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ARCTIC VOL. 34, NO. 2 (JUNE lWl), P. 122-132 Sabine’s Gull (Xema sabini), Ross’s Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) and Ivory Gull (Pagophila eburnea) Gulls in the Arctic: A Review SVEN BLOMQVIST’ and MAGNUS ELANDER* ABSTRACT. The earliest information on Sabine’s gull, Ross’s gull and Ivory gull was collected by several heroic arctic explorersduring the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth. Ross’s gull was discovered in northern Canada in 1823 by James C. Ross and Sabine’s gull innorthwestern Greenland in 1818 byEdward Sabine. S.A. Buturlin was the first to find the breeding places of Ross’s gull in northeastern Siberia. Recently new breeding places have been reported from U.S.S.R. (Taymyr Peninsula, 1973), Canada (near Devon Island, 1976 and 1978; near Churchill, Manitoba, 1980)and Greenland (Peary Land and Disko Bay, 1979). Sabine’s gull and Ivory gull have a dispersed and patchy distribution with gaps too wide for them to be regarded as true continuous circumpolar species. The biotope requirements for the three species are compared. All three are food opportunists; recent data on their food choice and foraging behaviour are reviewed and discussed. The breeding ecology of the gulls is updated with special attention to the clutch size, where a climatological trend may bedistinguished. In contrast to birds in general, the most southerly breeding species (Ross’s gull) has the largest clutch size and the most northerly breeding species (Ivory gull) has thesmallest. Details of the large interspecific differences in migratory and wintering habits are presented. The documented northbound autumn migration of Ross’s gull observed in Alaska and the southbound migration of Sabine’s gull to western South America and southwestern and southern Africaare surveyed. The Ivory gull is regarded as a straggler during the winter, but recent observations on East Greenland of at least 500 migrating birds in September 1975 indicate that specific migratory routes may be used by this species too. RkSUMk. Lestoutes premibres informations concernant la mouette de Sabine, la mouette rose et le goeland senateur,furent rassemblees par d’heroïques explorateurs de l’Arctique, au cours du sibcle dernier et au debutde celui-ci. La mouette rose fut decouverte dans le nord du Canada, en 1823, par James C. Ross,et la mouette de Sabine, dans le nord-ouest de Groenland, en 1818 par Edward Sabine. S.A. Buturlin fut le premier A dtcouvrir les lieux de reproduction de la mouette rose dans le nord-est de la Sibtrie. De nouveaux lieux de reproduction ont et6 signales recemment, en URSS (phinsule deTaymyr en 1973),au Canada (prbs de l’île de Devon en 1976 et 1978, prbs de Churchill et Manitoba en 1980) et au Groenland (Peary Land et Disco Bay en 1979). La mouette de Sabine et le gdland sdnateur presentent une distribution dispersee et irregulibre avec de trop grands dcarts pour ttre consideres comme de vtritables espbces circompolaires. Les besoins biotopiques de ces trois esfices sont compares. Toutes les trois ont un comportement opportuniste par rapport A la nourriture. Des donnees kcentes sur leur attitude quantau choix et la recherche de la nourriture sont passees en revue et discutees. L’ttude del’ecologie de la reproduction des mouettes est mise Ajour. Une attention toute spkciale est port6e sur l’importance de la grandeur de la couvee,pour laquelle une influence climatologique peut ttre discernke. Contrairement aux oiseaux en general, l’espbce qui se reproduit le plus au sud (mouette rose) a la plus grande couvbe, tandis que l’espbce qui se reproduit le plus au nord (goeland sCnateur) a la plus petite. Des details sont donnes sur les grandes differences existant entre les espbces, concernant leurs habitudes migratoires e.t leurs comportements pendant l’hiver. La migration de la mouette rose, en direction du nord, observeeen automne en Alaska et celle de la mouette de Sabine en direction du sud, vers I’Amkrique du Sud et vers l’Afrique du Sud et du Sud-Ouest, sont examinees. Le goeland stnateur est consider6 comme une espbce A part durant l’hiver, mais de rkcentes observations faites en Septembre 1975 dans l’est du Groenland, sur au moins 500 oiseaux migrateurs, montrent que ces espbces peuvent egalement emprunter des itineraires de migration qui leur sont sp6cifiques. Traduit par les auteurs. CoxepxaHMe. nepaare caexema O BMJIOXBOCTO~VafiKe, p030~0fisafiKe M benofi uahe 6arn~AaHP B TeVeHMe L[eBffTHapUaTOBO M B HaVaJIeABaBqaTOBO BeKa HeKOTOp€J“ BhIBaDUlMMMCff MCCJIeAOBaTeJIffMMaPKTMKM. Pososa~VafiKa 6ma 3a~e~e~aLkeTcoM C. POCCOMB KaHane B 1823 roq. BMnoxBocTaffVafixa barsa OTKPbITa3ABapAOM Ce6afiHOM B CeBePo-BOCTOVHOfirpeHJIaHAMM B 1818 rom. C.A. FyTmnMH 6HJI nepBm KOTO~UBHamen MecTa rHe3AeHMff po3o~ofiqafim B CeBepOBOCTOVHOfiCH6MpM. B nocaexHeespeMff duno CoOdWHO O HafiAeHMMHOB= MeCTrHe3AeHMff B CCCP (TahqcKMfi IIOJIYOTPOB, 1973), B KaHaAe B iT06JIM30CTM&BOH AfiJEHA 1916,1978; B nO6nM30CTM%pVMJIJI-MaHMTO6a 1980 M B rpeHJJaHLMM (n-M XeHn M ~CKOEe2,1979). Paaureue~~eBM~OXBOCTOW M 6enofi VafiKM cpaBmTenbHo pemoe M xapaKTepHo JIMm AJIff OTAeJlbHMXPerMOHOB, ~06eJIbI Mexu KOTOPW HaCTOJIbKO BeJIMKMVTO HeJlb3ffCVMTaTb BbIlIE YnOMffHyTNXnTMU HaCTOffIIIMMM BOKpFIIOnQ€QJMM BMAOMM. CpaBHeHO ~MOTO~MV~CKM~TpedOBaHMR BCeX TpeX BMAOB. nepeCMOTpeH0 M qOZMCKYTMPOBaH0HOBPe AaHHYe O MX EMIQe M CnOCOdaXpa3bICKMBaHMff lTpOpOBOJIbCTBMff. nPOjI.KCK~TklpOBaH0 3KOJIOrMD BbICmHBaHMff COClTeUMaJIbHbIM YVTeHMeM BeJIMVMHH BMq, lTpM VeMyKa3aHO Ha BSMffHMeKJIMMaTa. OdpaTHO VeMy 6OJIb- IIIMHCTBaETMU, CaM gXsrHHfi BHA(pO3OBaa Vaka)BbICMXCMBaeT CaMbIe 60JlblUMe KOJIMVeCTBO ffMU, TOTVaC caM ceaepaarfi (benaff Vaha) BMX BbICMXMBaBT cmme Manue KonmecTBa.npHseneHo ~OE~O~HOCTM O OCO6eHHOCTMffXMMFPaUMM M 3MMOBKM OTAeJIbHNXBMBOB. &H 0630p AOIca3aHHOfiOCeHHefi MMrparlvrM poz~o~ofisaWm B cesepHoMHanpaBaeHMM, Ha6nmmeMofi Ha AnacKe, a Tame mrparlvrx BMJIOXBOCTOW VatireM Ha Ior B mro-aana~~groVacTb h~ofiAMepMm M Ha mo~ana~M Dr AQMKM. lienaff Vaka CwTaeTCa Henepenemofi,~~nocnenme HabmaeHm He MeHee VeM 500 nTw B BOCTOVHOW rpemaHnm B CeHTff6pbe 1975 ~ICa3bIBaIoT,VTO 3TOT BHA TOXe MOXeT nOJIb30BaTCff CneUM@MVeCKMMM MMrParlvrOHm IIYTffMM. Key words: Sabine’s gull (Xemu subini), Ross’s gull (Rhodosrerhiu roseu), Ivory gull (Pugophilu eburneu), distribution, feeding habits, breeding biology, migration ~ ~~ ‘Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, Box 6801, S-113 86 Stockholm, Sweden Tar1 Barks vag 28, S-163 58 Sphga, Sweden I22 GULLS IN THE ARCTIC I23 INTRODUCTION Between 1893 and 1896 the Norwegian polar explorer The three gull species Sabine’s gull (Xema sabini), Ross’s Fridtjof Nansen sailed with his ship Frum in the Arctic gull (Rhodostethia rosea) and Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea) Ocean northof the present Soviet Union. Froma position belong to the breeding and/or wintering avifauna of the on the 81st degree of latitude, midway betweenthe mouth Arctic. The present knowledge of the biology of these of the river Lena and the North Pole, Nansen wrote in his species, although sparse, indicates large differences be- diary on 3 August 1894: “Today my longing has at last tween their ways of exploiting and surviving the arctic been satisfied. I have shot the Ross’s gull.” To this Nan- environment. Sabine’s gulls only visit the Far North to sen added in his book Farthest North: “. this rare and breed, and spend the winters on oceans in the southern mysterious inhabitantof the unknown north, which is only hemisphere. The mostimportant known breedingarea of occasionally seen, and of which no one knows whence it the Ross’s gull, in contrast to the Sabine’s andIvory gulls, cometh or whither it goeth, which belongs exclusively to is not in the Arctic but in subarctic and boreal parts of the world to whichthe imagination aspires, is what, from northeastern Siberia. In the late summer and during the the first momentsI saw these tracts, I had always hopedto autumn Ross’s gull migrates northwards to unknown discover, . , .” (Nansen, 1897, Vol. 1:414-415). wintering grounds apparently in the Arctic Ocean. The DuringAndrCe’s unsuccessfuland tragic attempt in Ivory gull has, on average, the most northern breeding 1897 to reach the North Pole with the balloon drnen (the grounds of all birds. In the non-breeding season the Ivory Eagle), Ross’s andIvory gulls were seen. On the difficult gulls straggle southwards but are rarely seen far from the walk from the wrecked balloonto Kvitfiya (White Island) pack ice of the North. on eastern Svalbard, Ivory gulls, among other things, The gulls, especially Ross’s gull,are regarded as exotic were shot andeaten. It is apparent from the diaries of the visitors in southern latitudes. The first sighting of Ross’s deceased expedition membersthat “the Ivory gulls were gull in the USA. outside of Alaska, in 1975, inspired a regarded as delicious and in part of September when the literal pilgrimageto Massachusetts to watch the beautiful meat supply wasextremely limited, the gulls constituted a bird (Grandjean andGrandjean, 1980). The amount of rose valuable extra contribution to the menu” (AndrCe et al., colour in the plumage varies with individuals andis occa- 1930:272). sionally completely absent. The breast and belly of the Ross’s gull, knownfor its beauty, has long been cloaked Sabine’s gullare sometimes slightly tinged with pink(Sut- in mysticism. Other than a single record on West Green- ton and Parmelee, 1956; Sutton, 1962). land around 1810 (Winge, 1898), the first description of Taxonomically allthree gulls belongto separate genera Ross’s gull originates from William E. Parry’s second with each species as the only known member of the re- attempt to find the North-West Passage (Parry, 1824). In spective genus. The species are generally regarded as June 1823, on the east coast of Melville Peninsulain arctic monotypic, i.e. no obvious geographically-based intra- Canada, one member of the expedition succeeded in specific variations have been shownthat have led to sub- shooting two gulls. One of these is the holotype for the species differentation.The exception may be Sabine’s gull species Ross’s gull.
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    The Intrepid Life of George Back, Franklin's Lieutenant. by Peter Steele

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  • Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (And 113 Non-Species Taxa) in Accordance with the 62Nd AOU Supplement (2021), Sorted Taxonomically

    Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (And 113 Non-Species Taxa) in Accordance with the 62Nd AOU Supplement (2021), Sorted Taxonomically

    Four-letter (English Name) and Six-letter (Scientific Name) Alpha Codes for 2168 Bird Species (and 113 Non-Species Taxa) in accordance with the 62nd AOU Supplement (2021), sorted taxonomically Prepared by Peter Pyle and David F. DeSante The Institute for Bird Populations www.birdpop.org ENGLISH NAME 4-LETTER CODE SCIENTIFIC NAME 6-LETTER CODE Highland Tinamou HITI Nothocercus bonapartei NOTBON Great Tinamou GRTI Tinamus major TINMAJ Little Tinamou LITI Crypturellus soui CRYSOU Thicket Tinamou THTI Crypturellus cinnamomeus CRYCIN Slaty-breasted Tinamou SBTI Crypturellus boucardi CRYBOU Choco Tinamou CHTI Crypturellus kerriae CRYKER White-faced Whistling-Duck WFWD Dendrocygna viduata DENVID Black-bellied Whistling-Duck BBWD Dendrocygna autumnalis DENAUT West Indian Whistling-Duck WIWD Dendrocygna arborea DENARB Fulvous Whistling-Duck FUWD Dendrocygna bicolor DENBIC Emperor Goose EMGO Anser canagicus ANSCAN Snow Goose SNGO Anser caerulescens ANSCAE + Lesser Snow Goose White-morph LSGW Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Intermediate-morph LSGI Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Lesser Snow Goose Blue-morph LSGB Anser caerulescens caerulescens ANSCCA + Greater Snow Goose White-morph GSGW Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Intermediate-morph GSGI Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Greater Snow Goose Blue-morph GSGB Anser caerulescens atlantica ANSCAT + Snow X Ross's Goose Hybrid SRGH Anser caerulescens x rossii ANSCAR + Snow/Ross's Goose SRGO Anser caerulescens/rossii ANSCRO Ross's Goose
  • The Arctic Council of 1851

    The Arctic Council of 1851

    385 NOTES AND REVIEWS THE ARCTIC COUNCIL OF 1851 In 1848, when no news of Sir John Franklin's expedition of 1845 had reached England, alarm began to manifest itself for the fate of the missing men. In that year the first of the long series of search expeditions set out. By 1851 the plans of these expeditions were placed in the hands of the "Arctic Council", appointed by the Admiralty and consisting of the most prominent" Arcticists " of the period. To mark the centenary of the formation of this Arctic Council, we reproduce an engraving after the painting by Stephen Pearce, showing this group of experts. Brief notes on their previous careers are added. Key to the engraving 1 Sir George Back, F.R.S. 0 John Barrow, Esq., F.R.S., F.S.A. 2 Sir William Edward Parry, F.R.S. 7 Lieutenant-Colonel Sabine,R.A.,V.P.R.S. 3 Captain Edward .1. Bird 8 Captain W. A. Baillie Hamilton 4 Sir James Clark Ross, F.R.S. 9 Sir John Richardson, C.B., F.R.S. 5 Sir Francis Beaufort, K.C.B., F.R.S. 10 Captain F. W. Beechey, F.R.S. 11 Sir John Franklin, K.C.H., F.R.S. 12 Captain .Tames Fitzjames 13 Sir John Barrow, Bart., F.R.S. On the occasion of the first publication of this print in 1851, a "descriptive key" was provided by W. R. O'Byrne, which opens with the words: At a moment like the present, when Great Britain, joined by Representatives of the Maritime Powers of France, Russia, and the United States of America, is making 386 NOTES AND REVIEWS the most noble efforts for the recovery of Sir John Franklin and his gallant com- panions, and when, with the deepest interest and anxiety, the whole of the civilized world is looking for tidings of the lost Navigator, it has been considered not inoppor- tune to submit to the inspection of the public a picture containing authentic portraits of the great Arctic Officers now among us, who have all won their laurels on the icy field, and many of whom have shared with Franklin the hardships and perils of his former voyages.