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VlH. R4mark.t on'jme Britifi Sptciri tf Sutix. By James Edward Smith, M.D. F.R.S. P.L.S.

IT has for a long time been my intention to offer to the confidcra- tion of the Linnean Society lome elucidation of the Britiih M'illows ; but there are many reaions why any thing like a completc hiory of h of the genus of Sufix cannot at preiPnt be made out, even fo far as regards our native fpecies, and I have therefore withheld thc partial information 1 had acquired, in hopes of learning more, and being able to communicate iomcthing better worth the Society'6 accept- ance. At length however it becomes neceffary that this obfcure genus fiould airume as regular a form as pofible in the Fhra Brirm~ni;-a; where, as in every other infldnce, my objce is to publiih nothing that I have not afcertained myfelf, at leafi as far as the irnperfeEIiol1 of all human knowledge and judgment will permit. The cnumcra- tion therefore of the fpecies of Scrlix in that book, though more comprchenfive than any yet publiihed in Britain, will be but all ecdy, to be perfelled hereafter; and what I have to offer in this paper are various matters colleacd in the courfe of my inquiries, which reqriire a more diffufe explanation than the fyfiematic fornl of the work jun mentioned will admit. I hall at prefent confine &[ervations to the a1 borefcent fpccies of the ficfi IeAinn of the ge1-r~~SafiA, which comprehends fuch as haw leavcs more or lcfs CJrratd, and ncaily cmooth, at leaft whcri fully foirntd. This is the moft nrdt difficult leaion, aid I flatter myklf I ihall be able to furnilh {om e new information refpcaing it. Some difficiilties which attend the invctligation' of this genus are alrnofi peculiar to it. to be wcll utiJ:ritooJ require to be fiudied ;it three different perids of thcir growth ; fii ii when in , at which time thtlleaves in general CcarcelyI appcar at a11 ; next when the capfules are fully formed and nearly ripe, and tbc juit expanded, with their fiipulz ; laitly when the leaves have attainecf their full he, and all remains of the fruaification have dif- appc,~rd. In this lait hethe true form, and pubelcence or imooth. net's, of the leaves is to k known ; in the fecond the nature. of the _/lrpulz, which frequently are very , qnd the figure and fur- face of the capfulcs ; whcreas in the firR itate the very diCcriaaieative antl curious parts of the flower, the fiamina, ncbria, and, above all, the proportion and flrufiiirc of the gerrnen, ityie and ftigmata, are ody to be learnt. I have found the lafi-mentioned parts lo con- itant and important, fo Itrongly indicative of natural lubdivifions of the genus, that if we couI11 at all times command them, thcy would certainly affbrd'better charaaers for that pqrpofe than the'm;trgin or pubcl'cenct: of the leaves. But the dioecious nature of thefe is another jnconvenicncc, and pecuharly inilitates againfi 3 general ar- rmqement of them according to parts, which it is an even chance whether we meet witb or not, and, which arc moreover f.very trarifient. If I ihould prove more f~iccefsfulin treating the lubjea under confidciation thm my predeccKors Mr. Hudfon antl Mr. Lightfoot, it will be greatly owing to three caufes. Firit the publication of Yrofeffor H~ffinaii's I&jforia &him, lo full, fo accurate, I might aimoil fay fo perfecct, as far ash goes. This work the authors of the Fhu A,gOca and Fforn Scatica never knew. En the next p!acc the opportunity I have had of fludying the Linnaan original Cpeciiiiens, in .‘f fi Dr. SMITH’SRemarks on

-in this genus peculiarly ample and initru&ive, and of comparing them, through Her Majelly’s gracious permifion, with Mr. Light- foot’s Herbarium, by which moil of the doubtful fpecimens men- tioned in his Flora, p. 61 I, have been referred to fome fpecies or other, and all his difficulties with regard to others removed. Lafily the aflifiance I have received from my accurate and. indefatigable *friend Mr. Crowe, who for many years has with unwearied diligence . colleaed. Willows, both indigenous and exotic, from all quarters ; carefully noting their peculiar ufes and properties ; diftinpiihing the truly wild from the naturalized, or merely cultivated kinds ; and watching them with a moil difcriminating eye through all their itages of groyth in hisgarden, which is fortunately Gtuated fo as to be peculiarly favourable for the purpofe. Linnms begins his arfangement of the Sa2icc.r with thofe Cpecies which .have fome peculiarity in their fiamina, and our Britil’h writers follow.him in this diitribution: It is not my-defign to difturb it. All iuch as, infiead of the z difXn€t fiaminaaf Willows in general, have their filaments un’rted into one, or have more than 2 flamina, have fmoth ferrated leaves, and therebre itand commodioufly enough at the head of this firlt fe&ion. The Safix bermaphrodiiica I believe has no right to a place among 3ritilh plants. HudCon introduces it only with a mark of doubt.. The Salk I~l~olia~,~ioJpkmdcntrof Ray ieems, by Dillenius’s remark, to be a variety of the Sallow. The real hermuphrodhicn of the Lin- naan herbarium is clofely allied to S.pmtadra, except in the fiuai- fication, and has never been deteCtcd in Britain. All that I have’ found in the gardens under that name is merely a broad-leaved va- riety of S pmtandra, the of which are peiitandrous and dioecious. The true bermmpbroditica has but 2 fiamina, and thofe in the fame flower with the piltillum. I have never feen it alive, nor do I believe it to be known out of Sweden. The Thefirit f'cb on our lift of Wbw~is the

I. SALIX purpqrea.

S. monandra, foliis obovato-lanceolatis ferratis glabris, figmatibus brevilfimis ovatis fubfefilibus. Salix purpurea, Linn. Sp. P/.'1494. Hu& 4g7. S. monandra. Wih. 45. .Curt. Ldd.fa&, 6. t. 71. HoJm. $u?. v.1.18. t.1.f:1,2. t.5.f.r. ~.a3.&I. s. humdior, folh angufiis hbczrulehj ex adverb binis. &i'Syn, 4.48. Cant. 144. n. 5.

In paluftribus, et ad fluvios. F1. Martio.

This is a bufhy hub, three or $om >feethigh, with Img, flender, mugh, purple, ihining branches, The leaves are' tither oppofite or dterndte, neady linear, but broadelk upwards, fecwd Ckk@ towatds the fummit, very Imooth, glaucous beneath, deitirute of ftipulz. The male are very dlender, lcarcely an inch long, nearly fd2ile, tonfifiing of many thick-kt flowers, the uppermoll df which expand fM. Scales black at the tip, hairy. rNeAaty a ioli- tary gland oppofite to each fcalc. one folitary fir@t*fila-' ment, never dividing, bearidg an ohnge-cdlwfcd double, br four- lobed, anthera. Female catkins eya&ly like the male in fize and form. Germen &file, fmall, of an ovate dr rather ellip& form; filky. Style very ihort, or fccarcely any. Stigmas fmaii, fefile, fomeivht oete, undivided, marked with a longitudinal fiirmw an the upper fdc. CapTii!e ovate, fmall, filky. The leaves and twigs of this fpecies arc extreme$ bitter, and therefore authorize the Englilh name given by Mr. Curtis, nhhas VOL. VI. Q \\.ell 1I4 Dr. SMITH'S Remarks on well figured and defcribed the fpecies, though he erred in confound- ing it with the following.

2. SALIXHelix.

S. monandra ? foliis lanceolatis. acuminatis ferrulatis gIabris, fly10 elongato filiformi, fligmatibus linearihus. Salix Helix. Linn. Sp. PI. I+++. HudJ: 427. Dalccb. HiJ3. 277.J 2. S. n. 1640. HaZl. H$. u. 2. 306. Salicis racemi feu nucamenta, roiz et capitula fquamata Baub. Hg. v. 1.p. 2. 213. In falicetis et paluitribus. F1. Martio, ApriIi. Haller and Ehrhart feem to have led Prof. Hoffmann into the error of confounding this with the preceding; from which it is moo unqueflionably very 'diitina. Mr.. Curtis, and Come of our more recent writers, have followed Hoffmann, perhaps without having ever feen the true S. Heh. I am obliged to Mr. Crowe for firft pointing out to me the different heights of the two plants, and dif- ferent Gzes of their catkins, and on a critical examination of the female flowers, I was fo fortunate as to find further marks of diitinaion. S. Hclix riles to the height of 9 or 10 feet, and is a fmall flender . Even in the form of its leaves it differs from the purpurea, thofe of the Helix being more truly lanceolate and tapcr-pointed, by no means obovate. From the Gze which Haller alcribds to his Salix n. 1640, 1 venture to prelume he intended this , and not the purpurcn, and therefore borrow from him the charaaer monandra, for I have never feen the male of this ipecies. It is extremely probable moreover, from the clofe affinity of the two in other 3 refpelis, jmc Brit@ Spcch of Salix. I '5 refpeas, that they fhould agree-in this. The female catkins are ibmewhat longer, and twice as thick, as in the la& and fiatid on longer italks. The germen is fefile, ovate and filky, but the ityle is confiderably lengthened out, quite fmooth and naked. The itigmas alb, infiead of being ihort and ovat5 are linear and confiderably elongated. To thete fatisfaaory marks' may be added that the leaves are leCs glaucous beneath, and not lo bitter as thofe of the S. purptrrca.

3. SALlX J@d.

S. monadelpha, foliis lanceolatis acutis fubdenticulatis glabris : iubth glaucis. Salix fiIfa. Hofm. Sal. v. I. 61. t:13, 14.

In falicetis. F1. Aprili, Maio. In feveral ofier-grounds near Lynn, Norfolk. Mr. Crowe. At Prickwillow near Ely. Rev. Mr. HemJed. At Fincham, Nor- folk. Rev. Jo/ph Forby.

* This is a ihrub 4 or 5 feet- high, with upright, flexible and very tough branches, of a yelIoivi@ afh-colour, often purplifh. Leaves alternate, on footfialks, lanceolate$ pointed, 2 or 3 inches long, mi- nutely toothe'd, or fomewhat ferrated, principally towards the top ; fmooth on both fides except when very young; glaucous beneath ; dark-green a&e. Stipulre none. Catkins on ihort fialks, cylin- drical, blunt, firfi red, then yellow, flowering fire at the top. Stamina 3, united from the bafe about half way to the top. An- them of t lobes, yellow. Germeu ovate, acute, hairy. Style ihort. Stigmas oblong, blunt, undivided. Q2 This 1 r6 Dr. SMITH'SWtinorAs on

This is cultivated iii the fens, and preferred above all ather Wil- labvs or Oficrs for the fineft kinds of bfiet w0l.k. Female plants ply have hitherto come under my infpehion, but, by a peculiar initancc of gmd fortune, I lafi fpring met with one or two male flowers at the bafe of a few female catkins in Mr. Crowe's garden. Thck enabled me to complete my defcription, and at the Came time removed every @iMe daub of our plant bkgthe S. jJa of HOE. mann, with every part of whofe excellent defcriptioii it accords

S, rnqnadelpha ? fdiis lineari-lanceolatis clongatis acutis denticdatb glabris : fubtus concoloribus. Salix rubra. Hud/: 428. Wdh. 49.

S. virefcens. , ViIIar's Da& v. 3.. 785. 1. 51.f: 30. S. minim4 fragilis, foliis longifimis utrinqug ,vir&$&us nas iermtis. Rgir'Syff. 49. S. nerii folio utrinque virente. Vd.Par. 175. In falicetis rarius. F1. Aprili, Maia Between Maidenhead and Windlor, .and vear S4fiux-y. 7. sc- rard. In an ofier-holt near Eiy. Rev. Dr. Goodmougb. At Prick- near Ely. Rev. Mr. HcmJed. Near Bedford. Rev. @. Abbot.

The branches of this hubare-wry lorlg, Qender, wh,hmh, gray or purplifi. Leaves about 4 inches long when full-grown, linear-lancedate, narrow, acute, ilaghtlF+toothcder Rrrakd, by no mwns eptke, of a bright green M both frdcs, not at all glaucous, fmooth in general, i'omeths rplialded with a few flcnder hairs beneath. Stipula, if prefent, linedancaolate, a little toothed; but but generally wanting. The male catkins I have not ieen. I pre- fume them from analogp to have monadelptrous fiamina. The females differ but little from the piecdng, cxcept in having rather thicker, almolt ovate, Itigmao. This fpeciee appears to be but little known, though among the mofl valuable a9 an Ofier. The habit of the plant, figure and length of its leaves, agree with the Common Oiler S. vimbds; but their bright green colour on both fides, and want of all pubeicence, except when very young, render them eafily difiinquifhable from that fpecies, while their great length, linear form, and iiarrownefs, and thar dourbaing not at dl &&tow, prevent their being con- .* founded with & $$a. Specimens obligingly communicated by my friend I&. hmbert, V. P. L. S. from Mr. Hudfon's own herbarium, have removed aTl uncertainty as to its being his 8. nrbra. The name is kfs appofite than might have been wilhed: vircnr or concolor would better have expreircd the peculiar charaAer of the fpecies. Of the fynonym of Ray there can be no doubt. That of Vaillant E learned from the Sherardian herbarium. 5. SALIX Croweana. Bmd&aoed Mon&phour WX'mu, S. monadelpha, folk eIliptkis fubferratio gerrimis : 'hbtbs glaucis.

In paluftribus. F1. Apri!i, mio. At Cranberry Fen in.the., pariih of Eafi Winch, and in other parts of Norfolk. Mr. Crow.

-"hie fcaxeIy rifes to the height of a tRe. The branches are. hrtand fpreadiag, rather brittle,. qlothed with. a fhining yellowib 8 01; - 118 Dr. SMITH'SRemarks on or purplifh' . Leaves on footfialks, elliptical, or inclining to obovate, fornewhat pointed, fcarcely an inch and half long, flightly ferrated or rather crenate, fmooth on both Gdes ; bright-green and ihining above; glaucous and veiny beneath. Catkins nearly fefile, of a ihort fomewhat ovate form. Scales oboGate, b!ack, very hairy. Stamina pale lemon-coloured, longilh, their filaments united from the bafe to a greater or leffer difiance, fometimes alrnolt to thc top. Anthem reddiih. The female flowers are as yet unknown. This fpecies of Salix items to have efcaped the notice of every botanifi 'hitherto, and I have given it the name of its difcoverer. Ir is moil certainly very difiin& from all others, and eafily known by its united itamina, and ihort broad leaves. It is deftitute of the valuable properties of an Ofier, having ihort and rather brittle, riot long and flexible, twigs. It has therefore to all appearance never heen cultivated, but is truly wild in Norfolk.

.. 6. SAMX iridra. Long- kavcd Triandrous Willaw. S. triandra, foliis lineari-oblongis ferratis glabria, germinibua pedi- cellatis. Salix triandra. Linn. Sp. P1. 1442. HuiL 425. WZ5. 45. Curt. Land. fa). 6. t. 72. H@n. Sol. v. I. 45. t. 9. 10. 1. 23.f: 2. S. folio amygdalino utrinque aurito, corticem abjiciens. R& Syn. 448. In falicetis et ad ripas fluviorum frequens. F1. Maio, etiam Augufio. This is naturally a tree 30 feet or more in height, but being one of the befi OGers for the Ufe of batket-makers, is generally cut and keptiow. The bark of the ftem and branches peels off fponta- neoufly, almofi like that of the plane-tree. The branches are up- right, jme Brit@ Species of Salk I I9 right, long, flehdcr, pliable and tough, though fomewhat brittle at their infertion ; their bark is brownih and fmooth. Leaves about 3 or 4 inches long, of a linear oblong figure, taljering away towards the bafe, and their breadth on each fide the iierve is as nearly equal as pofible ; they terminate in a point ; their margin is thickly fer- rated, the ierratures incurved and rounded, a little glandulqr ; both Gdes fmooth, the under rather glaucous. Stipulae ovate, oblique, crenate, veiny, imooth, often wanting. Catkins at the ends of {mall leafy young branches, ere&, flender, yellowilh, with blunt downy fcales. Stamina generally 3 to each fcale, very rarely (in the fame ) only 2. Germen' flalked, ovate, pointed, warty. Stigmas ihort, fpreading, notched. Capfule very fmooth, green.

7. S ALI x mnygdalina. Broad-leaved Triandrous Ifilfow. S. triandra, foliis ,ova& obliquis ferratis glabris, germinibus pedi- cellatis, itipulis maximis. Salix amygdalina. Linn. Sp. PZ. 1443. HudJ: 426. LlgbtJ: 596. S. folio auriculato fplendente flexilis. Raii Syn. 48. Cant. 14.

In falicetis et palullribus. F1. Aprili, hlaio. On Badley moor by Dereham, Norfolk. Mr. Crow

Mofi botaiiilts confound this with the preceding, and I ihould fcarcely have efcaped the fame error but for the obfervations of Mi. Crowe, who was led to invcitigate their botanical diitinOions by the different qualities of the two plants for ceconomical purpoies. This is but rarely preferved in ofier grounds, being a bad OGer, greatly inferior to the true S. triandra. ' It never rifes into a tree. The bark indeed is deciduous, as in the preceding, which added to the tri- androus flowers, perhaps led Mr. Curtis and others to fufpea there exified I20 Dr. SMITH'SRmurRs on txitted no fpcific difference between the two. The leaves howem will Eufficiently ferve to difcriminate them. Thofe of s. bmygduh'm are fiorter, fcarcely 2 inches long, of a brddiih ovate figure rounded at the bafe, by no means linear; they are moreover oblique, the width of the two fides bemg unequal. The fiipulie are remarkably large, varying from a roundifh to an haifcheartfhaped form, crenate, deciduous. Female ibwera md caphks knM like thofe of the lafi Ipccies. 8. SALIXpcntandm.

S. pentandra, foliis elliptico-lanceolatis crenulatis glabris, germinibus gl abris fu bfe ffilibus. Salix pentandra. Linn. Sp. PZ. 1442. Ru& p6. Wk. 46. Lkbrf: 595. S. folio laureo, leu lato glabro'odorato. Ruii Syn. 449.

Ad rhos &q$c fepttirtrionah tt Scotik aufir&s. FI. Maio, Junio.

'The fweet or bay-leaved Willow is fufkiently well known by its broad odoriferous leaves, whole ferratures exude a copious yellow refin, and its nume'rous fiamina, which are commonlx about 5 to each flower. We have orily to remark that the variety p of F/. Suevia reems to be a difiidk fpecies, ,not yet found in.Eq€and.

s. foh e~~~ptico-~anceolati6crenah ghibrie' fuws glaucis, ger- minibus pedicollatis lanctolatis acumisatja fariceis. Sa1 ix

hairy. In dtying they turn of a purplifh black. Thc footltalks are. peculiarly long, linear, and flender, filky on thc uprsr Gde. Sti- pule fmall, crefccnt-ihaped, toothed, imooth. The female catkins, the only fex 1 have fen, are f'carcely an inch tong, with black, hairy, obovate, often notched, C&a Germens on long footfidks, Imall, ovate, Glky. Stigmas perfdly feffilc, ovate, obtufe, divided into two lobe&

S

Sdix phylicifolia (G Lnn. Sp. PI. 1942. H. &H. ek x a9ib t. 8. JC d. n. 351. In alpibus kot& n. Maia At Finlarig, Bredalbaae. Rev. Mr. Batart.

1am enabled to add this ro the Sill df Ekitifh $aW, by -IW d alpecimen fent to Mr. Lightfoot by NIT. Stuart, of Ida, and AOQ~ preferved in his herbarium, among othrrs which t%e avthsr dthe Flora Scotica had nat Fufficienr matetiah to deddt upon. Hmhg confronted with this the original Laplid fjdiimmaf ~WW,? can fpak with certainty to theit- 'being ekaw hefame, Unh~ nately the fru43ificatian is-Wantingin both, their lcavts am fuif, ficient to mark the fpecies. - S. pty/ic+l;a appears to be tl hru%with finwth, #kdhr, ing branches. Leaves alternate,. italked, exaaly lanceolate, rttther acute, furniihed, about the middlc principally, with bmd and un- equal crenaturcs, between which the is as it were almofi finu- ated; the margin is a little more thickened than ordinary; the bafe Ra ' and Dr. SMITH'SRcmarkr on Brit@ Species of Sdix. and extrcmity of each leaf are entire, deltitute oiglands: all the leaves are either perfeatly fmoath in every part, or a little fprinkled with minute inconfpicuous hairs; dark-green above; glaucous and reticulated with veins beneath. Footitalks fleoder, Cmooth. Sti- 1mlx crefcent-fhaped, inoltly ferrattd, various in 5%. .

To the tribe which this paper is intendcd to ilIufirate belong (be fides a fcw fmaller fpecies, which have little affinity with thofe al- ready mentioned) two well-known , the 5'. vi:clfina and the S. frugilis. Thefe will have a place in the F/om Britunnica, though. it may be doubted whether the former be really indigenous. As, however, I have nothing new to fay concerning them, but, on the contrary, am waiting for more information than I Kave jet been able to obtain concerning the fruAification of both, I will not add to the length of this treatife by any imperfea defcriptions. Some remarks of Profeffor Hoffinann lead me to iufpee we may have more than one ipecieo in England underthe name of fragilir, but that I mufi leave for future inquiry. My worthy friend the Rev. Mr. Abbot of Bedford, fo wel- known to.this Society, has favoured me with one, if not two, en- tirely new Englfi Willows, which belong to this firit ftfiion of the genus, and which promife to be important in an cecouomical view, I lament that the want oE their fruEtification, ant1.a longer time to obferve their growth and different appearances, oblige me to pait- pone any further mention of them at prefent.,

IX. Db