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Chapter 16 Video in the Glencoe Video Program m, Smithsonian Institution (SI 79-764) Huntington Library/SuperStock, (bl)Courtesy Rockefeller Archive Center, (br)Photo by Dane Penland, National Air and Space Museu (br)Photo by Dane Penland, National Archive Center, Huntington Library/SuperStock, (bl)Courtesy Rockefeller Railroads sped industrialization in the late 1800s. 1870 1890 1910 1870 1876 1886 1903 Rockefeller Bell patents Trade unions Wright brothers fly organizes the telephone form AFL first motorized airplane Standard Oil Company hapter Overview C Visit ca.h a preview of C ss.glencoe.com for hapter 16. Railroads Lead the Way Geography shapes the physical, economic, and political challenges a region faces. The spread of railroads across the country encouraged America’s expanding economy. Inventions Innovations in technology and business help build a nation’s industrial power. Inventions improved the transportation and communication networks that were vital to the nation’s industrial growth. The Age of Big Business Innovations in technology and business help build a nation’s industrial power. Corporations changed the American economy of the late 1800s. Industrial Workers Reactions to social injustice can lead to reform movements. Workers organized to demand better pay and working conditions. View the Chapter 16 video in the Glencoe Video Program. Identifying Main Ideas Make this foldable to describe the growth of industry in the United States in the late 1800s. Step 1 Fold two sheets of paper Step 2 Fold each of the four papers in Reading and Writing in half from top to bottom. Cut half from top to bottom. As you read, write the papers in half along the folds. what you learn about the developments of industry under each appropriate tab. Cut along Step 4 Place the folded papers one on the fold top of the other. Staple the four sections lines. together and label each of the tabs Railroads, Inventions, Big Business, and Step 3 On each folded paper, Industrial Workers. make a cut 1 inch from the side on the top flap. Staple here. RailroadsInventions 1" Cut 1 inch from the edge through the top flap only. CHAPTER 16 • The Growth of Industry 703 Huntington Library/SuperStock Predicting Consequences Did you ever wish you could see into the future? Although it is impossible to predict future events, you can develop skills to help you identify the consequences of decisions or actions. Follow these steps to help you thoughtfully predict consequences: • Review what you already know about a situation by listing facts, events, and people’s responses. The list will help you recall events and how they affected people. • Use your knowledge and observations of similar situations. In other words, ask yourself, “What were the consequences of a similar decision or action that occurred in the past?” • Look for patterns. Try to determine what the patterns show. Are some conse- quences more likely to occur than others? Read the first two pages • Make a prediction. ofa chapter to get an overview ofits contents. Next,reflect on what you have already studied.Last, make some educated guesses about what you might learn in the chapter. 704 You have already learned about some of the changes in transportation, trade, and settlement between 1800 and 1869.You learned that inland roads, along with the steamboat and the canal system, stimulated trade and settlement. Railroads spanning the continent took settlers and entrepreneurs into new regions of the United States. In this chapter, you will read more about how the railroad impacted life and industry, setting the stage for a new Industrial Revolution. Practice making some predictions about what you might learn. Complete the chart below, then discuss your predictions with a partner. Event Predicted results Read to Write Railroads made new regions New areas were settled by Based on what you read accessible farmers, miners, and ranchers about labor conditions during the building of Transcontinental railroad Thousands of workers completed brought West the transcontinental railroad, write a short Several railroads connected paragraph predicting East and West what labor conditions Railroads offered employment might have been like in opportunities other industries at that Railroad companies time. consolidated European immigrants on a railroad flatcar view land open for settlement on the Great Plains. Read the main ideas for this chapter. Take notes predict- ing what you’ll discover. Monitor your progress to see if your expectations were accurate. CHAPTER 16 • The Growth of Industry 705 Kansas Collection, Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas Libraries Railroads Lead the Way Looking Back, Looking Ahead Content Vocabulary In the last chapter, you read about the consolidation History expansion of the nation into the West. (kuhn• SAH •luh•DAY •shuhn) Social Science In this chapter, you will read about standard gauge (GAYJ) Standards America’s economic expansion and the rebate US8.12 Students ana- shift from an agricultural economy to an pool lyze the transformation industrial nation. of the American econ- omy and the changing Academic Vocabulary social and political condi- Focusing on the tions in the United States • Railroad barons used consolidation to technology (tehk•NAH•luh•jee) in response to the expand their companies and create a convert (kuhn•VUHRT) Industrial Revolution. growing system of railroads throughout network the United States. (page 707) • Railroad growth stimulated the Reading Strategy economy, and innovations made Analyze As you read the section, railroad travel more efficient and complete a diagram like the one shown profitable. (page 709) by describing the contributions of the railroad to the growth of industry. Meeting People Cornelius Vanderbilt James J. Hill The role of Collis P. Huntington the railroad Leland Stanford George Westinghouse Eli H. Janney Gustavus Swift (guh • STAHV • uhs) George M. Pullman 1860 1875 1890 Northern Portland Pacific Duluth 1869 1880s 1883 Central Pacific First transcon- Standard Northern Pacific San Francisco Union tinental rail- width for Railroad opens Los Pacific road is railroad tracks Angeles Southern completed is adopted Pacific New Orleans 706 CHAPTER 16 • The Growth of Industry US8.12.1 Trace patterns of agricultural and industrial development as they relate to climate, use of natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such development on a map. US8.12.4 Discuss entrepreneurs, industrialists, and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland Stanford). Railroad Expansion Railroad Barons New Yorker Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of the first railroad barons, Railroad barons used consolidation gained control of the New York Central line and to expand their companies and create a growing then other lines. His railroad empire stretched system of railroads throughout the United from New York City to the Great Lakes. States. James J. Hill built the Great Northern line Reading Connection What methods do compa- between Minnesota and Washington State. Until nies today use to expand their businesses? Read on his death in 1916, Hill continued building and to find out how railroads grew after the Civil War. directing his ever-growing business empire. Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, and two other partners founded the Central Pacific, which connected California and Utah. The railroad barons were aggressive and Rugged construction gangs labored on the competitive. They lived in an age when few Union Pacific and other railways during the laws had been passed to regulate business, and transportation boom of the late 1800s. The cho- some of their methods were highly question- rus of a favorite song told of the hard work of able. Nevertheless, the railroad barons played the tarriers, or drillers: an important part in building the nation’s trans- portation system. And drill, ye tarriers, drill! “ Analyze What did consoli- Drill, ye tarriers, drill! dation mean for many small companies? For its work all day for sugar in your tay, Down behind of the railway and, Drill, ye tarriers, drill! And blast! And fire!” —Thomas Casey, 1888 Growth of the Rail System In the decades The Impact after the Civil War, railroads became a driving force behind America’s economic growth. The of the Railroad first transcontinental railroad, completed in By 1860 there were about 30,000 miles 1869, was soon followed by others. By the (48,270 km) of railroad track in the nation— 1890s, five railway lines crossed the country, almost as much as in the rest of the world and hundreds of smaller lines branched off combined. By 1900 the nation had nearly from them. 250,000 miles (402,250 km) of track. An aver- The expansion of the railroad system was age of 15 new miles (24 km) of track were laid accompanied by consolidation (kuhn • SAH •luh• each day. By the late 1800s, the railroad indus- DAY • shuhn)—the practice of combining sepa- try passed all other industries as a buyer of rate companies—in the industry. Large railroad iron, steel, and companies expanded by buying smaller com- coal and became panies or by driving them out of business. the nation’s Consolidation made the large companies more largest employer. efficient. After consolidation, a few powerful individuals known as railroad barons con- trolled the nation’s rail traffic. CHAPTER 16 • The Growth of Industry 707 Michael Masslan Historic Photographs/CORBIS US8.12.4 Discuss entrepreneurs, industri- alists, and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g., Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland Stanford). LELAND STANFORD 1824–1893 CHARLES CROCKER 1822–1888 The Central Pacific Railroad began as the dream of engineer Theodore Judah. He sold stock in the new company to four Sacramento merchants: grocer Leland Stanford, shop owner Charles Crocker, and hardware store owners Mark Hopkins Leland Stanford and Collis P. Huntington. The four men became known as “The Big Four” for their role in California’s economic development. In the early 1860s, these men managed the construction of the Central Pacific railroad.
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