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VIII. Remarks on Some British Species of Salix

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VIII. Remarks on Some British Species of Salix ( 110' ) VlH. R4mark.t on'jme Britifi Sptciri tf Sutix. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S. IT has for a long time been my intention to offer to the confidcra- tion of the Linnean Society lome elucidation of the Britiih M'illows ; but there are many reaions why any thing like a completc hiory of h of the genus of Sufix cannot at preiPnt be made out, even fo far as regards our native fpecies, and I have therefore withheld thc partial information 1 had acquired, in hopes of learning more, and being able to communicate iomcthing better worth the Society'6 accept- ance. At length however it becomes neceffary that this obfcure genus fiould airume as regular a form as pofible in the Fhra Brirm~ni;-a; where, as in every other infldnce, my objce is to publiih nothing that I have not afcertained myfelf, at leafi as far as the irnperfeEIiol1 of all human knowledge and judgment will permit. The cnumcra- tion therefore of the fpecies of Scrlix in that book, though more comprchenfive than any yet publiihed in Britain, will be but all ecdy, to be perfelled hereafter; and what I have to offer in this paper are various matters colleacd in the courfe of my inquiries, which reqriire a more diffufe explanation than the fyfiematic fornl of the work jun mentioned will admit. I hall at prefent confine &[ervations to the a1 borefcent fpccies of the ficfi IeAinn of the ge1-r~~SafiA, which comprehends fuch as haw leavcs more or lcfs CJrratd, and ncaily cmooth, at leaft whcri fully foirntd. This is the moft nrdt difficult leaion, aid I flatter myklf I ihall be able to furnilh {om e new information refpcaing it. Some difficiilties which attend the invctligation' of this genus are alrnofi peculiar to it. Willows to be wcll utiJ:ritooJ require to be fiudied ;it three different perids of thcir growth ; fii ii when in flower, at which time thtlleaves in general CcarcelyI appcar at a11 ; next when the capfules are fully formed and nearly ripe, and tbc leaves juit expanded, with their fiipulz ; laitly when the leaves have attainecf their full he, and all remains of the fruaification have dif- appc,~rd. In this lait hethe true form, and pubelcence or imooth. net's, of the leaves is to k known ; in the fecond the nature. of the _/lrpulz, which frequently are very deciduous, qnd the figure and fur- face of the capfulcs ; whcreas in the firR itate the very diCcriaaieative antl curious parts of the flower, the fiamina, ncbria, and, above all, the proportion and flrufiiirc of the gerrnen, ityie and ftigmata, are ody to be learnt. I have found the lafi-mentioned parts lo con- itant and important, fo Itrongly indicative of natural lubdivifions of the genus, that if we couI11 at all times command them, thcy would certainly affbrd'better charaaers for that pqrpofe than the'm;trgin or pubcl'cenct: of the leaves. But the dioecious nature of thefe plants is another jnconvenicncc, and pecuharly inilitates againfi 3 general ar- rmqement of them according to parts, which it is an even chance whether we meet witb or not, and, which arc moreover f.very trarifient. If I ihould prove more f~iccefsfulin treating the lubjea under confidciation thm my predeccKors Mr. Hudfon antl Mr. Lightfoot, it will be greatly owing to three caufes. Firit the publication of Yrofeffor H~ffinaii's I&jforia &him, lo full, fo accurate, I might aimoil fay fo perfecct, as far ash goes. This work the authors of the Fhu A,gOca and Fforn Scatica never knew. En the next p!acc the opportunity I have had of fludying the Linnaan original Cpeciiiiens, in .‘f fi Dr. SMITH’SRemarks on -in this genus peculiarly ample and initru&ive, and of comparing them, through Her Majelly’s gracious permifion, with Mr. Light- foot’s Herbarium, by which moil of the doubtful fpecimens men- tioned in his Flora, p. 61 I, have been referred to fome fpecies or other, and all his difficulties with regard to others removed. Lafily the aflifiance I have received from my accurate and. indefatigable *friend Mr. Crowe, who for many years has with unwearied diligence . colleaed. Willows, both indigenous and exotic, from all quarters ; carefully noting their peculiar ufes and properties ; diftinpiihing the truly wild from the naturalized, or merely cultivated kinds ; and watching them with a moil difcriminating eye through all their itages of groyth in hisgarden, which is fortunately Gtuated fo as to be peculiarly favourable for the purpofe. Linnms begins his arfangement of the Sa2icc.r with thofe Cpecies which .have fome peculiarity in their fiamina, and our Britil’h writers follow.him in this diitribution: It is not my-defign to difturb it. All iuch as, infiead of the z difXn€t fiaminaaf Willows in general, have their filaments un’rted into one, or have more than 2 flamina, have fmoth ferrated leaves, and therebre itand commodioufly enough at the head of this firlt fe&ion. The Safix bermaphrodiiica I believe has no right to a place among 3ritilh plants. HudCon introduces it only with a mark of doubt.. The Salk I~l~olia~,~ioJpkmdcntrof Ray ieems, by Dillenius’s remark, to be a variety of the Sallow. The real hermuphrodhicn of the Lin- naan herbarium is clofely allied to S.pmtadra, except in the fiuai- fication, and has never been deteCtcd in Britain. All that I have’ found in the gardens under that name is merely a broad-leaved va- riety of S pmtandra, the flowers of which are peiitandrous and dioecious. The true bermmpbroditica has but 2 fiamina, and thofe in the fame flower with the piltillum. I have never feen it alive, nor do I believe it to be known out of Sweden. The Thefirit f'cb on our lift of Wbw~is the I. SALIX purpqrea. S. monandra, foliis obovato-lanceolatis ferratis glabris, figmatibus brevilfimis ovatis fubfefilibus. Salix purpurea, Linn. Sp. P/.'1494. Hu& 4g7. S. monandra. Wih. 45. .Curt. Ldd.fa&, 6. t. 71. HoJm. $u?. v.1.18. t.1.f:1,2. t.5.f.r. ~.a3.&I. s. humdior, folh angufiis hbczrulehj ex adverb binis. &i'Syn, 4.48. Cant. 144. n. 5. In paluftribus, et ad fluvios. F1. Martio. This is a bufhy hub, three or $om >feethigh, with Img, flender, mugh, purple, ihining branches, The leaves are' tither oppofite or dterndte, neady linear, but broadelk upwards, fecwd Ckk@ towatds the fummit, very Imooth, glaucous beneath, deitirute of ftipulz. The male catkins are very dlender, lcarcely an inch long, nearly fd2ile, tonfifiing of many thick-kt flowers, the uppermoll df which expand fM. Scales black at the tip, hairy. rNeAaty a ioli- tary gland oppofite to each fcalc. Stamen one folitary fir@t*fila-' ment, never dividing, bearidg an ohnge-cdlwfcd double, br four- lobed, anthera. Female catkins eya&ly like the male in fize and form. Germen &file, fmall, of an ovate dr rather ellip& form; filky. Style very ihort, or fccarcely any. Stigmas fmaii, fefile, fomeivht oete, undivided, marked with a longitudinal fiirmw an the upper fdc. CapTii!e ovate, fmall, filky. The leaves and twigs of this fpecies arc extreme$ bitter, and therefore authorize the Englilh name given by Mr. Curtis, nhhas VOL. VI. Q \\.ell 1I4 Dr. SMITH'S Remarks on well figured and defcribed the fpecies, though he erred in confound- ing it with the following. 2. SALIXHelix. S. monandra ? foliis lanceolatis. acuminatis ferrulatis gIabris, fly10 elongato filiformi, fligmatibus linearihus. Salix Helix. Linn. Sp. PI. I+++. HudJ: 427. Dalccb. HiJ3. 277.J 2. S. n. 1640. HaZl. H$. u. 2. 306. Salicis racemi feu nucamenta, roiz et capitula fquamata Baub. Hg. v. 1.p. 2. 213. In falicetis et paluitribus. F1. Martio, ApriIi. Haller and Ehrhart feem to have led Prof. Hoffmann into the error of confounding this with the preceding; from which it is moo unqueflionably very 'diitina. Mr.. Curtis, and Come of our more recent writers, have followed Hoffmann, perhaps without having ever feen the true S. Heh. I am obliged to Mr. Crowe for firft pointing out to me the different heights of the two plants, and dif- ferent Gzes of their catkins, and on a critical examination of the female flowers, I was fo fortunate as to find further marks of diitinaion. S. Hclix riles to the height of 9 or 10 feet, and is a fmall flender tree. Even in the form of its leaves it differs from the purpurea, thofe of the Helix being more truly lanceolate and tapcr-pointed, by no means obovate. From the Gze which Haller alcribds to his Salix n. 1640, 1 venture to prelume he intended this plant, and not the purpurcn, and therefore borrow from him the charaaer monandra, for I have never feen the male of this ipecies. It is extremely probable moreover, from the clofe affinity of the two in other 3 refpelis, jmc Brit@ Spcch of Salix. I '5 refpeas, that they fhould agree-in this. The female catkins are ibmewhat longer, and twice as thick, as in the la& and fiatid on longer italks. The germen is fefile, ovate and filky, but the ityle is confiderably lengthened out, quite fmooth and naked. The itigmas alb, infiead of being ihort and ovat5 are linear and confiderably elongated. To thete fatisfaaory marks' may be added that the leaves are leCs glaucous beneath, and not lo bitter as thofe of the S. purptrrca. 3. SALlX J@d. S. monadelpha, foliis lanceolatis acutis fubdenticulatis glabris : iubth glaucis.
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