ENERGY DEMAND TRANSPORT 10
AT A GLANCE
Roads The total shipping tonnage increased from Passenger and freight traffic 9.39 million gross tonnage (GT) in 2009 to The modal share of road transport in freight traffic 10.10 million GT in 2010. measured in tonne-kilometre increased from an Aviation estimated 61% in 1999–2000 to 63% in 2009/10. The Scheduled domestic passenger traffic increased by share in passenger transport in terms of passenger- 13% from 53.8 million in 2010/11 to 60.8 million in kilometre increased from 81% to 87% during the same 2011/12. period. Scheduled domestic cargo traffic decreased by 5.1% The total number of registered vehicles in India increased from 476 816 tonnes in 2010/11 to 452 466 tonnes from 81.5 million in 2005 to 141.87 million in 2011. in 2011/12. Railways Transport energy consumption The Indian Railways registered a 7.5% increase in The road sector consumed 36.24 MT of high speed passenger traffic, from 7651 million in 2010/11 to 8224 diesel (HSD), 14.2 MT of motor spirit, and 0.223 million passengers in 2011/12. MT of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) in 2010/11 Passenger-kilometres increased by 7.2% from 979 billion as compared to 33.7 MT of HSD, 12.8 MT of motor in 2010/11 to 1046.5 billion in 2011/12. spirit, and 0.225 MT of LPG in 2009/10. Revenue earning freight traffic handled by the Indian The total electricity consumption by the Indian Railways during 2011/12 was 969.05 million tonnes Railways for traction use increased by 4.3% from (MT), registering a 5.1% increase, compared to 921.73 13 571.53 GWh in 2010/11 to 14 157.87 GWh in MT in 2010/11. 2011/12. Revenue earning freight traffic measured in terms of net The total HSD consumption by the Indian Railways tonne-kilometres increased by 6.7% from 625.7 billion in for traction use was 2705.1 million litres in 2011/12 2010/11 to 667.6 billion in 2011/12. compared to 2516.04 million litres in 2010/11, Port and shipping registering a 7.5% growth in consumption. Total traffic handled at all ports increased from 885.45 The shipping sector consumed 0.54 MT of HSD, 0.002 MT in 2010/11 to 913.93 MT, registering a growth of MT of light diesel oil (LDO), and 0.37 MT of furnace 3.2%. oil in 2011/12 compared to 0.56 MT of HSD, 0.0038 Total traffic handled at major ports declined from 570.09 MT of LDO, and 0.77 MT of furnace oil in 2010/11. MT in 2010/11 to 560.19 MT in 2011/12; however, the The consumption of aviation turbine fuel was 5.078 traffic handled at non-major ports# increased from MT in 2011/12 compared to 4.627 MT in 2010/11, 315.36 MT in 2010/11 to 353.74 MT in 2011/12. registering an increase in consumption by 9.8%.
# A major port is any port that the central government may declare by notification in the Official Gazette, or may have declared under the law for the time being in force to be a major port. Energy demand
Introduction Thousands (tonnes) 35 The transport system in India is one of the largest in the world and serves a land area of 3.3 million km2 30 and a population of over 1.21 billion. The rapid 25 growth of economic activity in India has led to increased trade and market participation in both 20 the urban and the rural centres of the country. 15 As a result, demands for mobility and related 10 energy used for transport within the country have increased. The transport sector has become pivotal 5 for ensuring continued economic development 0 of the nation. About 5.7% of the country’s gross 2005/06 2006/07 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 domestic product (GDP) in 1999–2000 came Road transport Aviation Shipping Railways from transport, and it further increased to 6.6% in 1 Figure 1 Consumption of high speed diesel in 2010/11. This is also evident from the growth rates different modes ('000 tonnes) of both freight and passengers achieved in the road Source MoPNG (2012) and rail sectors. However, the growth in volume of both freight and passengers, was much steeper in the road sector than the growth rate achieved by consumed within the sector, high speed diesel the Indian Railways. (HSD) consumption was the maximum. Out of the Between 1986/87 and 2007/08, freight moved total consumption of 56.32 MT of HSD in India by road increased from 224 million tonnes (MT) in 2009/10, the transport sector’s consumption to 1559 MT (596%). During the same period, was 59.1% (33.74 MT) (MoPNG 2012). This freight traffic carried by the Indian Railways went kind of energy consumption pattern clearly reveals up from 255.4 MT to only 768.72 MT (201%) the heavy dependence of the transport sector on (RITES 2012). This has been largely due to the petroleum products. Road transport has been the rapid nationwide development of India’s national major consumer of HSD over the years as shown highways network, which has grown from 52 010 km in Figure 1, followed by the railways and shipping. in 2000/01 to 76 818 km in 2011/12, achieving a The use of alternative fuels in the transport sector 48% growth (MoRTH 2012a). Compared to this, remains relatively modest. Of the total energy India’s rail network grew at only 2.3% during the consumed in the sector, 98.5% is met through same period. petroleum products and the rest 1.5% by electricity The road sector is responsible for 4.7% share (TERI 2008). of the country’s GDP, and the Indian Railways for less than 1% (MoRTH 2012d). Between 1951 and Transport sector in India 2009, the vehicle population in the country has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) Roads of close to 10.8%. There has been a steep rise in the number of private vehicles (both two and four Brief overview of sector wheelers) in the last decade, mainly in the cities. India has the second largest road network of 4.69 million kilometers in the world, comprising National Highways, Expressways, State Highways, Other Key trends in the consumption of energy PWD roads, Rural Roads, Urban roads and Project in the transport sector Roads (MoRTH, Basic Road Statistics, 2013). In India, roads play a significant role carrying 65% of The transport sector consumed 34.24% of the total the freight and 80% of the passenger traffic (NHAI volume of petroleum products consumed in India website2). During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan, in 2009/10 (MoPNG 2012). Of all the products 9044 km of national highways was completed
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226 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 Transport
Table 1 Length of different road categories in India (2012/13) in 'million 160 Road type Length of road (km) 140 National highways (including expressways) 70 934* State highways 163 898 120 Other PWD roads 1 005 327 100 Rural roads 2 749 805 80 Urban roads 411 840 60 Project roads 288 539 40 Total 4 690 342 20 *76,818 kms as on 31 March 2012 0 Source MoRTH (2013) 71 1 4 7 10 11 1951196119 19811991200 20022003200 20052006200 2008200920 20 under the National Highway Development Plan Figure 2 Registered motor vehicles ('000) (1951– (NHDP). The target for the Twelfth Five-Year Plan 2011) is to reach a national highway network length of Source MoRTH (2013) 85 000 km by the end of the plan period. It has also been planned to develop 1000 km of expressways transport buses has been decreasing when compared under NHDP Phase IV and another 500 km to the other personal modes, the number of buses (with 200 km through budgetary allotments and has been increasing steadily. The rise in the number 300 km through public–private partnership [PPP] of buses in recent years can be mainly attributed mode) (MoRTH 2012c). Also keeping in mind to the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal the importance of an adequate and well-defined Mission (JNNURM). The number of registered rural road network and its impact on economic vehicles in five metropolitan cities, namely, Delhi, development, the Government of India launched Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Pune, the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana on accounted for 49.3% of the total registered vehicles 25 December 2000 as a 100% centrally sponsored among the 35 million plus cities (MoRTH 2013). scheme. In 2011/12, more than 4500 habitations Pune recorded the highest CAGR of 12.94% in the were connected and nearly 9150 km of road length growth of vehicles during 2001–11, followed by upgraded/renewed (Government of India 2012). Hyderabad and Chennai, which recorded CAGRs The lengths of different types of roads in India are of 12.3% and 10.64%, respectively. The growth given in Table 1. in the number of total registered motor vehicles India had 141.87 million registered motor ('000) from 1951 to 2011 is shown in Figure 2. vehicles as of 2011 (MoRTH 2012d). Personalized modes constituting mainly two-wheelers and cars Key trends in petroleum products consumption accounted for about 85% of the total number of motor vehicles in the country. Further break-up of in road sector motor vehicle population reflects the dominance Within the transport sector, the road sector is of two-wheelers with a share of 71.8% in the total the largest consumer of energy from petroleum vehicle population, followed by passenger cars at products. As roads have emerged as the dominant 13.6%, buses at 1.1%, goods vehicles at 5%, and means of transportation, both in terms of passenger other vehicles (a heterogeneous category including traffic and in terms of freight traffic, the sector has three-wheelers, trailers, and tractors) at about started to account for the largest share (72%) of 9.5% in 2011 (as on 31 March 2011). In contrast HSD (Figure 3) consumption in India (MoPNG to personal vehicles, the per cent share of buses in 2012). The consumption of HSD in the road the total number of registered vehicles has declined transport sector increased from 33.74 MT in from 11.1% in 1951 to 1.1% during 2010/11, 2009/10 to 36.24 MT in 2010/11. The consumption indicating slow growth in public transport modes of motor spirit in 2010/11 was 14.2 MT compared (MoRTH 2012d). Even though the share of public to 12.82 MT in 2009/10 (MoPNG 2011). A
TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 227 Energy demand
launched in 2005 for a seven-year period (up to March 2012) as a reform-based programme. Under JNNURM, 21 bus rapid transport system projects in 10 cities across six states have been taken up at the cost of `52.04 billion. In addition, Motor spirit (28%) 20 transport infrastructure-related projects such as parking facilities, intelligent transport systems, LPG (0%) traffic infrastructure, and transit management HSDO (72%) centres have also been sanctioned under this scheme at the total cost of `16.66 billion. The mission has also sanctioned another 97 projects for the improvement of road infrastructure across Figure 3 Share of consumption of different petroleum 23 cities at a cost of `81.22 billion (MoUD 2011). products in the road transport sector The phase I is ending and currently phase II is Source MoPNG (2011, 2012) starting. The second phase of JNNURM with a 10-year duration period will have enhanced focus recent phenomenon has also been the increased on Nagar Palikas and Nagar Panchayats, that consumption of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is, on smaller towns and cities. There will be a (excluding compressed natural gas), owing to the transition period of 2 years beginning 2012/13 to increased use of the cleaner fuel in autorickshaws. complete the approved projects under JNNURM The consumption of LPG by the transport sector phase I and to implement the pending reforms during 2009/10 was 0.225 MT, a share of 1.7% at the state and urban local body levels. To avail of the overall LPG consumption in the country; themselves of funds under JNNURM phase II, the consumption has remained almost the same in state governments must set up dedicated municipal 2010/11 (MoPNG 2012). cadres, and the government is planning to allocate `1750 billion under this phase. Urban transport National urban transport policy Railways The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) was Brief overview of sector formulated by the Ministry of Urban Development The Indian Railways is one of the largest rail in 2006 with an aim to guide state-level action networks in the world. As on 31 March 2012, the plans to meet the ever-increasing mobility needs of Indian Railways had a network of 64 600 route- the urban population. The objective of the NUTP kilometres with a running track length of 89 801 km is to “ensure safe, affordable, quick, comfortable, (MoR 2012a) (Table 2). The rail network consists reliable, and sustainable access to the growing of largely broad gauge (86.6%), followed by metre numbers of city residents”. The policy document gauge (9.8%), and narrow gauge (3.6%). The emphasizes on the need for integrated land use metre gauge system and a part of the narrow gauge and transportation planning, increased priority to system are gradually converted to broad gauge public transport, non-motorized transport, and under the unigauge programme. Over 31% of improving parking facilities. The policy envisages the total rail network equivalent to 20 275 route- the set up of unified metro transport authorities in kilometres is electrified (MoR 2012a). cities with a million-plus population. The Indian Railways has a fleet size of 61 899 passenger service vehicles, 239 321 wagons, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban and 9549 locomotives carrying an average over Renewal Mission 22.53 million passengers and 2.67 MT of freight To fast-track planned infrastructure development per day through 7547 stations (MoR 2012a). in the “mission cities” and hence improve the During 2011/12, the railways carried 8224 million quality of life in these cities, JNNURM was passengers as against 7651 million passengers in
228 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 Transport
is significantly lower in rail transportation. The Table 2 Length of traction (in km) of railways by gauge amount of electricity consumed for traction Gauge Route (km) Running Total track use was 14 157.87 GWh in 2011/12 compared track (km) (km) to 13 571.53 GWh in 2010/11. For other than Broad gauge (1676 mm) 55 956 80 779 104 693 traction purposes (including manufacturing Metre gauge (1000 mm) 6 347 6 725 7 801 units), 2483.96 GWh of electricity was used in Narrow gauge (762 mm 2 297 2 297 2 568 2010/11, which decreased to 2458.34 GWh in and 610 mm) 2011/12 (MoR 2012b). The consumption of HSD for locomotive services increased from Total 64 600 89 801 115 062 2516.0 million litres in 2010/11 to 2705.1 million Source MoR (2012b) litres in 2011/12. For purposes other than locomotive services, consumption of HSD in the 2010/11, thus registering a volume growth of about 7.5%. Passenger-kilometres grew by 7.2% from 979 billion in 2010/11 to 1046.5 billion in 2011/12 Million BPKM (MoR 2012a). As seen in Figure 4, there has been a 9000 1200 8000 steady increase in passenger traffic output in terms 1000 7000 of the number of total originating passengers. 6000 800 The total freight tonnage carried by the Indian 5000 600 railways was 975.6 MT in 2011/12 of which the 4000 revenue earning freight traffic was 969.05 MT 3000 400 2000 200 (MoR 2012a). The Indian Railways carried 668.62 1000 billion net tonne-kilometres of total freight in 0 0 1 1 1 4 7 0 1 2 2011/12 (Figure 5). The freight earnings amounted 7/08 0/1 1/1 980/8990/9 1 1 to `677.43 billion in 2011/12. 1 1 2000/02003/02004/052005/062006/0200 2008/092009/120 20 The market share of railways has been decreasing No. of originating passengers (in millions) BPKM gradually because of the capacity constraints faced by the Indian Railways, which is aggravated by lack of investments. The other main reason for the Figure 4 Trend of originating passenger and declining share in freight traffic has been the high passenger kilometre growth in railways (millions) Source MoR (2012a) freight rates that are driving away customers. The high freight rates have been imposed to make up for the low passenger fares in the railways. The total investment in the railways for the Eleventh Million BPKM Five-Year Plan stood at `2033 billion, which was 1200 800 700 `299 billion less than the planned outlay at the 1000 600 beginning of the plan. The Twelfth Five-Year Plan 800 500 has projected an investment of `5192 billion in 600 400 railways between 2012 and 2017. 400 300 200 Key trends in energy consumption in railways 200 100 0 0 Rail transportation is more energy efficient and 1 1 1 4 7 0 1 2 7/08 10/111/1 more economical than road transport sector. Diesel 1980/81990/92000/02003/02004/052005/062006/0200 2008/092009/120 20 rail traction is more than two times and electric Total originating freight traffic (in millions) BNTKM rail traction has more than four times less energy consuming when compared to the operational energy consumption of a long distance diesel bus Figure 5 Trend of originating freight traffic and in terms of kJ/PKM (TERI 2012). The social cost freight tonne kilometres growth in railways (millions) Source MoR (2012a) in terms of environmental damage or degradation
TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 229 Energy demand railways was 29.0 million litres in 2010/11 and Ports, shipping, and inland water decreased to 24.8 million litres in 2011/12 (MoR 2012a). Direct consumption of coal by the railways transport is almost negligible on account of the phasing out of steam locomotives. The consumption of coal Brief overview of sector for locomotive services was 0.001 MT in 2011/12 Maritime transport handles over 90% of the volume (MoR 2012a). Figure 6 shows the trend in the and 70% by value of India’s trade. There are 12 consumption of electricity and high speed diesel for major ports and 200 minor/intermediate ports along locomotive services. the 7517 km long coastline of the country.3 The The Indian Railways has been striving and trying major ports handled a total traffic of 561.09 MT in to bring environment-friendly initiatives and save 2009/10, 570.09 MT in 2010/11, and 560.19 MT fuel over the years. As a result of these initiatives, of cargo in 2011/12. The non-major ports handled the locomotives have been upgraded with various about 288.94 MT in 2009/10, 315.36 MT in innovative technologies such as microprocessor 2010/11, and 353.74 MT in 2011/12 (MoS 2013a). control, roller suspension bearing, auxiliary power While traffic handled remained stagnant at major unit, and low idle features to reduce the amount ports, the traffic at non-major ports increased at a of fuel consumed. Other initiatives include the rate of more than 11%. The Indian ports handled a Common Rail Direct Injection on diesel engines, total of 13.88 million passengers during 2010/11 as Electronic Fuel Injection System, adoption compared to 13.98 million passengers in 2009/10. of Remote Monitoring and Management of In 2010/11, the major ports handled about 344 000 Locomotives and Trains systems, and Guidance passengers and the minor ports handled about for Optimized Locomotive Driving systems to 13.53 million passengers (MoS 2013a). reduce fuel consumption, decrease emissions, and The Eleventh Five-Year Plan had an outlay for better control (MoR 2013). of `303 billion for the ports sector, but the total expenditure was only `63 billion. The outlay for Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the port sector is `158 billion. New ports are coming up in the private sector, and the government is not building any new ports. Shipping India has one of the largest merchant shipping fleets among developing countries, it is ranked eighteenth in the world in terms of Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT) (MoS 2013b). It had a fleet strength of 1153 vessels with gross tonnage (GT) of 10.41 million in 2012 compared to 1122 vessels and 11.06 gross register tonnage (GRT) in 2011. Of the total fleet, 349 ships with 9.33 million GT cater to India’s overseas trade and the rest to coastal trade (MoRTH 2012b). The GRT under the Indian flag (including coastal and overseas) has been increasing in the last decade. It increased from 6.95 million GRT in Figure 6 Growth in consumption of electricity and 2000 to 8.24 million GRT in 2005 and further to high speed diesel by the railways for locomotive 10.16 million GRT in 2010 (MoRTH 2012b). services (GWh) The shipping sector has an outlay of `150 Source MoR (2012a) billion in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan and against
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230 TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 Transport
transportation. During 2010/11, the shipping '000 GRT sector consumed 0.56 MT of HSD, 0.004 MT of 12000 light diesel oil (LDO), and 0.78 MT of furnace oil 10000 (MoPNG 2012). During 2011/12, the shipping 8000 sector consumed 0.54 MT of HSD, 0.002 MT of 6000 LDO, and 0.37 MT of furnace oil (Figure 8). 4000 2000 0 Aviation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 No. of vessels GRT ('000) Brief overview of sector Figure 7 Growth of Indian shipping tonnage ('000 The aviation sector in India has seen phenomenal GRT) growth in the recent years even though there were Source MoRTH (2012b) signs of slowdown in passenger traffic in 2008 due to the steep rise in fuel costs coupled with this the expenditure was `98 billion. The Twelfth the global economic recession. The scheduled Five-Year Plan has an outlay of `101 billion for the domestic passenger traffic volume declined from shipping sector. Figure 7 shows the trend in the 44.4 million in 2007/08 to 39.5 million in 2008/09 growth of Indian shipping tonnage. and the total domestic cargo traffic volume declined from 368 415 tonnes to 341 763 tonnes during the Inland waterways same period (DGCA 2012). Signs of recovery were visible in the second half of 2009. The number of India has about 14 500 km of navigable waterways, scheduled domestic passengers travelling went back which comprise rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks, to 53.8 million in 2010/11 and the total domestic and so on. Although the inland water transport cargo went up to 465 377 tonnes in the same year. (IWT) mode is the most cost-effective, fuel- In 2011/12, the number of scheduled domestic efficient, and environment-friendly mode of passengers was 60.8 million, registering a 13% transportation for bulk cargo, its modal share in growth over the previous year. The total domestic freight traffic is only 0.28% (TERI 2009). In the cargo carried in 2011/12 was 0.452540 MT as last few years, the movement of cargo by IWT in against 0.465377 MT in 2010/11. Figure 9 shows the organized sector increased from 1.63 billion the trend in the growth of domestic passengers and tonne-kilometre (tkm) in 2003/04 to 3.6 billion cargo. tkm in 2008/09 (IWAI 2009). As of 2011/12, there were nine domestic The total cargo movement on India’s waterways scheduled airlines and 76 international airlines (comprising the three national waterways and operating in India. In 2012, 147 companies were waterways in Goa and Maharashtra) decreased from 75.18 MT in 2010/11 to 70.48 MT in 2011/12. The tonne-kilometres also decreased by 5.4% in 2011/12 when compared to 2010/11 (MoRTH 2012e). The Inland Waterways Authority of India is HSD, 540000 (60%) undertaking projects for making national waterways 1, 2, and 3 (Ganga, Brahmaputra, and West Coast LDO, 2000 (0%) Canal) fully functional by providing navigational Furnace oil, 367000 (40%) channels of 3 m/2 m/1.5 m depths for about 330 days a year.
Key trends in energy consumption in the sector Figure 8 Share of consumption of petroleum Water transport is one of the most environment- products in shipping Source MoPNG (2012) friendly, cost-effective, and efficient modes of
TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 231 Energy demand
development of Hyderabad and Bengaluru Million Tonnes International Airports and modernization of Delhi 70 500000 and Mumbai International Airports. 450000 60 400000 50 350000 Key trends in energy consumption in aviation 40 300000 sector 250000 30 200000 The overall consumption of aviation turbine fuel 20 150000 (ATF) by the aviation sector grew from 3.3 MT in 100000 2005/06 to 5.08 MT in 2010/11 (MoPNG 2011). 10 50000 ATF consumption has increased rapidly from 0 0 4 7 0 1 2 2000/01, when the sector experienced phenomenal 7/08 10/1 11/1 2002/032003/02004/052005/062006/0200 2008/092009/120 20 growth in passenger traffic (MoPNG 2012). The Scheduled passengers (in million) percentage growth rate of consumption of ATF Total domestic cargo carried (tonnes) during 2009/10–2010/11 was 9.8%. The use of AFT in the sector increased from 4627 MT in Figure 9 Trend in the growth of domestic passengers 2009/10 to 5079 MT in 2010/11 (MoPNG 2011). and cargo in the aviation sector Source DGCA (2012) Key legislations and regulations holding non-scheduled operator’s permit (as on 31 Roads December) compared to 134 companies in 2011 (MoCA 2013). The contribution of civil aviation • Road Transport Corporation Act 1950 and its ancilliary sectors to India’s GDP amounted • National Highways Act 1956 to about 1.5% in 2009. The sector is also estimated • National Highways Rules 1957 to generate about 9.95 million jobs within the • Motor Vehicles Act 1988 (under amendment) country (MoCA 2012). • Central Motor Vehicle Rules 1989 • National Highways Act 1995 Airports • National Highway Authority of India Act 1998 • Central Road Fund Act 2000 The Airports Authority of India (AAI) manages a • Control of National Highways (Land and total of 125 airports, which include 68 operational Traffic) Act 2002(1) airports (11 international airports, 8 customs, • National Highways Tribunal Rules 2003(1) and 49 domestic airports), 26 civil enclaves • Carriage by Road Act 2007 (3 international, 4 customs, and 19 domestic), and • National Highways Fee (Determination of Fee 31 non-operational domestic airports. The AAI and Collection) Rules 2008 also provides air traffic management services over • Carriage by Road Rules 2011(1) the entire Indian air space and adjoining oceanic • Motor Vehicles (Amendment) Bill 20124 areas with ground installations at all airports and 25 other locations to ensure the safety of aircraft Railways operations. Total passengers handled at Indian • Railway Claims Tribunal Act 19875 airports in the last five years between 2005/06 • The Railways Act 1989 and 2010/11 grew at an average rate of 11.5% and • Railways (Amendment) Act 2008 cargo grew at an average annual rate of 11%. The • The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) passenger-handling capacity grew threefold from Act 1978 72 million in 2005/06 to 233 million in 2010/11. • Delhi Metro Railway (Operation and Four international airport projects were successfully Maintenance) Act 2002 completed through the PPP mode—greenfield • The Indian Railway Board Act 1905
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Ports, shipping, and inland water transport Civil aviation • Indian Ports Act 1908 • Aircraft Act 1934 • The Inland Vessels Act 1917 • Aircraft Rules 1937 • Merchant Shipping Act 1958 • Airport Authority of India Act 1994, as • Major Ports Trust Act 1963 amended by the Amendment Act 2003 • Inland Waterways Authority of India Act 1985 • Air Corporations (Transfer of Undertakings • Multimodal Transportation of Goods Act 1993 and Repeal) Act 1994 • Amendment of Multimodal Transportation of • The Airports Economic Regulatory Authority Goods Act 1993 of India Act 2008 • Indian Maritime University Act 2008 • Appellate Tribunal (Forms for Application and • Major Ports Regulatory Authority Bill 2009 Appeal and Fee) Rules 2010 • Shipping Trade Practices (STP) Bill 2010 • Aircraft (Security) Rules 2011 • Airports Authority of India (Major Airports) Development Fees Rules 20116
Bangalore bus day
The Bangalore Metropolitan Transport Corporation (BMTC), a government agency operating the public bus service in Bengaluru, started “Bus Day” in February 2010 to encourage private vehicle users to take public transport for a day every month. The first-hand information and feedback wasGreen also utilized Focus for bringing improvement in public transport system. The city now observes Bus Day on the fourth day of every month. For the first Bus Day, the BMTC added about 300 buses (AC and non-AC buses) on some major corridors such as the Electronic City and ITPL (Whitefield) routes to attract professionals and other citizens into the programme and make them realize that using public transport is easy. About 600 buses were deployed for additional 1500 trips, and it was estimated that an additional 10 000 people took buses on the specified routes on Bus Day. Bus Day sees a reduction in the number of vehicles on city roads by approximately 800 000 on an average, and the amount of pollutants in the air decreases by about 10%. According to studies conducted by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, particulate matter (below 10 microns) reduced by at least 10%, sulphur dioxide by 13.2%, nitrogen oxide by 9%, carbon monoxide by 10.5%, and respirable suspended particulate matter by 13.3%. The BMTC has also benefitted since revenues have increased by 10%–20% on Bus Days. As a result of this initiative, about 65 extra buses have been put into service along the Electronic City route, which has added about 1 000 000 new passengers as regular bus travellers per annum. According to BMTC officials, Bus Day has also been responsible to a great extent for the manifold (700%) increase in the sales of Volvo passes, indirectly reducing private vehicles and congestion on roads. The main objective behind the initiative, for reduction in the use of private vehicles, has materialized to some extent, thereby reducing congestion and pollution levels in the Garden City of India. Source Anand (2013); Francis (2011); TOI (2011, 2013); Vittal (2010)
6 Details available at
TERI Energy & Environment Data Directory and Yearbook 2013/14 233 Energy demand
References MoRTH (Ministry of Road Transport and Highways). 2012c. Report of the Working Group on the Central Roads Sector. New Delhi: MoRTH, Anand, C.G. 2013. Bus-based public transport in Bangalore: BMTC Government of India experience. Details available at
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