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Of the I4aritihe Castes
SOCIAL MOBILITY OF THE I4ARITIHE CASTES IN SRI LANKA by SOMAI,üANTHA HEI^]AKALUHALAMULLAGE A Thesis Submitted to the FacultY of Graduate Studies of the UniversitY of Manitoba In Part'ial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of SociologY Unì vers'i ty of Mani toba I 1983 SOCIAL MOBILITY OF THE MARITIME CASTES IN SRI LANKA BY SOMAI,JAN THA HEI^IAKALUHALAMI]LLAGE A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies of the U¡liversity of Manitoba in partial fulfill¡nent of the requirenrents of the degree of MASTER OF ARTS o 1983 Permission has been grartted to the LIBRARY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF MANITOBA to lend or sell copies of this thesis. to the NATIONAL LIBRARY OF CANADA to microfilnr this thesis and to lend or sell copies of the film, ånd UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS to publish an abstract of this thesis. The author reserves other publication rights, a¡rd neitlter the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otlter- wise reproduced without the author's writte¡r perntissiott. \\ l.liVl; ll.!¡/' ¿lnlìÀ TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I ACKNOt^lLEDGEMENTS 2 ABSTRACT CHAPTERS 1. Introducti on 4 The Problem 4 Social Mobility and the Caste System: Concepts and Theories 7 Method and Sources of the Data 13 2. Sri Lanka: Social and Demographic Profile T7 Caste Stratification in Sri Lanka: A Historical Account. 19 Caste Stratification In Contemporary Sri Lanka 22 Trad j t'i onal OccuPation 25 Traditional Caste Names z5 Communal Distance 26 Buddhism and Caste in Sri Lanka 31 Toward South India 27 3 The Traditional Social Organization of Sri Lanka and Its Ideologicaì Basis 34 4 The Advent of EuroPean Powers: Economic and Social Advances of the Maritime Castes ( 1505-1948) 46 Commerce and Opportunities for Economic Advancement ... -
2021 Daily Prayer Guide for All People Groups & Unreached People
2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & Unreached People Groups = LR-UPGs = of South Asia Joshua Project data, www.joshuaproject.net (India DPG is separate) AGWM Western edition I give credit & thanks to Create International for permission to use their PG photos. 2021 Daily Prayer Guide for all People Groups & LR-UPGs = Least-Reached-Unreached People Groups of South Asia = this DPG SOUTH ASIA SUMMARY: 873 total People Groups; 733 UPGs The 6 countries of South Asia (India; Bangladesh; Nepal; Sri Lanka; Bhutan; Maldives) has 3,178 UPGs = 42.89% of the world's total UPGs! We must pray and reach them! India: 2,717 total PG; 2,445 UPGs; (India is reported in separate Daily Prayer Guide) Bangladesh: 331 total PG; 299 UPGs; Nepal: 285 total PG; 275 UPG Sri Lanka: 174 total PG; 79 UPGs; Bhutan: 76 total PG; 73 UPGs; Maldives: 7 total PG; 7 UPGs. Downloaded from www.joshuaproject.net in September 2020 LR-UPG definition: 2% or less Evangelical & 5% or less Christian Frontier (FR) definition: 0% to 0.1% Christian Why pray--God loves lost: world UPGs = 7,407; Frontier = 5,042. Color code: green = begin new area; blue = begin new country "Prayer is not the only thing we can can do, but it is the most important thing we can do!" Luke 10:2, Jesus told them, "The harvest is plentiful, but the workers are few. Ask the Lord of the harvest, therefore, to send out workers into his harvest field." Why Should We Pray For Unreached People Groups? * Missions & salvation of all people is God's plan, God's will, God's heart, God's dream, Gen. -
Buddhist Relationship Between Sri Lanka and Thailand: a Case Study of Exhibition Design of Phra Upali Maha Thero Museum, Wat Dhammaram, Ayutthaya, Thailand
Buddhist Relationship between Sri Lanka and Thailand: A Case Study of Exhibition Design of Phra Upali Maha Thero Museum, Wat Dhammaram, Ayutthaya, Thailand. Sarunya Prasopchingchana History Department, Burapha University, Thailand Abstract: The objective of this research was to explore exhibition design, on the topic of Buddhist Relationship between Sri Lanka and Thailand: A Case Study of exhibition design of Phra Upali Maha Thero Museum, Wat Dhammaram, Ayutthaya, Thailand. The researcher used a thematic approach to design the exhibition and create a model based on the theme of Buddhism Relationship between Sri Lanka and Thailand from a historical perspective. The following were the sections of the study: 1) Background of Wat Thammaram, Ayutthaya and an Upali monk's mission in the reign of King Borommakot 2) Buddhism Connection Between Ceylon and Siam in the Eighteenth Century. 3) An Exhibitions and design of Upali Maha Thero Museum, Dhammaram Temple, Ayutthaya, Thailand. 4) Interpretation and designing from exhibition in Upali museum: Buddhist Relationship between Sri Lanka and Thailand. 5) Conclusion. KEYWORDS: Exhibition design/ Upali Maha Thero Museum / Dhammaram Temple / Wat (temple) / Ceylon (Sri Lanka) / Buddhist Introduction “It can be clearly ascertained that the Siamese deputation of monks tasked with performing the Upasampada (higher ordination) in the island of Lanka, made a huge sacrifice to the point of endangering their lives on an arduous journey in the cause of the Buddhist Dhamma (Law, or Truth). Their achievement, lauded for its subsequent record of vitality, was seen in the firm regrounding of Buddhist Religion on this earth. Of the 18 monks making up the upali deputation, only 7 monks returned to the homeland.” (His highness Prince Damrong Rajanybhab, On the Establishment of the Siam Nikaya Sangha on Lanka, 1914, Upali Maha Thero Museum, Wat Dhammaram,) 1 From the quotation refers to Wat Dhammaram dispatched Phra Upali Maha Thera to Sri Lanka along with 16 other monks. -
The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History by Cenan Pirani 2016 © Copyright by Cenan Pirani 2016 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION The Military Economy of Seventeenth Century Sri Lanka: Rhetoric and Authority in a Time of Conquest by Cenan Pirani Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Los Angeles, 2016 Professor Sanjay Subrahmanyam, Chair From the end of the sixteenth century, the overseas administrative arm of the Portuguese Crown, the Estado da Índia Oriental, sought to gain complete territorial control of the island of Sri Lanka and outlined the tenets of the military project dubbed in administrative letters, “the Conquest of the Island of Ceylon”. Such efforts however would be impeded by military rebellions (ie. mutinies and desertions) by native military personnel in Portuguese service, where a rebellion that occurred in 1630 severely weakened the Estado's position in the island from which it could not recover. The specific event, the death of a Portuguese general at the hands of his own Christianized native troop, left a deep imprint on Portuguese memory. Decades later, the chronicler Fernão de Queiroz claimed the event, which paved the way for the European's eventual removal from the island by 1658, bore testament to the unbridgeable cultural and religious schism between the Portuguese and the native Sinhala people, an established viewpoint in current historiography. This study focuses attention on the documentation in Portuguese, English, Spanish, and ii Sinhalese written during the more active moments of the conquest period (1580-1640) in order to test such well-established views. -
Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict: Sri Lanka Country Report
Working Paper Series Working Paper 13 Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict: Sri Lanka Country Report G.H. Peiris and K.M. de Silva Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Conflict Research Unit June 2003 Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’ Clingendael 7 2597 VH The Hague P.O. Box 93080 2509 AB The Hague Phonenumber: # 31-70-3245384 Telefax: # 31-70-3282002 Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.clingendael.nl/cru © Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyrightholders. Clingendael Institute, P.O. Box 93080, 2509 AB The Hague, The Netherlands. Foreword This paper has been written within the framework of the research project ‘Managing Group Grievances and Internal Conflict’*, executed at the request of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The project focuses on the process of, and motives for, (violent) group mobilisation and aims at the development of an analytical tool to assist policy-makers in designing conflict-sensitive development activities. In the course of the project, a preliminary assessment tool has been developed in cooperation with Dr. Michael Lund, and discussed with the researchers who carried out the assessment in four country cases: Ghana, Mozambique, Nicaragua and Sri Lanka. On the basis of this testing phase, the tool has been substantially amended and refined**. The present report, which was finalized in September 2002, results from the testing phase and reflects the structure of the analytical tool in its original form. -
The Sangha and Its Relation to the Peace Process in Sri Lanka
PRIO REPORT 2/2005 THE SANGHA AND ITS RELATION TO THE PEACE PROCESS IN SRI LANKA A Report for the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Iselin Frydenlund International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO) January 2005 © International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), 2005 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). ISBN 82-7288-222-1 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 1: THE SANGHA IN SRI LANKA................................................................................................................ 3 CHAPTER 2: BUDDHISM, NATIONALISM AND THE SRI LANKAN STATE....................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 3: BUDDHIST MONKS IN POLITICS ........................................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER 4: ‘WE ALL WANT PEACE!’ .................................................................................................................. 17 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.................................................................................................................................... -
Historical Aspects of Caste in the Kandyan Regionswith Particular
Historical Aspects ofCaste in the Kandyan Regionswith Particular Reference to the non-Goyigama Castes ofthe Kagalla District Eric P. Meyer lnalco, France Abstract Archival material of the colonial period, especially at the grass root level, can provide a wealth of historical information on the hitherto little researched caste system of the Kandyan regions: it could shed light on the taxonomy, functional roles, historical evolution, and spatial distribution of castes. In this paper, emphasis is placed on the Kagalla district and on the dynamics of its so-called Duraya social groups. The political economy of the Kandyan kingdom was based on instrumentalization of the caste system: what remained of the caste category after its collapse is a basic issue underlying any study ofcaste under the British. Keywords: Duraya, caste, Kegalle district, colonial period, Ceylon. In present day Sri Lanka, in a large measure, caste identities seem to have been superseded by 'ethnic' identities, at least publicly. On the other hand, caste remains a sensitive issue, which is usually discussed in highly allusive terms. Caste belongs to a kind ofcryptic culture, contrary to India where it has always been openly discussed and politically instrumentalized (Bayly 1999, Rogers 2004). In Sri Lanka, thus the subject has been generally left to the monographs written by social anthropologists while few historians and political scientists have ventured into a field which is supposed to be barren, for want of data- or because caste was considered a minor issue. But the rise of the Karava, Salagama and Durava in the maritime districts during the colonial period has been the subject of extensive research, notably by Michael Roberts (1982) though after Ryan (1953) no study has been undertaken on the history of Kandyan castes except in monographs such as those -of Janice Jiggins (1979)) Tamara Gunasekera (1994) and in the work in progress on the Vaddas by Gananath Obeyesekere (2002). -
A Review of Caste Consideration in the Public Service by the Dutch and the British Officials in the Maritime Provinces of Sri Lanka up to 1850
Rohana (1991) 3, 31 — 65 A Review of Caste Consideration in the Public Service by the Dutch and the British Officials in the Maritime Provinces of Sri Lanka up to 1850. M . U . D e S ilva The imposition of foreign dominance over the long established social order of the littorals of Sri Lanka had a disruptive effect resulting in a signi ficant change. The society for centuries had been the atomized village com munity guided by the precepts of Buddhism under benevolent rulers who up held the traditional law, and a socio-economic and an administrative order based on a system of exchange of labour service defined by traditions of caste. Some of these castes were organised on the basis of essential crafts, occupations and ritual services. The colonial policy of the Western powers was moulded mainly by the economic and religious considerations. They were interested in obtaining the local produce, at the lowest cost, to be traded in European or Asian markets. The Portuguese, who first held sway over the Sri Lankan littorals, made use of the ready-made machinery of the local rulers for the exploitation of the econo mic resources of the country. In dealing with the natives the alien rulers were careful not to make sudden changes in the system. But in due course, they stretched the customary services and obligatory duties of the caste system to meet their economic and political requirements. They apportioned the Royal Villages,1 and Vihara2 Devdlagama among their officials and churches, who in turn enjoyed the dues and benefits hitherto enjoyed by the lordship, the temples and tthe Devdlayas, according to the customary usage. -
The London School of Economics and Political Science Tamils and The
The London School of Economics and Political Science Tamils and the nation: India and Sri Lanka Compared Madurika Rasaratnam A thesis submitted to the Department of Government of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, May 2012 1 Declaration I certify that the thesis I have presented for examination for the MPhil/PhD degree of the London School of Economics and Political Science is solely my own work other than where I have clearly indicated that it is the work of others (in which case the extent of any work carried out jointly by me and any other person is clearly identified in it). The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. Quotation from it is permitted, provided that full acknowledgement is made. This thesis may not be reproduced without my prior written consent. I warrant that this authorisation does not, to the best of my belief, infringe the rights of any third party. I declare that my thesis consists of 102,245 words. MADURIKA RASARATNAM 2 Abstract This dissertation examines the divergent trajectories of ethnic and national politics in the Tamil speaking regions of India and Sri Lanka. Despite comparable historical experiences and conditions, the south Indian Tamil speaking areas were peaceably accommodated within a pan-Indian framework whilst Sri Lankan politics was marked by escalating Tamil-Sinhala ethnic polarisation and violent conflict. The dissertation explains these contrasting outcomes by setting out a novel theoretical framework that draws on the work of Reinhart Koselleck and his analysis of the links between concepts and political conflict. -
A Tentativa Portuguesa De Colonizar Sri Lanka (1580-1630)
A TENTATIVA PORTUGUESA DE COLONIZAR SRI LANKA (1580-1630) Karel Stanˇek Este artigo tenta esclarecer um pouco mais o projeto português de colonização do Sri Lanka na transição dos séculos XVI e XVII. Ele foi até hoje bastante subestimado, mas merece, sem dúvida, a maior atenção. Não é justo prestar atenção somente ao que acon- teceu, mas deveríamos interessar-nos também pelo que foi ponde- rado. Os primeiros portugueses chegaram ao Sri Lanka já em 1506 e durante quase todo o século XVI preferiam o comércio, sobretudo da canela. Desde os anos 20 do século XVI, a intromissão deles na cena política do Sri Lanka tornava-se, porém, cada vez mais clara. Em 1554, a fortaleza em Colombo, o porto melhor e mais florescente da ilha, foi construída, e em 1556 ou 1557, o rei de Kotte, o império mais importante, João Dharmapala converteu-se ao cristianismo. A sua donação do reino de Kotte de 1580, ratificada em 1583, ao rei português e a imposição da expansão territorial tanto no Império Português em geral, como no Sri Lanka em especial, nos anos 80 e 90 do século XVI representam dois pilares da política portuguesa colonizadora no Sri Lanka.1 Os portugueses conquistaram as planícies no oeste, sudoeste e sul da ilha em 1593–1594 pela tomada do reino de Sitawaka (Sei- tavaca). Em 1597, depois da morte do rei João Dharmapala, o rei português Filipe I ascendeu ao trono em Kotte como rei de Ceilão. 1 BIEDERMANN, Zoltán: Ruptura imperial/Inovação filipina ou realização de um velho plano português? O conturbado início da conquista de Ceilão em 1594, in: MARTÍNEZ, Santiago Hernández (org.): Governo, administração e representação do poder no Portugal e seus territórios ultramarinos no período dos Áustrias (1581- -1640), Lisboa 2011, pp. -
The Formation, Institutionalization and Consolidation of the LTTE
This article was downloaded by: [US Naval Academy], [Nikolaos Biziouras] On: 06 December 2012, At: 05:43 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Politics, Religion & Ideology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ftmp21 The Formation, Institutionalization and Consolidation of the LTTE: Religious Practices, Intra-Tamil Divisions and a Violent Nationalist Ideology Nikolaos Biziouras a a United States Naval Academy Version of record first published: 06 Dec 2012. To cite this article: Nikolaos Biziouras (2012): The Formation, Institutionalization and Consolidation of the LTTE: Religious Practices, Intra-Tamil Divisions and a Violent Nationalist Ideology, Politics, Religion & Ideology, 13:4, 547-559 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21567689.2012.732016 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and- conditions This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae, and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand, or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material. -
A South Asian Community of African Descent: Continuing Linguistic and Musical Traditions Shihan De Silva Jayasuriya 46
SAARC Culture Volume 5, 2014 SAARC Cultural Centre Colombo General Editor G.L.W. Samarasinghe, Director, SAARC Cultural Centre Executive Editor Dr. Sanjay Garg, Deputy Director (Research), SAARC Cultural Centre Editorial Team Apsara Karunaratne, Research Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Nipunika O. Lecamwasam, Research Coordination Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Production Team Ishan Amaraweera, Computer Operations Officer, SAARC Cultural Centre Melani Malawaraarachchi, Computer Operations Assistant, SAARC Cultural Centre Printing: Vishwa Graphics, Pannipitiya SAARC Culture, Volume 5, 2014 © SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo 2014 All Rights Reserved. No material in this publication may be reproduced without the written permission of the publisher. ISSN: 2012-922x SAARC Culture is an annual research journal of the SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo. It seeks to provide a platform to the academics, practitioners, policy makers and other stakeholders of various dimensions of culture of the South Asian region (including Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Maldives, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) to present their research findings and to debate on issues of mutual and common interests. Disclaimer: The views expressed and the information contained in the articles included in this journal is the sole responsibility of the author/s, and do not bear any liability on the SAARC Cultural Centre, Colombo. Contents From the Editor‘s Desk 1 Part I Patterning Storytelling: Oral Traditions and History in Modern Animation Media in India Lopamudra Maitra