CEU eTD Collection

D IGITAL In partialIn D IPLOMACY F Supervisor: Professor Philip N. Howard fulfillment A Master Artsof in Public Po Central European University Department ofPublic Policy

C ASE Budapest, Hungary

Ana Todorovska of theof requirements for the degree of S Submitted to TUDY O 2015 By OR

F C ATALONIA S

UB

- licy S

TATE

A CTORS

CEU eTD Collection Signature Name (printed letters): Date: This is a true copy of the thesis, including final revisions. non English or anyin languag other or degree academic other any of requirements the of material no contains part as accepted been has materialwhich no contains thesis This made. thesis been has this knowledge my of prev best the To thesis. this undersigned the I, iously published by any other person except where due acknowledgement due where except person other any by published iously

June June 10

th , 2015 Ana Todorovska Ana

Ana Todorovska Author’s Declaration Author’s e.

hereby declare that I am the sole author of author sole the am I that declare hereby

- ere rga, in program, degree CEU eTD Collection torealhow toconvert soft power. power Further approach. power soft the of assessment canassessment modelwhich produce it results the of practice public of component digital self the to credibility provides and support domestic su helps platforms digital of Utilization tool important as questions. research and Catalonia, of Council Diplomacy Public government. Catalonia, case objectives? diplomacy pl digital of utilization resh Abstract

the case study of Catalonia, final analyses show that: 1) Digital media media Digital 1) that: show analyses final Catalonia, of study case the aping public public aping

of Taking into consideration the theoretical framewor theoretical the consideration into Taking purpose this For This careful a denotes research this from stems that recommendation the Finally, the autonomous region of region autonomous the nlss n sca media social and analysis

responsible to conduct the public the conduct to responsible

research

has to be be to has in communicating diplomacy public communicating in ilmc practice diplomacy analyze

atforms by sub by atforms n re t answer to order In semi further s two questions two s - tutrd neves r cnutd ih th with conducted are interviews structured developed by creating a complex monitoring and evaluation evaluation and monitoring complex a creating by developed Catalonia account justifiable

- state n sub on b

- ainl actors national hs to usin te research the questions two these

and the and :

actors

diplomacy diplomacy nltc ae sd o nwr the answer to used are analytics 1) the the i -

state

results rel remains research should provide stronger evidence of of evidence stronger provide should research what Catalan government. Furthermore, government. Catalan

help

work level

- is the role the is . eemnto aspirations determination objectives

strategy in of the of ? generate popular international and and international popular generate k articulated in this paper, as well well as paper, this in articulated k

evant expanding the outreach of outreach the expanding A nd

Public Diplomacy Council of Council Diplomacy Public

of digital of for the for but 2 to to )

for qualified assessment qualified for how relevant

Catalan autonomous Catalan

media does mmes f the of members e ltom r an are platforms

investigates

audiences; 2) 2) audiences; ad 3) and ; above raised raised above the growing growing the platforms in platforms desktop desktop

public

The The the CEU eTD Collection

Acknowledgments patience showed studies. he throughout my l not but Last work. this dedicate I whom to support unconditional the for family my thank to wish I Furthermore research. coll their for Catalonia of Council Diplomacy skills. writing academic am I Additionally, Sara Professortowards and p writing inspiration the throughout his guidance for Howard N. Philip Professor supervisor, my thank to like would I

grateful to Agnes Toth for her continuous effort to help me devel me help to effort continuous her for Toth Agnes to grateful

Swenson east I would like to thank my thank to like would I east y pca app special My

for her availability to help me with comments on mywork on comments with me help availabilityto her for rocess of my thesis my of rocess eito ge t te ebr o te Public the of members the to goes reciation ii

brtv apoc i odr o develop to order in approach aborative . I also wish also I . husband husband for his encouragement and and encouragement his for

to express my gratitude my express to op my my op this . CEU eTD Collection Reference List Conclusions Recomme and CHAPTER 3: CATALANTHE SOCIAL MEDIA PUBLIC DIPLOMACY DATA CHAPTER A 2: CASE STUDY OF CATALONIA CHAPTER LITERATURE 1: REVIEW Introduction Acknowledgments Abstract Table ofContents 1.3. Conceptual framework 1.2. Digital diplomacy contextof in sub 1.1. Thesis structure Research Que Context 1.3.3. Parallel 1.3.2. Track two diplomacy 1.3.1. Soft power 1.1.2. Digital Diplomacy 1.1.1. Public Diplomacy

...... Definitions

......

......

...... stions and Methodology

- ...... disharmony m

......

......

ndations ......

......

......

...... odel ......

......

......

...... - ...... national actors ......

......

......

......

37 33 24 16 15 14 13 12 10 .

ii 8 7 7 7 6 4 2 1

i

CEU eTD Collection

movements around the world, such as for example the movements the example for as such world, the around social movements the of upsurge The actions. political their of transparency and accountability additional an tools communication to both today. decades few just diplomacy public in unimaginable (ICT‟s) tools communication and service with information developing the widened especially worldwide for reality public p. affairs digital of domain new a into moved diplomacy tools, based internet new other and smartphones networks, social media, new of popularization practices “ Introduction Hard power coerces while softpower convinces 2 ) . The „technology The

official and unofficial. This laid This Digital traditional The diplomacy Public officials share, inform share, officials Public

in the world which understands which world the in

a cagd infcnl i te digital the in significantly changed has the rising popularity of popularity rising the potentially

communication communication media bottom

the foundations for foundations the

practice. practice. wider and social media platforms have created a different communication communication different a created have platforms media social and - - driven changes‟ driven up om f public of form e pee of spheres new ” ( ”

pressure to pressure rus of groups Henson, 2012). Henson,

realm .

The social media platf media social

the

wards central wards uine hs eoe ms fr any for must a become has audiences

o dpoas to diplomats for receive

empowering role of role empowering have have

concept of concept diplomacy n ilmtc practice. diplomatic in public diplomacy public

the power and the importance of of importance the and power the Accessibility of commun of Accessibility also 1 ” and engage online with online engage and

led to led P

, hilip hilip governments

„ digital depend orms such as Twitt as such orms ago ad a wards

wards Seib communication

is a common diplomatic routine routine diplomatic common a is

diplomacy influence

ing communication technologies communication

“democratization of “democratization

broader broader , in order to improve the improve to order in , pn oml diplomatic formal upon hs w Thus in the so the in ication . Therefore, s Therefore, . ‟ various audiences, various ”

as a new a as

e of set er and Facebookand er (Abbasov era . tools hat - information called Arab called “ dip audiences ih the With

form of form lomatic lomatic seemed has put has

haring haring access access 2007 - , , ,

CEU eTD Collection modifies the T social between cross leads acto of proliferation non of variety actors Context governments alsobetween but peo ( Ross Alec by demonstrated well important governments to poses online information of proliferation the that insecurity The practice. political daily their into tools communication digital Therefore been all have Balkans the in recently and Syria Turkey, in protests park Gezi massive the and Spring i peoeo o t of phenomenon his „eD (Ross, 2010,00:00 people and people to people people, to government connect to able also out be to government figuring to government been has is historically that something from thing diplomacy second The possible. weren‟t otherwise until up available weren‟t that todaythatoutcomesdevelopment diplomatic a createcan we that so agoyears available ten as recently are tools what out figuring is it First iplomacy‟ towards Therefore, the Therefore, h ipc o goaiain a pooe te mrec o a ary f non of array an of emergence organizationshave progressively that theirinfluence,increased power,legitimacy and the provoked has globalization of impact The With n the in The gro The

, foreign

it is important for political establishments political for important is it “old profession to adapt“old to new profession to technologies”(Deruda, 2015). the rise of the „global agora‟ (Stone, 2008), the 2008), (Stone, agora‟ „global the of rise the

pol ushered with ushered - is ) internationa state wing relationship between digital media and public diplomacy has been has diplomacy public and media digital between relationship wing itical fragmentation ofthe

policy tool intheir hands.tool policy - rs rs networking

actors actors rvdn a opruiy o itrcin o js between just not interaction for opportunity an providing hybrid nature of nature hybrid e itgain f nie n offline” and online of “integration he - in transnational networks networks transnational in 00:30 relations l

that exist that the help of the social medi social the of help the ).

culture and foreign and culture ple and governments and ple ,

within the global sphere global the within arena. h efciey rus ht iia diplomacy digital that argues effectively who digital

state

2 hy are They

di lmc can plomacy - al centric in approach so -

policy are policy reflects on reflects to : a such as Twitter and Facebook. and Twitter as such a

increasingly challenged by the the by challenged increasingly fu creates st ndamentally ates are no longer no are ates possibly

na” today

diplomacy the power structure power the

(Lichtenstein, a very powerful and and powerful very a o w cn change can we how . foreign

Consequently, t Consequently, be incorporate the incorporate

to government to defined undoubtedly

policy

the the 2010)

as - :

only only state

and and he “ a .

CEU eTD Collection disc ( the 2015 ( expansion the concepts attheforefronts intersect public of diplomacy. other technology and communication of expansion the through possible outreach rising rel expansion, stat scene. them giving d considerably 00:22). “disrupt to power the has which incoherence certain pose trans the Therefore, Castells Archetti ationship between ationship

e” ipline‟ ie f h non the of rise public

;

sgiiat t significant a

one The states the in credibility A M Cull Cull power

( Because of this phenomenon, sub phenomenon, this Becauseof lternatively ihesen 2010) Lichtenstein, ost of the existing existing the of ost ,

, 2011;

networked world networked has produced a produced has 2008 2013 (Henerickson, 2005) (Henerickson,

of and sometimesand even challenge the role of state the uncovering a new sphere for academic discourses related to to related discourses academic for sphere new a uncovering d the the

iplomacy of h dgtl omncto tools communication digital the ifferen ; Nye ) additional additional

. sub Stone

- - another set of scholarly scholarly of set another hreat

state boundary context leads towards the rise of the of rise the towards leads context boundary - 2011 tt atr i the in actors state t the the

global arena. They may act complementary to or independent from independent or to complementary act may They arena. global , multilateral multilateral icpie n general in discipline

2008 ; public dimension of diplomacy of dimension public cos n is fet o te state the on effects its and actors to particular conundrumparticular

a powers Gilboa

cademic literature cademic

which which

the a cagd w changed has 2011 ,

within the public diplomacy literature has had a recent a had has literature diplomacy public the within ea powers mega

2008 to create a new pattern of influence in influence of pattern new a create to “exists above the state, below the state and through the the through and state the below state, the above “exists reality ;

Podder ;

Gregory rnntoa arena transnational - state actors actors state oa. h psiiiis f iia mda are media digital of possibilities The today. 3 literature

, analyzing this phenomenon is focused on focused is phenomenon this analyzing

ith sae approach), (state … wee hs micro those where […] 2014 in the strive the in

n is eain o ulc diplomacy public to relation its and

2008; the ) are .

mainly comprises mainly iia dpoay s „niche a as diplomacy Digital Seib communication and technology technology and communication

h status the becoming an important part of part important an becoming and sub and

(La 2012,p.441). Porte,

to understand how these two these how understand to 2009; n n side one on in

a r n eain o the to relation in or - transnational state actors. actors. state “ Henson quo micro ”

-

powers create a a create powers the international international the (Crowley 2015, 2015, (Crowley of of - and the digital digital the and powers

2010

analysis analysis th tools tools growing e Thus, t Thus, ; Bijola ; context … on the on

who on on he

a

CEU eTD Collection Research utilization ofdigital tools communication is research 2014) nation the the analysistodevotedof scholarly is the of work Most between not However, perspective. diplomacy Veda, Eugen diplomacy Catalonia. of study case sub particular. and platforms digital between connection the of specificity the many it aspects of unfolding phenomenon 2015 (Owen, upsurge promoting promoting 2 sub role the is What 1) digital diplomacy. ord in of tools forms aggressive even sometimes and extensive through state the network of hurdles institutional digital use governments autonomous the how ) How ) - state . Thus the covering of purpose this For For the purpose of analyzing this this analyzing of purpose the For

does digital

level? -

branding concept concept branding , in the in public diplomacy objectives? and Questions to to a

puzzle exists exists puzzle the growing utilization of dig of utilization growing the ( il n oe f h eitn gp b anal by gaps existing the of some in fill 2014)

communication tools utilized as part of the of part as utilized tools communication And sub

still this researchansweringthis questions: on isfocused thefollowing two of

- ; Westscott, Westscott, ; and state context context state the

need tobe

of digitalof diplomacy is

digital digital y o, ny e scholars few only now, By Seib

in the current literature, and this is why is this and literature, current the in Methodology Barbieri, ,

( media 2012) further further 20 in 08 Catalonia ( enough emphasis emphasis enough ; have , 2012 theoretical platforms in resh in platforms

Stein, 2011; Seib, 2012; Seib, 2011; Stein, analyzed. analyzed. phenomenon .

ital ) ; De San Eugenio San De ; 4

analyzed at its early stage of development andat thus early its ofdevelopment stage

. m

Namely, e

gap this gap d Therefore, i a

platforms by sub by platforms and with the intention to understand understand to intention the with and ae tde th studied have

cultural diplom cultural h Ca the api has been given been has yzing authors

thesis rese thesis ng public diplomac public ng public diplomacy strategy. strategy. diplomacy public

there

aa case talan (2014) sub Kuznetsov, 2015 Kuznetsov,

like Xifra like -

is a need to build on tobuild a need is tt actors state the intention of this this of intention the

arch focuses arch and Xifra, and e case of public public of case e acyin - - state tt atr in actors state on the on rm a from r o vi the avoid to er

(2014),

relation actors y practice on practice y n the and relation

( public ). 2009, 2009,

on The The

De De help

to a

in CEU eTD Collection other relevant sub and states by adopted 3. d performed operate. they accounts media social the to referring and DIPLOCAT from obtained resear this for relevant questions the to responds research. the for data relevant and information additional providing of purpose in correspondences lasted T diplomacy digital the conducts that body partnership Affairs Union European and Foreign for Secretariat questions research to findthe answers research tothe questi diplomacy.digital and public to related activities of body main the out carry to responsible is which (DIPLOCAT) Catalonia private collaborating external governments‟ the two appropriate been has e ulc ilmc Cucl f Catalonia of Council Diplomacy Public he eko rsac ad ouet analys document and research Desktop ir

reasons

ulc diplomacy public Three s case a questions, two these answering towards approach methodical more a For n or n a af ah Te wr as accomp also were They each. half a and hour an used The interviewees have been chosen so that their position and experience adequately adequately experience and position their that so chosen been have interviewees The . o hs hss research. thesis this for ata Namely, . seco eerh ehd ae sd o te ups o aseig the answering of purpose the for used are methods research ie year five

Namely, provided by DIPLOCAT has been has DIPLOCAT by provided : ndary sources ndary 1. Semi the Catalan‟s decisive Catalan‟s the

the autonomous region of Catalonia in Spain in Catalonia of region autonomous the strategy oeg Ato Plan Action Foreign - - state structured - ulc atesi bd, h Pu the body, partnership public

. Thus, this thesis is focusing on the work of this body in order bodyin this of work the on focusingis thesis this Thus, autonomous

.

Secondly

h oiain to motivation The face ons presented above ons presented - is to ,

- governments uh s r as such use

the face face 5 , (DIPLOCAT)

2010 of digital of

ulc ilmc strategy diplomacy public generated over a period of several of period a over generated interviews ch. ch. and - 05 T 2015. eview strat study 2. with memb with ,

egy for the Catalan government Catalan the for egy media plat media newsletters, newsletters, . Social s Te interviews The .

with me with of Catalonia he Government appointed an an appointed Government he blic Diplomacy Council of of Council Diplomacy blic ulc diplomacy public e several by anied media media ers was chosen as the most most the as chosen was forms as an element of element an as forms mbers of the Catalan‟s the of mbers s case ‟s reports of of rcig analysis, tracking the

,

is part of the the of part is

, three public

comes out of out comes podcasts above

This strategies strategies

n total, in months - private private - stated stated -

mail mail tudy tudy self and - - .

CEU eTD Collection Thesis structure Thesis structure And la the on concentrated on focusing Catalonia, elaboration to devoted is This thesis researchcomprised thesis is This stly,

this researchthis of the the of

literature review literature theoretical framework theoretical

analysis of the of analysis

analysis of analysis ends with , important definitions of key concepts used in this research this in used concepts key of definitions important ,

the conclusion the

Catalan

data of three chapters, threechapters, of . The The .

‟s Social Media Social ‟s g 6 ained from the interviewees the from ained

Second

part.

Chapter is exposing the case s case the exposing is Chapter

and Data a con a provided by DIPLOCAT. DIPLOCAT. by provided clusion. The F The clusion. . Chapter . irst chapter irst Three tudy of of tudy

is

CEU eTD Collection differentiation based on the idea that e that idea the on based differentiation media and diplomacy media diplomacy, public example for Gilboa which bear directlyonanothergovernment‟sforeign policy decisions” opinions and attitudes public those indirectly or directly influence groups and individuals p.6). (2009, (1992) Coombs […]” citizen the to […] officers affairs public from other, each with interact nations how for milieu as it view who those and evil‟ „necessary Snow, and (Taylor utility p about philosophies main two The angles. different from diplomacy public actors sub to them relating when understanding clearer a ensures this that way a in importance state rather a in is it Moreover, interpretations. as terms the of some as offers subsection second 1.1. framework relevant topic ofinterest for thesis the this in research CHAPTER 1: 1.1.1. DiplomacyPublic

. Other authors make make authors Other analyzedhave which authors many encompasses spectrum theory diplomacy public The

The first subsection firstThe Definitions explain to aims chapter This ,

o rvd isgt f h rlvn literature relevant the of insight provide to - define approach context. Hence, the definitions presented are considered to be of of be to considered are presented definitions the Hence, context. approach LITERATURE REVIEW ,

distinguishes between three models of uses and effects of diplomacy: diplomacy: of effects and uses of models three between distinguishes public diplomacy as diplomacy public

several approaches several

a

09 i cmrsd f “thos of comprised is 2009) is devoted to devoted is ulig blocks building itnto between distinction necessary to narrow the scope of the definitions the of scope the narrow to necessary ach model has model ach the brief ins brief k “th y eiiin iprat o te cp o this of scope the for important definitions ey in 7 f the of

e way in which both government and private and government both which in way e defining digital diplomacy. diplomacy. digital defining

ight of ight -

different types of public diplomacy. Eytan Eytan diplomacy. public of types different broker diplomacy (2001). He makes this this makes He (2001). diplomacy broker

a eerh r sil ujc t various to subject still are research

different applicable effect regarding a a regarding effect applicable different .

the concept of public diplomacy public of concept the n t st h aeut conceptual adequate the set to and e who view public diplomacy as a a as diplomacy public view who e

(p. 138). (p. ublic diplomacy‟s diplomacy‟s ublic This is important is This

, Signitzer and and Signitzer

usually used usually - . state state The The CEU eTD Collection of digital diplomacy to subtle scholars di digital comb the reflect better to order in terminology different use to decided authors „ term the for definitions different 1.1.2. Digital Diplomacy self [ Emanuel As well. c as it, describes process Castells making policy the into them involving thus process, way enabling technologies, information (2005, p.31). affairs public transparencyin “the networks facilitating about non between and countries other in actors society civil with relationships using state actors be can positioned. sub of element the which in margin flexible a offer definitions These study. case particular m plomacy the use of Twitter for diplomatic purposes diplomatic for Twitter of use the ] - ultimodal communication that is “self generated in content, self content, in generated “self is that communication ultimodal selected in reception by withselected inreception many”communicate many who ehooia dvlpet [] r pouig n nrcdne dge o global of degree unprecedented an producing are […] developments technological

hs ep u udrtn hw sub how understand us helps This Meli Jan as such authors discipline, the of development the Following the term „ term the

d media and diplomacy. Hence, expressions s expressions Hence, diplomacy. and media I ifferences. , i iprat o neln ta vros uhr, institutions authors, various that underline to important is t

all more or less referring to the same phenomenon. Ho phenomenon. same the to referring less or more all ”, “ ”, -

governmental parties at home and abroad” and home at parties governmental twiplomacy new public diplomacy‟ public new For example, the example, For phenomenon. phenomenon. onverging tec onverging

” or ”

enabling individuals and groups t groups and individuals enabling “

real

- iia diplomacy digital time diplomacy time an hnologies en hnologies term twiplomacy term engagement of foreign and domestic publics in a two a in publics domestic and foreign of engagement

which according to Melissen is about ”[…] ”[…] about is Melissen to according which - s

ae cos a icroae h pwr f the of power the incorporate can actors tate and 8

able “mass self “mass able not necessarily referring to the whole scope whole the to referring necessarily not uch as for example “ example for as uch ” can be found in found be can ” ‟

. is more is s h fed s relatively is field the As

(2005

o acquire information directly information acquire o narrowed narrowed ,

- wever, variances do variances wever, p.2 (Castells communication” - 2). He further states that states further He 2). directed in emission, and emission, in directed the

e n gvrmns use governments and - as it mainly devoted mainly it as literature by various by literature diplomacy , 2007). , ssen

have started have e, many new,

which is a is which ination ”, “ ”, building refer to refer cyb er of of ” - - CEU eTD Collection opinion i ground the on data acquire actors which in 3.Ways and resources information organize and structure 2. image; or message particular in way 1.The Holmes: diplomacy 2015). (Bijola, consider to valuable relations international in change effective an provide Holmes‟s definition this of scope The ( collaborations” virtual and tools digital through change managing of “strategy by dip (21 change” that to respond can government which at speed the increase to is diplomats of work change social disruptive pervasive, enables that technology of world a in describing The people at home and (FCO‟s overseas” Digital Strategy: with engage we “how into today evolved has and tool” information and “communication a Corneliu Bjola and Marcus Holmes (2015). Here (2015). Holmes Marcus and Bjola Corneliu lomacy st

he ky opnns r rlvn t te iia dpoay eiiin codn to according definition diplomacy digital the to relevant are components key Three for definition operational suitable the research this of purpose the For CenturyU.S. Department Statecraft, ofState). S eatet f tt nmd t te 21 „the it named State of Department US Accordi

( odr o oio sbl edgnu cags n oiia s political in changes endogenous subtle monitor to order n Holmes, 2015)

eiiinpeue ht C‟ r o utdseiaoso nomto bt also but information of disseminators just not are ICT‟s that presumes definition ‟ the „internet moment in foreign policy‟ the statecraft is important since important is statecraft the policy‟ foreign in moment „internet the

is taken from from taken is ng to the UK‟s Foreign Office Digital Strategy, the term „digital‟ originated as originated„digital‟ term the Strategy, Digital Office Foreign UK‟s the to ng ,

ic i i adn a epai t te olbrtv apc o digital of aspect collaborative the to emphasis an adding is it since .

which actors engage with outside audiences in order to project a a project to order in audiences outside with engage actors which

a

recently published book published recently is The way in which different agencies both public and private private and public both agencies different which in way The conceptually relevant as relevant conceptually 9

st

,

century statecraft‟ and in the effort of of effort the in and statecraft‟ century Digital Diplomacy: Theory and Practice and Theory Diplomacy: Digital ,

(Holmes Holmes defines digital diplomacy as a as diplomacy digital defines Holmes

Executive summary, 2012p.6). Executive summary, the change management change , 2015). Also this definition is definition this Also 2015). , rcue ad public and tructures ”. T ”. the term „ term the herefore 2015, p.35) 2015,

element of of element “[ w , “ ,

]e live ]e digital [ t ] he .

CEU eTD Collection “ century isa un of phenomenon this articulates world networked the i of network and environment information the to furthermore and position his of credibility foreign digital and tools filters between conversations on exclusively “almost focused state of forms traditional The 2015). (Owen, model bureaucratic state the by run institutions to only available once was what do to groups hoc ad and individuals importantly augmenting the for that tools technology and communication inte 2010 (Criekemans, with associated exclusively practice, diplomacy traditional possibility 1.2. communicating it and framing it framing and it communicating rnational traditional Digital diplomacy in context ofsub incontext diplomacy Digital

for Th . The empowered have technology digital in advances rapid decade, past the Over of establishment The I i iprat o itnus te ifrne where difference, the distinguish to important is t poli

news of global events for their home governmentsglobalevents fornews their of home

for is is almost a prerequisite for any any for prerequisite a almost is is terrible time tobe time terrible a ewre raiy rsms that presumes reality networked y aig process making cy establishe oiy making. policy

a variety of stakeholders of variety a information information to disperses disperses understand understand ).

S apparatus d ub the - tt actors state

ability tointeract” ( aeepn i nt osbe today possible not is gatekeeping information

hs a bcm gradually become has This how to communicate with various audiences audiences with various communicate how to the control ( freak” ,

” -

hs “augmenting thus controlled flow of information onlin information of flow controlled

and to private organizations built on a similar top similar a on built organizations private to and (Owen, 2 (Owen, utltrl lbl sphere global multilateral

n hs context this in . Diplomacy . n wy ht is that way a in managed to provide to managed - 015 p.169) 015 national actors national

10 nfluencers” (2015, p. 165 p. (2015, nfluencers” dipl understand the normality to normality the understand Ross, Ross, Sarukhan, 2015) Sarukhan,

public mt hv t b tc savvy, tech be to have omats

2014). changed the bandwidth of of bandwidth the

play a profoundly profoundly a play and if and

lts [ elites possible with the development of of development the with possible ifcl t cnrl Alec control. to difficult ”

(

Owen

fundamentally and t and fundamentally

presently it has been has it presently ulc diplomacy public new . a cetd nw il of field new a created has h wishes who because of the fact that that fact the of because

states

… ad ee hrfr the therefore were and ] -

2015, to possibilities of influence of possibilities , - e

tt dpoay were diplomacy state - ,

belong to the past past the to belong 66). This means means This 66). saying that saying

engagement, more more engagement,

p.165). “lose control over control “lose both domestic and both domestic and important

to preserve the the preserve to

be o use to able

a about was he days he stre “the 21 “the

J. oe in role - mainly down, tched tched Ross that the of of st

CEU eTD Collection delive c foreign behavior. interest unwanted and „illegitimate‟ sub their maintain policy agenda. ad the of gaps within influence of span their stretch to promises media digital utilizing payoffs, huge potentially them objectives state central the to compatible be not (Owen, 2015) sense to opportunity the had neither people; of number state. t not or whether p.169). (2015, everywhere and anyone with relations well. as policy” “making towards - state .

Countries, Owen says, no longer have the monopoly to shape shape to monopoly the have longer no says, Owen Countries, r sound policies which deriver soundpolicies which from are hs ih b so be might This global discourses. discourses. global Due to Due 21st century of reconfiguration of start and the power, at are we power decentralized increasingly of world a In aey s Namely, n qie fe sae ue hi mnpl o sae oes o ee ti kn of kind this deter to powers state of monopoly their use states often quite and utrat ad supporters and ounterparts actors Al tro so, be wt te eay udn of burdens legacy the with ubled .

diplomatic influence diplomatic

the fact that sub that fact the atg ta etbihd tt apparatus state established that vantage

it i it which pursue a pursue which he ae hv te eiiae oe t use to power legitimate the have tates navigating this terrain is one of the principal foreign policy challenges of the of challenges policy foreign principal the of one is terrain this navigating s likely that sub that likely s

( Owen, way

eas o several of because Furthermore, this is an op an is this Furthermore, oe i eecsd n h dgtl pc peet a crisis a presents space digital the in exercised is power 2015). 2015). by the state they state the by - state actors pursue international policy agendas policy international pursue actors state self

- state actors face a face actors state abroad - As

determination policy agenda policy determination th

ve that view e

Owen their internal structural . This however might be might however This . reasons 11

officially xlis it explains

h 20 the be chal be , digital tools are especially important for for important especially are tools digital , sub for portunity Frt wt rltvl mds c modest relatively with First, . they have the capacity to produce and and produce to capacity the have they

greater th e

belong to. This creates a conflict a creates This to. belong that in States competition. by lenged have s cent This points towards the question question the towards points This , digital public diplomacy means means diplomacy public digital , resources

r hi ury challenge to challenge

and institution hn usig hi foreign their pursuing when hi cin are actions Their . difficult when it comes to comes it when difficult rrh o bureaucracies of erarchy - state actors actors state

in order to create or or create to order in the the demonstrate behavior al capacities.

which might which to fulfill the the fulfill to

ss and osts

f large of seen as seen o the for

to the to of

CEU eTD Collection atclry ulc diplomacy public particularly sub taken is consideration 1.3 of government diplomacy (4 and actors; networked and media, new technologies, digital (3) issues; and people, actors, more many (2) domestic; and foreign between boundaries unclear and diffusion power by audiences to platforms crucial more hold realistic technologies through thecommunication to procedure. democratic legitimate a through future own its upon decide I aspirations. nation the to more become to actors these for possible it made important

participate and conso . Conceptual fra . Conceptual Bruce Gregory Bruce h cnrl tt gvrmns n t gnrt pplr upr aog international among support popular generate to and governments state central the - icpie tef s fso o svrl te dsilns uh s inte as such disciplines other several of fusion a is itself discipline vis T Anot n re t b al t cos te prpit tertcl rmwr, careful a framework, theoretical appropriate the choose to able be to order In - This is exactly the case why case the exactly is This lidate within the already the within lidate à hese three aspects are at the ve the at are aspects three hese

. In this sense, digital revolution has strengthened the role of sub of role the strengthened has revolution digital sense, this In . . - - extensively vis branding agenda branding This is the essential „change management‟ aspect of digital diplomacy digital of aspect management‟ „change essential the is This her challenge is the aspiration her challenge isthe t is not just t just not is t due

the

to their their to propose state actors state ,

r adic

mework in order to create awareness, to push to awareness, create to order in for for al changes in diplomacy in changes al „unstable‟

he (2014 policy for problems solutions pressing the . . This takes us to us takes This . This is ver is This desire essence of this thesis research. Digital diplomacy as a „niche‟ „niche‟ a as diplomacy Digital research. thesis this of essence hoy on theory

, p.5 established state actor‟s arena actor‟s state established

for position. position. ). rebuild

institutional recognition but recognition institutional y often often y ry core of the unique unique the of core ry

n sd ad omncto suis n h other, the on studies communication and side one for the magnitude of magnitude the Sub 12 cultural or ethnic particularity cultural or the

the . - visible

state actors should be should actors state conclusion that conclusion are comprised of three main three of comprised are reason d‟etre reason .

In

for desired policy outcomes clo outcomes policy desired for that way, way, that position position diplomatic influence abroad influence diplomatic

throughout the world. throughout on the global level global the on digital media tools are even are tools media digital for also sub their self their that

capable Thus the opportunity the Thus for the possibility to possibility the for - state actors state rnational relations, relations, rnational

sub which falls u which - state actors actors state - -

determination determination

states elements: to . As defined As . use digital use

becomes

are able able are ) whole ) entities entities

nder

and and ser ser (1)

is is

CEU eTD Collection the diplomacy public in relevance theoretical its justified have which authors many to further (2013, p.705). assures outcomes preferred obtain to order in attraction co the through consequently. diplomacy digital analyzing when excluded be not should therefore and diplomacy public of elementunderlying by developed diplomacy 1.3 thirdly, “parallel theapproach of power soft governments international the from derive which concepts discipline this position. theoretical adequate several include to disciplines literature the issue from a theoretical perspective. „appropr the set to effort challenging a therefore is It diplomacy. of dimension public the and tools information digital of role the encompassing .1. Soft power ory. It is important to discuss discuss to important is It three result, a As f not does question this of specificity the that fact the to Due The concept of soft power is broadly used and accepted and its relevance stretches stretches relevance its and accepted and used broadly is power soft of concept The

te motne of importance "the

(Nye)

in international relations and public diplomacy relationsin international and public theory.

exists. For that purpose, exists.Forthat

-

optive means of framing the agenda, persuading, and eliciting positive positive eliciting and persuading, agenda, the framing of means optive

is elaborated; secondly, the model of track two diplomacy two track of model the secondly, elaborated; is theoretical theoretical

although theoretical Joseph Nye, Jr. Jr. Nye, Joseph sf pwr ad t implication its and power' `soft

elements so that the logic of the research question is set in the in set is question research the of logic the that so elements It seems reasonable to conclude that a that conclude to reasonable seems It disharmony‟ ( disharmony‟ the concept of concept the

Nye conceptually and oper and conceptually concepts are taken into taken are concepts

this resea this eie soft defines ( 2011; 13 Soldatos

2010; 2008; 2004 2008; 2010; rch will rely upon a mix of severaltheoreticalof relymix a will upon rch the so the ” relations iate lenses‟ through which to look at this this at look to which through lenses‟ iate 21, p. (2011, oe as power - c ). alled „ alled ationally part of them, it it them, of part ationally

consideration. First the concept of of concept the First consideration.

theory, the study of regional regional of study the theory,

s for contemporary statecraft" statecraft" contemporary for s soft 20 “ th aiiy o fet others affect to ability [t]he - ) 21) . power‟ approach to approach power‟

Namely, soft power is the is power soft Namely,

ully comply with comply ully systematic deficiency in deficiency systematic Jn eisn lo re also Melissen Jan .

(M ontville) and ontville) i s necessary s

any of of any public -

CEU eTD Collection h Ctln‟ ulc ilmc srtg cnan eeet o te so the contact‟‟ 1981).(Montville, of elements contains strategy diplomacy public Catalans‟ the partners.international with greatercollaboration encourage Spanish the of channels diplomatic research i adversaries” between relations official sterile ( often but essential the to complement psychological to exchanges to stretched conceptually been also has prevention conflict and “[ as defined „ 1.3 power, soft which was for the thefoundation of construction theconcept ofsmartlater power on. and hard both of reality the incorporating on, later followed development Its diplomacy i power Soft ndividually, the model is acceptable to the level that Catalonia that level the to acceptable is model the ndividually, Montville, Montville, t rack .2. Track two diplomacy […] […]

w d two The ord In a and networking social growing by characterized between and among the peoples of world the is and changed which a communica reflect important and increasingly world governments, and all of critical changing arsenal both policy foreign are the diplomacy in public elements and tools power Soft Althoug

strategically optimi os em o act to seem does

itself and thele itself 1981 model s an an s u iplomacy‟ er to further narrow the conceptual framework, this research also considered the the considered also research this framework, conceptual the narrow further to er ] nofficial, non nofficial, se a a opeetr to complementary a as seen h , important p.

in ad ehooy eouin ht a poonl rdcd h distance the reduced profoundly has that revolution technology and tions of „track two diplomacy‟ although originally developed in in developed originally although diplomacy‟ two „track of

156)

concept . gacy relations international theory ofthe

y oue pltcl problem political focused ly stic” (1981 p.155).

- operational concept as concept operational s “ a as structured

Dvdo and (Davidson us state quasi central central

interaction. It is always open always is It interaction. government in order to be ab be to order in government 14 . It ”.

tak n dpoay ad o t b used be to not and diplomacy‟ one „track otil, 1981 Montville,

(Hawes, 2010

it is the very underlying fabric of public public of fabric underlying very the is it hrfr atmt t aod h official the avoid to attempts therefore - solving meetings […] […] meetings solving This is why it can be assumed thatassumedbe why can is it This

te ot pltcl cultural apolitical most “the

4 as a case study taken in this this in taken study case a as - . rc to ilmc is diplomacy two Track ). 1 . ).

- minded, often altr often minded, - called „„track two two „„track called le to persuade and and persuade to le the the s a as context of context

critical uistic, CEU eTD Collection independence tendencies. state Spanish the within factthe to due conceptualmodel patterns: four The 114). p. 2014, (Kuznetsov, patterns principal four 1.3 .3. Parallel n eain o hs eerh the research this to relation In performances entities‟ subnational t Therefore op 4 their actions are with accordance in arena international the in independently 3 paradiplomacy national within foreign policy; 2 coordination informal or formal a government; under relations international “ theoretical This 1.

. . .

pose national government policy Parallel

Cooperative Parallel Cooperative - disharmo - e eta gvrmn has government central he - disharmony pattern disharmony amn pattern. harmony

de -

harmonized ny Model on pattern joint - oriae pattern coordinated - n o te tt das with deals state the how on classification facto shifts diplomacy to

hra also whereas

that the Catalan governmentthe that

and do and contradictnot national foreign affairs; Ti frua en forma means formula This .

. In this In . hs oe peue ta rgoa governments regional that presumes model This developed parameters

. agl avcts o self for advocates largely

orh atr; „parallel pattern; fourth

Ti mdl sue rgoa involvement regional assumes model This . n h itrainl rn ad n t essence its in and arena international the in

15 pattern, the pattern, o diitaie power administrative no

by (

Kuznetsov,

f hs theory this of Professor Professor sub

regional authorities‟ external authorities‟ regional - st

ts itrainl performance international ates‟ is largely is 2014 Panayotis - o ifra inclusion informal or l

ihroy i ue a a as used is disharmony‟

incorporat hi competency their p.114). - eemnto ad even and determination

pursuing its autonomy its pursuing ehns t control to mechanism

Soldatos ih h federal the with e

and h following the

provides […] and and […]

actions

act of in

CEU eTD Collection ics Ctln euss hn t oe t te su o idpnec ad ainl self national and independence of issue the to comes it when requests Catalan discuss t willing is government Spanish No 2014). (Alexander, Spain within nation a as Catalonia recognizingfor legal basis no thereis autonomythat stating2006 statute, the ofoverruled part Catalan a that decided not has will referendum Spain example, for referendum, Scottish the unlike Hence, identity. regional of sense a nurture regions other several as disintegration, Spanish of process cen Spanish the of eyes the In Madrid. in government central the for situation unfavorable extremely an movement, determination those taking vot part main two the by non backed informal, an held government parties separatist regional A vote‟. to „right country‟s the for vote feeli these of expression an As country. the of rest the from separate future, seek to determined more authorities provincial natio and independence t not is peopleCatalan the on Franco‟srepression years. forty last the in momentum gaining been since has that independence an for support Spain. within statute a given was Catalonia Franco, of fall the With 2015). (BBC, repressed was language and culture its and revoked was autonomy Catalans‟ the War, Civil Spanish G ( government regional autonomous Catalan The 2015). (BBC, Spain” of rest the from nation separate a as themselves of think CHAPTER 2 eneral Francisco Franco, a military warlord and a dictator who came out victorious from the from victorious out came who dictator a and warlord military a Franco, Francisco eneral This led to a strong national Catalan renaissance, culminating with a surge of popular of surge a with culminating renaissance, Catalan national strong a to led This These developments have created a large international attention for the Catalan self Catalan the for attention international large a created have developments These “Wit h a distinct history stretching back to the early Middle Ages, many Catalans Catalans many Ages, Middle early the to back stretching history distinct a h

: A CASE STUDY OF CATALONIA ing "yes"ing Catalonia 2015). (BBC, profile, face legal consequences for Spain. The Constitutional Court in Madrid in Court Constitutional The Spain. for consequences legal face a self nal ngs over two million people marched in 2013 for a symbolic a for 2013 in marched people million two over ngs - eemnto agenda. determination Generalitat - binding vote on independence in 2014, with 80% of 80% with 2014, in independence on vote binding rl uhrte, aaa idpnec mgt tr a start might independence Catalan authorities, tral 16 ) was constituted in 1931. Under the rule of of rule the Under 1931. in constituted was )

he only reason why this province is pursuing is province why hethis onlyreason pi‟ eooi il mks the makes ills economic Spain‟s

of autonomy of o - - CEU eTD Collection (De strategy diplomacy public a develop to designed 2010 Plan Action 'Foreign ambitious 2009 p.75). communication networked “multiple non of identification the and channels of idea the from stems interdependence complex soft Nye‟s to it Relating available. tools diplomacy public all of use the upon dependent largely is failure and success 8).The p. 2015, Xifra, and Eugenio San (De industry culture the for strategy diplomatic feasible and renewed based […] identity own its construct and space” sovereign sub a As Catalans. the for framework sub for available opportunities the and action foreign independent of exercising the to relation in particularly hurdl legal the overcoming of capable strategies diplomacy a thecentral heightenedgovernment.against pressure Spanish gov Catalan the for opportunity an as seen was momentum achieved This referendum. independence Scotland‟s after thing” “next the become to striving discussed, is politics international where podiums the on as well as promote arguments its theworld. to to effort the in Catalonia stop to necessary whatever do will it seems it and determination

Eugenio and Xifra, 2009, p.87). The legal background of this Plan is specified in the the in specified is Plan this of background legal The p.87). 2009, Xifra, and Eugenio In that respect the necessity of smart use of public diplomacy tools is seen as crucial crucial as seen is tools diplomacy public of use smart of necessity the respect that In public to commitment clear a making be to appears Catalonia of government The reac to managed has movement Catalan The The strategy aroun strategy The

(DeS an and Eugenio - state actors to project their national identity beyond the current legislative current the beyond identity national their project to actors state d the public diplomacy objectives has been rooted in the Catalan‟s the in rooted been has objectives diplomacy public the d - tt ett, r ttls nto, t s motn t “ban a “obtain to important is it nation, stateless or entity, state

Xifra, 2014p.6.)

ernment to focus the international debate in order to put put to order in debate international the focus to ernment - - 2015', which is “ is which 2015', state and state

power approach to public diplomacy (2004), the the (2004), diplomacy public to approach power 17

t

ransnational actors in world politics” ( politics” world in actors ransnational

in an overt, orderly and systematic manner systematic and orderly overt, an in h popularity among the academic circles academic the among popularity h the first internal strategy specifically strategy internal first the e established by international law, law, international by established e

n h ipeetto o a of implementation the on Xifra, ”

CEU eTD Collection 1 independe abroad, missions diplomatic own its establish to right the has cost rather on mostly objectives. policy foreign achieving towards approach structured a utilize to promises and efforts, diplomacy public their institutionalize (Government Catalonia: ForeignAction 2010 Plan, of the with culture promote To c and outrea Catalonia‟sinternational to cancontribute they that communitiesso supportCatalan Communities between dialogue p for support by achieved be should this and organizations, Catalan by actions international provid defining in opinion image opinion, of to capacity the with diplo public implement structure government of consolidation through diplomacy public to the world” (Fo strategy diplomacy public a “developing for section separate 2006 from Statute' „Autonomy Catalans Catalan AutonomyStatute of 2006, spec CatalanAutonomyStatute of2006, reating coordination reating drc knowledge direct e It is comprised of six strategic objectives: 1) To develop a governmental strategy for strategy governmental a develop To 1) objectives: strategic six of comprised is It hs taey s vdnl soig h dtriain f h Ctln oenet to government Catalan the of determination the showing evidently is strategy This

nentoa atos of actions international

aaa ognstositrainl affiliation organisations‟international Catalan

bod s gns of agents as Abroad reign Action Plan 2010 reign Plan Action

and awareness and

and language as assets as language and h gvrmn and government the and implementing foreign implementing and - effective and subtle, soft subtle, and effective

macy strategy; 2) strategy; macy

mechanisms with the with mechanisms

of

ifically decrees 42/2008in 421/2006and C . This should be achieved through involving through achieved be should This .

tlna n international in atalonia oa gvrmns and governments local

ulc diplomacy public - 2015, p. 1

To promote a close, a promote To

Te oeg Ato Pa 2010 Plan Action Foreign The . of Catalonia‟s image Catalonia‟s of aaa organisations Catalan 18

- s sub a As approach diplomacy tools. No Spanish region Spanish No tools. diplomacy approach policy

Council of Catalan of Council 71).

-

2015). and through through and

hog e through - state entity, Catalonia has to rely rely to has Catalonia entity, state

te pbi ent public other n c and ulc opinion public

that projects the Catal the projects that

ongoing dialogue with dialogue ongoing ; and 6) 6) and ; etn a oy for body a reating 4) ; tbihnmcaim to stablishingmechanisms

promoting initiatives that initiatives promoting Communities Abroad Communities o relaunch To To generate To nt from the Spanish the from nt 3 T promote To 3) ; te in ities -

domestic public domestic 05 eoe a devotes 2015

Catalonia synergies synergies

an image an

roviding ongo

Catalan leaders ; 5) ; ing ing ch

CEU eTD Collection 2015). (DIPLOCAT, society” Catalan the in actors civil various the and Catalonia of Government co the the facilitating and public sector the private between bridge a as act and transversal a be to DIPLOCAT “enables unique a as (DIPLOCAT) Catalonia of Council Diplomacy Public The (2015). world” the of rest the and Catalonia of citizens the between relationships build and dialogue foster to “designed crea has government attain globally p.14). (2014, context” geopolitical “liquidof part be to strong is will Catalan‟s the becauseimplemented is p.14) 2014 Xifra, and Eugenio San De in (Henrickson diplomacy” “niche of kind This itsel abroad. player international developing envisions It diplomacy. cultural just than more for strives government Catalan the Barcelona, FC team football world renowned the and Barcelona city capital cosmopolitan its for famous largely although sense, br nation „stateless of concept the on focused is narrative main proveare world” who they (2015). tothe government Catalan the within Affairs Union European and Foreign for Secretariat the of Secretary Press the Clotet, Jaume As different. rather is Catalonia of position starting the case, Scottish the unlike Furthermore, (For objectives policy foreign key the among is abroad Plan, Action delegations for model consisted and integrated an Foreign within delegations of network a developing Catalan the in stated as Hence, infrastructure. diplomatic national

This perception has an important implication in the Catalan‟s digital strategy. The The strategy. digital Catalan‟s the in implication important an has perception This In order to carry out their digital diplomacy strategy abroad, the autonomous Catalan autonomous the abroad, strategy diplomacy digital their out carry to order In form of cooperation between the Catalan government and a private sector subject subject sector private a and government Catalan the between cooperation of form are

fit for the purposefit for „strate of their e a ted collaborative

states, “[t]he Scotts didn‟t feel threatened. They threatened. feel didn‟t Scotts “[t]he states,

- Therefore, the attention and the influence which they try to try they which influence the and attention the Therefore, ordination, the links and the conversation between the the between conversation the and links the ordination,

oy n h form the in body 19

gic al.). narrative‟(Roselle et a a epnil ad competitive and responsible a as f eign Action Plan, 2010 Plan, Action eign f public a of anding‟ (Xifra, 2014). In that that In 2014). (Xifra, anding‟ - rvt partnership private -

2015, p.108). 2015, don‟t need don‟t

to , CEU eTD Collection Namely the central press offices of all foreign media are generally based in Madrid. This This Madrid. in based generally are media foreign all of offices press central the Namely thatareto furtherinterested institutions indebating include other issue. onthis how and circles academic the in on going is what on abstracts draft them helps and Catalonia Royo to according This globe. the around universities in conferences and debates academic organizing through that interview an DIPLOCAT „trianglecarries outa (2 shaped strategy‟ in out pointed Catalonia, of Council Diplomacy Public the of General Secretary the Royo, Albert strategy, diplomacy digital the especially agenda, policy foreign sub that situation the of „unconventionality‟ and boundaries‟ legal the „escape to approach novel Digital Diplomac (DIPLOCAT GDP” or area population, their of size the of regardless potential, this ignore cannot countries “nowadays, that stating independence” importance its reinforce to seem they participatory, Catalan of issue the on (DIPLOCAT influence and opinions various and dialogue foster incorporate to tool diplomacy power soft a as media digital of power “the use to (2015).and business associations foundations, unions trade commerce, of chambers companies, medium and small micro, as such entities entrepreneurial and economic financial, includes it Furthermore, municipalities. a government, citycouncils, ofmunicipalities, councils, association provincial - tt atr ae dea are actors state h pbi piae atesi mdl sd o ti proe s nqe n relatively and unique is purpose this for used model partnership private public The significant of is What Catalan the incorporating institutions public of network organic an is DIPLOCAT h scn apc o ti srtg, e elaborates, he strategy, this of aspect second The expended effectively is which academia, on focusing is strategy this of pillar first The - iia Diplom Digital y, 2015). ,

gives additional prestige and credibility of the the of credibility and prestige additional gives ig ih I odr o analyze to order In with. ling

importance c, 05. aig hi dgtl taey s ulc and public as strategy digital their Naming 2015). acy,

for this research is the determination of DIPLOCAT of determination the is research this for 20

015). o te Coun the how

is focused on the foreign press. press. foreign the on focused is international debate about about debate international i is cil conducting nd federation ofnd federation

their their - ,

CEU eTD Collection committed internationalcommitted player”(Royo, 2015). Cata and society engage to seeks it between showthe to“strengthencivil relationship audiencesdetermination the that insubjects accounts, these Through YouTube. and Pinterest, Hangout, Google international The publicity states, approximately ifpaid, campaign, dollars wouldcost (2015). Royo million one (2015). actions” our of impact the strengthen to us helping is “[I]t that main the of one gradually become has it and role keya diplomacy played Royo,digital According to foreigncountries. audiencesfrom among support popular massive to out reach to Catalonia enabled has purpose this serve to bod special The platforms. networking social on mainlyreliant parliaments” in discussions (2015). t going by or us visit to parliaments foreign of members inviting by […] this on lot a quite working been have we [...] says he months, twelve to nine last the “in countries, European all in communication offer to order in ( Catalonia” for parliaments information “accurate foreign and actors political foreign with communication media which tur mainstream the in happened evolution of kind what [...] see to started “we states, he As press. op writing through done is This agenda. media foreign for push the therefore and perspective” Catalan the for possibility “correspondence no gives states, Royo as position, ht s ey motn t nt i ta DPOA‟ dgtl ilmc srtg is strategy diplomacy digital DIPLOCAT‟s that is note to important very is What on focused is strategy diplomacy public Catalan‟s the of pillar third The

ILCT manag DIPLOCAT ned out to be todo”(Royo, a veryned outto thing positive 2015). here and addressing the chambers, holding bilateral meetings, holding public public holding meetings, bilateral holding chambers, the addressing and here lonia [...] and to display Catalonia‟s vocation as a serious, responsible and responsible serious, a as vocation Catalonia‟s display to and [...] lonia s eea sca mda cons sc a Titr Facebook, Twitter, as such accounts, media social several es

Royo, 2015).With the goal to open channels of wider wider of channels open to goal the 2015).With Royo, - ed pieces by the President of Catalonia in the foreign the in Catalonia of President the by pieces ed tools of their public diplomacy strategy as he states states he as strategy diplomacy public their of tools

presence is on the top of the Catalan government Catalan the of top the on is presence 21

y that has been created in order order in created been yhas that

CEU eTD Collection and theexchange (DIPLOCAT ofideas” stro the underline dialoguesforideal say.are mediato Social has side other the what to “[l]istening on emphasis they where earlier, said as webpage their in reaffirmed also is This react." just not and interact to try we policy…where a communicating about is diplomacy Chile, and (@ourfinland) Finland (Sweden.se), page Twitter official Sweden‟s the at look “we states, Arrufat As Finland.and Sweden like countries Scandinavianthe in found are models role The ad and inspired only is strategy the Thus, (2015). itself in distinctive is case Catalan the believe they as diplomacy to digital approach unique own, very their using be to seem they strategy, diplomacy digital the t Arrufat, Jordi to According Quebec. or Scotland yearhas a beenago implemented just (2015). a do to capacity limited the DIPLOCAT, to According strategy. diplomacy digital their of impact the assess there improvement further for room of lot an media social profound a developed foreigners, theUnited mainlyand from States,Kingdom Germany, France. theUnited exampl for their of visits origin newsletter‟s the to relating Figures metrics. web similar other and items news viewed most content, news web the to clicks of number emails, opened of number as such diffusion di of Evaluation data. statistics media social The reference for the Catalan digital strategy is not what many would assume to be be to assume would many what not is strategy digital Catalan the for reference The not has DIPLOCAT standpoint, capacity a from as that though acknowledges Royo the tracking by monitored being is outreach diplomacy digital the of assessment The

as a model of our future improvement (2015). He further explains that, “digital “digital that, explains further He (2015). improvement future our of model a as n in n - depth social media monitoring and assessment and monitoring media social depth opted by other successful examples of digital media strategies. strategies. media digital of examples successful other by opted , eeld ht seventy that revealed e, alysis model to this point. “ point. this to model alysis - DigitalDiplomacy, 2015). ”

(2015). Hence, there is no current mechanism to mechanism current no is there Hence, (2015).

22 gital activities is measured by online content content online by measured is activities gital

he Public Diplomacy Advisor in charge of charge in Advisor Diplomacy Public he - ie ecn o te iios are visitors the of percent five Really is deficient is

”, he says, “there is a is “there says, he ”, as the strategy strategy the as

ng CEU eTD Collection provide only outcomes positive does utilization their and enemies, and adversaries to both serves and agnostic”, is media “Digital interviews. these from drawn conclusions the to attention curious a requires strate digital the for outcomes positive several shown have analysis the Although conclusions. structured (Deand SanXifra, Eugenio2014). Catalonia which policy government Th regions. or countries specific on than a reach timely target their of scope in the Additionally, manner. conveyed being are messages that ensuring time same the at but example for like accounts, media social of nature consu theutilization ofeven digitalwith more platforms. pronounced becomes this and intelligence, source open from information derive to capacity analytical deve is government Catalan the sense, a In 2015). (Arrufat, them” with interact we and Catalonia for talking is who monitor “we said, is it Therefore, online. Catalonia about op accounts ltation, an almost rapid response mechanism, particularly because of the instantiate instantiate the of because particularly mechanism, response rapid almost an ltation, However, one should be cautious and not overplay the 'digital card‟ when making making when card‟ 'digital the overplay not and cautious be should one However, of purpose the For officia on only not is focus the that way a in changed has strategy The

erated by erated gy of the Catalan government, a balanced approach towards the research question question research the towards approach balanced a government, Catalan the gyof public officials, but rather interacting with those who who those with interacting rather but officials, public internal,

per se

since h cmuiain rcs rqie fs ad effective and fast requires process communication the .

is diplomacy method method diplomacy is not being a nat a being not 23

twitter is focused on Europe as a whole, rather rather whole, a as Europe on focused is . Thus, it requests online interaction, online requests it Thus, . ion state cannot exercise formally” exercise cannot state ion acts as a “substitute for classic for “substitute a as acts

generate loping proto loping d acc nd

not always not Twitter l debate debate urate urate - CEU eTD Collection additional Council audiences. foreign to devoted Catalonia of Council Diplomacy Public the of account official 3.1.1 Ireland,Belgium, Russia, Germany by followed from comes followers of body visits foreign of 78% in visitors, of origin the Regarding followers. 1 of total a received on election 9 Catalonia, about French and German English, in community international the to available information make to is account ( diplomacy strategy. th and account Pinterest one account, Hangout Google platforms. Itprovided by DIPLOCAT. https://www.facebook.com/catalonia.votes th DATA CHAPTER 3 3.1

I ndependence vote. ndependence . .

Twitter accounts @ThIsCatalonia ILCT anhd Fcbo pg, aaoi Votes Catalonia page, Facebook a launched DIPLOCAT DIPLOCAT Namely The purpose thesocial of elaborate this chaptermedia isto indetail tracking data DIPLOCAT runs several Twitter accounts. The Twitter accountDIPLOCAT Twitter @ThIsCatalo accounts.Twitter runs The several - eae o third or related

agae n re orahseii uine fol audiences specific reach to order in languages It September is responsible for operating for responsible is : THE CATALAN SOCIAL MEDIA PUBLIC DIPLOMACY

47976 visits by 108 by visits 47976 and 22% of 22% and

T 8) n S and (8%) 27 - account

at nw rel news party

he website remains active for the same pur same the for active remains website he Switzerland andSwitzerland theNetherlands 2015). (DIPLOCAT, th

is an overview of all is anoverview of

( on issues related to Catalonia‟s right to vote to right Catalonia‟s to related issues on us eea sca mda cons n h mjr oil media social major the on accounts media social several runs Catalonia Votes, 2015). 2015). Votes, Catalonia the

USA domestic (Catalan) domestic pain (8% (8% pain

tn t Ctlna r provided are Catalonia to ating (10%), 935 users. The users. 935 one Facebook account, Facebook one ) over a year ago in April, 2014 April, in ago year a over ) 24 recent months the web has stabili has web the months recent – then UK then

of o cutn Ctlna, n te Canada, then and Catalonia), counting not the soc ree web sites within their digital public public digital their within sites web ree

uig the During users. Outside of Catalonia, of Outside users.

web (9%) and France (9%) are at the top, the at are (9%) France and (9%) ial media accounts theyial media operate. page currently page lowing the pattern set by other other by set pattern the lowing three

first year the website has has website the year first pose until the plebis the until pose

Twitter accounts, one one accounts, Twitter

n nls or English in and the and . The aim of aim The . has zed at around around at zed

around 7000 7000 around November nia isthe the main the

other, citary

this

CEU eTD Collection early September 2014. The number of @catalangov tweets ranges from three to eight per day. day. per eight to three from ranges tweets @catalangov of number The 2014. early September to messages specific p convey Catalonia to occasions certain on seen of been also has languages other Government to redirect often ( Tweets 2015). (DIPLOCAT, Catalonia on information factual Governm Catalan the of activity the on news combining informative, generally is content its of nature The government. its of activity political the and Catalonia on information acquire to wishing audience foreign a at primarily aimed is and Catalonia 3.1.2 (DIPLOCAT, 2015) and Brussels other places in established “ day, per twice least at tr culture, economy, on also in included be can Catalonia to Spanisho (Chile) not in public other or government 3) not; or Chilean/Finnish about a as used are accounts These @ThisisChile. or @ThisisFinland as such profiles Public www.catalangovernment.eu erh o interact to search riua gop o floes DPOA, 05. hs T This 2015). (DIPLOCAT, followers of groups articular @catalangov sharing h @aaagv wte acut s h ofca acut f h Governme the of account official the is account Twitter @catalangov The T The

Tweets are predominantly written in English to reach a larger audience but the use of use the but audience larger a reach to English in written predominantly are Tweets witter accountwitter

od xml for example good t eeae itrs mil from mainly interest generates it affirmative ”

account account . Thirty .

r ih 05 olwr s fr I mostly It far. so followers 7025 with Finnish

es eae t the to related news institutions from the from institutions @ It also includes, from time to time, content generated by the the by generated content time, to time from includes, also It avel, (DIPLOCAT, 20 (DIPLOCAT, avel, ), the international of theGovernm version

than percent ThIsCatalonia shows that anyone who is anyonewho that ThIsCataloniashows the

(DIPLOCAT, in TICtlna Ti i dn fr eea raos 1) reasons: several for done is This @ThIsCatalonia. Catalonia or Spain, mainly in the UK, USA, France or or France USA, UK, the in mainly Spain, or Catalonia

communication policy, not only in the field of politics, but politics, of field the onlyin not policy,communication order “to order

f h floe‟ poie are profiles follower‟s the of

raise awareness of its unique context in history in context unique its of awareness raise 25 2015)

country; 4) country; Catalonia 15). The account ( account The 15).

. journal

2) ;

The ss pltcas n diplomats and politicians ists, wit

follows t s user is It

e acut a luce in launched was account ter content

epe r organizations or people @ThisCatalonia

ent with historical and historical with ent ent‟s officialent‟s website. writing articles relatedwriting articles cons ih which with accounts is written is - generated in English, in ) content,

tweets nt of of nt

t is It

” ,

CEU eTD Collection 2 conversati their broadcast (DIPLOCAT, 2015) “c Australia. and States United UK, has account country the know who those by public eye. the in person a usually not is curator The Catalonia. in life on opinions and thoughts their and day their about English in tweet Curators profile. Twitter a managing experience thei of regardlessthreemonths least atfor Catalonia in lived has who anyone by managed be can account @CatalanVoices The 2015) curation”, “Rotation is account This 2013. March run profile. 3.1.3 the on 15% than Europeancontinent. more and Canada and US the in 20% Spain, in based are 60% roughly confere press important an as such event, significant a to attributed usually is tweets of frequency higher A

Data until February 23 until February Data etv cas, hc icue wies gahc design graphic writers, includes which class”, reative

y h Pbi Dpoay oni o Catalonia of Council Diplomacy Public the by @CatalanVoices The main purpose main The run also Catalonia of Council Diplomacy Public The oge agus los o svrl pa several for allows Hangouts Google 3.2 Namely, @CatalanVoices is @CatalanVoices Namely, Google Hangouts

currently nce or a particular speech. particular a or nce rd

. (DIPLOCAT,

, 2015 ,

originally 3.668 followers out of which a which of out followers 3.668

account account

on live via Google+ and later being later and Google+ via live on of @CatalanVoices is @CatalanVoices of

run by a different a by run

netd y h @wdn wte acut (DIPLOCAT, account. Twitter @Sweden the by invented

best 2015) @ “ aaavie floes m followers Catalanvoices the main the – This

r nationalityr th

pol lvn there living people e account current account 26 tools of participatory public digital public participatory of tools

“ person every week following the concept of of concept the following week every person rticipants without geographic proximity to to proximity geographic without rticipants to provide direct knowledge about Catalonia provideknowledgeabout directto (ILCT 2015) (DIPLOCAT, ” round 40% of live abroad, mainly in t in mainly abroad, live of 40% round and as long as they have some previous some havethey aslong as r, ulcss n fl makers film and publicists ers, ly has 5,080 followers 5,080 has ly uploaded on YouTube on uploaded a s sl bln t te so the to belong ostly (ILCT 2015) (DIPLOCAT, ” oain uaig Twitter Curating Rotation I . satd u in out started t - 2 diplomacy diplomacy to . Of these, Of .

- channel day life life day - called . The The he .

CEU eTD Collection 4 3 represe ( Spain of rest the from and (57%) Catalonia from comes audience its of Most month.* per activi our in interested public general the and partners international our especially audience, international Occitan a Spanish Catalan, Catalonia of presentation brief a includes also It activities. its and institution the about information detailed contains which Catalonia, tothe visitors the categories audience larger even an by known Catalonia about is It practices. showing the join can thatCatalonia best or expertise contribute can Catalonia which to topics relevant wor the over all from citizens and the of goal main The

Most visited contents visited Most by international audience:the 18%), Occitanis ir contributions. ir ▪ ▪ ▪

nts, overall,of thevisits. 25% The website The 3.4 Pinter The 3.3 http://www.diplocat.cat/en/about european http://www.diplocat.cat/en/catalan http://www.diplocat.cat/en/activities/training/election 3 rne te S Gray te K Blim n Iay Itrainl audience International Italy. and Belgium UK, the Germany, US, the France, . “ the third official language ofCatal language official third the

. are open to selected Pinterest users who complement the mosaic of images through through images of mosaic the complement who users Pinterest selected to open are The website is aimed both to a local audience interested on our activities and to an to and activities our on interested audience local a to both aimed is website The Pinterest www.diplocat.cat ties abroad ties

website - union est account „This is Catalonia‟ is „This account est nd English. Some of t of Some English. nd - With 2387 followers, followers, 2387 With the www.diplocat.cat

DIPLOCAT - (DIPLOCAT, 2015) case

” (DIPLOCAT,2015) ” - of - catalonia

- us/mission - issues/debates ‟s Google Hangouts is Hangouts Google ‟s

- Global ata debates cost” small (DIPLOCAT,2015). madp d bu Catalonia about ld 4

(DIPLOCAT, 2015) onia, spoken in the Aran Valley Aran the in spoken onia, is the official site of the Publ the of site official the is

- - chair and he content he , intended to intended , DIPLOCAT‟s main goal using Pintere using goal main DIPLOCAT‟s .

- - - objectives . about of

” (DIPLOCAT, 2015) (DIPLOCAT, ” 27 This website receives an average of 4,283 visits visits 4,283 of average an receives website This - sciences - observation

uses - catalonia/517

is

- “ po

foreigners. also published in French, German and and German French, in published also the power of imagery in order to make to order in imagery of power the - - paris - eae nw i gnrl r globally or general in news related training “ to hold brief debates with Catalans Catalans with debates brief hold to

- - self france

- determination

The content is content The . Pho . ic Diplomacy Council of Council Diplomacy ic tographs grouped in grouped tographs - processes st is to attract to is st

published in published - in - the -

CEU eTD Collection 5 France and Germany Again, Cataloniaandfrom therest 37.5%comes13.6% from ofSpain US, the UK, the from especially abroad, from come visitors the of month*. per visits 14,347 of average an representswhich visits, 134,866 received has it then, Since 2014. April in launched was website The German. and French publ are contents its All updated. audience keep to news daily as well as territory the of status political the decide to commitment their and people its Catalonia, about information depth in contains It process. determination au international DIPLOCAT) (Source: Table website fro 1: Percentageof visits Netherlands Brazil Italy Belgium United Kingdom Germany StatesUnited France ofRest Spain Catalonia

Most visitedMost bycontents international audience:the ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪ ▪

h website The 3.4.1 http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/they http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/catalonia http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/history/ http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/about http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/expo http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/independence http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/why

www.cataloniavotes.eu ine h cret oiia dvlpet i Ctlna eadn te self the regarding Catalonia in developments political current the dience

www.cataloniavotes.eu

mcountry of origin - - - also a - speakers/ - catalonia/ independence

- - independence did

- - it/ referendum/

ished in English and and English in ished * from June Data to 2014 January 31 1 - s teai wbie ie t epan o an to explain to aimed website thematic a is 28 referendum - referendum

- incatalonia/ - newsroom/

ot f it of most 5 .

An estimated An ,

2015.

is

18.0% 57.0% rnltd in translated 0.8% 0.9% 1.1% 1.7% 2.2% 2.3% 2.4% 3.2%

48.8%

our our - CEU eTD Collection www.catalangovernment.eu Additionally, website. the through provided also is correspondents, international to interest particular a of be may which or abroad, living Catalans concerning programmes government trad international and affairs foreign to attention special with presidential official speeches, and statements. al is Generalitat la de Palau the and presidents, its Government, Catalan the of history the on Catalonia‟s Information branch. of executive Ministries twelve the and Council Executive the President, the of activity on audience foreign a inform to designed is site web website official Government‟s Catalan the of 2: Table Denmark Sweden Russia Australia Italy Switzerland Ireland Netherlands Belgium Canada France Germany UnitedStates UnitedKingdom Rest ofSpain Catalonia

Data from Data 21s “Government of Catalonia” ( Catalonia” of “Government 3.4.2 The site intends to focus on content that may be relevant to an international audience international an to relevant be may that content on focus to intends site The

www.catalangovernment.eu

t of April to January 31st, 2015 2015 January31st, to April t of

offers a weekly ne weekly a offers o vial o te est, ln wt pes releases, press with along website, the on available so www.catalangovernment.eu

. It was launched in early September 2014 September early in launched was It . (Source: DIPLOCAT) DIPLOCAT) (Source: 29

wsletter to subscribers with the most relevant most the with subscribers to wsletter

the latest news regarding the political the regarding news latest the . nomto o plce or policies on Information e.

) is the international version international the is ) 13.6% 37.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.8% 0.9% 1.1% 1.2% 1.2% 1.2% 1.6% 2.1% 5.0% 5.9% 6.6% 7.1%

. The The . CEU eTD Collection rsdn.a) bt wbie eiae t a itrainl uine ih h msin o in to mission the with audience international an 2015) (DIPLOCAT, 1359. to back that dates an institution activityof governmental theon world speaking to dedicated website a but president.cat), 6 legitimi government the helping is it because target content, produce accounts as as number of well visits site web media social several make to possible is it conclusions: mind, in results the of limitation this Taking with interviews the and data provided the upon based drawn be can conclusions all that level the any provide not does strategy this that attention digital the of tool main media used for accounts are foreignpolicy several objectives: key being wanting about toknowmore info articles,

It should be noted, that “Government of Catalonia” is not a translation of its Catalan counterparts (govern.cat or (govern.cat or counterparts Catalan ofits translation not a is Catalonia” “Government of that noted, be should It 3. 2. 1.

the members ofthe Organizing online d th from news official Transmitting foreign engaging and Informing ed historical context; historical context; academic context; and institutional First the are accounts media social that state can we data, presented above the of result a As provid data analytics media social the from evident is It Third s Second, ze and create international support for the nation the for support international create and ze

audience. ,

- , the , that the use of soci of use the that a graphic publications and general facts that may be of interest to an audience audience an to interest of be may that facts general and publications graphic nalytics show nalytics ocial me ocial

digital inform

Catalan

strategy is strategy

ebates and relatedglobally discussions ebates relevant topics dia platforms serve as a as serve platforms dia diplomacy strategy for DIPLOCAT. It is important to draw the the draw to important is It DIPLOCAT. for strategy diplomacy and

continuously increasing number of number increasing continuously Catalonia and Government its

engage al media platforms does engage foreignengage does platforms media al

government and DIPLOCAT.andgovernment important

to

ih var with increase awareness for their foreign policy agenda policy foreign their for awareness increase uine rltd o Catalonia to related audiences

Ctln government Catalan e . 30

part

os audiences ious impact

of the of useful tool useful assessment. It is therefore limiting to limiting therefore is It assessment. - Catalan‟s branding aspirations and to engage to and aspirations branding 6 .

for sub for

ed by DIPLOCAT that social that DIPLOCAT by ed followers n atat teto t the to attention attract and public diplomacy strategy strategy diplomacy public -

- es n oiia and political in news state actors in order to order in actors state

audience -

on all social media media social all on cultural, political, political, cultural, . form the English English the form

s

online. important important

The , to ,

CEU eTD Collection expected to expected strategies. digital of effects real and relevance the of talking when cynicism expressed have diplomats working Even objective convertedrem inrealpower, whe of question the but made, be can conclusions positive careful Thus success. its of drawn be can conclusions drastic that so sufficient not is platforms media can life difference trackhowdigital creates inthe real be targ desired the strategy. digital approach purpose. strategy the future incorporate cansothat strategies important is Catalan the exact results can be produced. additional DIPLOCAT, imageabroad. prominent the in diaspora the concentrate hrfr an Therefore Therefore gen data the upon merely based are conclusions these as However, s rsl, t result, a As digital from derived solely provided data on relying possible, becomes this Until

hc will which

approach towards towards approach which can deliver deliver can which government meet halfway from soft to hard power hard to soft from halfway meet d

et audiences both domestic and international. F international. and domestic both audiences et Thus a well thought well a Thus on the maximization of social media outreach and to develop a model which which model a develop to and outreach media social of maximization the on , it is important to further explore what virtual conversations are relevant for for relevant are conversations virtual what explore further to important is it ,

improve improve additional e ocp o sf pwr a t be to has power soft of concept he

space for space and which o which and providing relevant analysis for analysis relevant providing ains be difficult to answered. ohsiae ipc assessment impact sophisticated effectiveness and efficiency to the resources provided for this this for provided resources the to efficiency and effectiveness T

ebr o te aaa society Catalan the of members he fot s edd o eeo a develop to needed is effort eoe the refore, further scholarly further ,

f th f strategic and tactical evaluation strategy s strategy evaluation tactical and strategic e social media accounts provide accounts media social e

31 importance of diplomatic diplomatic of importance

.

analysis analysis Thus, power tool. outcomes into amore cohesiveinto outcomes

a

public diplomacy outreach eff outreach diplomacy public rather remains to be done so that more more that so done be to remains rtcly observed critically

results for the success of the the of success the for results

urthermore urthermore oe wt sud analytical sound with model n re t cet a positive a create to order in

quie ther this digital power is power digital this ther t but but t

wanted results. This results. wanted practice should should practice the still still hould focus on on focus hould efforts

favored, old favored, as the only only the as rtd by erated

should digital ects. ects. - life life be be - CEU eTD Collection preserve therealistic approach arena. ofinternational relations powe soft of combination (i.e. power smart to soft from shift the that seems it discourses, academic the in support credible generates power “people of reputation fashioned

- to - people” communication people” 32 r and hard power) is inevitable if one wants to wants one if inevitable is power) hard and r

exists

. While

the concept of soft soft of concept the CEU eTD Collection diplomacy strategy is developed as an effort to circumvent the the circumvent to effort an as developed is strategy diplomacy to messages relate to order in used are Go Facebook, Twitter, as such platforms media Social prese international Catalan‟s 2010 the Plan of Action Foreign part as implemented was DIPLOCAT by strategy diplomatic digital of government Catalan the the of role the that concluded be can it question, first the Regarding research.information related tothis Lastly, used. was DIPLOCAT by provided analytics media social Furthermore, government. Catalan the semi included questions public the diplomacygovernment Catalan for strategy the ( conducting body external an (DIPLOCAT), Catalonia of Council Diplomacy public the of review the and (Spain) Catalonia of public diplomacy objectives? How 2) sub the of role the is What 1) twoexploring issue research this questionshave posed: been digital Conclusion - state level? media h slcin f ehdlgcl prah oad aseig h to res two the answering towards approach methodological of selection The research this questions, these answer to able be to order In The h aayi give analysis The does the growing utilization of digital platforms by sub by platformsdigital of utilization growing the does purpose purpose s ands Recommendations tool desktop And: s nce of Catalonia worldwide by c by worldwide Catalonia of nce n pbi diplomacy public and of this thesis research thesis this of

research -

structured ser digital digital h opruiy o nwr h aoe asd usin a follows: as questions raised above the answer to opportunity the - 2015 ves for for ves

a used was and as such it has been used in order to achieve stronger stronger achieve to order in used been has it such as and media , three main main three face

relevant - platforms in resh in platforms to

- face interviews with members of DIPLOCAT and DIPLOCAT of members with interviews face rcie o sub for practice was to explore the growing relationship between relationship growing the explore to was o te ups o providing of purpose the for

33 public diplomacy purposes diplomacy public audiences globally; and 3) The Catalan digital Catalan The 3) and globally; audiences

Generalitat diplomacy strategy obtained by the Public Public the by obtained strategy diplomacy ommunicating relevant content online content relevant ommunicating ogle Hangout, Pinterest and You and Pinterest Hangout, ogle aping public aping ). -

state actors. For the purpose of of purpose the For actors. state

- dominant political narrative of of narrative political dominant state actors help in promoting promoting in help actors state has has digital focused on a case study study case a on focused

diplomacy practice on practice diplomacy : 1) The utilization utilization The 1) : platforms seconda ry

used by used source source earch Tube Tube ; 2) ;

CEU eTD Collection rhsrtd rmwr o atos aog hc pbi dpoay wee hy em to seem their utilize they where diplomacy, public which among actions, self of on based framework are orchestrated policies foreign its of portion large a government, central the of laws in extensively seems because Nye‟as inJoseph stipulated 20 p. (2011, outcomes preferred obtain to order in attraction positive elicit and persuade, thesis diplomacy, plat digital potential great the about volumes speaks digitally promoted ( Catalonia” about truth the “tell state to order in programs exchange less and Catalonia to visits parliament foreign towards organizing shift the influence to order in press 2 institutions; research other and universities known world with debatesorganized academic1) of consisted are"triangleconcept,strategy" their in internati and 2015) (Royo, world the to story the of side their tell to effort Catalan self national the pns cnrl government central Spanish strategically

gives the opportunity to conclude that digital that conclude to opportunity the gives ikn ti rsac to research this Linking greater achieve to order in used are tools diplomacy public other several Furthermore, of framework conceptual the Furthermore, onal support of the Catalan political position. Such tools, envisioned by DIPLOCAT DIPLOCAT by envisioned tools, Such position. political Catalan the of support onal as being as

especially when self - eemnto, oh oe n epcal ara. hs i This abroad. especially and home both determination, - determination agenda extensively. they are they de facto eedn. ec, ept lgly prtn udr h administrative the under operating legally despite Hence, dependent.

oo 2015). Royo, able todoso

part of the Spanish country, Spanish the of part s conceptapproach ofsoft power diplomacy inpublic analyzedaspect fromofsub the

n t pltcl oiin twrs aaoi‟ aprto for aspiration Catalonia‟s towards positions political its in the hoeia framewo theoretical .

n te at ht the that fact the And 34

Soldatos

tools have been used to to used been have tools srn collaboration strong ) the k lbrtd n hpe 1 f this of 1 Chapter in elaborated rk

- is - Catalans‟ foreign policy strategy strategy policy foreign Catalans‟ state actor‟s position. actor‟s position. state centric press coverage; and 3) 3) and coverage; press centric

relevant for this case. this for relevant

otn o tee fot are efforts these of content ,

in times when digitally when times in forms offer to public to offer forms done s frame the agenda, agenda, the frame

w t te foreign the ith . hog the through

This is so is This - 21) - ,

CEU eTD Collection analytical data have shown, the newly established agenda seems to grow the number of of number the engaged online, users grow to seems agenda established newly the shown, have data analytical and independence of foreign issue the to audiences engaging of terms in outcomes positive generate does tool diplomacy public a as and transferrable is DIPLOCAT right can made. direction be d that suggest this conduct to model the digital thefuture. in diplomacy dimension through addressedbe to is that how and question open an remains country the inside branding affairs foreign of world the in power" real into power soft "converting of challenge the over pondered he when clearly most dilemma c on publ Catalonia. communicatio digital the strongly how digital of connection the onversion iplomacy tools have shown to be successful be to shown have tools iplomacy

objectives taey a be aotd n ipeetd o ol a er o, t em lgcl to logical seems it now, year a only for implemented and adopted been has strategy It is also important to underline that DIPLOCAT does not have the capacity nor the the nor capacity the have not does DIPLOCAT that underline to important also is It faces question this Furthermore, con for space a is there however, said, being All n re t b al t udrtn wehr h dgtl dipl digital the whether understand to able be to order In ic opinion. Scholarlyresearch f ot oe t tnil otoe o ra power real of outcomes tangible to power soft of further further ,

this research draws several policy recommendation policy several draws research this any

policy

impact assessment measurement on their di their on measurement assessment impact media tools tools media

evaluation is needed in order to be able to understand what digital digital what understand to able be to order in needed is evaluation

policy to similar similar to policy face s

a challenge to clearly quantify the effect of digital strategydigital of effect the clearlyquantify to challengea and public diplomacy. For example, it remains unclear remains it example, For diplomacy. public and n strategy affects the public opinion inside and outside and inside opinion public the affects strategy n

with the alchemic challenge of explaining the the explaining of challenge alchemic the with self

aspiring sub aspiring 35

21) Additionally (2015). so that so -

determination. In the case of Catalonia, as the as Catalonia, of case Inthe determination. development and improvements and development structive criticism when we analyze analyze we when criticism structive - state state PJ Coly riuae this articulated Crowley P.J. . entities te challeng the , gital strategy so far. Since Since far. so strategy gital s.

First, pursuing similar similar pursuing omacy strategy of of strategy omacy

digital diplomacy diplomacy digital o nation of e

in the the in goals -

CEU eTD Collection communication activities public of concept the sphere. digital and academia the of potential the incorporating by agenda governmen the pushing for opportunity of window autonomous present or future how of example good a as seen be can This well. as strategy influence should eventually that objectives diplomacy public their of adjustment further enable views academic different where itself, government Catalan to opportunity policy a as serves this Furthermore, engage. and wider hear the see, to for audiences platforms digital on introduced easily is discourse this that is encouraging quite is

Thirdly, other sub other Thirdly, tooldiplomacy public a as discourse academicof use the that argued be can it Second,

ucsfl n eeaig rdblt t te eae tef Wa i ee more even is What itself. debate the to credibility generating in successful platforms , for the purpose of generating issue credibility i credibility issue generating of purpose the for , - private partnership as a form of conducting „informal‟ foreign policy foreign „informal‟ conducting of form a as partnership private , which serve as a form of para, which serveas of aform - state entities seeking sim seeking entities state 36

lrfrinplc ucmscnlo at look can outcomes policy foreign ilar diplomacy tool for sub for tool diplomacy n the public diplomacy public the n - s a ue the use can ts state entities. the the

CEU eTD Collection Reference List Barbieri,“Why Nicolás. Policy 2012.Does Cultural Policy Change? Discourseand Policy Archetti, 2012.“Impact Cristina. o Albert Royo. 2015 of“A DigitalDiplomacy Definition | Di EU Abbasov, Deruda,Antonio. 2015. Department State.Office The ofWebsite Management, Affairs. Of Bureauof Public 2011. “Definitions Diplomacy ofPublic 9. |School.” Fletcher2015.Accessed June Tufts eDiplomacyDefinition of by AlecRoss J. Debating“Argument Europe. 2015. V.Montville. D.,andDavidson, Joseph 1981. “Foreign William Policy According to Freud.” 2013.“The Nicholas J. Cull, Long Road toPu Nicholas. 2015.“„PublicCull, Diplomacy‟ The Gullion: Evolution Before of a|Usc Phrase Criekemans, “Regional David. Sub 2010. Cooper, Andrew F.,and Heine, eds. Jorge Ramesh Thakur, 2013. “Cataloniavotes Receives Web “Catalonia Profile Power Manuel.Castells, and 2007.“Communication, Counter Bjol BBC.“Catalonia Profile 2015. a, Holmes, eds.2015. Corneliu, and Marcus Quebec, Flanders.”Bavaria, Catalonia,and Wallonia Scotland, Modern Diplomacy http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/cataloniavotes IndependenceCatalonian Referendum http://www.bbc.com/news/world Society.” Routledge. RoutledgeAbingdon, Diplomacy Park, New York: Oxon ;New Milton Studies. http://www.bbc.com/news/world Policy International Journal ofCultural Subsystem: ACase StudyofCulturalEvolution Policy of the Model of Change, The.” http://www.digitaldiplomacy.eu/a Communication_Technologies_in_the_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade http://www.academia.edu/1058526/Digital_Diplomacy_Embedding_Information_and_ Technologies inthe DepartmentMay and ofForeign Trade.” Affairs Accessed 16. https://www.youtube.c http://www.state.gov/statecraft/overview/index.htm “21st Century March Statecraft.” 16. http://fletcher.tufts.edu/Murrow/Diplomacy/Definitions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OsMWA_nKkFo Europe Foreign Policy Diplomacy.” ution_of_a_phrase http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/060418_public_diplomacy_before_gullion_the_evol Center Diplomacy.” onPublic May Accessed 30. Diplomacy Abbas. 2015.“DigitalInformation Communication Diplomacy: Embedding and . Accessed 2. June International Journal ofCommunicationInternational Journal

5 (1

International Studies Review Studies International , Interview , -

. edsjsr. Timeline.” 2015. Timeline.” - 2): 37 2): .

Successes and Failures in Digital DiplomacySuccessesDigital andFailures in . Oxford: Oxford University Oxford Oxford: . Press. – om/watch?v=UKY3scPIMd8&feature=youtube_gdata_player 45 64 . Hague Journal ofDiplomacy

-

. - http://www.debatingeurope.eu/focus/independence 150,000 Visits in 1st Year.” 1st in 150,000 Visits 2015.

156

Overview.” Overview.” f New Media on Diplomatic Practice:New Evolutionary on f Media An

s for and Against Catalonia Independence.” and Catalonia s forAgainst BBC News - - europe - europe definition - - State Diplomacyfrom aComparativePerspec

H . Accessed May. Accessed 28. gital Diplomacy.” May 2015.Accessed 18. BBC News UBFORUM 2010 37

- - 18 (1): 13 blic DiplomacyInternet USPublic in 2.0:The 20345071 20345073

15 (1): 123 15 (1): . Accessed 8. June Digital Diplomacy:Digital Theory and Practice - - of web - digital - receives

. Accessed 2. June – 1 (1): 238 . . . 30.

. –

- 7: 181. diplomacy/ 39 .

- . 2010. Video. . 2010.Video. . Power in the NetworkPower inthe

-

150000 The Oxford HandbookThe Oxford of –

Catalonia Votes | A Catalonia

in Catalonia.” in Catalonia.” 66. The Hague JournalThe of Hague . Video. . Video.

. -

visits

- in Debating Debating - 1st - catalonia/ - year/ tive: . . .

.

.

CEU eTD Collection DIPLOCAT DIPLOCAT DIPLOCAT DIPLOCAT. Diplomacyof “Public Catalonia 2015a. Council Diane.Stone, Policy, Public 2008.“Global and Policy Their Transnational Communities, “Jordi Sánchez: „the Most Difficult Times Will Come Sánchez: „the Difficult“Jordi Most After Will Times Arrufat.Jordi 2015 2015 Clotet. Jaume Hawes, Diplomacy Public Centerand | Michael.2010.“Canada‟s SoftPower onPublic Usc Harriet Hanson, Diplomacy.” Fergus. 2015.“Public Grunig, E.,ed. James 1992. Crowely, P Gregory,Bruce. ofUS 2014.“TheParadox Gregory,B “Government Catalonia of Gilboa, Eytan.“Diplomacyand Three Age: 2001. Effects.” ofUses inthe Media Models Gilboa, E FCO Foregin Commonwealth Office. and “Digital Strat 2015. “Foregin Catalonia Action Plan 20102015.pdf.” n.d. . 2015. “UK‟s Government. 2015.“UK‟s Digital Strat the American andSocial Science Political Academy of http://www.catalangovernment.eu/pres_gov/government/en/index.html &Diplomacy Statecraft American andSocialScience Academy ofPolitical http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/digitaldiplomacy/digital summary/ Accessed May 28. of and future http://www.diplocat.cat/en/catalan GeorgeCommunication, WashingtonAccessed 8. University” June Catalonia and theRole o Ac Accessed 9. June Accessed 9. June Networks.” Catalonia Votes |Catalonia ACatalonian Independence Referendum plomacy http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/pdin_monitor_article/canadas_soft_power_and_public_di Diplomacy.” Catalonia http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/e October World. 22,sec. diplomacy http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2012/10/25 Erlbaum. Management Institute for Dipl Public , -

america 9. cessed June Alexander. 2014. “Why 2014. Alexander. - global ytan - .J. .J. ruce of . 2015d. “Public Diplomacyof“Public Catalonia . 2015d.Council Diplomacyof “Public Catalonia . 2015c. Council Diplomacyof“Public Catalonia . 2015b.Council . . 2008. “Searching for a Theory of Public Diplo “Searchinga for TheoryofPublic . 2008. - “The Futu Political

- catalonia

. want . Diplomacy: ofan. 2008.“Public Field.” Academic Sunrise

- .

communication

Policy Studies Journal Studies Policy

. Communication Textbook Series Textbook Public Relations.Hillsdale, N.J: . Communication Accessed MayAccessed 2015

Interview Interview - independence http://www.diplocat.cat/en/catalan http://www.diplocat.cat/en/about http://www.diplocat.cat/en/activities/awareness/digital - http://blogs.fco.gov.uk/digitaldiplomacy/digital and -

- ExcellenceRelations Communication and inPublic Government ofCa omacy adnomacy Global Communication.

the . 12 (2): 1 . f Public Diplomacy. Public forInstitute andf Diplomacy Global Public

- -

Does Catalonia Want Independence Want Does Spain?,” from Catalonia role george re of Catalonia” Video recording ofCatalonia”2015. re - from - of – 28 - - -

issues/debates 36 (1): 19 public washington - Spain.html .

Public Diplomacy: Its Diplomacy:„Demise‟Public and Rise The Brooking The egy.” Accessed egy.” 38 - talonia.” 2015.Accessed 9. talonia.” June

diplomacy – 38 urope/spain/11179914/Why - . - university

strategy/executive

- about -

616 (1): 55 egy us/mission - issues/debates - s Institution institute

- 616 (1): 274 616 (1):

the 27 - - ediplomacy May 2015

catalonia/680 macy.” Executive Summary.” - - - - -

. Accessed May 21. May. Accessed washington Objectives.” and Mission Debates A the PoliticalFuture of Digital Diploma

- - - S Elections.‟”2015. S – for and 77. The ANNALS of the of The ANNALS . Accessed May 30. - . - - public - - summary/ strategy/executive – objectives -

about

hanson 90. bout Catalonia.” - - Th the . dc

- - diplomacy e ANNALS of e of ANNALS - - diplomacy - united catalonia - political cy.” - does public . .

Accessed - - . states ” - - . .

- - - CEU eTD Collection Melissen, Jan ed.Melissen, 2006. Jan, 2010.“DigitalLichtenstein, Jesse. Diplomacy.” LaImpact Teresa. 2012.“The Porte, „Intermestic‟ Non of AlexanderKuznetsov, S.2015. The Political Future ofCataloniaThe Political andthe Role Diplomacy. ofPublic FutureofCataloniaThe Political andthe Role Diplomacy ofPublic JaniceGross,Stein, Robertson, Nancy,Snow, and Taylor, Timothy.Signitzer, BennoCoombs, "Public relations diplomacy: H.and 1992. and public ed. M., 2009.Seib, Philip L.,Roselle, and B. A.Miskimmon, 2014.“Strategic O‟Loughlin. Narrative: ANew Meansto EvanPotter, H.,ed. 2002. Podder, Sukanya. Building 2014.“State Non and the Owen, Taylor Owen, Taylor. 2015. “One ofthe Or World‟s Melissen. 2011.“TheMurray, J Sharp,Present G P DCriekemans,and S, Wiseman, and Minsky. 2015. World Quarterly peril Accessed May 23. inDigitalStudies Politics. Oxford ;New York: University Oxford Press. unrivaled 9. Foreign Policy.” 2015. 13 (4): 709 FutureDiplomacy Diplomatic Studies.” of and Digital International “Clingendael.” Relations Macmillan. Nachdr. inDiplomacy Studies and http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/18/magazine/18web2 Framework Diplomacy.” ofPublic Routledge.London ;NewNY: York, Governments InternationalAffairs in the http://www.cataloniavotes.eu/jordi for Diplomacy Global George Public Communication, and University. Washington university institute catalonia/680 Accessed February 4 DiplomacyPublic Global Communication, and Age:Digital Essays inHonourofAmbassadorAllan Gotlieb RoutledgeInternationalRoutledge.Handbooks.York: New Conceptual convergences." Re Public Policy Understand Sof Century http://www.pri.org/stories/2014 - 27 - of - . New York, NY: PalgraveYork,. New NY: MacMillan. - s - Diplomacy/ . Montréal: McGill - - digital . 2011. . 2015. “The Promise and“The Promise Peril ofDigital Diplomacy.” . 2015. for elections/ - - “What Is“What „Digital Diplomacy‟?.” tool washington –

-

28. public - - the - foreign

diplomacy/article22375462/ t Power.” t Power.” Beyond theNew Public Diplomacy Disruptive Power: The Crisis of theStateinDigitalDisruptive Power:of The Crisis Age

- 1615 (9): 35 political . iginal Digital Diplomats Says Twitter Is Says Digitaliginal Diplomats Tool‟ for an„Unrivaled Twitter - http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe

. diplomacy The NewPublic Relations Diplomacy: SoftPower inInternational

Accessed . Toward aNewPublic Diplomacy:Toward Foreign Redirecting U.s. Cyber http://www.diplocat.cat/en/catalan Philip M. Philip - - policy dc Public RadioInternational Public - Media, War &WarMedia, Conflict united - Colin Colin Theory and Practice ofParadiplomacy: Subnational - future - Queen‟s Univ.Press. Diplomacy: Managing ForeignPolicy Managing Diplomacy: inthe Twenty . –

-

January 11 35 and ,

eds. 2009. - and Got - states . - of

12 - - International Basingstoke: Palgrave Relations. The Hague Journal ofDiplomacy Journal The Hague sanchez global -

- catalonia . RoutledgeNew Diplomacy Studies. lations Review,lations 18(2): 137 11/worlds

- of 39 lieb, . - -

communication america http://globalnews.ca/ne The New York Times NewYork The Routledge Diplomacy Handbook ofPublic - . the

- Allan and

- INTERNATIONAL STUDIES REVIEW INTERNATIONAL - George - most first State: DebatingDilemmas.” Key

7 (1): 70 . - . . The Hague: Netherlands InstituteHague: Netherlands. Theof the

Accessed June ., - -

- digital State Actors ontheConceptualState Actors eds. 2011. difficult - role Washington University - - 0 issues/debates - – - t.html - george - 84.

debate/the - of diplomat . Toronto: Signal. - -

public times . 2015. Institute . 2015. for

The Globe andMail The Globe , Diplomacy inthe - 2015. Podcast. nstitute 2015. . 147.

Accessed -

ws/1767239/what washington -

- will -

7 (4): 441 7 (4): diplomacy - says promise - about

- come - July 16. twitter . Oxford . Oxford - -

- . - – and after - 58. - First First - Third Third - - .

- Is . .

- CEU eTD Collection Vela, Jordi de San Eugenio. 2013.“DelVela, deSanEugenio. Jordi Estado U.S Embassy 2014.“Alec EmbassyBern Switzerland. atU.s. Nerd Ross „the 21st Talk: Center |USC Is Diplomacy. onPublic PD? “What Diplomacy.” Center 2015.USC onPublic United States Department ofState. n.d.“2014 Comprehensive ReportonPublic Annual Xifra, 2012.“Catalan Diplomacy, Jordi. Public Power, and APublic Noopolitik: Soft Is“What | 2015.AccessedFletcher 25. Diplomacy?School.” April Public Tufts Wescot Xifra. andJordi Vela, deSanEugenio, 2015.“International Jordi RepresentationStrategies Cultural Studies Cultural Relations Approach Governance.” toCatalonia‟s http://fletcher.tufts.edu/ Relations.” and Public Diplomacy for Case StatelessCultural Nations: The ofCatalonia‟s Diplomacy.” Internacionales.” DiplomaciaLa Pública Marca Y De EscenarioLas Nuevo De País EnEl Relaciones 120914.html CenturyIs toBeaFreak.‟” Terrible Time a Control Accessed April 25. http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/235159.pdf DiplomacyInternational Broadcasting.”and Report.USDepartment Annual ofState. university institute catalonia/680 Accessed February t, Nicholas. n.d. “Digital Diplomacy: The Impactt, Nicholas.InternetInternational n.d.“Digital ofthe Diplomacy: Theon - for - washington

- . December15. public - the

1 (1): 67 - Revista de Soc Estudios Revista political -

http://uscpublicdiplomacy diplomacy 4. http://www.diplocat.cat/en/catalan -

11 (1): 83 11 dc murrow/diplomacy – - united - 85. future http://bern.usembassy.gov/ev -

and - – - states of 96 - global - . catalonia

- of 40 iales No.35 - - -

communication . AlEstado Nación america

.org/page/what - and Catalan Journal of Communication & Journal ofCommunicationCatalan - . the

Http://bern.usembassy.gov/ev , no.46(August): 145 - role - issues/debates - . -

120914.html george - of - - Marca. El Rol De La De Rol Marca. El pd - public .

- washington - Place Branding Place diplomacy . -

about – 57. - -

- -