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\376\377\000R\000E\000A\000L\000I REALIA, TRANSLATION STRATEGIES, AND SUBTITLING A study of two comedy sketch shows on DVD Master’s Thesis University of Helsinki Department of English Translation of English Jukka Knaappila November 2009 Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Humanistinen tiedekunta Englannin kielen laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Knaappila, Jukka Työn nimi – Arbetets title – Title Realia, translation strategies, and subtitling: a study of two comedy sketch shows on DVD Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Englannin kääntäminen Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Marraskuu 2009 88 + 38 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tutkielman tavoitteena on tutkia, millaisia käännösstrategioita DVD-tekstittämisessä suositaan reaalioita eli kulttuurisidonnaisia käsitteitä käännettäessä. Lähtökohtana on, että osaa strategioista voidaan käyttää reaalioiden kulttuurisen erilaisuuden korostamiseen, osaa taas tämän erilaisuuden häivyttämiseen. Nämä kaksi kategoriaa eivät kuitenkaan kata kaikkia mahdollisia strategioita, minkä vuoksi myös neutraalit strategiat otetaan tutkielmassa huomioon. Tutkielman aineisto koostuu Suomessa nimillä Ruuvit löysällä ja Pikku-Britannia tunnettujen brittiläisten sketsisarjojen DVD-julkaisuista. Molemmat tutkituista julkaisuista käsittävät yhden tuotantokauden. Formaatiltaan sketsisarjat perustuvat lukuisiin lyhyisiin kohtauksiin, joissa käsitellään useita eri aihealueita. Tämän vuoksi ne soveltuvat erinomaisesti reaalioiden tutkimukseen. Tutkittava kääntämisen laji on DVD-kääntäminen, koska sen merkityksen voidaan katsoa kasvaneen DVD:n lisääntyneen suosion myötä. Tutkielman teoriatausta muodostuu reaalioiden, käännösstrategioiden ja tekstityksen teoriasta. Näistä osa-alueista ensimmäisessä korostuu kulttuurin vaikutus kieleen ja siten myös kääntämiseen, kun taas toinen pohjautuu sekä tekstitason kotouttavista ja vieraannuttavista käännösstrategioista että sanatason lokaaleista strategioista esitettyyn teoriaan, ja kolmannessa nousevat esille sanan ja kuvan yhteistyö sekä muut tekstittämiseen vaikuttavat tekijät, kuten rajallinen käytettävissä oleva tila ja aika. Yhdessä teorian eri osa- alueet mahdollistavat tutkimuksen, jossa voidaan tarkastella kulttuuristen, kielellisten ja audiovisuaalisten piirteiden vaikutusta reaalioiden kääntämiseen. Tutkielmassa käytetään kvalitatiivista ja kvantitatiivista tutkimusmenetelmää. Kvalitatiivinen menetelmä perustuu käännösstrategioiden käyttötapojen kuvaamiseen tutkimalla tutkimusaineistosta transkriboituja reaalioiden käännöksiä yksittäisissä tapauksissa. Analyysissa otetaan huomioon ensisijaisesti reaalioiden tekstuaalinen ja audiovisuaalinen konteksti sekä niiden oletettu tunnistettavuus käännösten kohdekulttuurissa. Tätä analyysia täydennetään kaikkien havaittujen reaalioiden kääntämistä kuvaavalla kvantitatiivisella menetelmällä. Tutkielman tulokset viittaavat siihen, että erilaisten käännösstrategioiden välillä on huomattavia eroja siinä, millä tavoin ja miten usein niitä käytetään. Lisäksi tulokset osoittavat odotetusti sen, että kotouttavat ja vieraannuttavat strategiat eivät sulje toisiaan pois, vaan niitä molempia voidaan käyttää saman käännöksen sisällä. Kokonaisuutena tutkielmassa tuodaan ilmi monia aihealueen tutkimiseen liittyviä haasteita aina kulttuurin määrittelystä audiovisuaalisen aineiston analysoimiseen asti. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Kulttuurisidonnaiset käsitteet, käännösstrategia, tekstittäminen, kotouttaminen, vieraannuttaminen Säilytyspaikka – Förvaringställe – Where deposited Humanistisen tiedekunnan kirjasto Muita tietoja – Övriga uppgifter – Additional information i Contents List of figures iii List of tables iii Abbreviations iv 1 Introduction 2 2 Concepts 4 2.1 Realia 4 2.2 Translation strategies 6 2.2.1 Global strategies 7 2.2.2 Local strategies 7 2.3 Subtitling 8 2.3.1 Subtitling defined 8 2.3.2 Subtitling as a form of constrained translation 9 3 Theoretical framework 12 3.1 Translating realia, translating culture 12 3.1.1 Culture, language, and translation 12 3.1.2 Approaches to realia and parallel concepts 14 3.2 Translation strategies 17 3.2.1 Foreignisation and domestication as global strategies 17 3.2.2 Terminology and taxonomies of local strategies 21 3.3 Subtitling as audiovisual translation 24 3.3.1 Subtitling and audiovisual translation in translation theory 24 3.3.2 Semiotic approach to subtitling 25 4 Material and methods 28 5 Translation of realia elements in two comedy sketch shows 31 5.1 Qualitative analysis of translation strategies 31 5.1.1 Direct transfer 31 5.1.2 Literal translation 34 5.1.3 Explicitation 36 5.1.4 Generalisation 38 5.1.5 Paraphrase 40 5.1.6 Cultural adaptation 43 5.1.7 Omission 45 5.1.8 Official equivalent 47 ii 5.1.9 Combination 49 5.2 Polysemiotic analysis of translation strategies 51 5.3 Quantitative analysis of translation strategies 60 5.3.1 Results for local strategies 61 5.3.2 Results for global strategies 72 6 Conclusions and suggestions for further research 75 References 79 Appendix 1. Typology of realia 89 Appendix 2. Categorisation of realia elements in the research material 90 iii List of figures Figure 1. Realia elements according to realia type 64 Figure 2. Translation of realia elements according to global strategy 72 Figure 3. The use of global strategies from cultural, lexical, and semiotic aspects 73 List of tables Table 1. Taxonomy of local strategies 23 Table 2. Semiotic channels in subtitled programmes 26 Table 3. Translation of realia elements according to local strategy 61 Table 4. Employed two-way combinations of local strategies 62 Table 5. Ten most frequent referents of realia elements 64 Table 6. Translation of realia elements according to cultural origin 65 Table 7. Translation of realia elements according to lexical category 67 Table 8. Translation of realia elements including a personal proper name 68 Table 9. Realia elements according to active semiotic channels 69 Table 10. Translation of realia elements according to the number of active semiotic channels 71 iv Abbreviations ANVB non-verbal auditory channel AVB verbal auditory channel AVT audiovisual translation cps characters per second DVD Digital Versatile Disc ECR extralinguistic cultural reference NPN non-proper noun PN proper noun PPN personal proper name SC source culture SL source language ST source text TC target culture TH third culture TL target language TT target text VNVB non-verbal visual channel VVB verbal visual channel The abbreviations of sources are presented in References. 2 1 Introduction With focus on DVD subtitling from British English into Finnish, the objective of this thesis is to study the translation of realia, or extralinguistic culture-bound translation problems that arise from word- and phrase-level elements. The subject is approached through the study of translation strategies by analysing qualitatively and quantitatively how the use of local strategies in translating realia at the word and phrase levels contributes to the overall strategies of foreignisation and domestication at the text level. The primary hypothesis is that the predominant overall translation strategy, or global strategy, for realia in the research material is foreignisation rather than domestication. This presumption is based on a claim that subtitling is a particularly foreignising form of translation (Danan 1991: 612–613). In other words, it is supposed that, instead of adapting the source text (ST) to the target culture (TC), subtitlers tend to maintain a close relation to the ST and the source culture (SC) in the target text (TT) (see Kokkola 2007: 206). To investigate the validity of this hypothesis from multiple perspectives, the research material is viewed from cultural, lexical, and semiotic aspects. The cultural aspect is founded on the presumption that culture and language are interrelated: translators are faced with not only language-bound but also culture-bound translation problems (see Section 3.1.1). In this study, realia are categorised according to realia types (see Appendix 1) which indicate the cultural domains with which they can be associated. Furthermore, realia are categorised as either source culture realia or third culture (TH) realia (see Section 3.1.2) to study whether there are any differences between the translation of realia which originate from the SC and realia which originate from other cultures; realia originating from the TC are not studied here. It is presumed that SC realia are domesticated more frequently than TH realia because they can be considered less familiar to TT readers than TH realia. The lexical aspect, on the other hand, is based on comparing the use of translation strategies in connection with realia which include a proper noun and those which do not include a proper noun. Within the proper noun category, a subcategory of realia which include a personal proper name is distinguished. Foreignisation is assumed to be a more common strategy in connection with realia which include a proper noun, when compared to those which do not include a proper noun. Since the research material is audiovisual, the subject is also approached from a semiotic aspect by studying whether audiovisual elements have an influence on the selected translation strategies. Consequently, a semiotic analysis is conducted by focusing on semantic information on realia that occurs in verbal and non-verbal form on 3 auditory and visual semiotic channels (see Section 3.3.2). As a starting point
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