriella is considered para- ative of the genus Helix Linnaeus, 1758. These gen- phyletic with respect to Levantina (Korábek et al., era are: Maltzanella P. Hesse, 1917; Lindholmiola 2014). The supraspecific taxa Codringtonia, P. Hesse, 1977; Levantina Kobelt, 1871; Assyriella Isaurica, Assyriella and Levantina evidently de- Hesse, 1908; Gyrostomella Hesse, 1911, Isaurica veloped from a common root, just like the North Kobelt, 1901; Codringtonia Kobelt, 1898 (Hesse, African Gyrostomella. Schütt stated that South- 1920; Boettger & Wenz, 1921; Subai, 1994). eastern Anatolia was the radiation centre of the Hesse (1908) had proposed the taxon As- genus Assyriella (Schütt & Subai, 1996). From syriella as a section of the Levantina for the here it may have spread in the Middle East and species “guttata Olivier, 1804”. Levantina had westward in some islands as Cyprus and been split into the subgenera Codringtonia, Karpathos (Akbayin et al., 2001). The spreading Isaurica and Levantina s. str., and the latter was of genus Assyriella towards west and south took split into Assyriella, Levantina and Gyrostoma place following the isolation and separation of sections for shell anatomy reasons. Subsequently, Codringtonia, Isaurica and Levantina genera Hesse (1918) elevated Assyriella to the rank of (Schütt & Subai, 1996). Eustatic fluctuations in subgenus close to Levantina s. str. and Gyros- sea level, especially during the Messinian period 468 MAURO GRANO & CRISTINA CATTANEO (6 Ma), allowed the ancestors of Assyriella to geri must have reached the island by this time. cross the Mid Aegean Trench (MAT) in the Karpathos was reintegrated with the mainland dur- Aegean and to colonize the Peloponnese, whose ing the Messinian salinity crisis (5–6 Ma) and was further development isolated the Codringtonia joined with Rhodes and Anatolia in Lower genus. Subsequently, sea level rise and tectonic Pliocene (Daams & Van der Weerd, 1980), but pre- uplift isolated the Isaurica genus. The very dis- sumably remained isolated at the end of the middle joint distribution of the Levantina genus on some Pliocene and during the whole Pleistocene (Der- Aegean islands and on the Syrian-Israeli mainland mitzakis, 1991). This isolation would have led the dates back to a subsequent lowering of the sea Assyriella population of Karpathos and Cyprus to level during a Pleistocene glaciation (Pfannen- an evolutionary change and to an adaptation to dif- stiel, 1944). The lowering of the coastline up to ferent environmental conditions. Hence, A. rechin- 200 m allowed migrations of freshwater and ter- geri on Karpathos and bellardii on Cyprus can be restrial molluscs along the Mediterranean coast construed as vicarious taxa of the Assyriella favouring the spreading of the genus Assyriella. species group. A similar disjoint distribution in the Furthermore, volcanic eruptions in the southern eastern Mediterranean can be observed in Lev- part of the Caucasus favoured the isolation of antina spiriplana (Glaubrecht, 1993). The Eastern population with the emergence of geographically Mediterranean land snails Levantina displays a dis- isolated species toward east (Schütt & Subai, junct range spanning the Middle East (Levant), 1996). Cyprus, few locations along the Aegean Turkish The genus Assyriella Hesse, 1909 includes 13 coast between Bodrum and Datça, the islands of species: A. bellardii (Mousson, 1854), A. cer- Rhodes and Karpathos and a few surrounding islets atomma (Pfeiffer, 1856), A. cilicica (Kobelt, 1895), (Dodecanese). In the Levant, it is represented by A. djulfensis (Dubois de Montpéreux, 1840), A. es- two species parapatrically distributed: L. caesare- cheriana (Bourguignat, 1864), A. guttata, A. kur- ana (Mousson, 1854) in the north and L. hi- distana (Pfeiffer, 1862), A. mardinensis (Kobelt, erosolyma (Mousson, 1854) in the south. In the 1900), A. naegelei (Kobelt, 1901), A. ninivita (Gal- Dodecanese L. spiriplana and L. malziana (L. land, 1885), A. rechingeri (Fuchs & Käufel, 1936), Pfeiffer, 1861) occur together (Ketmaier & A. thospitis Schütt et Subai, 1996 and A. vanensis Glaubrecht, 2015). In Karpathos, both species are Schütt et Subai, 1996. Assyriella guttata (from the parapatrically distributed, and leave in sympatry Gulf of Iskenderun to Mersin), A. bellardii (Cyprus) with A. rechingeri sharing area up to 500 m a.s.l. and A. rechingeri are the westernmost representa- tives of the genus. Assyriella rechingeri is an exclusive endemic species of Karpathos Island in the Dodecanese MATERIALS AND METHODS Archipelago (Greece) and perhaps is a relic popu- lation of the Assyriella group. The relic occurrence Study area of A. rechingeri on Karpathos and A. bellardii on Cyprus suggests that Assyriella was once more Karpathos is the second largest Dodecanese is- widely distributed in the eastern Mediterranean as land after Rhodes and lies in the SE Aegean Sea, it is even today (Schütt & Subai, 1996) and can halfway between Crete and Rhodes (39 km from also be interpreted as allospecies of a widely dis- Crete and 25 km from Rhodes). The island is 49 tributed A. guttata superspecies (Glaubrecht, km long and 15 km wide and covers an area of 1994). It could be argued that the Assyriella popu- 302.15 square kilometres. Together with Kasos lations were separated from the Assyriella distri- and Armathia in the southwest, the nearby Saria in butional area (Eastern Anatolia) after Miocene due the north and several offshore islets, Karpathos to climatic and geological changes. Palaeogeo- forms the Karpathos Archipelago and is a con- graphical data reveal that Karpathos was detached stituent part of the South Aegean Island Arc from the island chain of Rhodes and thus from the (Greuter et al., 1983). The three larger islands con- mainland of Asia Minor as early as in the late tain widespread mountainous areas with some Miocene (5–6 Ma). Thus, the ancestors of rechin- higher peaks, culminating on Karpathos in the Kali Rediscovery of Assyriella rechingeri (Gastropoda Helicidae) in Karpathos Island (Dodecanese, Greece) 469 Limni (1215 m), on Kasos in the Megalo Prionas RESULTS (601 m), and on Saria in the Pachy Vouno (629 m) (Grano & Cattaneo, 2019). On Karpathos the only Assyriella rechingeri (Fuchs et Käufel, 1936) flat areas are near Afiartis in the south, near Lastos in the centre, and Avlona in the north. Karpathos is 1936. Levantina (Codringtonia) rechingeri Fuchs built up of limestone and dolomitic limestone & Käufel, Arch. Naturgesch., (NF) 5 (4): 658, (Jurassic-Eocene) in the northernmost part, flysch Abb. XI, F. 35 A–C, locus typicus: Insel (Eocene) in most of the northern and the southern Karpathos: Gipfelstock des Kalolimni, 800– part, Neogene deposit in the southernmost area. 1000 m. Holotypus: NMW 535 (lost). The central part of the island corresponding to the 1939. Codringtonia (Isaurica) rechingeri, - K. L. Kali Limni Mountain complex, the area near Pfeiffer & Wächtler, Arch. Molluskenkunde, 71 Menetes (south) and Pigadia (south-east), are con- (2/3): 57, Abb. 10c (as Isaurica rechingeri). stituted by the Kalilimni Unit, a parautochthonous 1987. Codringtonia intusplicata rechingeri, - Zilch, carbonate platform (Jurassic-Eocene) overlaid by Arch. Molluskenkunde, 117 (1986) (4/6): 245. the Xindothio Unit (Triassic-Cretaceous) almost 1994. Assyriella rechingeri, - Glaubrecht, Verh. built up of ophiolites (Cordey & Quillévéré, 2019). naturwiss. Ver. Hamburg, (NF) 34: 373, F. 1 (Karte), F. 2 (shell). Methods Shell dirty white with yellowish hue, with five Our naturalistic research has been carried out on brown colour bands, often interrupted by white Karpathos twice, the first from 28 July to 17 August zigzag lines, but blurrier than in L. spiriplana. 2019 and the second from 10 August to 17 August Smooth, white aperture with a short and distinct 2020. During the second session (2020) A. rechin- callus at the columellar base, peristome well re- geri was found in four different areas. For an opti- flected, sharp, with margins
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