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The Magazine For People Who Need To Know VolumeCOUNTE5 Number 1 $2 R Nov.1980-Jan.1981 CBSasCIA CIA Rebels · SupplyU.S. Heroin Chemical Warfare in Afghanistan , Iraq· lr(ilnWar AIFLD in El Salvador · Rightwing Terror in Guatemala

USIA/ICA: Arrowhead CIA Bari(ing in Australia: of Penetration Nugan Hand Colonia Dignidad: New Hebrides: New Revelations Independent at Last Fingermen AreAll Thumbs CIA Copsin Guatemala CIA inTurkey

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Due to public opposition and despite :Lh- In response to the press conference, the ; tense illegal lobbying by the CIA, the New York Times issued a stateme'nt of con­ "I�telligence Identiti�s Protection Act'" siderable import: failed to reach a floor'vote in Congress "N_? editor or executive of this paper before it recessed. ,HR5615 and S2216�would has any knowledge of what Love was sup­ make it a crime to disclose information posed to have .done 271 years ago. What leading to the identification of CIA and- every editor and executive of this pa­ ' FBI officers, agents and informers, even per does know, however, is that The New it the information whi�h led to the iden­ York Times has an absolute rule against tification was already public. any reporter working for any government _ Some Senators and Representatives are agency.. This paper has repeatedly urged, opposed to the present bills because tbey .President carter to reverse the CIA's a.re unconstitutional. Others argue that present policy of permitting use of the bills are not strong enough. Unfortu­ journalists as agents when the Director nately for the public, botH the former and of Central Intelligence approves. the latter still want to see some version "We are confident that no member of The of the bills passed. · New\ York Times would agree to be used Counter'Spy believes that the only prin­ by the CIA. But not until the CIA's cipled and constitutional position is to­ policy is publicly reversed will there tal opposition to any version of the so- be a total confidence abroad that the 'Called "Int.elligence Identities Proi:ection CIA and other government agencies are Act". Moreover, exposure of FBI and CIA respecting the spirit of the First activities is one of the few protections Amendment and not getting involved with for persons tqrgeted by CIA and FBI �pera­ the press." tions, particularly•. in foreign countries. Counterspy believes that the �rn Since the CIA and the FBI have not Times' "absolute rule" position is a re­ changed, it is as crucial and urgent as sponse to past abuses of the Times by the ever for the press to examine and write CIA. In other words,' Times employees have more about the CIA and FBI, not less. Any worked with the CIA and found it impossi­ version of HR5615 and S2216 would reduce, ble to serve both the ,CIA and the re­ if not eliminate, these vitally needed e«­ quirements of honest journalism. Thus, pos7s. Therefore/ Counter�py is flatly op­ the Times' absolute opposition to CIA in­ posed to the so called "Intelligence Iden­ volvement is doubLy important: it is tities Protection Act" and urges concerned based on both a theoretical analysis and people to work actively to stop HR5615 and .;.;.1 actual history of involvement with the S2�16. CIA. The controversy surrounding.HR5615 and Counterspy fully supports this absolute S2216 has resurrected the question of the oppo�ition to CIA involvement with the relationship between the CIA and the media. media� and recommends that all other com­ The consequences of CIA-media affiliation ponents of the media"' follow the example were illustrated at a Counterspy press of the Times in this regard. conference on September 25', 1980. Counter­ In order to further debate on the CIA � disclqsed that Kennett Love was in­ and the media and to encourage other sec­ volved with the CIA's 1953 coup in Iran tors of the media to follow the stated while he was a New York Times reporter. /position of the New York Times, Counter­ (Foi the comple�story, see Counterspy, � is featuringilir�rticles which vol.• 4 no.4.) The devastating aftermath of highlight the need to seve�. all ti.�s be­ t�t CIA coup is a matter bf public re­ tween the media and U.S. government cord. agencies, especially the CIA.

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Contents \ CBS as CIA by John Kelly CBS as CIA by John Kelly ••• � •••••••••••.•...•.•3

USIA/ICA: Arrowhead of Penetration (Ed. note: John Kelly is the author. of by Martha Wenger••••••••••• ·••••...• � 5 the forthcoming book, The CIA in America, from which this article isexcerpted.J CIA Rebels Supply U.S. Heroin by Konrad Ege •••••••••••••••••••••• 14 CBS Television has announced plans for a new show to ibe aired in 1981: The CIA. Chemical Warfare in Afghanistan Five years a�o, Larry Thompsonmet quietly by Seamus O'Faolain with then CIA Director William Colby and and Dr. Mohammed Sarka sh ••••.••.•..•17 then ABC head Fred Silverman to lay the groundwork for such a show. 1 Thompson is Iraq-Iran War now the executive producer for CBS's The by Jeff McConnell••••••••...••••••• 22 CIA. �ompson is being assisted by Gerald CIA in Turkey...• A .' ••••••••••••••••••••27 Ford's former jokewriter, Don Penny, and screenwriter Edward Anhalt. 2 Additional New Hebrides: Independent at Last "technical assistance and advice" is being by Konrad Ege••••••••. ...•••••••••• , 27 provided by the Assoc!ation of Former In­ telligence Officers, an organization CIA Banking in Australia: Nugan Hand fuH of ex-C°IA officers such as David by Konrad Ege.•.•••..••••...... •... 30 Phillips who ran many propaganda and psy­ chological warfare operations for the CIA, SIGN including one in the U.S. (Phillips also by John Kelly•.••.••.•••••.... .•.•.· 34 oversaw the CIA's destabilization of the Allende government in Chile. Later, Fingermen Are All Thumbs Phillips publicly lied about the CIA's by Franklin Folsom .•••••..••••••••• 35 role in the 1973 coup.} Thompson has explained the show's ob­ Colonia Dignidad; _New Revelations jective: "Ideally, we'd.like to show that by Konrad Ege.....••••.....•.••••• .• 42 the people in the CIA are American citi­ zens with families and a job to do." 4 U.S. Rank and File: Rudy Maxa of _the t·lashington � summ�d up Ban AIFLD in El Salvador the show's objective as an at�empt to "do by Frank Arnold.•.•.•••...•••••.••• 45 for the embattled CIA's image what The FBI (TV show} did for J. Edgar Hoover's fief­ Open Letter to the Labor Movement dom." 5 by Richard Hobbs ••.•...••••••.••••• 47 Don Penny doesn't like this comparison to The FBI. He asserted that "tve're not Rightwing Terror in Guatemala trying to whitewash," but then a�ded that by J�hn Clements .•.•••.••••.•••.•.• 51 in talking about the CIA, .. "you' re talking about a university. These people do ev­ CIA Cops in Guatemala...•••.••••..••••. 54 erything from talk (sig} French to collect .(sic} urine samples." · · There can be little doubt that The CIA is a premeditated whitewash for a CIA beleaguered by public exposure of its mis­ deeds •. Such a show also ha� the potential to divert public attention from on-going CIA be remembu:ed operations.. It 1hould 1 that The FBI ■how ran during· the FBI 1 maaaiwau&ult on con1titutional right1 known aa COINTELPRO. 1979 and 1980 have seen a tremendous up• Coun t•riSpy - 8

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· surge . in peoples' struggles tor liberation - struggles which threaten the very empire Decembei:. 28, 1967 that the CIA defends._Naturally, the CIA ia aware that an Americ� public nur,tbed bf a ficti9na� "CIA" is less likely to·try Michael Bu rke, E;sq. to stop the CIA's operations against pro­ 1 7 East 89th Street New York 10028 gressive movements in other'countries. · Counterspy believes it is unacceptable and unconsci'onable for CBS to run The CIA. Dear Mike: series, particularly ijince the CIAis-- ' forbidden to carry out danestic propaganda I have been anxious to get in touch with you to share an idea, and your Christmas a,nd New Year card operations. Counterspy urges the TV public with the browsing zebras gave me an. address where I :to stop the broadcasting of !!!!_.£!! and to th�ught I could write yo� personally. demand that the Federal camnunication COin­ m�ssion and �ngress in�estigate the CBS's. Fo r some time I b.ave felt that sooner or later program� ,omething should and would be do4,e in.the field of television -with regard to intell!Jence wh.ich. would be This investigation is especially needed. somewhat comparable to what the FBI is now doing so in }igh� o� the fact �hat CBS has for effectively in that field. Efforts have been made by years been "providing cover for CIA agents, various persons along these lines, but always bas.ed on supplying the CIA with film outtakes '(un­ the theory that the series could or should be sponsored aired footage), permitting CIA agents to by the CIA, somewhat as the FBI series is sponsored, Because of the difference in the two services, I feel, enter CBS control r001ns to monitor reports however, that this is an impractical idea insofar as the of correspondents without their kno�ledge intelligence field is concerned. On.the other hand, I and having correspondents participate in feel that there is now in the public domain ae the result debr�efing sessions with then CIA Director of a series of publications, books, articles, and news­ Allen Dulles." 7 pape.r reports relating to various phases of intelligence ,which could furnish the background material which Finally, the investigation is needed in could be used without a formal sponsor. Here the lig�t of the following 1967 letter from/ private individual who might be associated with the Allen Dulles to then� offic.ial Michael item and the authors and writers of the various pieces Burke•. · This letter indicates that the idea would give a measure of credence and crepibility to ;•for The CIA was a CIA-initiated covert op­ what was selected and editecl from the vast amount of., �ration ("zebra") and suggests that th�re m,aterial now in the public domain. might have been many more covert machina­ I do not know whether this general subject tions between the CIA and CBS. would interest you and CBS. If it should, I should be glad to' present my ideas to you ii) a perllk>nal and con­ fidential way, preferably by our getting together for a good'-tal'k where I could outline what I have in mind. Not being sur·e the "zebra" address is the proper one for this pdrpos�, I shall limit myself in this letter to sending best wishes to you both for Christmas and the FOOTNO'l'ES coming year and to express the hope 'that we may get together in the not too distant future. . 1)· Washington �magazine, 8/17/80, p.2. Sincerly, 2), ibid. • 3) .!!!, Tllese Times, 8/13-26/80, p.4. Allen W. Dulles 4) ibid. ·. 5) cf supra, u.· AWD:mcm 1-B file 6) ibid. 1-Chrono ; 7) !2!, Angeles Times, 5/.29/77, p.3.

_ 4 - Counte-i-Spy

• I Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 USIA/-ICA:Arrowhead of Penetration by Martha Wenger

"I believe in the power of ideas. I be­ trolled wartime propaganda operations, lieve that ideas are what the Internation­ evolved into the Office of International al camnunication Agency is all about••• In Information and Cultural Affairs, a branch the ebbs and flows of history, there are of the State Department, given its legal those who place their trust in military basis in the Smith-Mundt Act of 1948. might, those who lean to economic determi­ This development closely paralleled the nism, those whose ultimate regard is for creation of the _Central Intelligence Agen­ scientific'and technological innovation. I cy in 1947. In fact, in the early days, turn to ideas ••• " l the functions of the two agencies all but With these words, John E. Reinhardt was intertwined. "The double face of American sworn in April 3, 1978 as director of the propaganda, 'black' and 'white', covert International Conununication Agency (IO\) and overt, h�d exis\ed from the days of -- the major propaganda arm of the United World War II, when the Office of War ::i:n­ States governmen� abroad, with a 1980 bud­ formation, the forerunner of USIA, was not, get of $426 million, over 200 cultural and always sure of its functions vis-a-vis the information posts in 126 cbuntries, 2 apd Office of Strategic Services, the forerun­ an international shortwave radio station, ner of the CIA. " 3 the Voice of Ame�ca (VOA) ·• 'In 1953 the information program was sep­ The ICA (and its pr-.edecessor, the United arated from the State Department a�d es­ States Information Agency, USIA) however, tablished as an independent agency: the is involved in much more than.straightfor­ United States Information Agency, USIA. ward propagation of ideas: it is an inte­ Its missio� was to prepare and disseminate gral part of U.S. government penetration "information about the United States, its abroad. rts goal is to influence and/or people, and its policies, through press, manipulate events in foreign countries along lines favorable to U.S. corporate TED STATES INFORMATION PROGRAMS and goverrtment foreign policy objectives. UNI Condretely, those objectives translate to Office q.f_ War Information (OWI), World economic rape by u.s. multinational corpo­ War II propaganda agency. rations for many third world countries, Voice q.f_ America (VOA), short-wave r.a­ and military and cultural domination for others. dio developed 1942. Presently adminin­ A major task for America's information istered by one of the four associate program has always been propaganda aimed directors of ICA. at the Soviet Union and Eastern European Office q.f_ International Information and countries through the Voice of America. Cultural Affairs (IIA), develope as radio and various publications. In peacetime continuation of OWI; a branch countries where the u.s •. government has of the State Department, given legal greater access, the tasks have·. gone be­ mandate in 1948 Smith-_Vundt Act. yond so-called "white" propaganda to in­ United States Information Agenay (USIA), fluencing opinion leaders in government, created August 1, 1953; first indepen­ business, and education; feeding pro-u.s. dent peaaetime information agency. USIA stories into local press and media; intel� posts abroad are known as USIS (United ligence collection; and psychological war­ States Information Serviae). fare campaigns in collaboration with U.S. International Communication Agency . military operations. (ICA), created April 1, 1978; combined At the close of World War II, the U.S. USIA and State Department Bureau of Ed­ government became convinced of the useful­ ucation and Cultural Affairs. Head­ ness of a peacetime propaganda agency. In quarters: 1776 Pennsylvania Ave. ·N.W., th� course of seve·ral' years the Office of Washington D.C. 20547. liar Information (CMI), which had con- Counterspy - 5

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 I publications, radio, motion pictures, and the information program to coordinate with other information media,, and thro�gh in- the CIA to assure "desired and practicable . fbrmatiori centers and instructors . ab-­ support." 7 r�d." 4 During the same period, the USIA greatly· · ··The USIA, in its• early years was an expanded its intelligence gathering and i.dei>logical weai;lpn of the Cold war and·was analysis by establishing: its own Office of molded by those battles into a single- • Research and Intelligence in late 1954. 11\indedly c\11ti-Communist· agency. Its propa­ The Eisenhower administration saw the g,anda was largely directed at the Soviet creation of a _top-level Presidential ae­ Union and Eastern _European countries. sistantship devoted primarily to the for­ Succeeding. P��sidents, however, refined eign information program. TWO ioen who held the USIA into a component of the totaf ap- that post were Nelson Rockefeller and paratus whose function it was to achieve William H. Jackson, former deputy1 director e9onomic and political conditions favor­ of the CIA. 8 ru;>ckefeller had previously able to world-wide U.S. interests. Thomas run the Coordinator of Inter-:-American Af-· c. Sorenson, deputy director of the USIA fairs which condU:cted_psychological ,war­ in Ithe early 1960' s, explained: " ••• _, the fare campaigns in tiatin America before and · US'IA is the psychological instrument of during World War II. the United States Government overseas, U�IA's role as political activist esca­ just as the State Department -is the diplo� lated under the Kennedy administration. matic in�trument, tne Agency, for Interna­ Sorenson, USIA Peputy Director, wrote, _tional Development the econ,omic assis­ "The Kennedy Administration has acknowl­ �ce instrument, and the Central Intelli� edged political communication as a major gertc;e, Agency th� intelligence ipstru­ arm of policy. No major and few minor �or­ mtmt." 5 eign policy decisions are made without the In August 1950 President.Harry Truman. active participation of USIA." 9 Edward ' created a national "Psychology Strategy Murrow, Director 0£ USIA, was given an NSC Boar:d" (later called the Operations·Cool:1- seat and appointed.to.the _commi�tee which 'I dinating Board under Eisenhower) to coor- was to formulate the new counter-insurg,n� ·dinate "foreign information and psycholog­ cy program inaugurated''by Kennedy to can...; ical strategy in situations where joint bat "wa?fs of national liberation"· on a action by more than one agency of the Gov­ global basis. l0 . ernment is required in this field." 6 Its The Johnson and Nixon yeats were dani­ members included representatives of the nated by the war in Vietnam a�d character­ Secretary of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of �zed by heavy· involvement 1 in psychological Staff, and the CIA Director, and it was warfare as will be discussed. chaired by the Assistant Secretary of On April 1, ·1979 a _carter proposal to · State for Public Affairs (head of the U.S. reorganize the_,USIA resulted in the In,ter­ infonnation functions which were then part national Communication Agency - essen­ of the State Department). In 1955, after· tially a merger. of the old USIA and the\ the USIA became independent, its director Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs was designated a member of the Operations under the state Department - with a nearly Coordinating Board and invited to be an identical mission, and many of the,same observe� at National Security·eouncii personnel. carter di�ected th� ICA to: (NSC) meetings, and met with_the President "Give foreign peoples the best possible regularly once,a month. understanding of our policies and our in­ Also during the 1950's, a plan was drawn tentions, ahd sufficient information about , up to qrganize "Foreign Information and American society and culture to canprehend �sychological Operations" during war:time. why we have �hosen certain policies over 11,.is now declassified (secret) docunlent, others ••••" 11 c!ated 1950-51, described the u.s. informa­ carter's charter for the ICA reaffirmed tion program's wartime functions as: sup- a previous Congressional restriction on ' porting the. Oefenae Department "in con• diaaeminat.ion of U.S. information agency . cl\xsting foreiqn information operations in · propaganda within the Ubit•d States itself llilitary theatre■ of operation■ (and)••• All we ■hall aee, however, there are a num­ planninv and ooor4inatinq foreign info:r:ma­ ber of ■ignific,ant,waya in which tCA pro­ 'cion opel'ation■" J.n area■ outaide the paganda.doe■ •••P.. .back into th• u.s. field of ocmbat. 'l'he plan also directed - ,, - Count�l'Spy

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I.C.A. OPERATIONS ABROAD ICA9osts also run seminars and confer­ ences for targeted opinion leaders in va�� ious fields within the cc.untry itself. The ICA's presence in foreign countries, in substantial amount of ICA programming is sharp contrast to its domestic obscurity, aimed at cultivating these elites: the ed­ is highly visible. ICA facilities, includ­ ucated, the leaders, the upper class. ing information and cultural centers, li­ braries, and binational centers, are often ACCESS TO PRESS AND MEDIA physically close to the U.S. Embassy or in other prominent locations. The head of the ICA mission participates A steady flow of !CA-produced mass media as � full and important member uf, the· material - newspaper stories and photos, "Country Team", a group headed by the U.S. packaged radio and TV programs - is chan­ ambassador with members including the-se­ neled to foreign opinion leaders and any nior representative of the CIA, military rece�tive media personnel. In some attaches, the heads. of the Agency for In� countries these materials are readily ternational Development (AID} and Peace used. In Venezuela in 1976, for example, Corps, and representatives of other U.S. more than 75 percent of all articles and agencies operating within.the country. 12 photographs regularly distributed by USIA All ICA activities _i-n a country must to the 30 major newspapers were published support objectives outlined in a document in one or more papPrs. 17 In other called the "Country Plan". According to a countries, strict government control USIA publication, The ency in Brief, over press, lack of interest, or suspicion . � .!11!_, Country Plans: 1} list U.S. objec­ of U.S. government-generated material make tives for the area; 2} identify Psycho­ for less usage. logical Objectives, ("attitudes to be cre­ The ICA does not buy column space or air ated or strengthened which will advance time, preferring to rely on local pro-u.s. particular U.S. objectives"} and Target journalists and media personalities who Audience (groups to be influenced}1 and can be counted on to publish ICA materi­ 3} detail the specific programs which will als. A more underhanded method of obtain- attain these' objectives. 13 'ing media coverage is to reimburse media Country Plans are modified annually in personnel for "expenses" for their ser­ close collaboration with other members of vices. George Allen, USIA Director from. the Country Team. During the Nixon admin­ 1957-61, testified that a nationally re­ istration the plans were considered so vi­ spected weekly radio program_ in an unnamed tal· that t,he President invoked executive Third World country, featuring several privilege to deny the Senate Foreign Re­ professors discussing wor�d affairs, w�s lations Committee access to the docu­ given a pro-U.S._slant by USIA officers ments. 14 who gave the professors documents, edito­ Target audiences of the ICA include mem­ rials, speeches, statements, etc. "I have bers of the political and economic power also learned, however," �llen went on, structures, including persons not then in "That we handed each professor the equiv-r power, but likely to be: military elements alent of $100 a week for 'travel ex­ with a potential to stage a coup; owners, penses' .•• The professors asked that the editors, and writers of mass media; educa­ money be given to them in cash, in a tors; and leaders -0f major parties and po­ plaii.- envelope." 18 litical movements. In some countries wo­ Media operations are not limited to in­ m,n's groups, trade unionists, student sertion of propaganda and cultural indoc-;. leaders and ethnic leaders are also tar­ trination.into the mass media. In times of geted. 15, crisis for U.S. government objectives 1.rff Every year 2,000 foreign leaders (from region, ICA posts swing into high gear if{ the groups just listed} are'invited by the support o� a particular U.S. military, ·. U.S. Chiefs of Mission to the U.S. to at­ economic or diplomatic move. For instance, tend seminars or participate in multina­ the Voice of America, ICA's shortwave ra­ tional projects in their area of expertise. dio station (normally broadcasting 820 More than 3,500 additional persons, both hours per week in 32 languages 19) often U.S. and foreign, participate in academic dramatically increases.its pr ogramming in exchanges under the Fulbright Program. 16 a given area in response to a ti.s. per-· Counterspy - 7

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-ceived \ crisis. The most recent occurrences people. Such manipulation is an extremely of such "directed programming" by the serious matter when the issue at stake is Voice were the responses to events in Af- one that President Carter has used as a ghanistan and· Iran. In a "crisis situa- , justification for reviving the Cold War, tion", it is VdA's task to continuously reinstituting draft regist�ation t further re-broadcast the official U.S. government- inflating the military budget, and intro­ al version of events. In some cases, this ducing the "Carter _Docti;:ine". "official version" has proved to be almost total fabrication. PROPAGANDA OPERATIONS --FOR FOREIGN A ease in point is recent VOA broadcast­ GOVERNMENTS ing on the Afghanistan situation. Robert risk, a journalist of the Times (London), During the time that ICA was known as while reporting from Kabu� in February USIA it conducted several highly question- 1980, heard a VOA broadcast from Washing- able operations that were essentially do­ ton, D.C. It reported "fierce fighting in mestic propaganda programs for foreign the centre of Kabul. Afghan soldiers, the governments. No,t surprisingly, these gov- station announced, were in conflict with ernments were regimes closely tied to the Soviet troops at the Bela Hissar Fort in U.S. government. the centre of the city." Fisk, with a In the 1950' s a national liberation--·move- clear view of the fort area from his hill- ment, the Huks, developed in the Philip­ side hotel balcony, saw t�is scene: "... pines. The USIA was on t� scene to help there was no smoke o.r fire, no sound .of'_ the Philippine government put down the car horns from the city's traffic. Nor was movement. The USIA "worked closely with there fighting. Th_e Bela Hissar was peace- the Philippine Armed Forces in continuing ful. There were no Soviet troops to be a successful psychological warfare carn-:- seen and the Afghan army was evidenced on- paign against the Huks", according to the ly by a soldier drinking tea in the main 1954 USIA Report to Congress. "As the earn- street ••• Not to put too fine a point on paign progressed, the Philippine Govern­ it,· the Voice of America was talking rub- ment was able to devote more time and en- bish." 20 ergy to economic reforms and to assume � � In another instance, VOA (as well as the role of growing importance in Asian af- BBC) reported that Mohammond Baryalai, a fairs. 11 -23 Put another way, the USIA aided high-ranking Afghan government official a counterinsurgency campaign to suppress an was killed in a shoot-out during a meeting internal opposition movement and to main- of the Afghan Revolutionary Council in t�in a pro-u.s. Philippine goyer�ent in February. Only three weeks later, Baryalai pow�r. was interviewed, alive and well, by West , One of the most extensive pf this genre German journalist Warner Poelchau. 2l of USIA operations was conducted in Vietnam The two pri��Y �ources for the VOA during the war. In May 1965, President broadcasts - "travell�rs pas_sing through Johnson delegated responsibility "for all _Afghanistan to Pakistan", and "senior di- psychological actions in.Vietnam (except in plomats in Kabul" have been thoroughly dis- direct support of military op�rations in credited by foreign correspondents on the the field)" to the Director of the USIA. 24 scene. Regarding the main "diplomatic This,mission was carried out through the - source", Ian Mather, correspondent for the Joint U.S. Public Affairs Office _(JUSPAO), Observer (London), said: "The American Ein- Saigon; essentially a coordination of mili­ bassy here ••• has been feeding wildly inac- tary and civilian psychological operations curate information to American journalists, under one authority. JUSPAO maintained exaggerating the number of Russian troops close and interlocking relationsqips at all in the country, the number of Russians levels with its military counterpart, U.S. killed, and the extent of• the engage- Army Broadcasting and Visual Activity, the ments." 22 military psychological operations command These boldfaced lies have not only been in the Pacific which had a detachment in reported widely on the Voice of America, Saigon. 25 This relationship held in the bu� - in a world in which mass media.is an whole region: "In all cases where such pro­ international business - have· infiltrated grams are conducted the local major command' media reports worldwide and have come back and the 7th PSYOP (psychological opera- to propagandize and misinform the American_ tions) Group work in close and intimate co- 8 - Countei'Spy

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2 William Donovan - head of the Office the official 'handouts'." B At the same of Strategic Services (OSS), the fore­ time, to enhance favorable foreign report­ runner of the CIA - has called propa­ age of the war, the USIA in 1965 started a ganda �•the arrowhead of penetration" program to encourag_e foreign reporters and into another country. According to The , writers selected by local USIA posts to � Report of the oss, Dohovan person­ visit Vietnam and see the situation first­ ally fought for the inclusion of psy­ hand. At least thirty of these had their 29 chological warfare techniques as part trip paid for by the USIA. of propaganda. The Vietnam role of USIA in news manage­ ment.constituted a major violation of the The euphemistic1 term "psychological warfare ' has been far deadlier in prac­ rule that USIA materials should not be di­ tice tpan it sounds. Since the days of rected at the U.S. public. Since the USIA the OSS it has at times included assas­ controlled all official sources of news in sinations. This gruesome aspect of psy­ Vietnam, the, majority of reporting about war was captured by Stanley Karnow fol­ the war in the U.S. was, at least, influ­ lowing an interview with CIA Colonel enced by the USIA. Edward Landsdale who directed psywar operations in Vietnam and the Philip­ ATTRIBUTION pines. "One (Landsdal�-initiated) psywar op­ eration played oh the superstitious One criteria used to distinguish "white" dread in the Philippine countryside of from "black" propaganda is attribution: the ansuang,a mythical vampire. A psy­ whether the material identifies its sour­ war squad entered the area, and planted ces. ICA/USIA frequently, particularly in rumors that an ansuang lived .•• where its propaganda operations for foreign gov­ the Communists were based. Two nights ernments, and in its utilization of local later, after giving the rumors time to media contacts, deliberately fails to put circulate among Huk sympathizers, the its label on its products. In a major 1961 psywar squad laid an ambush for the USIA operation on behalf of the Royal Lao rebels. When a Huk patrol passed, the government, there was no attribution to ambushers snatched the last man, punc­ USIA. This operation included a bi-monthly tured his neck vampire-fashion with two magazine, wholely USIA-produced, with a holes, hung his body until the blood distribut�on of 43,000 copies in a country drained out, and put the corpse back on where the largest newspaper at the time the trail." (Victor Marchetti and John circulated a mere 3,300 copies. The USIA D. Marks, The CIA and the Cult of In­ magazine was identified as coming from the telligence�.27.)------Royal Lao government. 30 When the ICA/USIA deliberately fails to ordination with USIA. In almost every case attribute, or falsifies its source, its Cdeleten) the military and USIA programs 6 true role becomes close to the CIA-style are nutually supporting." .2 "gray" or "black" propaganda operations. JUSPAO's total output of newspapers, mag­ "USIA might stress its own overt character azines, posters and pamphlets produced in as against the.covert nature of the CIA, 1970 was put at 24 million plus copies. And but too often its method had to be to gen­ that figure excludes the 1.5 billion leaf­ erate American propaganda without the USIA lets dropped by the military psychological label, a kind of infiltration of communi­ operations units. The JUSPAO budget alone cations. Thus, ·it was not always too dif­ 7 was $10.9 million in fiscal year 1970. 2 ferent from the CIA, though it might try One of USIA's major responsibilities to set itself apart spiritually." 31 within JUSPAO was to "manage the news" in support of the U.S. war operations. USIA C.I.A. TIES issued the official news, both military and political, to correspondents based in Sai­ gon and, in some cases, withheld the news. The comparison between the ICA and the This USIA function as an organ of propagan­ CIA at various points in this article nat­ da and misinformation created a "violent urally provokes a closer scrutiny of their conflict with�the small corps of young relationship. Unquestionably there are American correspondents who did not believe Counterspy - 9

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 I close connections on several levels. CIA Rabb Foundation of Boston and the Pappas and ICA �ersonnel serve on the same Charitable Trust of Boston. 35 Country �eams abroad, and on sub-commit­ The fact that the USIA and the CIA were t'ees of the National Security Council and both using the services of QPR was not other infer-ag�ncy committees concerned just an unfortunate coincidence. David with psychological operations. Wise, in his ·book 1he American Police In a 1970 Senate hearing, the Director State, ha� made cl� the relationship of JUSPAO in Vietnam, Edward J. Nickel, that exists between the two agencies: was asked whether'any C�A personnel were "Through the U.S. Information Agency as a using VSIA as-a cover. His answer was: •cut�out•, the CIA subsidized major pub­ "Comment on such a question must be made lishers to produce_books, some of which in· executive session by other appropriate were then .sold in the United States bear­ officials ••• " 32 ing no government imprint to warn the un­ The link between the USIA and the CIA suspecting purchaser." 36 has been clearly established in at least one a,rea: secret book subsidtzation. A INTELLIGENCE COLLECTION fW)ction of ICA/USIA has been to-promote U.S. books abroad through thei� libraries and subsidized low cost sales at a cur­ The ICA, through its intelligence re- rent rate of 3 million copies per year.33 , search �d media-reaction staffs has a However, realizing that propaganda is not unique role in providing intelligence es­ nearly as effective when the recipient timates to the White House, the State De­ knbws and distrusts its source, the ICA partment and other government agencies. has at times commissioned books suitable Their focus is on the opinions and senti­ to its psychological and political objec­ ments of foreign peoples, rather than the tives and then disttibuted them without usual intelligence focus on foreign gov­ any identification of the books as U.S. ernments. Their survey and public opinion goyernmen�-sponsored. ca:ipilation� ar� sometimes classified and !n 1967 a controversy developed when the questions asked can provide valuable eohgressional testimony revealed this information. practice of secret book subsidies. In A 1968 study, classified until 1973, on some cases the USIA\first went directly �OA and Radio Havana Audiences in Central to the author, and then arranged to have America asked such questions as the sub­ the new book published and distributed. ject's knowledge and opinion of Fidel In other cases, authors were approached, castro, their awareness of U.S. corpora­ a t_ions in their �ountry, knowledge of the only by a private publisher who had 7 previous arrangement with USIA that it Alliance for Progress program, etc. 3 would subsidize the project by buying a More recent intelligence rep9rts in­ certain number of books when published. cluded a paper dealing with European pub­ In the latter instance the author was lic r�action to the U.S. human rights left in the dark about the USIA role in campaign which was "deemed very urgent" 1 the deal , and in both cases, the readei;,/ by the Stat� Department in 1977. 38 was uninformed of the government sponsor­ A recently decla�sified document of ship. 34 September 6, 1958 reveals that the United The_ CIA - usually better known for its States Infohnation Agency has participat­ attempts to suppress or censor books - has ed in decisions of profound consequence: also engaged in selective subsidization of in this case the United States was con­ _boo]q; which it considers "favorable". Only templating intervention with nuclear days after the 1967-Congressional fu�or weapons in a dispute between China and developed it was revealed that Ope:catiQlls Taiwan. The document is USIA's "Estimate and Poiicy Research, ,Inc. (OPR} of Wash­ of Free World Reaction Country by Country ington, D.C. was being funded by CIA to Three Possible Courses of Action by fronts to develop books and materials for the U.S. in QUemoy-Matsu" - Quemoy and use by the CIA. At the same time, OPR was Matsu being two small islands-just kilo­ helping US.IA select materials for its meters-offshore mainland China, but con­ overseas programs. According to Nation trolled by Taiwan and at that time pro- magazine, OPR was receiving g�ants from tected by a u.s.-Taiwan Mutual. Defense two CIA conduits: the Sidne� �nd Esther Pact. 10 - CounteroSpy

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In late 1958, Chiang Kai-Shek moved Farsi (Iranian language) broadcasts by VOA 90,000 Nationalist troops to the islands relay stations located in Greece in Decem­ and a U.S. ship was ordered to protect ber 1979. Andreas Papandreou, leader of the main opposition party said that the their supply lines. Whe_n China bombarded 1 the islands in August, the U.S. threat­ presence of U.S. propaganda transmitters ened to intervene, secretly considering in Greece was "most dangerous", and urged the use of nuclear �eapons. And, the USIA his government to make it clear to the was there to provide a top secret intel­ United States that "it has no right to use ligence estimate for the decisionmak­ our country for propaganda purposes." 45 ers-. 39 In effect, USIA analyses can · "not be told fran CIA appraisals, 6r the · "Voiae of Amer-iaa... tr-ansmitter- time kind of 'sociological' projects the Pen­ is a pr-eaious r-esour-ae. Deaisions to add tagon engaged in••• ". 40 or delete language serviaes are aareful­ ly made by representatives of Uf[ICA., the EXPORT PROMOTION State Depar-tment and the National Seau­ rity Counail. This group_ deaided to de­ vote all available transmitter time to A major "U•. S. objective" abroad is, of Ir-anian Farsi broadaasts in Apr-il 1979 course, promoting u.s.-based multination­ (br-oadaasts also heard and u_nderstood by al corporations. ICA progtams, therefore, eduaated Afghans). Following, the Soviet include heavy promotion-of U.S. exports invasion of'Afghanistan., time was taken and corporations. In 1974 the USIA Report fr-om Farsi to make room for- Dari., the � Congress included a success story lingua fr-anaa of Afghanistan. • • • We about i�s centers in 26 sub-Saharan Afri­ will be on the air in Dari next month." Pistor., can countries, who "utilized every avail­ (Miohael Direator., able·opportunity to boost U.S. commercial Offioe of Congressional and Pub7 exports• " 4l · lio Liaison., I.C.A • ., 8/21/80 in a In May 1971, a "Talking Paper" was is­ letter- to the editor of the --New sued to all USIA Latin America posts with Yor-k Times) .questions and answers about U.S. economic activity there, to help them defend U.S. These attacks are constant reminders interests mqre effectively. one section that the true goal of the.ICA is to facil­ extolled the humanitarian efforts �f such itate and garner support for U.S. foreign u.s. corporations as Ford Motor CQ., coca pol•icy and the American economic system. Cola, and United Fruit CO. The "Talking As George Allen, former USIA Director, put\ Paper" did not mention.the extraction of it: "In.many - perhaps all - international tremendous profits from Latin America by disputes, the program is not that foreign, these same corporations. 42 · people do· not understand (U.S.) policies. Progressive people in foreign countries Often they understand them only too well - have consistently identified ICA facili­ and do not like them. " 46 ties as symbols of U.S. danination of their nations and ha�e repeatedly at- DEVELOPMENTS TO WATCH - tacked them as such. To name only a few recent such attacks: December 1978, Bina­ tional centers in three Iranian cities at­ Wherever possible, U.S. government/cor­ tacked, in Shiraz alone the damage porate interests prefer to use the weap­ amounted to $50,000J 43 August 1978, mi­ ons of economic and military aid with nor damage at an ICA facility in Stock­ their inevitable attached strings to make holm, Sweden. on May 17, 1980, police other countries dependent on the U.S.- clashed with hundreds of demonstrators dominated economic system. ICA is a key who h�d set fire to a U.S. flag on 1.,he weapon in this strategy. And, in cases roof of the "Amerika Haus" cultural center where u.s. aid programs have been dras­ in West Berlin to protest the annual mili­ tically reduced or suspended due to the tary parade by the p.s., France, and Brit- pressure of human rights activists in the ai�. �4 U.S., ICA has taken u� the slack. As a The Greek government was forced by in­ 1977 Congressional team to Latin America ternal opposition .to deny VOA permission reported, when military and ecdnomic aid to use an additional frequency for its have been cut, "the attention of U.S. Am- CounterSpy - 11

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bassadors and otjler Embassy officials has identifying and developing close ties with nrturally focused on the USIS (United foreign nationals who support and benefit _ states Information service, as USIA was fran a strong u.s. military and econOnlic known abro�d) program as a resource of · dominance of their country at the expense last resort - to be utilized in the pro­ of the independence and ecoRomic well­ _motion of U.S. foreign policy objec- being of the majority of the people. \.ives." 47 · �In_areas where the U.S. government is preparing to use military foree to secure FOOTNOTES .'its interests - notably the Middle East iOil regions targeted in the carter doc- trine speech of January 1980 - ICA's pro­ 1) u.s. International Ocmmunication Agency paganda apparatus will be there to back·· Proceedings, . swearing-In � � Director up'the military action. Preparations are John!.:,_ Reinhardt, April 3, 1978, pp.1-2 , already being made:· for example, the Feb­ 2) u.s. Int�rnational Camnunicatiori Agency X11ary 1980 budget for ICA included a re­ Factsheet, October 1979, p.l, · . quest for ·three new ICA posts in strate­ 3) Alexander 'Kendrick, Prime Time, Little, . gically located Middle Eastem ·countries: 'Brown & Co., Boston, 1969, p.� Iraq, Cknan, and Qatar. A'VOA Farsi lan­ 4) U.S. 'Congress, House Committee on For­ guage broadcast was begun - belatedly - . eign Affairs, £:.!.:_ -Information Agendy 9£- _ in March 1979. 48 erations, Hearings before� Subcommittee In Africa, ICA Director John1 Reinhardt , � State Department Organizations � �­ noted in Febrtiacy 1980, once Zimbabwe eign Operations, Parts ! � g, 91st Con­ and Namibia become independent, "they aresi:;_. 2nd session, 1970, p.51. would represent high-priority opportuni­ 5) 'l'homas C. Sorenson, "New Directions Un­ we ties for us and- would follow tqe op� der.the Kennedy-Administration".. ' , in ...__Pro- portunities." 49 ICA was also hoping to paganda �··El!!�!!!!:_, ed. John B. expand its branch center·· in Soweto,· South Whitton, Public ..Affairs Pre1ss, WashingtQn, Al'riea·. o.c., 1963, p.66 •. � 1\mong the new VOA projects is a relay 6) Urban G. Whitaker, Jr., ed. Pro aganda a ,· station on the island of Antigua. The · � International J!elations,- ·Howar - - ' · � tr,ansmitter wi:11 _ be placed in th_e u. s. Chandler, Publ·., "san' Francisco, 1960, pp. ; m.i,litary installation there. Un.like other 22-23, 25� JvoAI transmitters, this station , will .7) Wartime Organization� Foreign Infor­ ; broadcast in medi-um wave and will become mation � Psychol0gical Operations, u.s.­ one of the most powerf,ll AM stations in Government Declassified Documents, Library the Eastern caribbean. of Congress, #254A, pp.S-6. A major new request in the 1980 budget \8) cf supra #6, p.26. ; was $4. 45 million to develop the Hubert H. 9) cf supra #5, p.681 See also: PresidE!nt HUlllphrey-Fellowship program "to provide Kennedy "Memo to USIA" in_ u ..s. Congress, 1 mid-career training for young professional Senate Committ�e on Foreign Relations, ; people who are likeiy to become important United states Security Agreements �£2!!!,­ . -· public officials of Third i'7orld countrfes mitments·Abroad. Kingdom of�- Hearings ' ••• it holds the promise of forging sig­ ��subcommittee� o.s. Security

1•nificant,links to fu�u:re leaders who might Agreements� Committments _Abroad,� otherwise have no direct expe;-ience with II, 91st Congress. 1st session, 1969, , _ • the United States." SO p.588. '.. And finally, a major re�onstructing of 10) pp.4 2, _464. s cf supra, #3, 6 · I ICA' res·earch and intelligence operation 11) U.S. International Communication Agen­ is taking place-"to sharp�n both the rele­ cy, Memorandum for Director,. International vance of our research and ·the speed with communication �cy, from President which it is conducted" in order to better carter, 3/13/78, p.2. carry·out the mandate·to advise the Presi­ 12) L. ·Natarajan, America's Two Pincers, dent and the�Secretary of State. 51 Pradip Prakashan, I¥cknow, Inci'fa, 1970, Given the past histOfY of the ICA it is p.2 • ' . important to watch what role it wil: play, 13) cf supra #4, p.160 • . particularly ·in these strategic regions� 14) u.ri. Congress, House, Committee on Clearly, one function' will continue. ' to ...be Government Operations, _£.:!.:.·Government In-· l Z - Counterspy '\

I Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 ' . formation Policies and Practices.,.. Prob­ 22, 1973), pp.ii-iii. � 2f Congress inObtaining Info�on 38) U.S. Congress, House, Conmittee on from the Executive Branch (Part 8), Hear.,.. Foreign Affairs, Authorizing Appropria­ Iii'gs"before � Subcommittee of the commit.,.. � � !!_ 1980-81 � Department S?!_ tee� Government Operations, 92nd Con-­ State, the International communication gress, 2nd session, 1972, p.3239. Agency and� Board !2!, International_ 15) Thomas c. Sorenson,.The Word War: The Broadcasting. Hearings before the Subcan­ Story of American Propaganda, Harper arur­ mittee on �nternational Operations, 96th Row, New Yo:rk, 1968, p.63. Congress, 1st session, 1979, p.113. 16) cf supra #2, p.3. 3_9) United States !�formation Agency, Es­ 17) U.S. Congress, House, Committee on In­ timate of� Wor&d Reaction, Country� ternational Relations, U.S. Information Country � Three Possible Courses � !£:_ � Cultural Programs: Focus 2!!_ Ia.tin � .!?l_ � U.S. _!!!, Quemoy-Matsu, Library of Congress, U.S. G6vernment Declassified America, 1976. Report of� Staff Survei Team, March 1977_, p. 7. Documents, .�8A, pp.1-2. 18) George V. Allen, "What the U.S. Infor­ 40) cf supra #3, p.467. mation Program Cannot Do", in Whitton, ed., 41) United States Information Agency, Re­ pp.62,63. port to Congress Jan.-July 1974, pp.16-D. 19) cf supra, #2, p.4. 42) cf supra #4, pp.120-121. 20) Times (London), 2/11/80, p.12. 43) cf supra #38, p.132. 21) konkret (Hamb1�rg), June 1980, p.12 44) Washington�, 5/18/80, p.A-13. 22) Observor (London), 1/20/80; as quoted -45) Times (London), 12/22/79, p.5. in Socialist Voice (Canada), 4/1/80, p.15. 46) cf supra, #18, p.62. 23) United States Information Agency, 2nd 47) cf supra, #17, p.17. Report� Con�ress, Jan.-June 1954, p.22. 48) cf supra, #38, pp.122,133. 24) Robert E. Elder, The Information Ma­ 49) ibid., pp.133,135. chine, Syracuse Uni�ersity Press, Syr-;;=­ 50) ibid., p.105 cuse, NY, 1968, p.20. 51) ibid. 25) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Security ORDER NOW Agreements and Commitments Abroad. Japan �Okinawa. Hearings before the Subcom­ EAST TIMOR, INDONESIA � � WESTERN mittee £m_ .!!.:h Security Agreements and DEMOCRACIES Commitments Abroad, Jan.26;27,28 and 29, 1970, p.1365. By Torben Retb¢11 (ed.) 26) Ibid., p.1400. 27) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on� The purpose of East Timor, Indonesia Foreign Relations, Vietnam: Policy and and the Western""""oemocracies is to Prospects, 1970,_ Civil Operations and� showthree points: Firstly, Indonesian � Development Support Program. 91st atrocities in East Timor; secondly, Congress, 2nd session, 1970, p.660. the responsibility of the Western de­ 28) cf supra, #3, p.490. mocracies; and thirdly, the cover-up 29) U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on in the Western mass media. The book Foreig� Relations, Hearings�� Poli­ has been w�itten for the International � in Viet �, 89th Congress, 2nd ses- Work Group for indigenous Affairs doc­ sion, 1966, pp.4-6. ument series. 30) �f supra, #9, pp.585-586. \ 31) cf supra, #3, p.467. For more information contact: 32) cf supra, #27, p.688. The International Secretari,t of IWGIA 33) cf supra, #2, p.4. Fiolstraede 10 34) New York Post, 2/17/67, p.42. 1171 Copenhagen K 35) washington Post, 2/20/67. Denmark 36) David Wise, The American Police State, Random House, New York, 1976, p.20,0. 37) United States Information Agency, VOA and Radio Havana Audiences in Central -­ America. USIA Office of Research and As­ sessment, 2/29/68, (Declassified on June Counter-Spy - 13

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An Afghan proverb says:. 11You can't hide One of the most contradictory·aspects a camel under a dressing.gow:p." Likewise; · of u. S .' reporting on Afghanistan is the even a well orchestrated media campaign on information regarding the Afghan Army. Afghanistan canriot hide the truth. On Au­ For instance, the Washington� said on gust 24, 1980 the Washington� was com­ January 2, 1980 that: "The Afghan mili­ pelled t� admit that quite a few reports tary, estilnated by the United States at orr Afghanistan - including some in the 80,000 to 90,000 men_ a year ago, was -re- po�t itself - were p�re fabrication. �­ .ported to have dwindl�d to no more than ington � reporter sty-art Auerbach 10,000 or 15,000 effective troops even be­ wrote: fore [the ouster of Hafizullah Amin on ne­ "Even the best sourced reports on Afghan cember 27, 1979] ••• U.S. analysts ex­ fighting produced errors. In the Paki­ pressed doubt that more tban a few garri� stani capital of Islamabad in January, a sons with a few hundre� soldiers each are reliable Western European diplomat told .still capable of functioning." -4 A second· aninquiring'reporter that his country's Post story _of September 13, 1980, more embassy in Kabul was reporting heavr than eight months later, reported that: fighting around the airports, with Sovi­ "Afghan sources ·say.the size of the Afghan et Mig fighters seen striking around the Army, once put at 80,000 troops, has dwin­ city. dled 'to abou.t 20,000 since �he Soviet in­ "In an on-the-record interview later vasion." 5 In other words: from an esti­ , that day, P.akistan President Mohammed mated 10,000 to ls,·ooo effective troops in Zia ul-Haq confirmed and elaborated on December 1979, the.Afghan Army has "dwin­ that report on the basis of information dled" in eight months up to about 20,000. he said he had received. Many of the repo�ts in the U.S. media 11 The Washington'Post, acting on two dif­ quote "travelers from Afghanistan·• as re­ ferent sources, including·one who al� liable sources. Rainer Wolfgrairlll, a corre­ lowed his name to be attached to the re­ spondent for the state-owned ¥est German port. carried a front page story of the TV network ARD revealed on June 12, 1980 fighting. that the manner in which reports quoting "The onli' problem · is it never took · travelers are created "is' always the same.) place." . · . · There are four or five reporters at the Auerbach pointed out reports•bn other airp?rt in New Delhi, who run up to trav­ e�ents that probably never took place such elers from Kabul. They are asked to give a� the 20,obo - some reports said 30,000 - their �pressions, whether there was "rebels" that "were massing outside Ka­ shooting, fighting, unrest, how strong the bul". The Auerbach article also stated soviets .are." 6 Foreign radio reports, tha� correspondents who were in :i

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 I from the rebel headquarters in Peshawar, this aid continues. That was demonstrated Pakistan. Wolfgramm says that these re­ as recently as August, 1980 when the Ira­ ports have to be taken not with a grain nian government, otherwise a staunch sup­ but with a pound of salt: "For example, porter of the "rebels", was compelled to while I was doing an interview with a ref­ ban one of the "rebel" groups, the Jamiat­ ugee [in Peshawar] , one of the rebel i-Islami (Islamic Society) because of its spokesmen was drafting a press release extensive ties to the CIA and heroin smug­ about the situation in Kabul, which is gling. about 200 km. from Peshawar. The spokesman Anti-communist, U.S. supplied "rebels" admitted that he was not in contact with •••heroin ••• the CIA: all have a familiar anybody in Kabul." 8 ring. One is reminded of the Hmong tri�s - More recently, the media in the U.S. has in Laos who were recruited by the CIA for treated us to unsubstantiated reports mercenary armies. In exchange, the CIA about the presence of Cuban (or Bulgarian, provided them with planes and helicopters CZechoslovakian, or Rumanian) troops in to transport their opium. Previously, it Afghanistan, 9 as well as articles on So­ had been exceedingly difficult for the viet chemical warfare in the conflict. Hmong and other tribes to transport thei� The relentless media campaign reminis­ opium out of the rugged mountain areas. cent of early reporting on the U.S. war in The CIA aircraft removed a major obstacle Vietnam has some obvious objectives: the to opium traffic. In his book, The Poli­ facts about the situation in Afghanistan tics of Heroin in Southeast Asia-;---ilfred are to be cov�red up by all means possible McCoy---;xplainedthat without the CIA's in order to maintain/the useful image of planes and helicopters the Hmong would the conflict in Afghanistan as an exrur.ple have faced economic ruin: "There was sim­ of Soviet aggression which "justifies" the ply no other form of air transport avail_. expansion of U.S. military presence in the able in Laos." Middle East and-Indian Ocean. In turn, the CIA transported opium which One of the facts that must be considered came to the U.S. in the form of heroin and in a truthful examination of the Afghani� had a devastating effect on the U.S. pub­ stan situation is that the U.S. government lic. In 1970, the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics is, in the words of a State Department of­ and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD, the predeces­ ficial, seeking to help the rebels "in ev­ sor of the Drug Enforcement Administration ery way we can ••• Not all the ways that we DEA) reported that "70% of the oceaR of pursue are ways that I can discuss." In heroin then washing across Europe and the same context, th.e official also told America was originating in the Burma-Thai­ selected reporters that "the Red Army••• is land-Laos Triangle region controlled by unable to pacify the countryside or con­ the CIA's mercenary opium armies." ll trol the cities because rebels are finding At that time, heroin addietion in the the resources and the will to resist." 10 U.S. reached epidemic proportions. The Counterspy has detailed the extensive Nixon administration described the situa­ U.S., Chinese, Pakistani and Egyptian aid tion as having "the dimension of a nation­ the rebels �re receiving. By all accounts, al emergency". 12 President Richard Nixon promoted a domestic program to supposedly CIAin Pakistan alleviate the tremendous heroin problems, and Congress created the DEA; but at the In addition to Robert P. Lessard, John same time, Nixon maintained the CIA t�ans­ J. Reagan and David E. Thurman, who are port network for Hmong opium in_order to CIA officers stationed in Islamabad (see "fight Communism". counterspy, vol.4, no.2 for details), The heroin flow into the U.S. declined dly when the U.S. military was de­ Counterspy has also learned that Gary c. rapi Schroen has been assigned to the U.S. feated in Indochina not due to any success Embassy in Islamabad. Schroen is a CIA on the part of the DEA but due to the officer. He has worked previously in withdrawal of CIA officers and operatives, Iran from 1972 to 1975. who had been so instrumental in getting the opium off on the first leg of its Richard B. Jackman,- a CIA officer in journey to the U.S. Karachi, named in Counterspy, vol.4, Gradually, the heroin supply from the Golden Triangle dried up, no.2 is no longer listed in the latest with the exception of opium from Thailand, issue of the Pakistan Diplomatic List. where the CIA and U.S. forces remained. , Counterspy - 15

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After U.S. withdrawal from Indochina, Western Europe and the U.S. Not surpr,is­ heroin use in the U.S. declined, and Pres­ ingly,, the unleashing of this flow' coin­ ident Carter could brag on January 21, cided with the arrival ot' the CIA on the 1980: "At the beginning of my administra­ -Afghan-Pakistan border - to support and tion there were over a half million heroin arm the tribes who were opium producers addicts in the United States. our contin­ - all in the name of the fight against ued emphasis on reducing the supply of ConnnU:nism. heroin, as well as providing the treat­ Hoag Levins of the Philadelphia magazine ments and rehabilitation of its victims, asked a "high level law enforcement offi­ has reduced the addict population to cial in Washington" in an off-the-recorp 13 380,000 ", the lowest number in 25 interview about the U.S. government re­ years. Reportedly, the supply of heroin sponse to influx of Golden Crescent hero­ available in the U.S. had plummeted to a in. He answered: ten-year low of four metric tons. 14 "Ypu have the administration tiptoeing By now, the encouraging statistics of around this like it's a land mine. The January 1980 are ancient history. The her­ issue of opium and heroin in Afghani­ oin supply is on the rise, and its use has stan is explosive •• In the State of the jumped dramatically. We are, in the words Union speech, the President mentioned df one high-level law enforcement official, drug abuse but he was very careful to "about to enter another heroin hell." 15 avoia mentioning Afghanistan, even This time, the heroin is coming from the though Afghanistan is where things are Golden Crescent of Southwest Asia. The really happening right now. H� said Newark Office of the DEA, for one, reports something like he was worried about that "the known quantities of Golden Cres­ 'drugs from Iran and Asia', but he spe­ cent heroirt on the atreets have suddenly cifically avoided dropping Afghanistan . jumped � 600%." 16 In Chigaco, the po­ in there because the White House is lice reportedly expect a 10 percent in­ worried that' that will cause the media crease in add�cts in 1980 because of the to ask an obvious question:'•• Why aren't influx of the Golden Crescent heroin. In we taking a more critical look at the New York State, admissions to drug treat­ arms we are now shipping in to gangs of ment programs are up 26 percent. 17 In drug ru�ners who are obviousty going to Washington, D.C. medical examiner, James use them to increase the efficiency of Luke, has recorded an iRCrease in the num­ ·their drug smuggling operation ?'" 21 ber of deaths from heroin overdose from 7 David G. Canaday, special agent in in 1978 to 43 in the first nine months of charge of the DEA's Washington, D.C. of­ 1980 �lone. The heroin comes from the· fice,•. has S9ited that the DEA can't do Golden Crescent, and Dr. Alyce Gulatte of anything about the,heroin influx from the the Drug Abuse Institute of Howard Univer­ Golden Crescent because "we have virtually

sity saysII that it "is destroying the no diplomatic ties in that part of the city. 18 world." 22 His statement is, at best, c1 Certain parts of Afghanistan have been weak excuse, given the diplomatic ties be­ opium country for decades. In a 1972 book, tween the u-.s. and Pakistan. The real rea­ Catherine Lamour and Michel Lamberti wrote son for the DEA's inability to prevent the that: "The poppy is grown ••• along the flow of drugs from the Golden ere.scent is whole length of the Pakistani border from, that the opium growing tribes are not to J.alalabad in the north to the important be annoyed because of their opposition to southern town of Kandahar; also in the Nu­ the Afghan government. There�ore, the DEA ristan hills, and in the province of Ba­ decided to withdraw all of its agents from dakshan on the Russian border." 19 In the Afghan-Pakistan border area.23 At the 1972, Afghanistan �snot a major opium same time, the CIA, which is aiding these exporter to the West. A certain amount was very tribes that grow the poppy for U.S. smuggled into Iran and Egypt, but Afghani­ heroin, is expanding its operations. (In stan and northwestern Pakistan were a July 1980, the DEA also closed its Paris

"source II of opium as- yet virtually un­ office which'was coordinating DEA opera­ tapped. 20 tions in Europe and Southwest Asia.) That was eight years ago. Now, this The Golden Crescent with its expanding source has been tapped and heroin produced CIA presence,' produced an estimated 1,000 from Afghan opium flows abundantly into metri,c tons of 9pii.µn in 1979; 300 tons in 16 � Counterspy

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Afghanistan, and some 700 tons in Paki­ 3) statement by the Afghan Revolutionary stan, most of it in the border area. (In Council, as quoted in WP, 1/18/80, p.A-1. contrast, Me�ico's production was 10 4) WP, 1/2/80, · p.A-4. - tons.) The ,300 tons of opium produced in 5) WP, 9/13/80, p.A�l9. Afghanistan translates roughly into 30 6) � quoted in Antiimperialistisches ,!E.:: tons of nearly pure heroin. Some 60 tons formationsbulletin,(West Germany), July­ of pure heroin £�om the Golden Crescent August, 1980, p.9. is now becoming available in the U.S. And 7) ibid. for the first time, the Afghan opium is 8) ibid. being exported in large quantities to the 9) WP, 9/5/80. U.S., thanks to the CIA-supported tribes 10)1\P report from Washington, D.C., as who are fighting the Afghan government. quoted in The Japan Times, 6/1/80, p.l The war of. the Afghan "freedom fight­ 11) Hoag Levins, "The Kabul Connection", ·ers" is a strange "holy war". If you Philadelphia magazine, August 1980, p.196., liked the CIA's "secret" war in Laos with 12) ibid. its resulting" hundreds of thousands of 13) ,ibid., p.114. heroin addicts at home, you'll love the 14) Newsweek, 3/10/80, p.36. CIA's "secret" war in Afghanistan. 15) cf supra, #11, p.202. If you were outraged by Laos, you should 16) ibid., p.203. cry out and demand immediate Congressional 17) Black Enterprise, August 1980, p.39. investigation into the heroin. traffic from 18) WP, 9/28/80, p.A-9. the Afghan-Pakistan border to the U.S. 19) catherine Lamour and Michel Lamberti, And, ask your local newspaper editor for The International Connection, Pantheon, the real story of the "holy war" in Af New York, p.191. ghanistan. 20) ibid., p.177. 21) cf supra, #11, p.202. FOOTNOTES 22) cf supra, #18. 23) cf supra, #11, p.202. 1) Washington Post (WP), 8/24/80, p.A-21. 2) ibid. Chemical Warfare in bySeamus O'faolain Afghanistan andDr. Mohanmed Sarkash*

Based on evidence gathered in Kabul and The intent of both these reports and Washington, o.c., it now appears that a the supplying of chemicals to the "rebels" branch of the U.S. government has covert­ - aside from their military use - seems ly supplied chemical weapons - probably to be two-fold. First, repeated reports of the type commonly classified as "rion­ of chemical warfare discredit the Afghan lethal" - to the-so-called rebels in Af­ government and are easily blamed on the ghanistan. The Afghan government has pro­ Soviet Union. They add substantial vided photographs and details concerning strength to the anti-Soviet militarism cannisters and grenades manufactured in growing in the U.S. today. Secondly, the United States that have been found in these allegations of Soviet chemical war­ battle zones in Afghanistan. fare have been used effectively to push At the same time, the Western media has for enhancement of U.S. chemical warfare been full of reports of Soviet atrocities, capabilities. including the use of chemical weapons, in The latter consideration is no small Afghanistan. As detailed below, U.S. gov­ matter. At the end of June, 1980 Congress- ernmental spokespersons have_ done their * Seamus O'Faolain and Mohammed Sarkash best to fuel these reports. are pseudonyms of a U.S. and an Afghan writer, respectively. Counte!'Spy - 1?

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man Richard Ichord CD-Missouri) offered weapons in 1969. Thus the appropriation of an amendment to the military construction $3.15 million for a new chemical weapons bill to earmark $3.15 million for a facto­ pla,nt is a major breakthrough. ry to produce a new generation of s�phis­ ticated nerve gas weapons. Basing his de­ THE CHEMICAL WEAPONS RUMOR MILL fense on reports that the Soviets were using chemical weapons in Afghanistan and that they had the best-equipped chemical As early as December 29, 1979 the New arsenal in the world, !chord passed the, � Times reported that, according to Af­ amendment through the House Armed Ser­ ghan rebels, "the Russians have already vices Committee with virtually 'no opposi­ used gas in some attacks." A few weeks tion. Some ten weeks later, by a 337 to later, on January 23, United Press Inter­ 22 vote, it passed the full House. national carried a report that "soman, a The $3.15 million will be used to bu:j.ld · nerve gas first prepared in N�zi Germany a new binary nerve gas facility in Pine in 1944, had beeb deployed against rebel Bluff, Arkansas. Binary chemical weapons positions near the northeast cities of ·are so named because they employ two sepa­ ·Faizabad and Jalalabad and in central rate agents of relative low toxicity in a -Bamiyan and northern Takhar province. The ,projectile. When the projectile explodes, information was attributed to anonymous the t�o agents combine and form a highly U.S. intelligence sources", who, in turn gas. �ccording to the plan had learned about it from a "defecting lethal nerve 2 envisoned by supporters of-this new binary Afghan Army officer and other'refugees." gas program, the Pine Bluff factory will Columnist Jack Anderson, in his March "produce 155-millimeter artillery rounds 5, 1980 column, had a lot to add to containing the gas by late 1983 or early stories-of "Soviet invaders ••• attacking 1984. Programs for 8-inch rounds, due in guerillas with deadly nerve gases .that 1985 and the 'Bigeye' aircraft-massive even Adolf Hitler balked at using." Ac­ bomb, being developed jointly by the Navy cording to Anderson, "Russians are using and the Air Force for production in 1986, gases to flush the fierce mountain men ,will follow." 1 out of the caves and crevices where they The chemicals to be produced; Sarin and are holed up." Anderson's sources are of GB, ·are devastatingly lethal. A quart of "high" quality: "intelligence specialists GB at its maximum effect" could kill ,one ••• a U.S. dip+omat••• the Defense Intel­ million persons. ligence Agency••• Pentagon sources ••• in­ telligence feports ••• a key intelligence "The current U.S. _stock:pi-Ze of chemical, source •••• intelligence agencies••• a top artille-ly secret CIA analysis ••• one top secret CIA ) weapons includes three million shells, a few thousand aerial bombs and publication, the Weekly -S:urveyor••• " several hundred thousand land mines. On April 7, 1980, Secretary of Defense Mo;t of these are fiUed with G nerve Harold Brown decided to contribute to the agents, an organophospoorous compound chemical rumor mill. In a speech in Los that is od.orless, invisible and devas­ , Angeles,'he stated that "there is mo�t­ tatingly lethal. A microscopic dt>o� ing evidence that the Soviets are using landing on a person's body will, within incapacitating gas - and some reports fifteen minutes, cause conaentration of that they may be using lethal gas - in , the Afghan countryside." 3 As time went the pupils, headaches, vomiting, uncon­ 1 t11dlled defecation and urination, musau­ on, it lbecame more·and m,ore obvious that Zar convulsions, coma, and shortly af­ neither �he CIA, the·Pentagon, nor the state l)eparttnent had any convincing evi-,'j te!'I.Jards, death." (The-Nation, ?/5/80,. , p.12) . dence that So'V'iet ttoops were using chem­ "The U.S. AT'rrty today possesses about ical weapon;s in Afghanistan-. Said a CIA • , spokespeirWn>,:"There is no firm scientif­ 300,000 tons of gas, two-thirds of it 1 nerve agents." (The Progressive,. Sept. ic evidehce- "t�at t Soviet troops) used L .J 1980, p. 43) lethal gas •. " , , . . , . - · . In similar statements, State Department The U.S. Army has been trying for sever• spokespersons, while suggesting that al y�ars to revive its chemical warfare there were reports about the Soviet use program since President Richard Nixon re­ of lethal chemicaiweapons; said they nounced fur�her development of chemical were "not able to es�ablish conclusively 18 - Counterspy

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that lethal chemical agents had been using U.S. chemical weapons and there are used." However, if these reports were some incidents which add substance to the true, the State Department "would regard claims that u.s.-supplied chemical warfare such use as outrageous and inhumane." 5 is taking place. Addressing the State Department's con­ On June 6, 1980 the water supply of two tinuing reports of that kind, Julian Kabul schools was poisoned. Later in June, Perry Robinson of Sussex University, a a gas was released in a Kabul girls' world authority on chemical warfare, school which left a number of students said: "It is not clear why the State De­ unconscious for several hours in Kabul partment should have referred to a plural­ hospitals. Chemical analysts identified ity and persistence of reports." 6 the gas as a herbicide capable of causing The New Statesman added: "Such reports severe damage to the human body. The "reb­ certainly have one effect: once launched els" blamed the attacks on the Soviets and the smear story is difficult to deflect, the Afghan government blamed them on the and these allegations are likely to cause "tebels". Moscow deep embarrassment, particularly in its relations to developing countries. But EVIDENCE OF U.S. CHEMICAL WARFARE equally important is the impact they have ------on publ�c and official opinion in the west," In a press conference on June 3, 1980 As Counterspy goes to press, the State the Afghan government displayed a number Department and the CIA have yet to come up of weapons it said were captured from the with concrete evidence of Soviet use of "rebels". Among these weapons were several any sort of chemical weapons in Afghani­ chemical bombs marked "CDS 517, Made in stan. It is important to note too, that U.S.A.". In this press conference tele­ the Carter administration still feels that vised in Western Europe, the Afghan gov­ their evidence is insufficient to merit ernment also showed chemical cannisters pressing formal charges against the Soviet recovered from the fighting which were union. Nevertheless, the State Depart­ made in the U.S. The French newspaper ment's assertions continue. In a 124-page L'Humanite reported on August 25, ·1980 August 1980 report the St�te Department that after fighting in the town of Ghazni, stated: "In Afghanistan, we regard it as "Afghan soldiers recovered chemical ae­ highly likely that Soviet forces have used vices labeled �Mll2' and bearing the in­ some form of chemical agents in their ef­ structions: 'Beware, poison. Do not heat. forts to suppress Afghan resistance. And Releases poison gases.'" lO L'Humanite there are a number of refugee reports that also notes that "at the beginning of April the Soviet forces have used i�capacitant the Afghan forces also discovered two an­ and lethal chemical agents." ti-tank bombs which on detonation dis­ undersecretary of State Uatthew Nimetz persed poison gases. They were made in the found the ideal wording for State Depart­ United States and carry the label RKT ment P'1rposes. According to him, "the 83 mm heat blindicide Ml2." 11 chances are about even that lethal agents The cannisters that the Afghan govern­ have or have not been used by Soviet ment displayed in its press conference in forces in trying to suppress the Afghan early. June 1980 carried the imprint: "Made resistance." 9 in U.S.A. Federal Laboratories, PA", and Accounts about the use of chemical weap­ contained a tear gas type substance. (In ons in the Afghan coU'lltryside have, so discussing chemical warfare, it is impor­ far, come almost exclusively from Afghan tant to note the distinction between le­ refugees in Pakistan. The refugees have thal chemical weapons and so-called "ir­ not been able to provide any hard evidence ritants" which are lethal only in high - e.g. shells containing chemicals or doses. It seems that most of the weapons traces of chemicals. United Nations offi­ labeled "Made :!..n U.S.A." were not of the cials and other organizations working with kind commonly called "lethal".) the refugees likewise have not come up Located in Saltsburg, Pennsylvania, Fed­ with any evidence. eral Laboratories, Inc. is a subsidiary of In contrast, the Afghan government has Breeze Corporation of Union City, New Jer­ been very careful in its attempt to pro­ sey. Federal Laboratories, which has a Py­ vide documentation that the "rebels" are rotechnics Division where it produces am- CounterSpy - 19

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"At a glance, I can smell where And riots mean money for Federal Labo­ trouble's brewing in the world ••• In my ratories. That was evident in good sales business, that's important," said Harry during the 1960's and early 1970's when Wells of Federal Laboratories to Wall tear gas was in high demand by U.S. po­ Street Journal reporter George Get'sc'how. lice in their clashes with demonstrators. In an August 2, 1978 article, Getschow · When.the war was over, more austere writes that whenever Wells learns of a times began for the canpany. "signiCicant new trouble spot, he dis­ Canmented Frank MacAloon, editor of patches a sales man to the area to sniff the police trade publication Law and Or­ out the new business." der, "When peace came to the u. s.;-t� Federal Laboratories' plant in Salts­ tear gas business pretty much dried up ••• burg "is secluded along a winding road It's like cockroaches - if you don't in the foothills of the Allegheny Moun­ have them, you don't need roach killer." tains, about 40 miles fran Pittsburg. (In the early 1970's, Federal Laborato­ Surrounded by barbed wire fence and ries also encountered other difficulties armed guards, the 150 acre complex re­ when it was ordered by a court to pay sembles a military outpost. $240,000 in damages to a South carolina "The plant consists of 70 tiny, tin prisoner who was blinded in both eyes by roofed buildings widely scattered on a Federal's high quality tear gas.) hillside to lessen the effect of any ex­ By now, however, the tear gas business plosion. Included are research laborato­ seems to be recovering. In his 1979 �­ ries and a training center where lawmen !!!:!!!. Report � � Shareholders , Breeze come to learn about the latest in chemi­ corporation President Joseph J. Mascuch cal weaponry ••• Security is tight. Fed­ reported a 56 percent increase in the eral wouldn't allow a reporter to tour net income of Breeze as a whole and, as the factory." fas as Federal Laboratories is concerned: In an interview with Ge.orge Getschow, "Sales of our Pyrotechnics Division at Wells was optimistic about business op­ Federal Laboratories, Inc. were down portunities in the future, as far as do­ from last year's peacetime record be­ mestic sales of tear gas are concerned. cause of changes in the world demand ••• "I can see us heading into another peri­ and some difficulties in obtaining ex­ od like the 1960's ••• People may not be port lidenses for military and police ' starving, but right now there is 20% un­ pyrotechics. Although the profit-to-sale employment in some urban areas, and ratio fell off slightly, Federal Labora­ that's a damn good ingredient for a tories still maintained healthy gross riot." and net margins." munition, also lists among its products Wells, Vice President, did not want to "tear gas, police equipment, bullet proof talk about that or anything else, was vests, organic chemicals, and metal de­ nasty, and hung up. Federal Laboratories, tectors." 12 incidentially, has been conducting train­ Seymour Hersh, in his 1968 book Chemical ing courses for police officers, private !!!2. Biological Warfare says Federal Labo­ security firms, and U.S. intelligence of­ ratories is a "chemical company" now han­ ficers. 15 dling CBW (chemical-biological weapons) In response to a written question in procurement contracts with the Department the April, 1980 House of Representatives of Defense, l3 and the Pentagon's list of hearing on chemical weapons, Undersecre­ prime contractors• for fiscal year 1979 tary of State Nimetz noted: registers Federal Laboratories as having "The United States categorically denies contracts with the Department of the Army that it has ever supplied any type of worth $326,000. As of 1978, Federal Labo­ chemical weapon or agent to any of the ratories was the world's largest producer parties in the Afghan conflict. In the of tear gas. 14 past, the united States supplied to The telephone receptionist at Federal governments with which it has had secu­ Laboratories upon hearing of our interest rity relationships non-lethal agents of in chemical weapons from Federal Labora­ the type widely used in the world for tories in Afghanistan, saids "You have to maintaining public order. Many such talk with Mr. Wells about that." Harry agents are also readily available can- BO - Countel'Spy

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the potential of beccming very embarrass­ In its Annual Report for.Fiscal Year ing to the U.S. government, and in order 1979, filed with the U.S. Securities and to cover any hint of U.S. involvement we Exchange Commission, Breeze Corporation can expect the rumor mill to grind out notes that the principal products of the still more accounts of "Soviet chemical Pyrotechnics Division of its subsidiary warfare in Afghanistan." Federal Laboratories "are a variety of law enforcement and security systems and FOOTNOTES devices, including a full line of tear gas products. Products are used by fed­ 1) Jamie Kitrnan, "A Nerve Gas We Can eral, state and municipal police depart­ r.o e", The Nation, 7/5/f30, p.12. ments as well as the armed forces. Prod� v; Gwynne Roberts, "The Campaign of Mis­ ucts are also used by many foreign law 2) information", New Statesman, 4/4/80, enforcement agencies. "The Division.mii.nufactures and markets p.506. law enforcement and security devices 3 ) Eliot Marshall, "Nerve Gas in Afghani­ stan?", Science, 5/30/80, p.1016. such as. tear gas grenades, projectiles , cartridges, launching equipment and guns. 4) ibid. ) Statement by Matthew Nimetz, Undersec­ "The Division is a primary producer of 5 etary of State fo� Security Assistance, both CN and CS, the principal chemical r science and Technology in: Hearing before agents used world-wide in tear gas appli­ cations •••• Sales are made through ap­ the Subcommittee on International Securi­ and Scientific Affairs and on As'ian proximately 35 domestic distributors and ty and Pacific Affairs of the Committee on approximately 10 representatives for for­ Foreign Relations, Strategic Implications eign business as well as some direct of Chemical and Biological Warfare, Wash­ sales to domestic and foreign customers. tngton, D.C., 4/24/80, p.6 • • • We also sell to export agents in 6) cf supra #3, p.504. the U.S. who, in turn, sell to foreign ibid., p.506. countries •••• Export'sales are approxi­ 7) 8) This 124-page collection of "reports mately 38% •••• There are approximately on the use of chemical weapons in Afghan­ 95 employees in the Pyrotechnical Divi­ istan, Laos and Kampuchea" was issued on sion." According to the annual report, sales 8/7/80; see International Herald Tribune, of the Pyrotechnics Division totalled 8/9-16/80. 9) cf supra #5, p.5. $4,058,192 in 1979 and $5,240,648 in 10) as quoted in Foreign Broadcast Infor­ 1978. mation Service, Soviet Union, 9/10/80, p.C-8. mercially. We have no knowledge,.. how­ lll) ibid. ever, that such U.S. manufactured 12) Million Dollar Directory, Vol.l, 1980 agents have been transferred by any Dl.m's Marketing Service, Parsippany, NJ, government to Afghans resisting foreign p.968. domination and occupation." 16 13) Seymour Hersh, Chemical and Biologi­ O v o sly, that answer, left open the pos­ � � � cal Warfare, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indi­ sibility that a private U.S. corpqration anapo is, IND, 1968, pp.253,254. could have supplied such chemicals. � 14) Wall Street Journal, 8/2/78, pp.1,31. At the same time, the Afgha_n go��rnment 15) Jim Hougan, Spooks, William Morrow and has provided considerable evidencei .that Company, Inc., New York, 1978, pp.459,460. u.s.-made chemical weapons - most iikely weapons that are deadly only in l�tge 16) cf supra #5, p.51. doses - are being used by the so.-..called Afghan rebels. On August 20� .1980, -the Af­ ghan g?vernment took the further:,S�f=P of declaring·at a press conference tl}at "the Afghan authorities are ready to let ex­ perts from any part of the world examine these finds of u.s.-produced ctemical weapons and discover how they came into the hands of counterrevolutionaries." Such an examination, undoubtedly, has Counter-Spy - 21

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Iraq-IranWar byJeff McConnell

(Ed. note: Jeff McConnell is a polit­ Saddam Hussein's desire to control the re­ ical activist living in �omerviZZe, Mas­ gion. Ayatollah Khomeini and Bani-Sadr sachusetts.) have made numerous appeals to the Shiites in Iraq to rise up and overthrow Hussein's Claims that Iraq's involvement in the goverment, controlled by Sunnis. Other present war has been instigated by the Arab governments also fear calls for rev­ United States have not been taken serious­ olution by the Ifanians, and have largely ly in this country. Now it is true that supported Iraq in the war. Iraq also de­ there is a coincidence of interests be­ sires political and military hegemony over tween Iraq .and the United States that the area, and Khomeini's government stands might make d.irect instigation by the in the way of this. United· States unnecessary -- interests in These facts gain importance from re­ keeping the conservative Arab oil nations ports, attributed to "Western intelligence in power and thus maintaining "stability" officers", that "exiled opponents of , in the Persian Gulf, for example -- but Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's regime .have this coincidence of interests does not ·been active on the Iraqi side. Former receive serious attention in the U.S. Prime Minister Shahpur Bakhtiar, General press either. In fact, it is difficult Gholam Aii OVeissi, the former military from press analyses to understand what is conunander of Tehran, and another former happening in Iran and Iraq. Appeals to high-ranking officer were said to have ethnic and religious rivalries and to visited Baghdad f�equently between the end territorial disputes do not explain why of August and the middle of September. At the war is occurring now. Press accounts the·same time former officers of the suggest that there hasbeen a long and Shah's forces living in exile in cairo and gradual escalation of fighting to the western Europe begap to assemble in present level. There is plenty of evi­ Iraq ••• " 2 dence to the contrary, however, evidence According to a September 26, 1980, Lon­ which also makes more c�prehensible the don Times dispatch, OVeissi was in Iraq. claims of U.S. involvement. According to the same !eport, exiled Ira­ At least in part, the war can-·be seen nian generals in London claimed �hat as an effort by the Hussein regime in Bakhtiar at that time was "also in Bagh­ Iraq to ove�throw the presen� Iranian dad, engaged in negotiations with the government, not just to retake the dis­ Iraqi government and the dissident Irani­ puted Shatt-al-Arab that Iran gained con­ an commanders." A September 27 AP dispatch trol of in 1975. 1'1any writers have however, reported an interview with agreed that a victory for Iran in the war Bakhtiar on French television "last night" would increase the power of President (i.e., September 26), during which he $aid Bani-sadr and the,military against the "he had been in Iraq five times in the clerics, while a defeat would thoroughly last yea,r� but not 'in the recent past'", discredit the clerics and create insta­ and a September 29 London Times article bility in the country. Initial Iraqi ef­ said that Bakhtiar had given two press forts. to continue the fighting beyond the conferences in Paris during the previous seizure of the disputed land can be seen several days to dispell rumors, th�t he was in this light. Heavy fighting throughout in Iraq •. However, CBS News reported on both. Kurdistan and Khuzistan'reflected October 2 that Bakhtiar had left Paris and efforts b:Y Iraq to hit Iran at very'�l­ was in route to Iraq; apparently the Lon­ nerable spots and in areas of intense don generals had received advanced word of ethnic dissatisfaction. These are the same Bakhtiar's trip, but had not been,correct-. areas that were targeted in the coup at­ ly informed of its date., tempt in July, 1980. The aim wa=, in the The consensus among the collection of words of Terry Povey, Iran correspondent Western intelligence officers" was tha for The Middle East, to "take over a lim­ " � a a minimum, the Iranian officers assem­ ited.base from which to attack the rest ,of t ed in Iraq "provide the Iraqis with in­ the country." 1 bl Iran's Islamic government is a threat to formation about the location of Iranian 22 - Counterspy

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radar sites and the qeployment of ground ry; they say that "there is no reason why and air forces", which "could e�plain the there should not be friendly relations be­ surprise achieved by Iraq in the first air tween the two countries once the ayatol­ raids on Tehran and the armored thrusts lah's regime falls. This would be the in-· toward Abadan and Khurremshahr." However, evitable result of defeat by Iraq." 8 "there is no evidence that they have Similar estimates have appeared in the formed a combat force", according to these U.S. press; David Hirst, for one, wrote in sources.4 the Christian Science Monitor about the The London generals, on the other hand, same time that a victory for Iraq would claim that Oveissi "commands over 5,000 severely discredit the ruling clerics\ Iranian dissident troops fighting in West­ among almost all segnfents of the Iranian ern Iran ag�inst forces loyal to Ayatollah population and surely drive them from Khomeini." ·They claim, for example, that power. "the Kurdish town of Qasr-e-Shirin ••• has Iran claµns that the U.S. has been se­ fallen to the advancing Iraqi and Iranian cretly involved in the war. U.S. officials dissident troops." 5 An article in the themselves have suggested a partial ex­ West German weekly Stern claims that planation for these claims that is very Oveissi's operations are even larger: revealing but appears only in a few press "Some 45,000 soldiers who deserted are now reports. Unnamed U.S. officials said on being trained for the hour X in about 20 September 22 that "many Iranian opponents camps along the Iraqi border." The Iraqi of Ayatollah Khomeini are known to have government has been widely reported in the traveled between Iraq and the United past to be supporting such camps. stern States." 9 A related, but even more sig.:. reports that another 25,000 soldiers are nificant, and, if true, more damning waiting in Bahrain and Qnan, and another charge has been made by Iranian President 6 3,000 in �gypt. Bani Sadr. He told the Le Mende correspon­ Plans appear to be imminent for a move dent in Iran that the Iranian government by these forces. On July 7 it was reported had purchased a document detailing a meet­ that when "asked about the·timetable for ing in Paris among Iraqis, Iranian exiles, action, virtually all opposition figures and U.S. and Israeli military experts at agreed that the blow must fall within a which planning for the attack on Iran took matter of months if the rising wave of 7 place. Flora Lewis cited Bani Sadr's communism in Iran is to be quelled." charge in her October 10, 1980 column in Stern reports that an attack is scheduled the -----New York Times. by Oveissi's forces on October 26. And On June 12, 1980 the New York Times re- the London generals, "under the leadership ported that GenE:ral Gholam Oveissi "was of Field Marshall Aryana, a former Chief able to visit the United States recently, of Staff of the Iranian armed forces under seeking to unify Iranian exile groups the Shah", were reported on September 26 here." lO But only by reading the Farsi­ to be setting up a committee "with the aim language Name-Ye Ruz, published in Paris of making contingency preparations for (or the July 22, 1980 Foreign Broadcast what they see as the imminent collapse of Information Service, in which a transla­ the Islamic Republic in Iran. The generals _tion appears), does one learn that Oveissi ••• are confidently predicting the visited the U.S. "after a trip to Bagh­ Khomeini regime in Tehran will be toppled dad." 11 On July 9, 1980 the Atlanta con­ in a military coup within 48 hours. As stitution reported that Oveissi "fled to part of their plans, they are considering the United States after his ouster in chartering an aircraft to fly them to Teh­ 1979. Since then, he has relocated his ex­ ran." These plans seem to indicate a ile field command in Paris••• But he has great deal of advance planning with the. frequently returned to the United States, Iraqis. most recently in June •••" The Constitution. The analysis of the war given by the also reports that Oveissi "is known to Bakhtiar people is th.at there are "no es­ have visited Iraq", and the suggestion is sential differences" between Iran and that he has done so numerous times. As re­ Iraq, and "that it was largely because the cently as September 26, five days after ayatollah had been seeking to expor� his the start of heavy fighting between Iraq Islamic revolution across the border that and Iran, the London Times reported that the troubles had started. " Bakhtiar' s . Oveissi "has just returned from the United people have an interest in an Iraqi victo- States to Iraq." that th� � York Recall _ Counterspy - 23 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0

Time• places him in Iraq just.prior to "were reluctant to_ talk about these dis­ this time. Thus he would have been in the cussions/'. 14 And AI).drew Whitley, writing ' u.s., having come from Iraq, .a few days in the July 30 Financial Times, claimed before or at the time of the outbreak,of that the Carter administration has had the fighting, which he seems to have beeri contacts with the Bakhtiar faction. Henry involved in planning. It has not been re­ Eason�eported that th�re is "evidence of ported who he met with in the U.S. at this some discussion between Western govern­ time, although it is known that he met ments and the opposition leaders, but none with carter administration people in June that Westerners.would acknowledge." He 1980. (See below.) also said that "no outward evidence of It must be kept iri mind·that on April 7, Western assistance to the counterrevolu­ 1980 President carter issued sanctions tionaries could be confirmed,�though it against Iran that included the revocation was reliably learned that some Western of all American visas held by Iranian na­ governments maintain open lines of commu­ tionals. Thus Iranians could not enter the nication with opposition camps." 15 U.S. unless they came under one of three However, the distinction between ass�s­ categories of exceptions: those applying tance· and non-assistance is not so easy to for and receiving political asylum in the make, especially given recent events. At U.S.; those with close relatives in the · the time of OVeissi's June visit to the U.S.; and those needing emergency medical U.S., American officials achnowledged that treatment. An additional exception was the Carter administration has allowed the made for the Shah's family, under an exile groups to .operate within the U.S. agreement reached between the U.S. govern­ and has '\not sought to discourage polit­ ment and the Shah before he 1eft the U.S. ical activities '', while having "backed for Panama in January, 1980. off from offering any support for Gener,1 How then has Oveissi been permitted to OVeissi or other exiles", but only "for enter the U.S. after April 7, and why? fear of antagonizing Tehran and further The New York Times reported that it was jeopardizing the lives of the 53 American because"iie"°applied for political asylum hostages there." 16 Geoffrey Godsell obs w�en he left Tehran in early 1979 for Par­ served that the continued detention of the is, where·he now lives", 12 but this hostages is viewed by the Iranian feaders wo�ld not be a suff�cient reason under as serving as a degree of control against Carter's regulations. Perhaps more to the any U.�.-backed coup attempt. 17 pcp-nt is Henry Easton's report in the�� Along the same line, Andrew Whitley lata Constitution that. according to "State wrote in tpe Financial Times on July 10, Department officials, Iranians who can 1980: "With the-fate of the 53 1\merican demonstrate that they are truly fleeing -hostages in Iran very much in the balance from persecution in their homeland or · Washington will want to move with cautio_n those whose-presence would be in the na­ in its dealings with the embryonic opposi­ tional interest are often given visas to tion movement. Depending on how the inter­ live and work in ttre United States ••• nal dynamics of.Iran work themselves out 'We're not letting people in just for this summer and autumn, this posture may their convenience, ' one State Department change." Already on July 30, however, official said." 13 Since Oveissi has been Whitley was able to disclose that American living in Paris, he is not "Weing from contacts had been ·established with the -. persecution"; and if it is not for his OV_eissi f�ction \ and the- Bakhtiar -faction "convenience" that he is allowed to enter,'• (tlje two.;main groups of Iranian exiles or--- it �ust be ,for some U.S. interest. ganizing �o qverthrow the_Islamic Repub­ OVeissi said at the time of his June lic), altllg1,1gh he reports that "this does visit that'"he did not plan t9 meet.with not mean :�a:t1,those groups have been re­ any Carter Administration aides ,during his cogniied �-J:;,t.h�t help has been extended 1 current visits." Carter aides had repeat­ directly ·to them °'" Yet he adds: "On the edly denied contac_ts with the Iranian op­ other hand, they would be considered much position. However, the New York Times re­ more credible.and therefore deservinq more portecl that in Washington, "officials con- serious attention if, somehow, the two ri­ firmed that they had met with aides of vals were to join forces. That message has General Oveissi on what one called 'a pe:ir­ already been put acro1:1s."

, sopal basis'" although these officials The message from U.S. officials/ was ap- 24 - Counterspy

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On January 8, 1968, syndicated colum.; parently taken to heart. On August 8, 1980 nist Joseph Kraft attended a secret meet­ Bakhtiar announced the creation of a uni­ ing of the Council on Foreign Relations fied "national resistance movement" to at the Harold Pratt House in New York overthrow the government in Tehran. City. Chairing the meeting was former CIA Bakhtiar was named as the head of the official, William J. Barnds. Also present movement's political wing, while OVeissi were former members of the CIA hierarchy, was to head the. military wing Rf the move­ Allen w. Dulles and Robert Amory, Jr. At ment. Bakhtiar's participation involved a the meeting, Richard Bissell, Jr. of the large concession on his part; several CIA revealed that the CIA was going to weeks before he had·compared OVeissi, who continue and expand its penetrations and had been responsible for massacres in Teh­ manipulations of U.S. institutions and ran in the last days of the Shah's regime, organizations. This, despite the CIA's to Chilean President Pinochet. 18 Subse­ charter's prohibition against domestic quently, in his September 26 interview on involvement and despite the then recently French television, Bakhtiar announced issued Katzenbach guidelines ordering a plans to create a "government-in-exile". cut-back in the CIA's domestic operations He claimed that he had been in contact Joseph Kraft never reported this or any "with a number of nations that have given of the other disturbing admissions made him advice ••• He said he would not have by Bisseil who detailed the CIA's use of decided to set up a government-in-exile if covert operations throughout the world. he believed it would be recognized only by Now, Kraft has topped his years of aoveP­ Iraq. He said among those who would ap­ ing the CIA by calling for a U.S. govern­ prove his decision would be 'European ment coup in Iran. On September 30, 1980 countries who have stopped flirting with Kraft wrote: Khomeini'." 19 "out of the fog of fighting between Iraq Besides advice and promises of diplomat­ and Iran there emerges a clear American ic support, the exiles have other needs. war aim. But it does not lie in taking a While they "do not appeal for greater fi­ neutral position between the belliger­ nancial assistance from the West in ex­ ants (sic), and banking on the Russians plaining their case," according to Henry and the United Nations to do the rest. Easoh, they do "indicate a need for West­ On the contrary, this country's best in­ ern intelligence and help in countering a terest would be served� the overthrow feared Soviet entry, should the coup re­ of the present Iranian government (em­ sult in a civil war that becomes pro­ phasis added) and the establishment of a tracted." One can only wonder if repeated pro-Western regime in Tehran." U.S. warnings to the Soviet Union about Kraft then called for an alliance with t�e consequences of an invasion of Iran the Iranian "military structure" and have at least in part been a response to "middle class" as well as Anwar Sadat and this need of the exiles. Very suggestive the French and Saudi governments in car­ along the same line is a passage of the rying out the overthrow. Kraft did not September 26 London Times article. It re­ mention King Hussein, but this was before ported that when they are "confronted with Hussein came forward publicly to support the possibility that President Saddam the Iraqi regime. In this regard, it Hussein (of Iraq) might prefer a weakened should be noted that Kraft defended and bankrupt clerical government in Teh­ Hussein when it was revealed that ran, with the oil-bearing province of Hussein was receiving close to $1 million Khuzistan wrenched from its control, the a year from the CIA for "walking around" exiled generals reply that such a situa­ money as well as "female companions". tion would not be allowed to arise by the Kraft dismissed the legal and ethical United States." concerns of his proposed coup with these However, on September 28, Deputy secre- words: tary of State, Warren Christopher is re­ "Americans, of course, do not comfort­ ported to have, in a television interview, ably make such callous calculations of "signaled••• that although the United national interest. But that is all the St�tes remained neutral in the Persian more reason not to let the logic of na­ Gulf conflict this did not mean that Wash­ tional interest be lost in the sea of ington" would condone the dismemberment of smarmy humanitarianism." Iran through the seizure of Khuzistan. CountePSpy - 2S

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Originally, U.S. officials had predicted make a point-blank denial, but described that Iraq's objectives would be limited; the initial report as "irresponsible and Christopher's statement expressed "concern misleading." 28 It is reported that the that the ••• conflict was spreading beyong broadcasts "indicated support" for original estimates." 20 Bakhtiar and "included a call for 'libera­ Among the nations that would probably tion of lran', a description of Ayatollah support Bakhtiar's "government-in-exile" Khomeini as 'racist and fascist' and an would be Egypt. Given U.S. ties to Egypt, appeal to Iranians to 'take guns into your this fact is important for the understand­ hands' in-preparation for action." ing of U.S. involvement. In addition to It is also known that the CIA has been the Stern report about Oveissi's soldiers involved with another attempt to discredit there, it is reported that Egyptian Presi­ the Khomeini regime. It arranged for the dent Anwar Sadat met with Oveissi in mis-translation and publication of a book 21 May, and a number of exiled officers by Khomeini on Islamic government. The are known to live in cairo and to have book was translated into English to make left there for Baghdad in the weeks prior Khomeini's views appear more extreme than to the war. (see above). Of course, the they are; people who have read both the late Shah and his associates lived in original:. and the ttanslation say that the Egypt; Sadat and the Shah consulted regu­ parts of the latter bear little resem­ larly; Sadat gave him a state funeral; and blance to the former. Excerpts of the book the Shah's trip to Egypt from Panama was 2? were syndicated in a number of newspapers arranged at least in part by the U.S. throughout the u.s. early in 1980. On September 25, Sadat told reporters These two covert operations by them­ "that the fighting between Iraq and Iran selves completely discredit carter admin­ was a perfect opportunity for the Iranian istration denials of involvement in ef­ Army to overthrow the Tehl!an regime of forts to destabilize the Khomeini govern­ Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini and he said ment. They become even more important, that the United States should support such moreover, when placed alongside the con­ a takeover." 23 tacts with opposition forces, contacts The U.S. State Department disassociated which the administration has also denied itself from Sadat's remarks, questioning or downplayed, especially given the heavy only the means.and not the end: "We oppose involvement of these forces in the Iraqi the violent overthrow of any government, war effort and its aim of unseating the including the Khomeini regime," a spokes­ Iranian government. person, Jack cannon, said. 24 (It has to be added here that the U.S. government has nothing in principle against coups; just several weeks before the White House had given its approval to the coup staged by FOOTNOTES the Turkish military several days before it occurred. 25) Sadat's statements surely reflect certain top-level thinking; 1) see Foreign Report, 7/16/80; and The his mistake was to say it publicly. Middle East, August 1980, p.24. Jack cannon's remark is further ironic 2) New� Times (NYT), 9/ 27/80, p.4. in light of the disclosure that the CIA is 3). FT, 9/20100, p.:r:- "responsible for clandestine radio broad­ 4> cf supra, #2. casts aimed at undermining the Iranian 5) The Times (London), 9/26/80. rule" of Khomeini and originating fr.om 6) Stern (West Germany), 9/25/80. transmitters in Egypt, "one believed to be 7) Atlanta constitution (AC), 7/_7/80, p.l. near Alexandria and th·e other near the 8) The Times (London), 9/24/80, p.7. Suez canal." 26 The broadcasts originated 9) NYT, 9/23/80, p.l. with a "White House request" to Sadat, and 10)mT , 6/12/80, p.12., _he agreed. It is reported that a "senior 11) �e-Ye Ruz (Paris), 7/ 21/80, as official" even tacitly confirmed that quoted in Foreign Broadcast Information Americans were involved by commenting that Service, 7/22/80. the Iranian authorities "haven't come to 12)cf supra, #10. us yet about it. If they do, we would do 13) AC, 7/10/80, p.llA. sanetping about it." 27 Even a National 14) cf supra, no. Sec,urity council spokesperson declined to 15) !£, 7/7 /80 and 7 /11/80. 26 - Counterspy Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000190150001-0

16) cf sup�a, #10 17) Christian Science Monitor, 7/21/80, ·p.l. CIA in Turkey 18) AC, 7/8/80, p.GA. According to the V.iarch, 1980 Turkey Diplo­ 19) m,NYT, 9/28/80, p.20. matic List, the following CIA officers are . 20> 9/29/80, p.14. stationed in tne u.s. Embassy in Ankaraz 21) clsupra, #10. 22) Boston GlAbe, 4/20/80. KEm;IBY, John H. 23) NYT, 9/26/80, p.10. b. 11/4/27 24) cfsupra, #5. Kenney served in Singapore, Indonesia, 25) McLean's, 9/22/80. Tanzania, Guinea, Kenya, France and Viet­ 26) NYT, 6/29/80, p.J. nam. 27) Financial Times (London), 7/30/80, P• ,.6. SAJ.'1SON, David T. 28) The Times (London), 7/1/80, p.5. b. 5/2/43 Samson was previously assigned to Singa­ pore.

WARRICK, James M. b. 10/31/37 Warrick has served in Kenya, Malawi and Senegal. New Hebrides: Independent at Last by Konrad· Ege A new nation was born on July 30, 1980: called the New Hebrides. Eventually, they The Republic of Vanuaatu, formerly the New decided on an unprecedented settlement: Hebrides, a chain of some eighty islands the islands would become a "condominium" in the South Pacific. The significance of - a joint colony of Britain and France. Vantaatu's independence is comparable to The colonial powers crushed the last re­ the importance Grenada's revolution has sistance of the original Melanesian in­ for the Caribbean. Vanuaatu's independence habitants and set up two colonial systems: was achieved only after a long struggle a French and a British commissioner,' two and considerable oppositior from the colo­ police forces, two educational systems, nia� French government, French settlers, two legal systems, two immigration author­ and' a group of rightwing o.s. citizens ities, etc. connected to the U.S. Libertarian Party After the French colony of Algeria who wanted to transform the New Hebrides gained its independence in 1962, several into a tax haven with a laissez�faire hundred former French-colonists from Alge­ economy. ria who opposed the independence, moved to over the last centuries the people of the New Hebrides. Many of them belonged to the New Hebrides have experience� a tre­ or were connected with the Secret Anny Or­ mendous amount of suffering. An::ijstimated ganization (OAS}, a rightwing terrorist original. population of one mill,l:on was group which had fought General de Gaulle's almost wiped out by slave txcil;d,e,il massa­ decision to negotiate Algeria's indepen­ cres, and foreign diseases to w}tich the dence after years of war. The OAS members islanders had no resistance. Missionaries were soon to find a renewed pretext to re­ cmd French and British colonists moved in sort to terrorist activities when indepen­ and settled on the islands. dence "threatened" in the New Hebrides. At first, the two colonial powers - who In 1�71, the National Party (NP} was had already divided up the Pacific islands formed in the New Hebrides. Its goal was into their respective holdings - couldn't independence within six years. In 1975, agree who was to get the prize that they the French and British governments agreed Counterspy - 2? Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0

to general elections. In spite of its 59 ritu Santo and per.haps· sOllle other islands _percent share of the votes, the NP did not which could be used as a tax haven. More gain a'majority in the Representative As­ concretely, they were interested in form­ sembly1 because of a neo-colonial provision ing the first Libertarian state. 1 which reserved a certain number of seats This effort was spearheaded by Michael for busin�ss groups and white residents. Oliver, a real estate millionaire -of In 1977 the NP, then renamed Vanuaaku Pati carson City, Nevada. Oliver had made two (VP) established the People's Provisional previous attempts to establish Libertari­ Government and boycotted renewed undemo­ an states. The more promising had been in cratic elections. The ,VP called on the the Bahamas in 1973 which were on the people to resist the colonial authorities, verge of independence. With the help of take over plantation�, stop paying taxes, some discontented white settlers, Oliver and refuse the colonial officials entry attempted to split the island of Abaco into their villages. from the Bahamas, and an "Abaco Indepen­ The strategy, succeeded, 1 and forced new dence Movement" (AIM) was formed. Oliver elections in November 1979. Even though teamed up with Mitchell Livingston the'French coloniali�ts tried to buy votes WerBell, a firearms dealer from Georgia, again�t the VP, the party won two-thirds who was described in Esquire �agazine as of the seats in the Assembly and 63 per- a "friend of dictators and CIA agents C'ent of the votes. · Cand] manipulator of the luck of srg,all After these elections had made abundant­ �ations ••• " According to the 1975r ly clear that the majority of the peopl� Esquire arti�le, Oliver and WerBell also in the New Hebrides suppbrted the nation­ worked with former CIA pgents and set up alist VP, the French government b�gan to a high powered radio stiation on Abaco. move towards "postponementtt of indepen­ "Independence activists" were given para­ dence� Clearly, the French were worried military training courses on WerBell's abdut the rest of their colonial holdings Georgia facilities. in the Pacific: New caledoni�, a 7)400 In the end, the planned Abaco state square mile island to the southwest of the never materialized. The Bahamas govern­ - New Hebrides which contains one of the ment banned AIM, barred Oliver and his world's biggest nickel deposits, and Poly­ friends from entering the country, and nesia, where France has_ its prized test seized a cargo of arms being smuggled to zone for nuclear weapons. Abaco. Oliver's plans received no support "At stake for France .is mere than simply from the U.S. government either: the ex­ national pride," the Melbourne � com­ isting government of the Bahamas was mented on April 28, 1980. "!!'he over-riding quite satisfactory for U.S. purposes., realistic fear is that independence in New Back in 1971, Oliver had bought land in Hebrides will spell the beginning of the the New Hebrides_. There, he got together end of that Franch Pacific empire, and all with Jimmy Stevens and Hawaiian land de­ that involves economically and strategi­ veloper Eugene Peacock, who had bought call;{." land there to settle 4,000 U.S. veterans On several of the islands, the French in what was to become a "New Hawaii". OAS began to mount an anti-independence Stevens was provided with a radio sta­ terror campaign. French settlers (who tion, and through the Phoenix Foundation owned 80 per cent of the arable land) hundre�s of thousands of dollars were staged a rebellion on the island of Espi­ channeled to Stevens' group. The �hoenix ritu Santo and intimidated VP supporters Foundation is headed by Oliver, his law- · with virtual impunity as the French colo­ ·yer Thomas Eck, and Dr. John Hospers, a nial police stood by. The settlers were professor at the University of califor­ supported by a few hundred Melanesians on nia.who ran for U.S. President in 1972 on the northern island of Espiritu Santo led the Libertarian Party ticket. According by Jimmy Stevens, and on Tanna island in to Thomas Eck, the Phoenix Foundation "is the'South. Stevens had been claiming for there to help anyone who wants to secede _years that he was the legitimate tradi­ in a libertarian manner." (Tribune,. Lon-· tional leader of several islands, even don, 6/13/80) though his parents were immigrants. Oliver went so far as to provide Stevens became involved with a number of Stevens with a ready-made constitution for people from· the U.S. w.hose singl,e interes.t the new country based on his 1968 book A was to form a secessionist state on Espi- � Constitution for!. N w Country, which , 2 8 - Coun teroSpy . �

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advocates a country solely.controlled by were staying there made regular trips to private enterprise. Banking laws - to be Espiritu Santo. (Sydney Morning Herald, modeled after the Swiss laws - wer..,e to be 6/10/80) extremely favorable to investors, and In spite of Stevens' control of Espiritu Oliver's country was to become a tax haven Santo with the help of white settlers and like some of the Caribbean islands. the Phoenix Foundation, independence.went In February 1980, Stevens and other ahead as planned on July 30. Prime Minis- rightists from the New Hebrides including ter Walter Lini called for help from Papua one Alexis Yolou went to Paris to convince·New Guinea which agreed to send 200 the French government to postpone indepen- troops. On August 31, 1980 after forcing a dence. They had talks with British and New Caledonia ship carrying arms for the French otficials as well as with VP repre- rebels from Espiritu Santo, these troops sentatives. It was agreed that talks stormed the island. They captured Stevens should continue in April. and a number of other rebels. The VP gov- When Stevens and his friends went home, ernment will put some of them on trial, they traveled through Carson City. Thomas while others will probably be allowed to Eck flew back with them to the New Hebri- leave the country. Many of the French des. According to the Australian Seli Hoo, settlers on Espiritu Santo have already News Bulletin on Vanuaaku and Ne;'"'ca1�- left the island and gone to New Caledonia nia, Oliver convinced SteveMtorefuse or France. talks and go ahead with a coup. With this, the rebellion was over and In the New Hebrides, Eck and Stevens the Republic of Vanuaatu truly indepen- laid final plans for the coup in collabo- dent. The struggle for independence of ration with some French colonists. On May many other islands in the Pacific and In- 27, 1980 the secessionists of Alexis Yolou dian oceans, however, continues. moved on the island of Tanna, attacked po- In recent years a number of small lice stations, which had been deserted by countries like Vanuaatu have been taken the French police, and government build- over by business groups or by governments ings, and took some hostages. However, the who were still pursuing a colonial policy. rebellion was crushed swiftly when British (Tribune, London, 6/13/80) For instance, riot police came to the island. French mercenaries plotted against the Stevens himself moved on Espiritu Santo government of the Seychelles, and were on­ the next day; sacking British government ly prevented from taking over by Tanzanian offices and taking several British offi- troops who were there to train the local cials hostage. The "Republic of Vemarana" army. Unsuccessful coup attempts were also was proclaimed. carried out in the Maldives Islands; and Back in Carson City, Oliver denied any in Camores, a former French colony in the connection with the revolt. At the same Indian Ocean, the President was killed in time, though, he was organizing Vemarana a coup backed by the French government. Development Corporation based in the Baha- 0th.er islands are still in the complete mas, with the aim of raising $9 million control of colonial powers: New Caledonia to purchase ships and aircraft, buy land is one example; Diego Garcia, a major U.S. on "Vemarana", and imp,rove the airport and British military base, another. A there. Named to the VeJnarana Corporation further case in point is East Timer, Board, in addition to Oliver, were Eck where an independence struggle has been and Hospers. suppressed by Indonesian and U.S. genocid- The "rebellion" which broke out just a al actions which have left one third of few weeks befor.e the New Hebrides was to become independent, presented a serious SUBSCRIBE TO problem for the VP government which, al­ SELi HOO though elected in November 1979, did not have any real power until July 30, 1980� THE NEWS BULLETIN ON VANUAAKU AND NEW The impact of the rebellion was worsened CALEDONIA by the support it received from Jean­ For sample issues and subscription Jacques Robert, French Resident Commis­ rates, write to: sioner in the New Hebrides. At the same SELI HOO EDITORIAL COLLECTIVE, 4th fl. time, French colonists from New Caledonia 232 Castlereagh Street, Sydney NSW 2000, and members of the Phoenix Foundation who Australia Counterspy - 29

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the population dead. the Caribbean nat'ions from achieving self­ Closer to the U.S., most caribbean na­ determination. tions are involved in struggles for true Therefore, while it will not shake the self-determination. In this region it is world, it is of sreat importance,that the the U.S. government - considering the ca-· Republic of Vanuaatu was able to defeat ribbean nations to be "its own backyard" - colonialist intervention. Its victory which is waging massive economic, propa­ means freedom for its 120,000 inhabitants gandistic, and CIA-controlled paramilitary and is an important inspiration for other and covert operat;on campaigns to prevent nations. CIA Bankingin Australia: Nugan Hand . byKonrad Ege

I• (Ed. note: The following article is In Sydney, Kand teamed up with business- based on accounts from the Australian me­ man Frank Nugan. They engaged 1n_land dia. The "Nugangate" affair was originally speculation and made their first million. uncovered by the Tribune., (,4 Dixon Street, In May 1970, they founded Australasian and Sydney N'SW 2000), the newspaper of the ' Pacific Holdings, Ltd., a company that was Communist Party of Australia and has since supposed to invest in a resort project off been widely covered by ail of the Austra­ the Australian coast. lian media. Nugan and Hand's business was going weil, Konrad Ege is an independent journalist. and in 1973, with their first million, He has worked with Counterspy for over two they fo'nned the Nugan Hand Merchant Bank, yea:i>s.) which was registered in the cayman Islands, a famous tax haven. The bank's operations Imagine:_a 'major international bank col­ soon reached to every continent, and lapses,· shortly/,after one of its two di­ branch offices were set up in Saudi Arabia, rectors is found. shot in 'his car. ,Many of West.Germany (Hamburg), Malay$ia, Thailand, the bank's papers and records are gone. Hong Kong, Singapore, the Philippines, Ar­ The second director of the bank disappears gentina, Chile, and the .U.S. (HawaiiJ M­ shortly afterwards. The' bank turns out to -napolis, Mary;and; and Washington, D.C.). be some $50 million in debt, 1 but inter­ On �anuary 27, rl980 Frank Nugan's rapid­ estingly, hardly any of the creditors turn ly climbing career came to an abrupt end: up to claim their money from the bank. he was found shot in his car 100 miles No, it's not a novel. The bank was· the from-Sydney. Shortly thereafter the Nugan Nugan Hand Merchant Bank of Sydney, Aus­ Hand Merchant Bank collapsed, and with it tralia.,, Tlie bank's dire�tors were Frank many of its dozens of affiliated corpora­ Nugan and Michael Hand. The bank's -lawyer tions'''and enterprises. In.June 1980, was former CIA Director William Colby. In­ Nugan_� r, partner Michael H;�nd disappeared deed,_ it seems that one of the main cus­ without a trace. tomers of the bank was the U.S. Central The .s,tory of the Nugan .Hand Bank that. Intelligence Agency. Other customers were has.ll,ljlfol�d since then has the potential major international drug dealers. But of i>e'��¾�g ,highly explosive for the let's start from the beginning. peopl,n6op��cted to the bank and for the In the late 1960's, Michael Hand, a for­ <;IA.- �;¥'¥.�t,urns out, the Nuga,n Hand Bank mer U.S. Green Beret in Vietnam, moved to has be�ti.� u�-�d in covert CIA operations, Sydney, Australia.' Hand had wotked for Air . and the-quepiion has been �ai�ed whether America, 2 a CIA proprietary that was in­ the bank aF,tually ,was .set up as _a CIA pro­ volved in opium smuggling. According to prietliry. In additiQn, according to Rod information obtain�d by the Australian Na­ 'Hall, Commissioner for CJ,ime of the State tional Times, Hand had also been assigned of Victoria, Australian police believe to one Qf �he CIA's. Phoenix assassination thab ''the Nugan Hand organization was in­ squads in Vietnam. 3 volved ·in the 'importation of drugs into 3 0 - Counterspy ' App�oved For Release_2010/06/03: _CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0

Australia." 4 by the London Sunday Times, Colby further Official investigation of the Nugan Hand assured that "there was no connection be­ Bank's remaining records revealed that tween Mr. Nugan and my intelligence back­ Nugan and Hand had been "bankers for big ground." 9 Colby, however, did not say whether or not he was a consultant for the heroin traffickers"; the senior and "most5 sinister trafficker was Terrence Clarke. 11 CIA while doing legal work for Nugan Hand. When the Nugan Hand Bank collapsed, Clarke It is common practice for retired CIA di­ had been under police investigation for rectors to continue to consult for the several years. Two of the chief witnesses CIA. In fact, Colby admitted in a recent against him, Douglas and Isobel Wilson, interview that he was a consultant for the who had acted as his couriers, were shot CIA at least a year after his termination. and ki}led shortly after they testified. William Colby was introduced to Nugan by Their testimony has already led to the Walt McDonald, "a former chief petroleum dismissal of two high-ranking Australian expert for the CIA who became a consultant Federal Narcotics Bureau officials for to the Nugan Hand Bank in July"-1979. collaborating with Clarke and handing over McDonald was·also a close friend of John the tapes of the Wilsons' testimony to Paisley, who somewhat mysteriously "com­ him. mitted suicide" aboard his yacht on the Orders for Clarke's arrest were given on Chesapeake Bay near Washington, D.C. in August 29, 1980 on charges of murdering September 1979. Interestingly, Paisley's the Wilsons. At that time, Clarke was al­ abandoned yacht "contained highly classi­ ready under arrest in London, England for fied communications gear capable of com­ the murder of Christopher Johnstone, a municating via satellites linked to the former heroin syndicate boss. [top secret] CIA ground station at Pine It appears that Frank Nugan was also Gap in Australia." 10 bribing politicians in Sydney and the Nugan Hand's Washington, D.C. office was state of New South Wales. tn one instance run by Mmiral Earl Yates from February he resorted to blacJanail by setting up a 1977 to October 1979, and by George Farris, secret bank account in Switzerland for New a former U.S. Green Beret in Vietnam� 11 South Wales Minister of Justice, Frank Another U.S. citizen who was approached to Walker, who was investigating Frank's work under "deep cover" for Nugan Hand is brother Ken Nugan. 6 Peter Wilcox, but he has stated that he Nugan and Hand's business connections to declined the offer. He also says that Aus­ people linked to the CIA began, at the tralian authorities told him "Nugan Hand latest, with the founding of Australasian was involved in CIA operations." 12 Ac­ and Pacific Holdings, Ltd. Four of its cording to Wilcox, "unbelievable amounts original shareholders, U.S. citizens of money were being transferred via Nugan David M. Houston; Grant w. Walters; Robert Hand. A tremendous amount was coming out W. Petersen; and Spencer A. Smith gave of Australia from what I'd call the 'punt­ their �ddresses as c/o Air America. Anoth­ er's end' rather than respectable banking er original shareholder, Donald Meredith, circles." 13 had a c/o Continental Air Services (CAS) U.S. Army General Edwin Black, who was address. Like Air America, CAS was in­ with the Office of Strategic Services (the volved in CIA operations in Indochina. predecessor of the CIA) during World War TWo and a U.S. commander in Thailand and several other shareholders who were in 14 from the beginning gave c/o CAS/USAID ad­ Vietnam in the 1960's, represented the dresses. 7 Nugan Hand Bank in Hawaii. In Saudi Many of the people working for the Nugan Arabia, the bank's official was former Hand Bank were not known as bankers but as U.S. Green Beret and CIA agent with Air CIA-connected counterinsurgency experts. America, Bernie Haughton. 15 On the top of that list is William Colby, Nugan Hand's representative in Taiwan former CIA Director and director of the was Dale Holmgreen who formerly worked as Phoenix assassination program in Vietnam. the Taiwan flight services manager for Civil Air Transport, a CIA-controlled com­ Colby's business card was found on Frank l Nugan's body after he was killed in Janu­ pany. 6 U.S. General Roy Manors was Nugan ary. Colby has admitted doing legal work Hand's Manila consultant. Manors is now for Nugan but said that "that was the ex­ working with the CIA helping to analyze tent of their relationship." 8 Interviewed the April 1980 military mission into Iran. 17 The representative of the Nugan Counterspy - 31

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Hand Bank in Los Angeles was Guy Pauker, According to The Australian, the Nugan an Asia specialist for the Rand Corpora- Hand Bank was also used as "a secret slush tion with strong ties to the CIA. 18 fund organization to channel CIA money in- Given this incredible line-up of person- to pro-American political parties in Eu­ nel, it is no surprise that the Nugan Hand rope ••• Millions of dollars were secreted Bank was involved in a number of CIA-con- into the bank's Australian operations be­ nected projects, including the resettle- fore being sent to Europe." The Austra- ment of Indochinese refugees in Latin lian goes on to say that the Christian America and the caribbean. In arranging Democratic Party in Italy was one of the this project, Nugan got in touch with recipients of the money. 19 (One of high-ranking U.S. government officials. William Colby's initial CIA assignments The Tribune reported on August 27, 1980: was providing money to the Italian Chris- "Frank Nugan met (lrimml) carter {}:hen a tian Democrats in the April, 1948 elec­ presidential candidattil on September 26, ,tions.) Other reports indicate that the 1976. The meeting was arranged by John CIA channeled covert founds to Southeast Golden, a close friend of top carter Asia through the Nugan Hand Bank. 20 aide Hamilton Jordan. (Later on,] a re- According to an unnamed "former Nugan tired general, Earl Kocke, sold the Hand executive", the CIA also transferred White House a Nugan Hand plan to take $2,400,000 to the Australian Liberal Party over a former U.S. naval base in the in 1973 through a mining company associat- caribbean: Grand Turk Island. Nugan ed with Frank Nugan. At the time, the Hand planned to use it as a transit Nugan Hand Bank was just being formed. camp for resettling Meo refugees from William Colby was Director'of the CIA, and Laos. The White House agreed to the the CIA was very upset about what was go- plan in February (1980] - after Frank ing on in Australia at the time: the Labor Nugan's death. The collapse of Nugan government of Prime Minister Whitlam had Hand Bank killed the plan. The transit come to power in December 1972. Unlike the camp on Grand Turk Island was part of a pr evious Liberal (that is, conservative) larger CIA plan to resettle the Meo in Party government, the Labor Party sub- Latin America. The Meo, traditional jected Australia's intelligence agencies opium growers from the Laos hills, were and the CIA's activities in Austr�lia to used as mercenaries by the CIA in the scrutiny. On November 11, 1975 the Whitlam Laos war." government was dismissed by arch-conserva- ti ve Governor General John Kerr, who used The Nugan Hand Merchant Bank was not an "archaic constitutional power never be­ the only CIA-connected bank reg�stered fore exercised." 21 The dismissal came on­ in a tax haven island in the caribbean. ly three days after the CIA served an ul­ Another such bank was Castle Bank and timatum to ASIO (Australian Security In­ Trust in Nassau, Bahamas. In a copy­ telligence Organization, the CIA's coun­ righted article on April 18, 1980, the terpart in Australia) that it would break Wall Street Journal reported that dur­ links if public discussion continued on ing the early 1970's the Castle Bank CIA funding of conservative political was being investigated by the Internal parties in Australia. Revenue Service (IRS) and the Justice James•Jesus Angleton, who retired from Department in what was likely to become the CIA in December 1974 after 31 years of "the single biggest tax-evasion strike" service� was asked by Australian Broad­ in IRS history. Uno.er pressure from the casting Company reporter Ray Martin on CIA, however, the Justice Department June 12, l977 whether the CIA had ever and the IRS dropped the investigation funded Au'stralian political parties. because - according to the Wall Street. Angleton evaded a direct answer, but con­ Journal - castle Bank "was the conduit ceded that such activities, if undertaken for millions of dollars earmarked by would have been "coordinated with the the CIA for the funding of clandestine chief of Australian internal security." 22 operations against Cuba and for other Although all of the above information covert intelligence operations". And, has already been made public, the Nugan some of the anti-Cuban operations were Hand affair (or "Nugangate", as it is re­ carried out "by CIA operatives working ferred to in Australia) has yet to come to from Andros Island (_Bahamas] • • • be­ an end. On the orders of Australian Prime tween 1964 and 1975." 32 - Counterspy Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved F_or Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0

Minister Malcolm Fraser, a joint commis­ 4) Sydney Morning Herald, 8/23/80, p.3. sion of federal and New South Wales state 5) cf supra, #1 police are presently conducting an inves� 6) Weekend Australian, 8/16-17/80, p.l. tigation. But the question is how hard 7) Tribune, 8/6/80, pp.1,2. they are looking. so far; most of the in­ 8) Wall Street Journal, 5/1/80, p.31. formation has been uncovered by courageous 9) cf supra, ,#1. Australian investigative journalists. With 10) cf supra, #3. their continued work, the truth of the 11) ibid. Nugan Hand affair will be told. 12) ibid. 13) ibid. 14) ibid. FOOTNOTES 15) cf supra, #2. 16) cf supra, #3. 17) The Australian, 9/1/80, p.l. 1) London Sunday Times, 8/31/80, as 18) cf supra, #3; Tribune, 8/27/80, p.2. quoted in Boston Sunday Globe, 9/7/80, 19) cf supra, #17. p.42. 20) cf supra, #1. 2) Tribune, 7/30/80, p.8. 21) Denis Freney, The CIA's Australian , 3) National Times (Australia), 8/10-16/80, Connections, Sydney;-197.7, p.26. pp. 1,31. 22) ibid., p.29.

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SIGN in Wilmington junkyard: GUARANTEED DESTRUCTION OF CONFIDENTIAL RECORDS though beautiful to know,you in the biblical sense and then some coming down from thoughts of you my eyelids-insides warm my cornea but shut out light, as more heat than, kept us warm in our emotional drawing together personal romantic in the cold war relationship darkness which justifying for pushing its conflagation up through i love you it did not goodbye provide the light

though i will still - cry at thoughts f of you gone and the sun comes up on your face

later i'm touching country N.H. it 1 s invoking you in anti-CIA Afghanistan to Mississippi me now i'm in Princeton still your thread continues - \ you see we'll walk the beach for it's where anti-trivialists past present abide to bring future into now all else being trivial than we'll deep six into sleep to hear ourselves away from elephantine sounds of Lilliputian minds still, it all cbines out to Geo,rge Jackson's assassination l _ despite our innocence it's hard to love knowing it happened and Richard Helms said he did it: "out of the goodness of my heart." when he trained Chicago cops who murdered_Hampton and Clark. by John Kelly

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Fingermen Are All Thumbs byFranklin Folsom © '?ranklin Folsom

"I may want to commit a crime someday, In time the "confusion" was resolved, and I understand that a criminal is sup­ and Ambrogio entered the country where he posed to leave fingerprints at the scene." edited an antifascist Italian language This was my explanation to the young woman newspaper, useful to the war effort. But in the polic� station when she asked why I the.day I was in the Justice building on wanted a set of my prints. his behalf I didn't get out before I saw The officer gulped. For a moment I what I assumed was a stage prop left os­ thought she was.going to call for rein­ tentatio�sly on a desk I would have to forcements, but on the off chance that I pass. It was a fat folder, and lettered on might be the harmless white-haired old man it was "Frank Folsom". I looked to be, she tried again. Was the Justice Department or the FBI "Why do you really want them?" (She accustomed leaving folders about citizens smiled soothingly as she asked.) lying around this way? I doubted that it I told her. "Although the FBI has long was standard operation procedure. Possib­ had my prints, they don't seem to feel hap­ ly the folder was filled with blank paper, py about them and have asked for my help." bulking it �ut so it looked impressive. "Why does the FBI want them?" But then it occurred to me that perhaps "I've asked for my FBI file under the some fellow whose name resembled mine Freedom of Information and Privacy Acts. might have had his file enlivened with The Bureau apparently isn't sure I am who sinister material about me. I claim to be, even after I sent them all In due course I found there was such a my past addresses, plus a sworn notarized possibili.ty. At the very time I was in statement saying I am who I say I am." the Justice building, one Frank Folsom That glimpse of comforting red tape gave was serving as chief procurement officer the young officer the �ense of·security for the Navy Department. The FBI might she needed, and she proceeded to besmudge have been asked to take a look at someone herself and me and record the fingerprints who had massive government funds to spend, without which the FBI was immobilized. particularly if the FBI was inclined to I had debated whether or not to comply get him mixed up with Franklin Folsom. I, with the request for prints. But so far as after all, was pretty obviously a danger­ I am aware, I have not· in seventy-two ous character. From 1937 through 1942 .I years done any harm to my fellow Amerioans served as Executive Secretary of the nor am I known to be wanted for any crime League of American Writers whose 800 mem­ I did not commit. So I decided to send the bers had prodded the government to do prints in and thus remove the latest pre­ this or that, even during the two years text for evasion in the J. Edgar Hoover when Franklin D. Roosevelt and Katherine Building in Washington. Chapin, the wife of Attorney General But perhaps the FBI really doubted that Francis Biddle, were among the 800. I was the Folsom I claimed to be. I remem­ The possibility that Frank Folsom and ber visiting the Department of Justice Franklin Folsom could occasionally be Building about the time the United States ,mistaken for one another seemed more entered the war against Fascism. My mis­ likely some time later when Frank had sion was to persuade the Department to re­ risen in the world and was head of the lease from �llis Island one Ambrogio Radio Corporation of America (RCA), and I Donini, a distinguished professor of com­ had sunk to being a free-lance writer. A parative religion at the University of letter, somewhat as follows, came one day Rome. He was being held on the pretext to my home: that he had a brother ii the Fascist Ital­ "Dear Mr. Folsom, It is our privilege ian Navy. The charge was true - as far as to remind you that your annual contribu­ it went. Ambrogio Donini did,have a Fas­ tion of $5,000 to the Boy Scouts is now cist brother, but Ambrogio was thoroughly payable." ' antifascist. Five thousand dollars was about what I Counterspy - 35

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ear"ned in a whole year of writing - that perhaps for ceremonial purposes in con-, is, a good year. nection with his duties as a Knight of the But back to my request for� �I file. Sovereign order-of Malta. One day I did receive a sample of what I The file reveals that it was "Confiden­ might expect if I persisted. It included tial Infotlnant T-2", ,a ·person "of unknown little of interest, and on many of the reliability" who originally put the name pages alJ!lost every line had been blacked Benjamin Webster into my recofd - where it out with a marking pen - to protect "na­ is late}: repeated as a fact to be rel-ied tional defense" or the identity of in­ on without any reference to its dubious formants. However, I did persist. ::,rigin. Finally I received word that the FBI had My file also registers, and no doubt got its act together. But :ii,.rst it seems about this, that I lived exactly where my the law required the Bureau to notify me printed stationary and the telephone di­ that the file it had assemble� consisted rectory said i: lived. How much this in­ of "more than 25 pages". There was no in­ formation cost the tax payer, no one will dication whether it ran to 26 pages, or ever know. Many different informants, pos- 260, or 26,000. I hau heard what happened ,sibly copying each other, but surely to Corliss Lamont when he asked for his drawing different.pay checks, .came up with file. The FBI included a lot �f photo­ the same data. Here was one fact the FBI copies of books and pamphlets he had had straight. written and published. At least 30 "Confidential Informants", In a panic I insisted that I not be ·some identified by such symbols as "N" or billed for photocopies of the 44 books I "200" and others as "T-111, "T-2", and so had published. Also I wanted excluded from on through "T-25", sent in reports about my file a�l the considerable material I me to supplement the researches of an un­ had written, edited, and distributed for determined number of Special Agents. Here the League of American Writers. is a tidbit from a 1953 report by one of More delays. the Special Agents: "Subject's ca;_. was ob­ I like to think it took•time for the FBI served parked in front of the New Bruns­ to whittle down my file by eliminating' wick Theological Seminary." I was there such things as books for third-graders _ all right, attending a meeting of people about cowboys and Indians. But finally a_ interested in stopping the war in Korea. bill came for $29.70. After I sent a check At least the FBI had evidence that I my­ for this amount, and not before, I got 297 self attended a meeting I had done · my· photocopied pages. A quick glance told me damndest to publicize. that much material was being withheld. Not only did I find such records about There was·altnost nothing, for instance, myself, but I also got at least one start- , about the years when I was Executive Sec­ ling'bit of news about my wife of more retary first1of the League of American than forty years. She, it seems - totally Writers, then of the New Yark Council of without my knowledge or her own - had American So�iet Friendship. It was because taught for three years (one informant said I held these jobs that I was listed in the five years) in the Communist Workers , FBI's Set:urity Index as a "Key Figure". I School. Clever woman. complained to the Bureau about its inat­ Another discovery really mc\._de me look 1n tention to a matter of such obvious impor­ the mirror. The FBI was afraid of me! tance according to the FBI scale of values, J. �dgar Hoover ordered his Special Agents and a few more pages dribbled in, this not ta interview me, saying, "Because the time without a bill. subject is.self-employed as a writer, au­ From what I have received so far I have thority�to interview the subiect is de­ learned much about myself that I did not nied." At least eight later time;; agents know. For instance, that I sometimes go - were o�dered not to interview me. Because under the name Benjamin Webster. (Had some­ I am a 'writer-.- 1 one heard that I wrote several children's 1 - And-because I was.an official of a writ­ books under the name Benjamin Webster ?) I ers' organization I was dubbeci a "Key Fig­ am also known to the FBI, although to no ure". I have hesitated_ about drawing at­ one else, as Fred Franschi. I must remem- tention to this classification because ber to write the family of the late Et;'ank persons really fam;liar with the Communist- Folsom and as,k if he ever used those names, Party will smile at the notion that I was 36 - Counter>Spy

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a "Key Figure" in the revolutionary move­ Five days after I was marked "Tab for Det­

ment. A keen participant certainly, but com",1 orders came through not to tab me equally certainly, not key. Unless, of for Detcom - whatever that was. course, I underestimated the FBI's regards One thing I learned will be of great in­ for writers. Many of the best in the coun­ terest to the earnest Republican who owns try belonged to the antifascist organiza­ tourist cabins on th� ranch adjoining the tion I served. site of my home in Colorado. The FBI There is no doubt about the fear. My thinks that I made at least part of my file even provides evidence about it in living by pocketing the rents paid by ten­ connection with other word merchants. For ants in his cabins. Writing is a bad way example, I find strict instructions that to make a living, but not that bad. Special Agents should not interview my old Now comes a memorandum dated 11-1-63 Boy Scout Master (a newspaperman who had from SAC Newark (does that mean Special been guilty of association with me since Agent in Charge, Newark?) to "Director 1923) "because he is a professor of jour­ FBI" (I know what that means) about nalism". Franklin Brewster Folsom. A diligent re­ So, writers, take heart. There are those searcher has dug up my middle name (from a who know your worth. rare copy of Who's Who in America?) but But apparently the FBI did investigate the body of the memor'i"ndum dispenses with my scout master without interviewing me. this frill. It's about Franklin Folsom, For some reasons my file reveals that he and it's a "reliability memorandum regard­ "appears to have been a friend of Anna ing subject", meaning me. Moreover, there Louise Strong, pro-Chinese Communist". were apparently seven copies of it deemed What had happened was this: My friend was "suitable for dissemination". Dissemina­ not pro-Chinese, or pro-Russian or pro­ tion to whom? How reliable is this "reli­ Communist of any kind. He was merely pro­ ability memorandum"? Does it include data University of Colorado where he taught. about Frank Folsom, and if so which There, as a favor to a campus lecture bu­ Frank? There is no way of telling from reau, he and another professor taxied the file in front of me. The "reliability Anna Louise Strong from Denver to the memorandum" itself is missing. campus to give a talk. Much P.arlier, May 18, 1950 (the files The one time that Special Agents did ap­ arrived in no discernible order and cer­ proach me (it was around 1942) they sought tainly not chronological order) Louis information about several students who had Budenz in an interview with the FBI iden­ been among the 3,000 who had attended the tified me as a "concealed Communist". He Writers School run by the League of Ameri­ presumably got paid for this testimony. On can Writers. I said I would answer in February 5, 1951, Budenz deleted the name writing any proper question put to me in of Franklin Brewster Folsom from� list •writing or put to me in the presence of captioned "400 concealed communists re­ my attorney. No pair of agents ever reap­ vealed by Louis Budenz". No doubt Budenz peared on my doorstep. drew his pay for work on February 5. Then· Although the FBI avoided me (and my in June he was back at the same stand. He wife, also a writer), it did muster • identified Franklin Folsom as one of enough courage in 1955 to interview my these "concealed communists". Later, per­ non-writer mother, then 76. I must· ask haps on the same day, perhaps on another - her at her 102nd birthday party, which this is not clear - Budenz, reinterviewed, comes up soon, what she told the agents. "was unable to satisfy himself of the iden­ On with my file. I find a note dated tity of-Folsom and his Communist affilia­ 2-27-55 that I am marked "Tab for _Detcom". tions". Another paycheck. (All applicants for their FBI files should And how about this entry, still earlier ? ask the Bureau to supply a glossary with Confidential Informant "N" reported April the files.) Does Detcom refer to those 28, 1942 that I was talking to a reliable deemed suitable for placement in detention informant - a Communist Party member. (The camps for communists ? Attorney General FBI considered such a person reliable ?) Biddle in 1943 ordered Hoover to do away This reliable informant told the Confiden­ with his Detention Index. But I under.stand tial Informant that I was the "Party wit" ' Hoover was adept at evading such orders. of the Leagµe of American Writers. Party He simply changed the labels on his files. wit - that's a nice touch. A kind of coun- Counterspy - 8'1

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ter-court jester? Could this hearsay of lish that I really was a member of the hearsay really mean that someone thought I Communist Party when I had sworn that I was the Party "Whip" - no doubt scourging had been in a statement I filed with the Party ·writers who did not toe the Party Department of Justice at the time I became line? a staff writer for Tass, the Soviet news I must note before I leave Confidential agency? To hold this job I had to regis­ Informant "N" and apparently other infor­ ter as an agent of a foreign power and to mants who were no more observant, that in answer questions about my political affil­ 1936 (one of the several dates on which iations. I simply told the truth. I now the file says I joined the Party) I col­ tell it again when I say that I engaged in laborated on a paperback book with a man no political activity of any kind as long whose name was Frederick Engels·Menaker. as I worked for Tass. And, perhaps sur­ And the title was The Life£!_ the Party. prisi�gly, the FBI does not contend that I More observant than the FBI, Joseph did. That task was left to the Senate In­ Friedman, then editor of the Communist ternal Security Subcommittee which may magazine� Masses, saw our paperback on have tried, through me, to link the U.S. a newsstand. Expecting to find some meaty Communist Party, Tass, and - hold tight - political matter, Joe bought a copy. He the Rhodes Scholarships, in a remarkable was furious when he realized that he had conspiracy. invested in a collection of parlor games It was my schooling that fascinated the for adults. But perhaps here I do the FBI subcommittee: an injustice. Someone in the Bureau may "Mr. Morris (subcommittee counsel). Now have read the book, found out what it was, what has been your education? and sagely left mention of it out of my "Mr. Folsom. I decline to answer that file. Whether it was the FijI or not I question for the reasons stated. don't know, but a book buyer did order "Mr. Morris. You mean you refuse to tell from University Microfilms a Xerox copy us where you went to school? of this long-out-of-print publication. A "Mr. Folsom. You have my answer. few years ago I received a check for the "Mr. Morris. Because you might possibly royalty due on a single copy. be giving testimony against yourself? At the end of 1946 there was a kind of "Mr. Folsom. Yes. summary report on me for the year. On "Senator Johnson. Did you finish any col• page 9 of this report I am reminded that lege ?" a real estate agent obtained a tenant for Neither the senator nor Mr. Morris could the summer for my New York apartment. The understand why I wouldn't say anything on tenant, I learned after the lease was such an innocent subject, if indeed it was signed and I couldn't do anything about innocent. The reason, of course, was that it, was a very close friend of the Ital­ if I gave testimony on that or any other ian Fascist Marshall Badoglio. He, the la­ subject, I would lose my protection under dy assured me, was at that moment in the the Fifth Amendment, which I pleaded, as United States under an alias - although well as pleading the -writers' amendment - many antifascist refugees were being de­ the First. If I surrendered the protection nied entrance. My file would have been of the Constitution, the Senate Subcommit­ much more interesting if it had thrown tee could probe freely into my personal some light on how Badoglio got into this beliefs - which it had no business doing. country - and whether he used my apartment. It could demand that I give names of asso­ Whoever let him in may know the full story, ciates whose efforts to achieve a better but can this someone also explain why my world I thought demanded respect, not ha­ apartment was ankle deep in talcum powder rassment. Since I wouldn't discuss my pol­ at the end of the hot summer? I was left itics except where and when I chose to do to speculate that Countess Mariella de so, and since I wouldn't inform on decent Pisa, as the lady in question liked to be people, I availed myself of the First called, was not familiar with the use of Amendment for the purpose for which it was the shower. intended - to protect the innocent weak Time and again my file suggests tanta­ from those who misused power. lizing questions like this, then provides I didn't suspect what the committee no answer. For instance, why did the FBI might have been fishing for until later continue to spend money trying to estab- when Courtney Smith, American Secretary of 38 - Counterspy .,.

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the Rhodes Trust, reported to a �athering FBI files, although the Bureau is for­ of Rhodes Scholars that the Chicago Tri­ bidden by law to give out such material. A bune, always ailert to save America__ from reporter on the Scipps Howard Rocky Britain, had been warning its readers that Mountain.News told me he was sure a lot of the Rhodes Trust was engaged in s.ome kind "information" he had about me came from of skulduggery. The Trust may have its the FBI. And he relied on this information faults, not the least of which is the when the Rocky Mountain News in 1961 led source of its funds in racist South Africa, several Colorado papers fn a campaign but the Trust is certainly not in cahoots against me and my wife. We were at the with the American Left or the Soviet Union time on the staff of the Writers' Confer­ to do you-know-what. But perhaps the Tri­ ence at the University of Colorado. bune or the Senate �ubconunittee or s� The FBI does not give up easily. On body may haye had something. It was at ox­ April 30, 1968, when I was nearly 61, this ford that I joined the October Club, the note was inserted in my file: "A re-evalu­ Communist undergraduate organization, ation of subject's subversive activities, .which at the time was headed by Frank his physical well being and potential dan­ Meyer who later found an editorial post on gerousness (sic) continue to warrant the the National Review more congenial to him. subject's inclusion in the Security In­ One of the things I couldn't find out dex." If my physical well being made me from reading my file was whether it was a eligible for the Security Index eleven "friend" or an·FBI burglar who at one years ago, does it make me eligible to­ point swiped my personal address book. And day? How decrepit do I have to be to be there is no hint about what annoyances, or "purged" from the Index? worse, may have been caused people whose And how about my CIA file? More than a ·names appeared in that book. There was, year after I applied for it, I got this however, a clear implication that those letter: "Dear Mr. Folsom: Would you advise listed there. were all to be watched be­ whether you were ever associated with the cause of their association with me. Did Radio Corporation of America, and if so in Special Agents quiz Dr. Milton Levine, for what capacity? We are asking you this instance ? He was our pediatrician, and I since we have information which may or may never 'saw him except on medical busin�ss. not pertai� to you." And who was Dr. Benjatnin Brackin? I have I wrote back: "I am not now nor have I forgotten, unless he was the surgeon. I nev· ever been associated with R.C.A." er-saw except at the time of an operation Long silence. on the leg I broke while doing war service Finally a package came from the CIA, and in the merchant marine. I was reminded by it that over a period of And here is a name to get braced for: Nore than thirty years I had e-xchanged a Frank Aydelotte •. How he would have laughed few letters with people I had known in if he had found out that the FBI was.' keep­ the States who were visiting or living in ing an eye on him,because of me.·I can't Moscow. Less political letters it would now be sure why I saved his address. Per­ be hard. to find, although I don't know haps, like the FBI, I just squirreled away why I shouldn't exercise my human right stuff ,long beyond the time when it might to discuss politics if I want to. But the have had some meaning. But I., had known CIA methodically noted the dates of these Aydelotte years before, when I taught at letters, to whom they were sent, and who Swarthmore College where he was president. wrote them. Then someone interested in Also he had preceded Court_n¢y Smith..:.as handwriting got b�sy with communications American Secretary of the Rhodes Trust sent to me by Vladimir Kazakevich, a Rus­ which had financed my three years atiox­ sian emigre who had returned to his home­ ford. The notion now crosses m� .mind,•that land after living in the United States the FBI may have leaked. to the CZ:l}ioago _ for some years. Tribune and the equally patriobiaiSebate "Kazakevich's last two items to Folsom," Internal Security Subcommittee 1?he:alarm­ notes the handwriting expert (or was he ing·news that the name of the American or she a cryptanalyst?) have been ad­ Secretary of the · Rhodes Trus� was··· in the dressed to Franklin Folsam_ and he has address file of a Key Figure in the Secu­ called him FranklynI on the inside. It is ri;y Index. not known whether this has any special Newspapers have received material from significance. The 'a' in Folsam (correct Counterspy - 39

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Sf8lling 'Folsom•) ha_s a hook on it, but States action, in Tonkin Gulf. In my canmu­ all t�e other 'a's in his correspondence nication I requested space in the Times do not have this hook." Apparently it not only as an American visitor, but also never entered the head of the CIA gra- ' as a graduate of a British university. • iphologist that English might be a second One day a letter arrived from the editor language fqr Kazakevich and that on occa­ -in-chief of the Times. With it was the s�on he might lapse into Russian habits letter I had written to him. He said he �f selecting vowels and shaping them as was returning it "for my own good". Very he wrote longhand. But I suppose that if kind. you are in the spy-and-conspiracy busi­ Did the "dispatch", which the.CIA admi�s ness, you think everybody.else might be relates to me, also relate to word th� CIA too. received from the Times ? The CIA knew But that•is not all. The CIA has given very well that I had just come from six me photocopies of �hese letters, thus ·weeks in the U.S.S.R. where I had been providing me absolute proof that an im­ gatheril'\i,,aaterial for a kids' book on portant branch of the United States gov­ that coun'try. They even knew I had a con­ ernment violated my constitutional rights. tract with a leading Bible publisher Under separate cover I am billing Rhodes (Thomas Nelson) to do the book. Had I, Scholar Stansfield Turner, Director of while visiting a children's camp in the the CIA, for damages. I shall do this in Pamir Mountains, near the SQviet-Chinese the wake of a 1978 decision by Federal border, received instructions to write Court Justice B. Weinstein of the Eastern just such a letter ? Or had I simply re­ District of New York. Justice Weinstein membered the Maine ? awarded Corliss Lamont $2,000 for letters It will surprise no one that the CIA of his that had been opened by the CIA, ' "dispatch", which I take to be about the and he also awarded $1,000 each to Tonkin Gulf incident, does not appear in Victoria Wilson and Rodney Driver and the Pentagon Papers, but I can't help won­

Stanley Faulkner whose mail had been sim­ dering• if it ever crossedJ the desk of Dean ilarly tampered with. How the judge ar­ Rusk wno did his share to heat up the rived at his figure for damages is not 'as Vietnam War. And if Secretary of State clear_ as his · denunciation of the CIA. Rusk did see the dispatch about a perverse This leaves me in a quandary about how peacenik, I wonder if he noted that it much to charge Turner. Perhaps $1,000 a concerned an American contemporary of his letter would be a good figure, and if I at Oxford - a young man who ignored tech­ get more than $2,000 I'll give the dif­ nical niceties of citizenship one day and ference to the National Emergency Civil joined a large number of English under­ Liberties Committee of which Corliss graduates and wore a white feather in his Lamont'is Chairper�on. lapel·? That feather-was an answer to �r ·From:' material telated to the Soviet propaganda of another era. It said clearly Union, my CIA file jumps to heavily "sani­ to all Oxonians, "I will: not fight for tized" (their word} stuff having other King or country". connections. Here is an entry: "Dispatch In addition to this myste,rious "dispatch" is withheld in its entirety.'.' What could withhel� for "security" reasons, page af­ this mean ? The date is August 20, 1964. I ter page of my file i� almost completely t>egin to ·remember. My wife and I were on blacked out. There is no telling, for in­ the coast of Wales living in a cottage stance, if reports sent to Washington from lent us by an old Ox,ford friend. Mexico refer to me or to,the head of R.C.A. I recall more. This was the month of the or to some other Frank Folsom. I certainly, Tonkin Gulf "incident". When I first heard have been to Mexico several times. While I of thi.s caper, I was dead ce�tain that it was there, I did look up several of the was designed as a pretext for military ac­ good people who had fled the United States tion against North Vietnam. But the Times during the Mccarthy period, but I spent of London thought otherwise. That journal ·much mo�e time visiting archeological �cepte9 the official U.S. account of ,the sites and museums than I did chatting with affair. old Lefties. l For the August Times to acquiesee so I even did some work on children's ·books, meekly seemed undignified, and I wrote a and in the course of this activity I was le�ter saying s� atid protesting the United photographed twice in the State Department- 40 - Counterspy

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supported Benjamin Franklin Library in possible date·." And I was promptly de­ Mexico City. It happened this way: I had ported, but not on a ship. That slow left my name at the Embassy where I had means of transportation was reserved for gone hoping that their business library G.I. • s desperately wounded at the Bat.tle would have the name of the new editor and of the Bulge. I was hastened out of Brit­ the new address of one of my publishers. ain by plane. Not finding what I needed, I walked to the Back to my FBI file. I notice my finger· . Benjamin Franklin Library to make a second print card again. Something on the re­ try. There, immediately after my arrival, verse side catctes my eye. I missed it the reference librarian snapped a picture first time around. It is a stamped nota­ of me once in the stacks and a second time tion that reads: "No arrest record. Sept. II in front of the circulation desk. With the 21, 1977 • ink scarcely dry on my signature at the Em­ Can it be that the FBI does not know bassy and two snapshots to go with it, the about two occasions when I was arrested, spooks ought to feel pretty sure who it was tried, convicted and fingerprinted? I they were spooking. ijut where are these will help the Bureau, since it obviously photos? They don't turn up in my file. Was needs help. On one occasion I was sen­ the CIA still worried it might be sending tenced to ten days or ten dollars (that me a photo of the head of R.C.A •. ? was a lot in 1934) for "littering and There is no way of knowing how the tax using loud and abusi...te language" wh�n I payers.' money was being spent on surveil­ helped strikers on the Fifth Avenue Bus lance of me in Mexico, but it is a safe line by passing out leaflets. On another guess that there, as elsewhere, the govern­ occasion I got well beaten up by police, ment's finger men were all thumbs. Perhaps then arrested and sentenced to thirty I should try to find out more of what was days because I protested when I saw cops going on from that fellow Philip Agee who beating up a man who lay helpless on the flitted in and out of Mexico be�ore he pavement. wrote his book about the CIA. Apropos police, J. Edgar himself got • Now let's see what my Naval Intelligence really excited, according to my file, when file reveals. The FBI files show that Naval his office was asked to check the accuracy Intelligence was duly informed about when I of a juvenile book The First Book of�­ entered the U.S. Maritime Service. But Na­ lice. The woman who wrote it.chose to sign val Intelligence apparently has no record t it Jay Campbell. J. Edgar wanted to know of my service. That s a pity, because I am if this was the same Jay Campbell whom he �urious about an episode in which that had listed as a Communist. And was it my agency might have taken an interest. I wife who used the name Jay Campbell? ·crt was in the U.S. Army Hospital in Scotland most certainly was not.) with a broken �eg on which an operation But why is a sheaf of papers about this h�d to be performed. A young woman, who Jay Campbell in � file ? It must be be­ cheered up the merchant seamen being cause of guilt by association. I was asso­ cared for in this hospital along wi th mil­ ciated with my �ife. She (and I) used the itary personnel, offered to get me any same literary agent who handled the Jay newspapers I might want. I requested the Campbell book. And we both had books pub­ conservative Times of London, the liberal lished by Franklin Watts who brought it Manchester Guardianand the Communist Dai­ out. You can't be too careful. !1_ Worker. Enough about my files. The young lady fled, and an hour later Consider how much money was wasted on two British security officers appeared me, and I am just one of 26,174 names and demanded my passport. When they re­ Hoover had in his Security Index. How turned it the next day, I was on a many among these represented any threat stretcher in the corridor outside the op­ to national security? Any threat of any erating room. The operation was cancelled, kind that could not be taken care of at and I found in the back of my seaman's the polls, if the voters so desired? passport, written in ink that has lasted And if I was a threat, why did the FBI well to this day, "The United States War wait until 1966 to notify the Secret Shipping Administration is responsible Service "in connection with Presidential for removing the bearer of this passport Protection" to look out for me as "po­ from the United Kingdom at the earliest tentially dangerous"? Counterspy - 41

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\ Come to think of it, I wonder if. �his that this was not so, a lot of Special notification explains the presence of a Agents, and Confidential Informants, and self-described Secret Service Agent in a CIA spooks, and upper lev,el administra­ class in writing for chil�ren_ that my tors would have\to look for honest. work, wife and I taught one summer at Colorado and jobs in that line are hard to find in Women's College. This agent was absent a society which already has illions unem- from class the day President Nixon's mo­ ployed. i

torcade drove by the college. I didn't Finally comes a sheet 1 from the FBI go to the windoy to see· it, but if I had marked "revised 1/10/79 ' which apparently gone, I might have caught a glimpse of has something to do with the birthdays of our student, and her husband who was forty or fifty people. Their names are all �lso in the Secret Service, out there in carefully arranged in months, and they are the crowd making sure that the likes of identified as being in "teams".with labels me did nothing to harin the man who had such as "6th team 2", "28th team l". To done so much harm to this . country·. I dis­ figure this out I. need the help of a approved of just about everything'Nixon cryptanalyst - one sma,rter than whoever did - and this was before Watergate - but labored over Ka�akevich's handwriting. �arm him ?,';he only people who suggest What the hell is this birthday sheet all .that kind of thing are either desparate about? And �everal other sheets that fol­ damn fools or police agents. low and have just as little to do with me . � ·But, they say, if a lie is big enough, or with anyone whose name I recognize? Is people will believe it. Certainly that it a schedule for jolly parties for teams appears to be true of the FBI. But the of Special Agents? The best conclusion I question of belief aside, it pays the FBI can come to is that a batch of sheets got ,to base much of its operation on the myth into my file by mistake. This gives me a that adv09ates of spcialism are also ad­ pause. What from my file may be in somebody vocates of violence. If word got around else's? And I don�t mean any file labeled Frank Folsom. ColOnia Dign!dad: New Revelations by Konrad Ege

(Ed. note: The foZZowing artiaZe is an after the West G�rman section of Amnesty 'update of "CoZonia Dignidad - West Gemian International (AIL published a 60-page Conaentration Camp in Chile" whiah ap- boo'Jclet entitled "Colpnia Dignidad - Ger- peared in Counterspy voZ.3 no.3. For rea- man Model Farm in Chile - a Torture camp ·sons of aZarity, some of the infomiation of the DINA" in March 1977. The booklet provided in that artiaZe is repeated here.)charged that Colonia Dignidad, located · 400 km. south of Santiago, Chile near In the beginning the case seemed to be t6wn of Parral, was (or is) being used as an ordinary libel suit. By now, it has a conc�ntratlon camp by the Chilean se- �urned into a major affair involving pub- cret police DINA (now renamed CNI). Colo­ lie figures like the West German ambassa- nia Dignidad officials charge the booklet dor to canada, Erich Straetling; Gerhard is a complete fabri�ation. Mertins, the director of the scandal-rid- - Coloriia. Dignidad was founded in 1961 by den arms tra�ing company Merex; a number west Germans coming from the town Qf of West German Christian Democrats; and Siegburg near Bonn. They belong to a possibly even Franz Josef Strauss, West small sect whose ideology is a mixt,,re of Gl:!rman candidate for chancellor,. presi- fundamentalist "Christianity" and, a Nazi- dent of the conservative Christian so- · type political belief. Today there are cial Union (CSU) and governor of Bavaria. over 250 p�ople, almost ail West German This libel suit began just a few weeks citizens in Colonia Dignidad, and· a few \ .42"' - Counterspy

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sect.members have remained in Siegburg. "plann�d event": "It might sound ridicu­ According to various reports, including lous", he says, "but compared to Colonia testimonies from the few members who have Dignidad, Villa Grimaldi (another DINA tor­ been able to leave the group, members are ture center where he had been kept before) suppressed by the leadership of .the sect was a place to relax." through a rigid system of surveillance zott managed to es�ape the fate of per­ and control under the pretext of reli­ haps hundreds of prisoners who have been gious obedience. The leaders administer killed in Colonia Dignidad and was taken beatings and drugs, among other things, from there to yet another detention center. to keep the people quiet. _Eventually, he was released and had to T})e United N?tions Economic and Social flee his country. Council describes Colonia Dignidad as "a On October 30, 1979, zott was called large agricultural and cattle farm•••• again to tEstify in the court in Bonn. He which includes land in the Andean moun.­ recognized the second person in the wit- tains right up to the Argentinian border. ·ness stand right away. He was Samuel ••• According to one source of informa­ Fuenzalida Devia - the same person who had tion, many of the people of the list of been one of his 'DINA guards in Villa 119 prisoners who have disappeared were in Grimaldi. As it turned out, Fuenzalida's Colonia Diqnidad and it is possible that testimony provided vital confirmation of they are still there." (Report E/CN.4, Amnesty International's case against.Col­ para.129,. 4/4/1976) onia. Dignidad. For he, unlike the fre­ Another UN report suggests that Colonia quently blindfolded and tortured prison­ Dignidad also serves as a laboratory de­ ers had wiBnessed operations there from a signed to perfect the "science" of torture. p�ivileged perspective of a DINA officer. "Prisoners have allegedly been subjected After a tour of service in the 1\rmy, to different 'experiments' without any in­ Fuenzalida had joined CINA in November terrogation; to 'tests' of the limits of 1973 and was welcomed into his new job by resistance to different methods of torture; General Manuel Contreras himself. To pre­ to 'experiments' to drive detainees crazy pare him for se�vice Fuen�alida attended through administration of drugs••• " (Pro­ three months course of study on the "meth­ tection of Human Rights in Chile, A31/253, ods of repression" in Las Rocas de Santo para. 171, p. 97, 10/8/1976) Domingo. These two UN reports are but a small Once trained, Fuenzalida was cons"ider"ed part of the evidence offered by Amnesty In­ a full member of the DINA and assigned to ternational. However, a West German judge, the Brigada de Inteligenc�a Metropolitana Dr. Fuchs decided that AI "could not prove (BIM, a sul::x:1epartment of the DINA) under their accusations sufficiently", and the command of DINA general, Manuel granted a temporary injunction which for­ Manriquez. There, in Fuenzalida's own bade AI to state.that Colonia Dignidad was words, "I was to practice what I had a torture camp and banned the distribution learned: psychological warfare, combating of 'the booklet. (In'terestingly enough, the .the guerillas, infiltration of the popula­ same Dr. Fuchs.was a member of the Nazi tion. We had also been trained in hand-to­ Party under Hitler.) hand combat." First Fuenzalida was sent Since this original injunction in April, to.#90 Marcoleta Street, DINA general 1977, courts in Bonn have held a number of headquarters in Santiago. Later he was sessions and heard witnesses testifying on transferred to the headquarters qf opera­ behalf of Amnesty International. Among tion, officially called IITerra Nova", but them were seven Chileans, who say they better known as Villa Grimaldi. were tortured in �lonia Dignidad. Fuenzalida's first inside view of the One of them is Erick zott. In January Colonia was in Jul.y 1974. With a Captain 1975 he was arrested by the DINA and tak.en of the DINA, Fuenzalida first went to the to.various detention centers, where he was detention center CUatro Alamos to fetch a severely tortured. At one point, he was prisoner who went by the name of ,"Laro transferred. to "The Germans", as his guards .Matias". Tlle son of a Department of De­ called it. "The Germans", zott found out, fense official, "Laro Matias" was a member lived in Colonia Dignidad. He was h�ld qf the MrR (Movimiento Izquierda Revoluci­ there for several days and tortured in a onaria - Left Revolutionary Movement). His way he describes as "scientific", "much real name is Alvaro Modesto Vallejas worse th.an anything before", and as 'a Villagran•. He is listed as one o£ the more Counterspy - 43

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. , I • than 2,000 disappeared. Samuel Fuenzalida De�ia now lives in - Fuenzalida knew "Loro Matias" well since west Gei:many. Unsatisfied with his "jc;,b", he himself had spied·on him before he was he left DINA and Chile at the .end of 1975. arrested. When Fuenzalida went to get him· other parts of the story on Colonia Dig­ ("We took him from Cuatfo�amos in hand- nidad were pieced together when Juan Rene cuffs ••• He was completely broken. He had M\µ\oz Alarcd'n, like Fuenzalida a former . been tortured. To� much had happened to -Dht,A agent, was assassinated in Santiago 1') .him to let him free again. he knew that ,iin October 1977, four months· after he had Vallejas had been select� for "Puerto left DINA and given testimony there to a Montt". This - was the D::tNA ter!ll used to in- Chilean- ch,1rch organization. dicate tha:t a prisoner was to be killed on ·Mufioz s�ated it was in Colonia Dignidad land •. (Another term, "Ia. Moneda", meant· that he w,as ,taught to interrogate people that a prisoner was to be killed by being and *ive� "training sessi�ns and lectures dropped from an ait:plane into the sea.) about tl'le working· methods of1'the secret po- After arriving in Dignidad, the DINA f"P- lice";. Iii'also said that at the time· (June • tain and Fuenzal,ida put "Loro Matias" i'.n a ·1977, wneh he g�e his testimony) , there · Mercedes Benz which belonged to· the Colo- , were1_112 �risoners in Colonia Dignidad·. nia. The captain got into the Mercedes as (Mufloz'-s,-statement, reprinted iri full well, together with a German.from Dignidad lel}.9th in the December, 1978 issu� of Coun­ who was· generally 1:eferred to as the "pro- terSpy mag�J:ine, provides valuable informa- . fessor", and "seemed to be the head of the tion on DUJA actions and its collaboration Colonia Dignidad" • ( In the courtroom in with the U � S. CIA.} Bonn, Fuenzalida was .able to identify the As if it were not enough that the Chilean "p:rofessor" on a photo - he is Paui Schae- gov�rl)ment·was using Colonia Dignidad as a fer himself, the· head· and·founder of the torttu.'e and·concentration camp, information colony.} that became available during the co1.2.rse of Fuenzalida was later led into .a dini:qg the trial ... which is now in its fourth year room, and_even though jt was already past - proves that West Ge�n governmenta1 of­ _midnight, he was invited for a meal. After ficials and high ranking members of the· a-few minute�, the captain and the "pro- �est German· Christian Democrats have been fesso�" carq,e into the room, indicating and are ,directly involved �n aiding Colonia that AlV;�ro Vallejas had been killed. When Dignidad. Fuenzalida returned to S.antiago, he no- One of the most vocal supporters is Erich ticed that "Loro Matias''' card had disap- Straetling, formerly West German ambassador peared from the catalogue of prisoners. to Chile and now pursuing his• diplomatic Some weeks later, Samuel Fuenzalida. went career in C&nada.•He was a guest of Colonia 1 j ·to the Colonia a second time. He had been Dignidad s·1eader, Pau! Schaefer, in Novem­ sent on a DI�A mission 'to'southern Ch'ile I ber l 976� Naturally, he didn't notice that ·and on the way back he stopped in Parrai Dignidad was us�d �s a torture camp and had where he talked tp the DINA agents there�. nothing. but praise for the "model farm" They 1 told him that "up there with the GerZ- after his one'day/ visit. Straetling stated mans" the interrogations were more "psy- ,. flatly that the � accusat:i,on's were com-­ chological" - more scientific. They- illso. f pletely false. · said that the pri.soners who were killed.- ih Reports on tort\ire in Colonia Dignidad by ·oignidad were buried on Colonia Dignidad· and inqui,ries West German citizens about grounds near the mountains. mistreatment of their relatives who were'· When it was night, Fuenzalida went to members of the Colonia Dignidad sect were the Coloni� with two other DINA of�icers. generally suppressed in the west German em­ One of them conducted interrogations there bassy in Chile. Embassy odicials often tog(i!tl'ier with a Brazilian. (Several granted Dignidad leaders special favors in prisoners who were tortured in the CQlonia matters such as passport renewals. Erich had testified that a man with a Portuguese Straetling went so faYi as to offer that }?,e ilccent took part, 'in their interrogation.} would be willing to testify in a West Ger­ They went to Dignidad to get some "par-_ , man court on behalf of the Colon.:l:a Digni- , eels" (prisoners}. However, the prisoners dad. In addition, information obtained by were not there and Fuenzalida was iµvited the Siegburger Presse indica�es that to stay over night, which he did• .He went Straetling is also a member of a recently back to Santiago the next �Orning. created "Friendship Circle Colonia Digni- ·44 CountePSpy

Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 dad", which has taken on the task of de- time, quite a few questions abou.t the fending the Colonia. real nature of Colonia Dignidad are still other persons �ho have visited Coloni� unanswered. Dignidad and praised it as a "Gernia� mod­ According to several reports, including el farm" are represe�tati.ves of the state an article in the Washington� in Feb­ government of Bavaria and officials fran ruary this year, Colonia Dignidad has .a the CSU-controlled Hanns Seidel Stiftung man·sion in Santiago "filled with elec­ (foundation). Another supporter of the tronic. equipment. The house has high Christian Democrats, Gerhard Mertins of walls and an unlisted telephone, some­ Merex, received a vary favorable iJJlpres­ thing that is normally prohibited by sion of the work of.the Colonia Dignidad Chile's -military government." Washington people. He prais�d the camp as a very im­ Post reporter Charles Krause was threat­ ·portant factor in its geographical area. eneci' with arrest by undercover police of­ In general, Mer.tins supports tlie govern­ ficers when he tried to enter Dignidad, ment of General Pinochet and says it is and his film was taken away. improving the social situation of the According to Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesen­ Chilean people "day by day". thal as well as the FBI there is evidence Wolfgang Vogelgesang, another CSU offi­ that Josef Mengele, who is r�sponsible· cial, ·was invited by Colonia Dignidad for the deaths of hundred thousands of leaders to visit for a few days in late Jews in the Nazi period, was hiding in 1979. He enjoyed his time there and wrote eoionia Dignidad. This charge has been after his return that Colonia Dignidad is denied vehemently by q>lonia Dignidad "hope for Germany. People there live from leaders. the past, and think like Franz Josef How long can Colonia Dignidad hold out Strauss •••• " against the mounting evidence against itl Strauss• mouthpiece,. the right wing Ba­ One reason it has been able to hold out yernkurier also defends Dignidad and sees so far is certainly its friendship t;,tith in it a "benefactory institution, clean­ the Chilean government (including Gener• liness, order. And much love and a moth­ al .�inochet who visited the yamp in 1974) erly atmosphere." and high ranking and prominent West Ger­ The trial in Bonn continues,,and man politicians and diplomats. One won­ chances have increased that the judges ders, however, when they will get cold will be forced to reverse 1 their decision -feet. After all, it's not good publicity and allow distribution of the Anu'lesty In­ to be known as a friend of people who run ternational l.,ooklet again. In the mean- a torture camp for the Chilean military dictatorship. U.S.Rank and·File: BanAIFLD in El Salvadorby FrankArnold

(Ed. note: Frank Amotd is Secretru>y­ The resolution points out that the Hu­ Treasuroer of the Southwest Labor Studies man Rights Commission of the Archdiocese Association a:na a member of the Intema-' of San Salvador has documented 3509 as­ tionai Association of Machinists and Aero­ sa:Jsinations along with hundreds of il­ space Workers AFL-CIO.) legal detentions and disappeared persofis ;n El Salvador from the October 1S, 1979 inception of the present Salvadorean re­ A resolution calling1 on the AFL-CIO Ex­ ecutj.ve Council to ' dj.sassociate itself gime to June 21, 1980. A majority of from the AIFLD (American Institute for these human rights violation� have been Free Labor Development) program in El directed against the working people, ac­ Salvador" was adopted without dissent on cotding to the resolution. The bombings September 15, 1980 by the Central Labor of the Coca Cola and the Electrical Council of Santa Clara County AFL-CIO. Workers, union halls during the week of Counterspy - 45 Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 · Approved For Release 2010/06/03 : CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0

Clara County to send a·resolution to the Victor Reuther, International Director, AFL-CIO in Washington, D.C. asking them ' united Automobile Workers (in .Q!l company 5/16/80, "to provide information that will enable Business, Part II, , produced by this Council to reaffirm the integrity and WNET/13): .tiur J0::c;s of "·. hi.r::1;i 1 t.he AFL-CIQ in foreign, as if one Zooks at the Zong Ust of well as in domestic affairs ••• " In re­ co'l'pot-ations that initia7,7,y contribut_ed sponse to that resolution·AIFLD Executive to the establishment of the AF of L's Director William.c. Doherty, J�., a�d an American Institute for Free Labor Devel­ ·assistant flew out to San Jose and ad­ opment it incZudes not only United Fruit, dressed the Council at a packed meeting in but a'l,so Anaconda Coppet1 and1 a whol� a way many who attended felt was intimi­ strin(J of U.S. oo:rpor-ations that have dating rather.than reaffirming. never voZuntarily aocepted t'/J,eir ob7,iga­ · Much new infonnation about AIFLD has tion to pay decent wages·_and provide been uncovered since 1974 including that good wor-king conditions in the United contain� in the recent three-hour docu­ States. They always had to be foroed to mentary ,2!l company Business shown on pub­ d,o it•through unton: organi2ing and lic television. The documentary examines strike action, eta., and why suddenly in considerable detail the AIFLD-CIA con­ these corporate interests shouZd be em­ nection and includes interviews with broaed as aZZies arid.be foisted on Latin Victor Reuther and others who had intlmate American ·· Zabor- Ol' �y other Amel'ican 7,a.:. • ••· knowletlge of that connec:::tion. bor groups as peopZe ivith ar-eden­ Given 1 the new documentation' and consid- tiaZs suitab7,e for picking futUl'e t�ade ering the fact that several international union Zeaders and training them, this is union� have taken, or are considering tak­ beyond my i'rragination." ing, positions opposing the political use of AIFLD; the AFL-C�O reaction to'the 1980 Santa Clara County Labor Council resolu1 June 26 to July 3, are cited as ex­ tion will be an indicato� of the relative amples of such violations. The.AIFLD strength of the minority of progressiv:es "has not condemned the$e violations of·· on the AF�CIO Executive Council. human and workers' rights," according to the resolution • . This is possibly the fi�st t�e � lsraefs AFL-CIO Central Body has made such a Pentagon Papers strong recommendation en the AIFLD to Israel's S�aed Terrorism the AFL-CIO Executive Council. Neverthe­ "a valuable service ..·. to those who are less, AIFLD has stirred sdme controversy lnterested in discovering the real world within the labor movement generally at that lies behind 'official history.'•., 1973 least since· the overthrow pf the -from Noam Chomsky's lnll'Oduclion democratically elected government of. Moshe Shareu, -brael's first foreign mir.iister and prime minister Salvador Allende in Chile� It is well from 1955 to 1955, kept a personal diary-a day-to-day candid known there has.been serious·discussion recordof how key Israeli policy decisions were made.Long kept of AIFLD within several AFL-CIO unions · wipublisbed, the diary reveals how Israel's "security establish­ in· recent years due to t�e development ment," men like David Ben-Gurion, Arik Sharon and Moshe Dayan, sought to destabilize neighboring Arab ��untries of information on the political use of through covert military operations and terrorist acuvlly, and AIFLI1·by agencies of the,u.s. government plotted the takeover of South Lebanon,the West Bank a�d Gaza. Italian journalist Livia . Rokach's thoughtful analysis of the _ and the feeling by some tha� an agency Sharell diary and other key documents shatters longstanding that has representatives of many of the myths about Israel and its security needs. Israel's Sacred major multi-nationals with interests in Terrorism lays bare the politicaltrend in Israel that, in the words of a troubled Moshe Sharett, raises terrorism and "revenge" to a Latin America and the caribbean on its "moral .· ..and even sacred principle." Board of Directors. (as AIFLP does) might Order from: r:iot be truly interested in."free trade Association of Arab American University Graduates uni9nisin". .-"ri".- 556 Trapelo Road, Belmont, MA 02178 (617) 484-5485 I ,e�H Prepaid orders only. Add $.40 for postage, '!'he publication in 1974 of information � Free catalogue of publications available upon r«-quest. linking the AIFL� to the CIA and to the overthrow of the 'Al+ende government in­ spired the Central tabor Council of Santa 46 - Counter>Spy . I

Ap�roved For Releas� 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 ' \ Approved For Release 2010/06/03: CIA-RDP90-00845R000100150001-0 �en Letterto the ·Labor Movement by Richard Hobbs

(Ed. note: This Open Letter was pre­ ers, public employees, teachers, students, sented as a background paper for the reso�· small merchants, and unidentified persons lution on AIFLD which was adopted by the were assassinated from Jan. 1 to Auu.11 of Central Labor Council/of Santa Clara Coun­ this year, ad, of them directly.by the ty AFL-CIO as described in the preceding armed £orces of the junta and the rest by story. It refers to an article by Roy right-wing paramilitary groups supported Prosterrnan and Mary Temple in the AFL­ by the junta ? Shouldn't American workers CIO's Free Trade Union News defending know chat neither the State Department nor u.s.-inspired "land reform" in El Salva­ the AFL-CIO have protested this.massive dor. violation of human rights ? Shouldn't Richard Hobbs is a delegate to the American workers know that the British La­ Central Labor Council of Santa Clara Coun­ bour Party, �he West German Social Demo­ ty, and a member of the International cratic Party, and the three largest Ita­ Brotherhood of Teamsters, Local 6?9 as lian trade union federations have pro­ well as COPE Chairperson of the Executive tested these tactics of terror of the Sal­ Board, American Federation of Teachers, vadorean junta ? Local 95?.) Shouldn't American workers know that at / the time the Prosterman-Temple article was The June 1980 article written by RDy written, Amnesty International (in its Prosterman and Mary Temple for the AFL-CIO June 24 letter to Secretary of State Free Trade Union News represents an at- Edmund Muskie) protested that "Since the 3 'tempt to confuse American workers on the January 1980 resignation of much of the question of El Salvador through a careful Salvadorean government -- on human rights selection of one-sided data and arguments. grounds -- at least 2,000 Salvadoreans Not only is the blood on the hands of the have been killed or 'disappeared' while in salvadorean junta cleansed and its undemo­ the hands of conventional and auxiliary cratic 1\ature absolved by the thrust of security forces in El Salvador. Many were the Prosterman-Temple article, but wild tortured and savagely mutilated -- arms insinuations and doubtful representation lopped off, flayed, beheaded." ? Shouldn't of facts interspice the presentation on American workers know that (according to "Land Reform il'l El Salvador". Amnesty International) "in the cities, Evidence available at the time of the membership of a union, a neighborhood as­ writing of the Prosterman-Temple article sociation, a church group or a political and more evidence accumulated since then party ••• makes one liable to detention and suggests that the AFL-CIO should disasso­ murder••• "? Shouldn't American workers ciate itself from the AIFLD program in El know that on the very day in March that Salvador. the agrarian reform was decreed by the Why the facade ? Shouldn't American governing Salvadorean junta, all civil workers know that since December 1931, liberties were suspended, and Salvadorean

during 49 arduous years for Salvadorean workers0 continue to live under a State of workers, no free elections have been held? Siege ? Shouldn1t American workers know Shouldn't American workers know that the that,dozens of trade union halls have been present military members of the junta destroyed since the junta took power less were part of the same.armed forces that in than a year ago ? Shouldn't American work­ 1973 and 1977 committed gross electoral ers know,that the AIFLD consultant in El .fraud ? Should't Am�ri'can workers know Salvador Roy Prosterman is known for his that according to the Legal Aid Office of role in the South Vietnamese agrarian pac­ the Archdiocese of San Salvador (whose ification program called "The Land of the claims have never been refuted by the jun­ Tiller" ? None of this is mentioned in the ta), 3,425 farmworkers, industrial work- Prosterman-Temp�e article. Counterspy - 47

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Instead, Temple and Prosterman leave In terms of the agrarian reform itself, American workers with the unambiguous con­ the AIFLD material for the Con?ressional clusion that the AIFLD rural program in El Record (5/12/80) states that " ••• within a Salvador is "crucial to the development of year El Salvador wiil begin to experi� a broadly supported democratic government" ence an economic miracle with the poten� and without it, we will have "the probable tial to become the Japan of Central Ameri­ victory of a far left so extreme the com­ ca". The Prosterman-Temple· article also parison with Pol Pot's reign in Cambodia alludes to "new Japan-style economic de­ would not be far-fetched.u velopment" in El Salvador and clearly in­ The late Archbishop of San Salvador, sinuates that El Salvador's agrarian pro­ Msr. Oscar Romero, who was mysteriously cess can follow the same path as the u.s. assassinated by members of a rightwing Homest.ead Act of 1862.

paramilitary1 group while under watch by Aside from the fact that neither Japan the Salvadorean arm�d forces, character­ nor the U.S. were strapped with the need ized the agrarian reform promoted by the to pay a high percentage of debts to the junta 1 and the AIFLD as one of "reform and International Monetary Fund {IMF) in ex­ repression", since 90 farmworkers were I port earnings {in this sense, the Peruvian killed in the week following the March 6 land reform failure with its present as­ an�ouncement of the reform. In the middle tronomical inflation rate and high indebt­ of that bloody week, a leading member of edness to the IMF' represents a much more ·the Christian Democratic Party who had likely' example of the proba,bly outcome o.f been a member of the junta, Hector Dada the Salvadorean reform), the following Hirezi, resigned from the junta, stating, three sets of quotations from a U.S. Gov­ "How is the present process going to be ernment Memorandum dated August 8, 1980 successful if farmwor1

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accumulated se;eral manzanas in the coun­ tributable? tryside as a type of social security. Are The U.S. Government Memorandum, written the lands of these people to be expropri­ after the Prosterman-Temple article, ated?" points to the real possibility of "the "In some cases 1-2 manzana milpas are creation of an impossibly complex land being rented in these admittedly non-via­ registry snarl." How does this coincide ble units. They may well find it diffi­ with the Prosterman-Temple statement that cult to join a land reform cooperative. the reform has "transferred ownership of Should ownership to these lands be the land they cultivate to ••• 150,000 granted?" campesino families"? "The point ••• is that the losers in this Whereas the June article by Prosterman process may well be simply others in the' and.Temple states that all expropriations very poor sector of the economy. In this of land above 500 hectares were completed sense El Salvador is very different from at that time, the August U.S. Government Japan and other parts of Southeast Asia Memorandum says that this process "is al­ and, indeed, quite different from other most finished". Why this discrepancy? Latin American countries that do not have �nally, the conclusion of the Temple­ the extreme pressure on the land that ex­ Proster1..aan article points to "the impor­ ists there." tance of genuine grass roots participation c) In July, well informed,u.s. oberv­ in the formulation and implementation of ers in El Salvador.reported that "The cre­ rural development policies." Aside from ation of an impossibly complex land regis­ the fact that El Salvador is under a State try snarl as perhaps 200,000 or more par­ of Siege since the day the land reform was s suddenly need definition, registry, cel decreed, aside from the fa9t that (as the and mortgage management is a real possi­ the bility. Similarly, credit, input delivery u.s. Government Memorandum admits) of the Tiller program was "decreed nd especially marketing systems must be I.and a without advance discµssion", other evi­ created for the beneficiaries who formerly dence casts clouds of doubt upon the in. many cases depended on their patronos . " n-Temple statement. First of all, for such services. Prosterma same Memorandum states that Phase One These quotes from an August 8, 1980 U.S. the "has been carried out with military help". ·Government Memorandum, written two months secondly, when Jorge Villacorta, Undersec­ following the Prosterman-Temple a�ticle, retary of Agriculture, resigned from the throw grave doubts upon the viability of junta the week following the agraria re­ the "Japan-style" agrarian reform process. � form decree, he stated that: "It is im­ Why should the AFL-Cib be sponsoring an possible to work in that situation because AIFLD program in El Salvador which is con­ there is no possibility of (the Ministry sidered a "misguided and U.S. imposed ini­ of Agriculture and the Institute of g ar­ tiative", one which "was decreed without � � ian Reform) participating in the decision­ dvance discussion"? Why should the AFL­ a making process. The result is that the CIO sponsor an AIFLD program in which ''the government is losing the minimal support losers may well be simply. others in the it once had and the leadership of the re­ very poor sector of the economy"? Why form is falling completely under the con­ should the AFL-CIO sponsor an AIFLD pro­ trol of the right." gram which would tie small-landowners to Third, according to the U.S. Ec en cal the land (for 30 years) and not provide � � am for Inter-American Conununicati,on them with cheap and adequate credit, Progr report entit ed History tools, seed, fertilizer, and distribution and Action (EPICA) � U.S. Involvement in the ethods? and Motivations of m Peasant Movement in El Sal­ According to the same U.S. Government �trol of the military and para-military Memorandum, the first phase of the agrari­ �--'vador "The out this reform wit'h a an r.eform (expropriating holdings a'.bove Zorces are carrying makes the repression of hectares) covers "about 240 holdings" ruthless�ess that soo and the Romero gov­ This August memorandum contradicts the the past latifundistas ernment (1977-79) appear moderate and re­ June Prosterman-Temple artic_le, which comparison. It is important states that the March 5 decreed land re­ strained by to understand that form has "transferred ownership of the for North Americans is an imposed reform, forced upon the 376 holdings above 1,200 acres (500 hect­ this and upon the ares)."• To what is this difference at- the salvadorean military Counterspy - 49

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people by u.s. fiat." pearing in the Free Trade Union News Fourth, �PICA cites internal sources as Prosterman-Tem.ple article. Doesn'tthis stating that only well-known members of graphically illustrate what the u:s. Gov­ -the UCS (Union Communal Salvadorena, ernment Memorandum refers to as a per­ funded and founded by the AIFLD) and ORDEN ceived "U.S. inspj.red initiative"? (the right-�ing paramilitary group, now According to · the �y Oongres,sional �­ called the Nationalist Democratic Front, � article, reprinted as a courtesy by r�sponsible for hundreds of assassina­ the AIFLD, the U.S. Agency for Interna­ tions) are•receiving land from the junta tional Development has granted $1 million reform. Amnesty International also makes to the AIFLD for the UCS during this reference to this UCS-ORDEN-Junta al� year. The EPICA reports states' tha.t the liance. top two floors of the Slieraton Hotel in Fifth, the May EPICA report states that San Salvador were occupied after the coup "Roy Prosterman••• ·h� a direct phone' c::on­ "i� droves" by "large numbers of AIFLD nection with the Supreme Command (of the personnel". And yet when I spoke to Jack Salvadorean Armed Forces)", and concludes Heberle, Head of Information Services of that the agrarian reform is "another U.S. the AIFLD in Washington, D.C., on July 8, pacification program aimed at forcing some he said that AID was funding only'one North American version of progress upon AIFLD position in El Salvador. Can you ex­ the Salvadorean people through force .• " How plain this apparent paradox? do these reports, which need to be an­ To �onciude this set of inqui�ies, it is swered one at a time, coincide with "genu­ reported that the Standard Oil Company of ine grass roots participation in the for­ New Jersey, the First National City Bank, mation and implementation of rural devel­ the Standard Fruit Company, and Crown opment policies"? Zellerbach have co-sponsored the AIFLD and one other agrarian reform-related item have helped it financially and organiza­ needs further explanation. In 1977, when tionally. These four corporations, operat­ John Strasma, Professor of Economics at ing in El Salvador at the present time, the University of Wisconsin, performed an would appear to have little interest in independent audit-investigation of the protecting free labor development. Do we ucs, he stated that the AIFLD was aware of ask their ioard.of Directors to �erve as the �isappropriation of funds by UCS lead­ advisors to union negotiators when we U.S.' er and AIFLD field representative Tito trade unionists are negotiating a con­ a:tstro. and. •, did-nothing·about it. In fact, tract? Do our unions seek their financial Michael Hammer, AIFLD's regional· director backing? This is the question which must for t:entral,America, defended Castro. be asked in El Salvador, when AIFLD-backed Strasma's findings included the following organizations such as the UCS seek to pro­ statements: "Tito Castro has ·falsified far tect truly independent and free trade more documents, and has 'pocketed substan­ union· objectives. Is this not,a clear con­ tial amounts of Foundation (the Interamer­ flict of interest in El Salvador'? ican Foundation, also a supporter of UCS) - According to the International Labor Or­ money. Rodolfo Viera, in close_ alliance ganization and OrgaJ;lization of American with Tito, appears to have pocketed even States charters, workers have the right to more funds ••• Neither -castro nor Rodolfo associate, organize, and administer their Viera-should be financed in any way by own activities freely. 'All of this, and u.s� tax payer funds until restitution has even the right to life, have been denied ; been made; AIFLD should terminate them as Salvadorean workers, except for small U.S. quit!kly as possible." and junta-backed organizations. on August· Three questions prise: a) Sr.ouldn't the' 22 the Secretary General of the Union of AFL'-CIO disassociate itself with these,, Electrical Workers (STECEL) and the Secre­ mis�opriators of u.s:. tax dollars? b) tary General of the National Federation of Can -Rodolfo Viera, named by,the junta as Salvadorean Workers (FENASTRAS) were ar­ the head of th� Institute of Agrarian Re­ rested, and the following day a junta de­ form', be t::bnsidered· an honest and reliable cree militarized all public state services -AFL--CIO/AIFLD inspiration to American inc'iuding the Sul:ministry of Water (ANDA), workers? c) Michael Hammer of the AIFLD , Communications (ANTEL), Electrical Energy } appears in..,a photograph as an advisor to (CEL), and tJie .ports (CEPA). The bombings Viera in an April 20 meeting in El Salva� of union halls continue. The State of dor on the agrarian reform, the photo ap- Siege continues. 50 - Counter.>Spy

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Excuse the polemical and at timeq rhe­ dor. The simplest of trade' union princi­ torical style used in this letter, to ples require that we break relations with which I hope you will respond. I am upset the AIFLD program in El Salvador, as the by what is happening in El Salvador and I National Council of Churches has called feel our trade union dues and taxpayers for, and that we condemn the anti-union, money should in no way back up what is oc- anti-life strategies of the current Salva­ 9urring in the little country of El Salva- dorean regime. RightwingTerror in Guatemala by JohnClements

(Ed. note: John CZements works for news was published of a further crackdown PeopZe'a TransZation Service and writes on the trade unions by the Guatemalan for Newsfront International,.) military� Another recent event -- which has yet to Guatemala� undoubtedly, is an area of be reported by the U.S. press -- adds sub- mounting concern for U.S. policy makers. stantial detail to Villagran's accusations It is located close to the oilfields in of deep government involvement in the sys­ Mexico, it borders civil war-torn El Sal- tematic terrorism which the Guatemalan vador, and, until recently, was regarded Commission on Human Rights says leaves as a country with a stable, pro-u.s. gov- eight to twelve mutilate� bodies along the ernment. Today, the fabric of that au� .streets and roads of Guatemala each day. thoritarian government is unraveling. It The Guatemalan lnterior Ministry's Press is important to know why the Guatemalan Secretary, .Elias Barahona y Barahona, dis- military is losing its hold on the popu- closed at a press conference in Panama, on lation ••• why the majority Indian popu- September 4, 1980 that he had been an in- lation -- after centuries of induced pas- filtrator for the Gu�rilla Army of the sivity and decades of military dictator- Poor (EGP), an armed leftist organization. ships -- is joining factory workers and The press conference was reported by Inter students to take up arms in increasing Press Service, a Third World news agency, numbers with the goal of overthrowing the distributed in the U.$. by Interlink-Press government. Service. The former confidant of high gov- Guatemalan Vice-President Francisco ernment leaders in Guatemala's military Villagran Kramer's resignation early Sep- regime told the IPS Panama City correspon- tember, 1980, while not unexpected, has dent .that he had taken the job in the In- injured the government's legitimacy both' terior Ministry with the approval of the at home and abroad. When he announced his le,adership of the EGP in order to "tell resignation (from Washington, D.C. out of the world" what is going on in his country rear for his life) Villagran pointed to He makes the following accusations: Four cpntinued and massive human rights viola- years ago, _when �e began his work in the tions as his reason for leaving. The for- Interior Ministry, under instructions from mer Vice-Pres�dent, considered a moderate the �inister of Interior, Cqlonel Donaldo in Guatemala, frequently had accused the Alvarez Ruiz, Barahona savs he wrote com- military government of General Romeo muniques the "Secret Anti-Communist Lucas Garcia of killing off its political Army" (ESA), using ESA letterhead station-- opposition. In March of this year ary. Alvarez also showed him letterhead Villagran told the press "there are no stationary from the "Squadron of Death", political prisonars in Guatemala, only the other main rightist group. These two politic al murders.". Amnesty International groups, says IPS's Arqueles Morales, are has made the same accusation a ..number · of responsible for some 2,000 deaths over the times. Former Vice-President Villagran past three month�. announced his�resignation shortly after Barahona says that the leadership of the Counterspy - 51

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·'u �Zey: "In the monthil.' foZZo111ing the- stNets of-Guatemaia� City. Russian I , �,-.· 1P63 coup in Ir-an, the White House lJJeapons ·were my,t,rtousty dztopped from 4"4.ths CIA wezte riunning 48 Tfl(J.Jor covert unmarked planes. Al'bems irn,i.sted they �ji,ona� David PhiZUps was on·the team came from provooateurs trying to dis- that overth,r,ew the govemmt!lnt of Guate- credit him. SmaZZ bands.of zeebeZs were �la in .i954." provided arms· by the CIA. The leader of ()al)i4 Phil Zips: "The Cold War was· ' the opposition forces �ii·said to have. vel'f:(, very hot indeed. There was no , only a few hund!'ed fottOuJers, but CIA que,tum about what American po Ziaymak- broadcasts announced that Zarge rebe Z si,a 1Janted 'in the world. And they saw · , forces were·conver-qing on Guatemala -something that frightened them in Cen- City. It was the big Zle, and it' wrked. tNZ America, and that was the asce�- President Al'bena panicked.· resigned 4¥ Qf a man - a Marxist-oriented, not a and {Led the country. rt He �lffl'IUnist - l eader in·that country, and David PhiZtips:' "Sq a government was thfy Jelt, as Eisenhower put it, there --¥:ihanged, and I think there's consider­ �utd be a Soviet .beachhead. It was de- able room for debate as to whether our aided - a d ecision was made that the country should do tnat sort of thing or, fi:J�ign policy would be to, using clan- not. 'In that particular case, f]Veryone , dfafine operations, to change that gov- approved thoroughly, I can pPomise you." t.,,.,,,,,ent• .,, , . Ed Bmdtey: "Ever-yone� in this case, · id �ley: "Was that the-z:r only con- was. Pl'esident Eisen'hotJer cu,d Secr-etary of a•m i.n Guatemala, the Russi.ans?" Stat;e John Foster DuUes." . PaVjd PhiZZips: "Ed, it would be dis.. Da vid PhitZips: "it was the easy way to "!"nest for �yone u1ho's spent 25 �ears do things ,, How much. more co�venient for a i.n the corri.dors of secl'et opemti.ons to President to.do something quietly, say that there aren't always othel' eon- u.s.without -having.to have the appPovaZ of si,d,er.at�ons.. Th�pe wel'e •considerations, bl anci appl'oval on- the pu ic the · of· the r: cf Am�ri.can busi.ness. Thaf:.'s been one of gress." the . things t1zat inte ZZi;J ence. has been _ Ed Bl'adZey: "Aftel' ths coup in Guatema- 4itaaked for. These- thi.ngs do .make. a Za, a mi'lital'y .junta took oVel'. Death dtfferaenae." . - . squads eUmina.ted the opposition. Xoday, .· �d Bl'adley: "The CIA .. u10u.Zd be used to that oountry is e,ti,1,Z. cme 0,f the most l'e- g•t rid of President Al'benz of Guatema- pressive and unstable in Latin America." Al'benz had legalized the Co�ist t4. taken over an American-owned ' Pariy, Return � � · ClA, as broadcast over �he lht:lted Fl'Uit Company plantation, and he. CBS Television,Network, 6/14/80; 10 PM, 1'(li moving towards Zand reform. Anti­ EDT, produced by 'ces NeWi9• ..U-bens demonstl'ators suddenly fiZZed

teir,orist groups is almost indistinguish- leader, Mario Sapdoval Alarcon, a former al:)le fran the leadership of the govern-. president_ of th:e country; COngressional ' mentc. Ile names the President Of the coun- Representative Lionel Sisnerootero; · try·, General Romeo Llicas Garcia, the Min- Miguel Ortiz Pasarelli; an· ex-pre ident of and p : ister of Defense and army Ch:i:e�-of-Staff, the Court of Justice, journalists G4tne1:al ReneMendoza Pal�o; Minister of Mario David Garcia and,1\ntonio Najera ·tt:1111 Interior Alvarez; fc;>:r:tl'.:,er presidents, · Saravia are agents <:>f the CIA in Guatema- · : ·c;enerJ1 Kjell Laugerud Garcia and General la� ·He states he can provide proof for carlot;t Arana Osorio; and.General Anibal · these charges although we have not been .· Gli.ev.-ra Rodriguez as the principal leaders able ,to reach him for that, purpose. · ofi,t,be terrorist organizatic;ms. iu:cording t.o Barahona, tna.: :r.ueas Ga;rcia . . �anona says he had··a close-up look at government "is organizing,and preparing' : CIA,�ctivities · in GuatEµilala. He says that, lllilita.:rily some 2;000 former Nicaraguan , in:•«s dit:lon to the u.s� ambas�ador, "In- National Guardsmen living in Guatemala in : te�ior ,-ti.nister· Alvarez maintained peri-· :>rder to attack Nicaragua.· He -aays it is ·· odic: contacts with Jim Danisis in the U.S. likely that they 'will first �ee battle in dipl�tic mission an�, on a higher level, .E� Salvador if the progressive forces 'witb'Julian Kilhewer, who is now in Mexi- start Willtling the ciyil war there. He adds

·· cc;,:!'··• .Barahona further. says that rightist that "the Director of ,Migrations, C9lonel · 6� .- CpunterSpy

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Raul Alvarez Baltatan told me that Presi- that, in his presence, Alvarez and Foreign dent Lucas Garcia ordered him to allow Minister Rafael Castillo Valdez each had {the 2,000 Nicaraguan nationals) to assume their secretary lie to the Spanish Ambas­ Guatemalan citizenship and join the Guate- sador to Guatemala, Maximo cayal y Lopez, malan Army." Barahona further asserts that who tried to reach them from the Embassy. the Guatemalan government and army are the cajal was told on several occasions.that linchpin of a plan whose first stage will the two ministers were out of their of-·.' be intervention in El Salvador but which fices. In fact, the two of them conferred is strategically aimed at Nicaragua. in the Interior Ministry, again, Barahona He also says the terrorist organizations says, in his presence, deciding along with under the control of the Guatemalan gov- President Lucas Garcia, to have the uni­ ernment, financed by some 250 plantation formed police force attack the Embassy. owners, have trained some 5,000 mercenar- 39 people died in that attack which left ies in their battle•against "subversion". the Spanish Embassy in ashes. Blaming the 200 elite Guatemalan officers, trained in fire on the peasants, Alvarez later told counterinsurgency, have been deployed to the press that Spanish Consul, Jaime del the Guatemalan-Salvadoran border to work Arbol, who died in the blaze, had autho:­ with the Salvadoran Army' as well,. accord- rized the attack. According to Barahona, ing to Barahona. Interior Minister Alvarez told him, laugh- Interior Minister Alvarez, says Barahona, ing, that "del Arbol can't deny it because told him that President Lucas Garcia has he's dead." received guarantees from the United States Elias Barahona y Barahona, age 37, was that "if a critical situation develops in head of his journalists' union when he El Salvador, Guatemala can depend on dis- took on the Interior Ministry job, four creet material, economic and logistic sup-_ years ago. Serving as press chief in the port for intervention in that country." Ministry all .that time, he must have won Through an agreement with the U.S., he the trust of the country's leaders as he says, Israel is supplying military equip- said he did but we may never get indepen- ment to make up for U.S. aid which has dent verification of these very serious been cut off.I Barahona claims personal charges. However, a look at press accounts -knowledge of So',000 rifles, 1,000 machine from all sides tends to support the gener­ guns, a million rounds of ammunition and al thrust of what he says. Even·the con­ several aircraft and helicopters which servative press in Honduras and Guatemala the Israelis have supplied to Guatemala. have quoted various military leaders from "The goal", he says, "is to have people those two countries and from El Salvador. believe that the United States is n� lon- to the effect that the U.S. military was ger the dominant force in Guatemala be- working behind the scenes to support "the cause of the apparent withdrawal of mili- war against subversion"; Salvadorean op- tary aid and technical assistance; but position leaders have long accused Israel this is not the case." Barahona quotes of.supplying arms to that country's mili- former Guatemalan Defense Minister, Gener- tary-civilian junta; Israeli military aid al otto Spiegler, who said publicly that to the deposed government of Anastasio the Guatemalan Armed Forces "receive in- Somoza has been documented by the Sandi­ directly technical and military aid from nista government in Nicaragua; and former the United States." Another part of indi- Guatemalan Vice-President Villagran and rect U.S. aid is, Barahona says, �ilitary Amnesty International have repeatedly and police training. for several hundred pointed the finger a.t the same generals Guatemalan offii::ers in Chile and Argenti• fhO Barahona definitively names as "the na. leaders of the rightist terrorist organi- On January 31, 1980f a peasant and stu- zations." dent occupation of the Spanish Embassy in Barahona depicts a conspiracy with solid Guatemala City began. According to . -- .i.f discreet -- connections to Washing- Barahona, when Interior Minister Alvarez ton. If his accusations are true, in spite informed President Lucas Garcia that a of the carter administration's official group of peasants and students had taken hands-off policy, the Guatemalan people over the Embassy, the President's response have �ne more reason to fight their gov­ was "Get them out of there, we can't allow ernment and the U.S. government in order focal points of agitation." Barahona says to achieve freedom from oppres�ion. Counterspy - 53

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The foliowing Guatemalan police offi­ 72); Jose Antonio Dardon Sosa (3/67-10/67); Euler Bernardo de Leon Diaz (ll/72-3/73)1 Oscar Rene de J:,eon c.ers received special, CIA directed Portillo (6-10/70); Mariano Efrain de Leon Rodriguez training in the U.S. from 1963 to 1974. (8-i2/72); Jacinto de Leon Sanchez (8-12/69); Their Office of Public Safety courses .in­ Jorge Fidel de Leon Sanchez (11/73-3/74); Carlos Enrique de Leon-Mena (4-6/74); Humberto de Paz cluded classes and training in Police In­ �ortillo (4-8/69); Eulalia Antonio del Cid Chinchilla telligence, Counterinsurgency Intelli­ (8-12/71); Silverio del Cid Cruz (5-9/67); Alejandro gence, Planning for Riot Control, Targets Diaz de la Cruz (10/69-2/70); Carlos Humberto Diaz Nurnberg (3-7/68); Marcello Alfonso Diaz:Munoz (4-8/ of I�surgency, Chemical Munitions, Explo­ 72); Rodolfq Diaz (10-12/72); Miguel Angel Eguizabal sives and Demolitions, Planning for Roit Orellapa '(10/70-4/71); Adolfo Elizondo (4-7/63); Jose c·ontrol, and Crowd and Mob Psychology. Antonio Escobar Catu (1-�/69); Santiago Espana-. Portillo (10/69-5/70); Ahal Esquivel Arana (�-9/67); In addition, for the CIA, the Office of. Tito Rene Esquivel Garcia (12/67-4/68)1 Francisco' Public Safety.program served as an excel­ Estrada Arriaza (10/68-2/69); Carlos Fernando Estrada Cabrera (12/�8�4/69);. Gilberto·Estrad� Castillo (6-10/ lent field for recruitment and for ex­ 69); Vidal Estrada Cobar (1-5/69); tending the CIA infrastructure in Guate­ Alejandre Estrada Herrera (4-7/63); Angel Mario mala •. Estrada Herrera (8-10/71); Enrique Estrada Navas (5-9/ Victor Manuel Abadia (9-12/70); Ruben Dario Aguilar 67); Rigoverto Estrada Salas (8-12/71); Julio Cesar Cifuentes (5-9/67)1 Jose Arnoldo Aguilar Flores (2-6/ Fernandez Cuellar (10/69-3/70); Carlos Francisco 72); Jorge Adolfo Aguilar OValle (4-7/63); Rene Prado Figuerda Gomez (1-5/71); Miguel Flores Giron (6-9/73)1 Aguillar (8-10/71); Oscar Annando Al.arcon Oscar Armando Flores Zuniga (3-7/70); Carlos Humoerto castellanos (1-5/72); Leocadio Alvarado Barrios (5/ Franco Mejia (1-4/63)1 Gregorio Saturnina Fuente 73); Domingo Alvarado cabrera (11/73-3/74); Emilio Godfnez (11/73-3/74)1 Candido casimiro Fuentes Alvarad� Chamale (2-6/72); Jose Luis Alvarado Garcia Navarro (1-2/63),; Luis Arturo Fuentes, (2-6/74) 1 Ramiro (12/68-4/69); Mario Raul Alvarado Juarez (4-8/67); Galvez Aquino (8-12/69); Julian Gamez Urizar (12/68-4/ Obispo Vidal Alvarado Reyes (12/68-4/69); Genaro 69); Romeo Gregoria Garcia Aguilar (11/68-2/69); Jorge Alivarado Robles (9-10/71); Miguel Angel Alvarado David Garcia Cabrera (6-9/72); Eliseo Garcia Hernandez Rosales (8-11/69) ; ·Miguel Angel Alvarado y Alvarado (1-5/71); Landelino Gar�ia Mayen (10/69-2/�0)1 Alfonso (3-7/70); 'Jose Felix Alvarez Arevalo (2-6/73); Garcia O�tiz (10-12/72)1 ·Leopoldo Alvarez Morales (4-7/63); Enrique Huinberto Ramiro Garcia Pernillo (2-6/13); Antonio Eristelio Anton Gordon (4-8/7l)i Adan Archila Martinez (8-12/69); Garcia (1-5/70)1 Jesus Raneo

Fuentes (7-11/70);I Armando Cruz Rodriguez (10/71-2/ 70);'Raul Mancilla Pineda (4-8/72'>1 Jose Cesario Mangandid Florian (10/68-2/69)1 Roberto Mariscal (12/ 54 Co7+nterSpy

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70>, Espana (11/72-3/73); Pedro Antonio Pineda Orozco (4-6/ Qarlos Rene Mazariegos (4-8/74); Oscar Arnoldo Mejia 74); Manuel Tomas Pinelo Sisniega (12/70); Barrios (4-8/67); Simon Oliverio Melendez Argueta (6- Aiancio de Jesus Pinto Migueroa (4-7/63); Eladio 10/68); Carlos Leonel Melgar Flores (4-7/63); Horse Antonio Pivaral Medina (1-5/74)1 Lisandro Prez Santos Enrique German Mendez cardona (1-5/72); Marcial Mendez (3-6/71); Gabriel Ramirez Rodas (4-8/72); Mario Cruz (7-11/67); Hector Domipgo Mendez Gomez (10/68-2/ Concepcion Ramirez Ruiz (3-7/70); carlos Humberto ·69); Mateo Mendez Gonzalez (6-10/73); Mario Edmando Ramos Moncada (5-9/71); Alfonso Recinos Gonzalez (8- Mendez Leiva (8-10/70); Maximiliano Israel Mendez 12/68); Benjamin Osiel Recinos Saenz (8-11/71); Merida (8-12/67); Juan Manuel Mendez Ortiz (8-12/73); Desiderio Reyes Lopez (5-9/71); Demetrio Reyes Secaida Carlos Humberto Mendoza Mazaya (9-12/71); Gustavo (4-8/69); Raul.Israel Rivera Espana (10/69-2/70); Adolfo Menendez (8-12/68); Ramiro Vic�nte Monroy (5- Marco Antonio Rivera Mejia (4-8/71); Hector Rene 9/67); ·Eduardo Ciriaco Monzon Hernandez (6-9/70); Rivera Mendez (6-8/68); Hector Rene Rivera Mendez (1-5/ Israel Morales Chinchilla (3-4/69); Manuel Angel · 72); Guillermo Robles Escobar (11/68-2/69); Silverio Morales Flores (4-7/72); Daniel Lopez Morales (7-11/ Roca Quiroa (4-8/67); Oscar Serafin Rodas Ramirez (l-5/ 70); Efrain Morales Lopez (3-6/71); 73); Victor Rene Rodriguez' Chicas (11/67-3/68); Manuel. Jose Raul Morales Martinez (2-6/73); Vicente Morales Maria Rodriguez Lopez (2-6/72); Monterroso (1/62-4/63); Vicente Morales Monterroso (3- Arturo Rodriguez Zea (6-9/70); Jose Humberto 4/69); carlos Roberto Morales Ordonez (11/68-2/69); Rodriguez (8-12/72); Francisco Roldan cabera (1-5/73); Rigoberto Morales Orellana (8-12/68); Jose Morales Adolfo Roldan Garcia (11/72-3/73); Juan de Dios Roldan Sagastume (5-9/71); Noe Morataya Gutierrez H0/71-2/ Garcia (2-6/72); Miquel Romulo Ronquillo Rossales (6- 72); Justo Rufino Morataya Perez (3-7/68); Victor 10/70); Santiago de Rosales Crisostomo (11/72-3/73); Manuel Moreira Morales (12/70-4/71); Victor Manuel Lazaro Rosales Urizar (3-7/68); Humberto Runge Ramirez Munoz Arevalo (1-4/63); Jose de los Santos Narvaez (4-8/69); Rodrigo Alejandeo Saenz Lemus (2-6/72); (10/68-2/69); Oscar Navas Aguilar (5-7/63); Francisco Factor Salazar Raxjal (4-8/71) 1 Rafael Antonio Salazar-· Antonio Noguera Ro�as (10/69-2/70); Eduardo Noriega Galvez (4-6/74); carlos Humberto Sanchez Ayala (7-11/ Urizar (7/70-11/70); Luis Enrique Ocana Corzo (8-12/ 70); Carlos Alberto Sanchez Mogollon (7-11/67); Sergio 69); Guillermo Enrique Ochoa Gutierrez (1-2/63); Edgar Hugo panchinelli Lemus (4-8/67); Carlos Manuel Sandoval Enrique Ogaldez Tinoco (12/70-4/71); Macario Efrain Martinez (8-12/67); Hector Anibal Sandoval Pinto (2/61- Oliva Muralles (4-8/71); casimiro Ordonez Cruz (6-10/ • 2/63); Carlos Alfredo Sandoval Pinto (10-12/72); 70>, Rogelio Sandoval Ramerez (1-5/71); Domingo Vicente Carlos Alberto Ordonez Mogollon (2-6/73); Al\led Sical Paiz (11/67-3/68); Carlos Alberto Solares Orellana Conde (11/72-3/73); Jorge Alfonso Oranella­ castillo (10/68-2/69); Pedro Solis Aceituno (9-12/71); Moran (4-6/74); Jose Diorticio Orizz Vazquez (6-10/68); Antonio Suarez Chinchilla (3-7/68); Margarito Uluan Miguel Angel Orozco Granville (8-10/70); Jose Ismael Gomez (9-12/71); Victor Daniel Valdez Lopez (1-5/70); Ortiz Mejia (8-10/71); carlos Alberto Padilia campos Jose Humberto Valdez OValle (3-10/67); Miguel Angel (8-11/71); carlos Alfonso Pal_acios Flores (10/69-5/ Valenzuela Alvarez (4-8/67); catalino Esteban Valiente 70); Antonio Sebastian Palacios Martinez (9-12/71); Alonzo (11/73-3/74); Mario Francisco Vargas corona (5- Jorge Job Palma Garnica (9-12/71); Ricardo Palma 9/74); Gary PDmeo Vasquez Godoy (11/67-3/68); Pedro Sandoval (10/71-2/72); Santiago Perez Cardona (4-8/71); Vasquez Gutierrez (11/73-3/74); Erasmo Romery Vasquez Manll!l de Jesus Perez Che . (7-11/70.); Ruben Perez Lopez Lemus (10/69-2/70); Jose Domingo Vasquez Lopez (11/68- (1-5/72); Mynor Francisco Perez Mendez (2-6/74); 2/69); Cesar Edgar Yon Garcia (1-5/72); calixio Perez Sazo (6-9/70); Mario Aguste Pineda

From theEditors

The SPECIAL ISSUE on Iran you received issue of Counterspy is two weeks late.) a few *eeks ago was sent to you free of We again want to thank our readers who 1 charge. We thought that we should re­ have sen,t us their comments and criti­ lease the new information about the 1953 cisms, and who have given us financial CIA coup in Iran at the earliest possible support. We see it as a significant date. achievement that Counterspy's reader� All subscriptions will be extended have been willing and able to keep the automatically by one issue, and the la­ magazine going. Counterspy does not de­ bels will be changed accordingly. There­ pend on foundations or large donors. fore, subscription renewals are now due Please continue providing the money if your label reads "R44" or "I.44". (Be­ necessary to publish Counterspy. The cause of the SPECIAL ISSUE on Iran, this best way to do that is to take out a gift subscription for a friend. ORDER NOW ! COMPLETE SET OF COUNTERSPY BACK ISSUES $40 plus $3 for mailing in the U.S. Add $10 for 6verseas airmail postage.

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