DOCSLIB.ORG

Essential Oils As Antimicrobials in Crop Protection

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Essential Oils As Antimicrobials in Crop Protection antibiotics Review Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in Crop Protection María Alonso-Gato 1 , Gonzalo Astray 1,2,*, Juan C. Mejuto 1 and Jesus Simal-Gandara 3,* 1 Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain; [email protected] (M.A.-G.); [email protected] (J.C.M.) 2 CITACA, Agri-Food Research and Transfer Cluster, University of Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain 3 Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo–Ourense Campus, E32004 Ourense, Spain * Correspondence: [email protected] (G.A.); [email protected] (J.S.-G.) Abstract: At present, organic crops have reached an important boom in a society increasingly interested in the conservation of the environment and sustainability. It is evident that a part of the population in the Western world focuses their concern on how to obtain our food and on doing it in a way that is as respectful as possible with the environment. In this review, we present a compilation of the work carried out with the use of essential oils as an alternative in the fight against different bacteria and fungi that attack crops and related products. Given the collected works, the efficacy of essential oils for their use as pesticides for agricultural use is evident. Keywords: essential oil; antibacterial; antifungal; crop protection 1. Introduction to Essential Oils Essential oil is a term reserved for those compounds that are defined by the Inter- national Organization for Standardization (ISO) [1] in their ISO 9235 [2]. These kinds of compounds are complex mixtures originated from the secondary metabolism [3,4], pro- duced by the glandular trichomes, and in different secretory structures [4,5]. They can be Citation: Alonso-Gato, M.; Astray, G.; composed by terpenes, associated or not to other components, generally volatile and that Mejuto, J.C.; Simal-Gandara, J. provides an odor to the vegetable [6]. These compounds have (with exceptions) a density Essential Oils as Antimicrobials in lower than water density [5,6] and are usually presented in liquid form [5,6]. Besides, Crop Protection. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/ essential oils are hydrophobic compounds, soluble in alcohol (among others) and only a antibiotics10010034 little soluble in water [5]. According to the ISO 9235 from the International Organization for Standardization Received: 20 November 2020 (ISO), the essential oil can be obtained by distillation by any of its variants: hydrodistillation, Accepted: 30 December 2020 steam distillation, or dry distillation and by mechanical processes [2]. Some of these Published: 1 January 2021 distillation methods are widely reported in the literature [7–10], even some variants such as distillation with cohobation [8] have been reported. Because essential oils are responsible Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neu- for the aroma of plants, they are widely known for their use in cosmetics and perfumery, tral with regard to jurisdictional clai- but they are also an important resource in other industrial fields such as pharmaceutical, ms in published maps and institutio- food, among others [1,4,5,11]. Indeed, and according to Turek and Stintzing [1], they are nal affiliations. a viable environmental-friendly alternative in these fields due to their proved capacity as nematicidal [12,13], antimicrobial [14,15], insecticidal [16], antifungal [15,17] or, even, herbicidal and insect repellent [18]. Besides this, essential oils show antioxidant activity (that can be used in edible products or active packaging) [19], anticancer properties [20], Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Li- censee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. and properties for pain or inflammation treatment [21]. This article is an open access article Chemically, essential oils are complex mixtures of more than 100 components [5,11,22], distributed under the terms and con- but they are mainly made up of terpenic compounds [23]. Terpenoids, sometimes called ditions of the Creative Commons At- isoprenoids, are a broad family of natural compounds derived from isoprene [24]. About tribution (CC BY) license (https:// 60% of known natural products are terpenoids [25]. This class of secondary compounds creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ (essential oils) contains different terpenoids such as monoterpenes (C10)[18,26] contain 4.0/). two isoprene units (linear or cyclic [26]) like myrcene, menthol, limonene, or linalool (see Antibiotics 2021, 10, 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10010034 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/antibiotics Antibiotics 2021, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 12 [18,26] contain two isoprene units (linear or cyclic [26]) like myrcene, menthol, limonene, or linalool (see Figure 1). Other important components of essential oils are the sesquiter- Antibiotics 2021, 10, 34 2 of 12 penes which consist of three isoprene units (C15) [18,26]. Figure 1 shows some different sesquiterpenes such as patchoulol or nootkatone (see Figure 1). According to the infor- mation reported by Martinez (2003) [11], monoterpenoids are common in the Primulales, FigureRanunculales,1). Other and important Violales orders components (being ofscar essentialcer in other oils different are the sesquiterpenesorders such as Aster- which consistales, Cornales, of three Lamiales, isoprene unitsand Rutales) (C15)[18 and,26 ].sesquiterpenoids Figure1 shows someare mainly different abundant sesquiterpenes in other suchorders as such patchoulol as Asterales, or nootkatone Cornales, (see Magnoliale Figure1).s, According and Rutales to the[11]. information Essential oils reported can also by Martinezcontain diterpenes (2003) [11 ],(as monoterpenoids by-product) [26] are whic commonh are composed in the Primulales, of four isoprene Ranunculales, units -as and Violalesretinal or orders phytol-. (being Finally, scarcer essential in other oils different contain orders other such compounds as Asterales, such Cornales, as aromatic Lamiales, phe- andnols, Rutales) ethers, esters, and sesquiterpenoids alcohols, among are others, mainly which abundant will confer in other the ordersaroma suchand odor as Asterales, of the Cornales,plant [18]. Magnoliales, and Rutales [11]. Essential oils can also contain diterpenes (as by-product)Essential [26 oil] whichcomponents are composed can convert of four without isoprene difficulty units into -as retinaleach other or phytol-. by a different Finally, essentialprocess (cyclization, oils contain isomerization, other compounds oxidation, such as among aromatic other phenols, ways) due ethers, to their esters, structural alcohols, amongrelation others, inside whichthe same will chemical confer thegroup aroma [1]. and odor of the plant [18]. Ascaridole Borneol Camphene Camphor 3-carene Carvacrol Carvone Citronellol Cymene Eucalyptol Hinokitiol Limonene Linalool Menthol Myrcene α-Pinene Sabinene Thymol β-Thujene Umbellulone δ- Cadinene Patchoulol Nootkatone Chamazulene Vetivazulene FigureFigure 1.1. SomeSome monoterpenoids and sesquiterpen sesquiterpenoidsoids presented presented in in essential essential oils. oils. EssentialThe chemical oil components composition can of convert essential without oils depends difficulty on into different each other factors bya such different as processplant’s physiology, (cyclization, climate isomerization, characteristics oxidation, or, even, among soil otherconditions ways) where due to the their plant structural grows relation[3]. According inside theto this, same within chemical the same group plant [1]. species, or even in their different organs, the chemicalThe chemicalcomposition composition may vary of [3]. essential The chemical oils depends composition on different can also factors be influenced such as plant’s by physiology,plant health climateor harvest characteristics time [1]. or, even, soil conditions where the plant grows [3]. AccordingAccording to this, to Montoya within the Cadavid same plant [27], species,around 60 or and even 80 in families their different produce organs, essential the chemicaloils, the largest composition number may grows vary in [tropical3]. The chemicalclimates, compositionalthough they can are also also be found influenced in other by plantclimates, health with or the harvest spermatophytes time [1]. as the main plants that produce essential oils. Essential oils areAccording found in to the Montoya different Cadavid organs [of27 ],the around plant [11,27]: 60 and roots 80 families (e.g., turmeric, produce saffron, essential oils, the largest number grows in tropical climates, although they are also found in other climates, with the spermatophytes as the main plants that produce essential oils. Essential oils are found in the different organs of the plant [11,27]: roots (e.g., turmeric, saffron, ginger, and sandalwood), flowers (e.g., thyme, lavender, arnica, and chamomile), fruits (e.g., laurel, coriander, parsley, or pepper), and in other parts such as seeds or leaves, among others. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 34 3 of 12 2. Essential Oils as Antibacterial and Antifungal Compounds Many secondary metabolites produced by plants can present an important role in their protection against microbes potentially pathogenic [4]. These compounds are a very attractive alternative to many antibiotics due to the bacterial resistance generated to tradi- tional products [4]. An example of this is the use of genus Origanum or Thymus due to their antimicrobial activity. However, many times these studies are only focused on the antibacterial activities and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils
    Retention Indices for Frequently Reported Compounds of Plant Essential Oils V. I. Babushok,a) P. J. Linstrom, and I. G. Zenkevichb) National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA (Received 1 August 2011; accepted 27 September 2011; published online 29 November 2011) Gas chromatographic retention indices were evaluated for 505 frequently reported plant essential oil components using a large retention index database. Retention data are presented for three types of commonly used stationary phases: dimethyl silicone (nonpolar), dimethyl sili- cone with 5% phenyl groups (slightly polar), and polyethylene glycol (polar) stationary phases. The evaluations are based on the treatment of multiple measurements with the number of data records ranging from about 5 to 800 per compound. Data analysis was limited to temperature programmed conditions. The data reported include the average and median values of retention index with standard deviations and confidence intervals. VC 2011 by the U.S. Secretary of Commerce on behalf of the United States. All rights reserved. [doi:10.1063/1.3653552] Key words: essential oils; gas chromatography; Kova´ts indices; linear indices; retention indices; identification; flavor; olfaction. CONTENTS 1. Introduction The practical applications of plant essential oils are very 1. Introduction................................ 1 diverse. They are used for the production of food, drugs, per- fumes, aromatherapy, and many other applications.1–4 The 2. Retention Indices ........................... 2 need for identification of essential oil components ranges 3. Retention Data Presentation and Discussion . 2 from product quality control to basic research. The identifi- 4. Summary.................................. 45 cation of unknown compounds remains a complex problem, in spite of great progress made in analytical techniques over 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Clinical Effects of Orally Administered Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Pantoea Agglomerans on Malignant Tumors
    ANTICANCER RESEARCH 36: 3747-3752 (2016) Clinical Effects of Orally Administered Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Pantoea agglomerans on Malignant Tumors ATSUTOMO MORISHIMA1 and HIROYUKI INAGAWA2,3 1Lavita Medical Clinic, Hiradai-cho, Moriguchi-shi, Osaka, Japan; 2Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa, Japan; 3Research Institute for Healthy Living, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niitsu-shi, Niigata, Japan Abstract. Background/Aim: It has been reported that oral contains macrophage-activating substances derived from administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) recovers an concomitant Gram-negative plant-associated bacteria, such as individual’s immune condition and induces the exclusion of Pantoea agglomerans. LPS of this bacterium is a major foreign matter, inflammation and tissue repair. We orally macrophage-activating substance (2, 3). It has been reported that administered LPS from the wheat symbiotic bacteria Pantoea Pantoea agglomerans were found to be symbiotic in many agglomerans, which has been ingested and proven to be safe, plants, such as wheat and brown rice (4, 5). Oral administration to cancer patients. Our observation of clinical improvements of LPS from Pantoea aggomerans amplified phagocytic activity resulting from this treatment are reported. Patients and of peritoneal macrophages through TLR 4 (6). It has been Methods: Sixteen cancer patients who exhibited declined small reported in animal models and clinical studies of humans that intestinal immune competence were treated between June and oral intake of LPS from Pantoea agglomerans can prevent the September, 2015. Diagnosis was based on our evaluation on onset of type I diabetes, control blood glucose levels in type II small intestinal immune competence and macrophage activity.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf Internet2) Internet3) 126
    DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM KERTÉSZETTUDOMÁNYI KAR GYÓGY- ÉS AROMANÖVÉNYEK TANSZÉK HAZAI VADON TERMŐ KÖZÖNSÉGES SZUROKFŰ (ORIGANUM VULGARE L.) POPULÁCIÓK MORFOLÓGIAI ÉS KÉMIAI DIVERZITÁSÁNAK FELTÁRÁSA DOKTORI ÉRTEKEZÉS CSERHÁTI BEATRIX TÉMAVEZETŐ: DR. SZABÓ KRISZTINA PHD BUDAPEST 2015 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 A doktori iskola megnevezése: Kertészettudományi Doktori Iskola tudományága: Növénytermesztési és kertészeti tudományok vezetője: Dr. Tóth Magdolna egyetemi tanár, DSc BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyümölcstermő Növények Tanszék Témavezető: Dr. Szabó Krisztina egyetemi docens, PhD BUDAPESTI CORVINUS EGYETEM, Kertészettudományi Kar, Gyógy- és Aromanövények Tanszék A jelölt a Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Doktori Szabályzatában előírt valamennyi feltételnek eleget tett, az értekezés műhelyvitájában elhangzott észrevételeket és javaslatokat az értekezés átdolgozásakor figyelembe vette, azért az értekezés nyilvános vitára bocsátható. ..................................................... ..................................................... Az iskolavezető jóváhagyása A témavezető jóváhagyása 2 DOI: 10.14267/phd.2015057 A Budapesti Corvinus Egyetem Élettudományi Területi Doktori Tanács 2015. október 13-i határozatában a nyilvános vita lefolytatására az alábbi Bíráló Bizottságot jelölte ki: BÍRÁLÓ BIZOTTSÁG: Elnöke: Höhn Mária, CSc Tagjai: Terbe István, DSc Honfi Péter, PhD Ledniczkyné Lemberkovics Éva, PhD Máthé Imre, DSc Opponensek: Bodor Zsófia, PhD Stefanovitsné Bányai Éva, DSc Titkár: Honfi
    [Show full text]
  • Download the File
    HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL TRANSMISSION OF A PANTOEA SP. IN CULEX SP. A University Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, East Bay In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Biological Science By Alyssa Nicole Cifelli September, 2015 Copyright © by Alyssa Cifelli ii Abstract Mosquitoes serve as vectors for several life-threatening pathogens such as Plasmodium spp. that cause malaria and Dengue viruses that cause dengue hemorrhagic fever. Control of mosquito populations through insecticide use, human-mosquito barriers such as the use of bed nets, and control of standing water, such as areas where rainwater has collected, collectively work to decrease transmission of pathogens. None, however, continue to work to keep disease incidence at acceptable levels. Novel approaches, such as paratransgenesis are needed that work specifically to interrupt pathogen transmission. Paratransgenesis employs symbionts of insect vectors to work against the pathogens they carry. In order to take this approach a candidate symbiont must reside in the insect where the pathogen also resides, the symbiont has to be safe for use, and amenable to genetic transformation. For mosquito species, Pantoea agglomerans is being considered for use because it satisfies all of these criteria. What isn’t known about P. agglomerans is how mosquitoes specifically acquire this bacterium, although given that this bacterium is a typical inhabitant of the environment it is likely they acquire it horizontally through feeding and/or exposure to natural waters. It is possible that they pass the bacteria to their offspring directly by vertical transmission routes. The goal of my research is to determine means of symbiont acquisition in Culex pipiens, the Northern House Mosquito.
    [Show full text]
  • Endemic Plants of Crete in Electronic Trade and Wildlife Tourism: Current
    Menteli et al. J of Biol Res-Thessaloniki (2019) 26:10 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40709-019-0104-z Journal of Biological Research-Thessaloniki RESEARCH Open Access Endemic plants of Crete in electronic trade and wildlife tourism: current patterns and implications for conservation Viktoria Menteli1 , Nikos Krigas2 , Manolis Avramakis3, Nicholas Turland4 and Despoina Vokou1* Abstract Background: The island of Crete is a biodiversity hotspot having 223 endemic vascular taxa (species and subspe- cies) as a result of its long isolation and the wide range of habitats it includes. We explore trends and patterns in the electronic trade of these unique genetic resources and in their involvement in wildlife tourism, the ways these two activities are performed and the associated potential threats on the plants’ wild populations, and we also identify priority taxa requiring special attention. The main part of the study was conducted in 2016–2017 using English as a search language; an additional search was conducted in 2019 using German and French. Results: We found e-commerce for 28 (13%) endemic taxa. These are traded by 65 nurseries from 14 countries, the UK primarily. Among the traded plants, 16 face extinction risk and/or are under protection status. Prices vary largely for the same taxon and form of sale. Lamiaceae is the family with the highest number of e-traded taxa, Tulipa bakeri is the most traded species, and the living plant is the commonest form of sale. Thirty-seven endemic taxa are advertised in the websites of travel agencies involved in wildlife tourism. Tulipa doerferi is the most frequently encountered taxon in these websites, whereas Lamiaceae, Liliaceae and Orchidaceae are similarly represented.
    [Show full text]
  • Pantoea Agglomerans-Infecting Bacteriophage Vb Pags AAS21: a Cold-Adapted Virus Representing a Novel Genus Within the Family Siphoviridae
    viruses Communication Pantoea agglomerans-Infecting Bacteriophage vB_PagS_AAS21: A Cold-Adapted Virus Representing a Novel Genus within the Family Siphoviridae Monika Šimoliunien¯ e˙ 1 , Lidija Truncaite˙ 1,*, Emilija Petrauskaite˙ 1, Aurelija Zajanˇckauskaite˙ 1, Rolandas Meškys 1 , Martynas Skapas 2 , Algirdas Kaupinis 3, Mindaugas Valius 3 and Eugenijus Šimoliunas¯ 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] (M.Š.); [email protected] (E.P.); [email protected] (A.Z.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Center for Physical Sciences and Technology, Sauletekio˙ av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] 3 Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected] (M.V.) * Correspondence: [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (E.Š.); Tel.: +370-6504-1027 (L.T.); +370-6507-0467 (E.Š.) Received: 3 April 2020; Accepted: 22 April 2020; Published: 23 April 2020 Abstract: A novel cold-adapted siphovirus, vB_PagS_AAS21 (AAS21), was isolated in Lithuania using Pantoea agglomerans as the host for phage propagation. AAS21 has an isometric head (~85 nm in diameter) and a non-contractile flexible tail (~174 10 nm). With a genome size of 116,649 bp, × bacteriophage AAS21 is the largest Pantoea-infecting siphovirus sequenced to date. The genome of AAS21 has a G+C content of 39.0% and contains 213 putative protein-encoding genes and 29 genes for tRNAs.
    [Show full text]
  • Introducing Dittany of Crete (Origanum Dictamnus L.) to Gastronomy: a New Culinary Concept for a Traditionally Used Medicinal Plant$
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science 2 (2015) 112–118 www.elsevier.com/locate/ijgfs Culinary Concept Introducing Dittany of Crete (Origanum dictamnus L.) to gastronomy: A new culinary concept for a traditionally used medicinal plant$ Nikos Krigasa,n, Diamanto Lazarib, Eleni Maloupac, Maria Stikoudic aDepartment of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece bDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Greece cLaboratory of Conservation and Evaluation of Native and Floricultural Species-Balkan Botanic Garden of Kroussia, Institute of Genetics, Breeding and Phytogenetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation Demeter, GR-57001 Thermi, Thessaloniki, Greece Received 16 December 2014; accepted 19 February 2015 Available online 26 February 2015 Abstract A new culinary concept has been developed to praise ancient and modern uses of exclusive Mediterranean ingredients, focusing the world's attention in a region: Crete, Greece. We reviewed the vernacular names, medicinal properties and traditional uses of the Dittany of Crete (local endemic of the island of Crete, Greece) and we explored the possibility of cooking different dishes. We developed a novel concept which resulted in the culinary use of the infusion, the leaves and/or inflorescences of this perennial herb in modern sweet and savoury dishes of Mediterranean cuisine (five case-studies are described and illustrated). Our study expands the use of a unique and beneficial herb (Origanum dictamnus) rendering it as a new spicy ingredient suitable for gastronomic experimentation. The promotion of new uses for this traditionally used medicinal plant (currently cultivated only at small scale on the island of Crete) (i) offers new ingredients to international gastronomy, (ii) may prove to be beneficial for local economies, and (iii) supports sustainable plant exploitation.
    [Show full text]
  • Odor Impact of Volatiles Emitted from Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroin and Their Surrogate Scents Somchai Rice Iowa State University, [email protected]
    Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications 12-2015 Odor impact of volatiles emitted from marijuana, cocaine, heroin and their surrogate scents Somchai Rice Iowa State University, [email protected] Jacek A. Koziel Iowa State University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/abe_eng_pubs Part of the Agriculture Commons, Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons, and the Toxicology Commons The ompc lete bibliographic information for this item can be found at http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ abe_eng_pubs/707. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Odor impact of volatiles emitted from marijuana, cocaine, heroin and their surrogate scents Abstract Volatile compounds emitted into headspace from illicit street drugs have been identified, but until now odor impact of these compounds have not been reported. Data in support of identification of these compounds and their odor impact to human nose are presented. In addition, data is reported on odor detection thresholds for canines highlighting differences with human ODTs and needs to address gaps in knowledge. New data presented here include: (1) compound identification, (2) gas chromatography (GC) column retention times, (3) mass spectral data, (4) odor descriptors from 2 databases, (5) human odor detection thresholds from 2 databases, (6) calculated odor activity values, and (7) subsequent ranking of compounds by concentration and ranking of compounds by odor impact (reported as calculated odor activity values).
    [Show full text]
  • Crete in Autumn
    Crete in Autumn Naturetrek Tour Report 17 - 24 October 2017 Crocus pumilus Roman villa Askifou plateau Cyclamen graecum subsp. graecum Report and images by David Tattersfield Naturetrek Mingledown Barn Wolf's Lane Chawton Alton Hampshire GU34 3HJ UK T: +44 (0)1962 733051 E: [email protected] W: www.naturetrek.co.uk Tour Report Crete in Autumn Tour participants: David Tattersfield (Tour leader) and 14 Naturetrek clients Summary Crete had experienced its usual hot dry summer, with little rain in the preceding weeks. Autumn flowers were slow to emerge from the parched ground but, nevertheless, we saw everything we expected, except in smaller quantities than we may have hoped for. We had a great week exploring the wilder parts of western Crete and many aspects of its fascinating geology, history and archaeology. Our success was due, in no small part, to the enthusiasm and good humour of the group, the interesting walks and good food. Day 1 Tuesday 17th October We arrived in Crete in mid-afternoon. The weather was sunny, settled and clear, with a temperature in the mid- twenties and it remained that way for the rest of the week. After checking into our hotel, we made the short journey to the Theriso Gorge, in the foothills of the White Mountains, a little way south of the city. We made a few brief stops in the narrow gorge, finding our first Cyclamen graecum subsp. candicum, wedged into tight crevices in the limestone. On the cliffs, we identified some of the commoner endemic plants, typical of Crete’s interesting chasmophyte flora, many of which we would encounter during the rest of the week.
    [Show full text]
  • Pantoea Bacteriophage Vb Pags MED16—A Siphovirus Containing a 20-Deoxy-7-Amido-7-Deazaguanosine- Modified DNA
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Article Pantoea Bacteriophage vB_PagS_MED16—A Siphovirus Containing a 20-Deoxy-7-amido-7-deazaguanosine- Modified DNA Monika Šimoliunien¯ e˙ 1 , Emilija Žukauskiene˙ 1, Lidija Truncaite˙ 1 , Liang Cui 2, Geoffrey Hutinet 3, Darius Kazlauskas 4 , Algirdas Kaupinis 5, Martynas Skapas 6 , Valérie de Crécy-Lagard 3,7 , Peter C. Dedon 2,8 , Mindaugas Valius 5 , Rolandas Meškys 1 and Eugenijus Šimoliunas¯ 1,* 1 Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] (M.Š.); [email protected] (E.Ž.); [email protected] (L.T.); [email protected] (R.M.) 2 Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology, Antimicrobial Resistance Interdisciplinary Research Group, Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise, Singapore 138602, Singapore; [email protected] (L.C.); [email protected] (P.C.D.) 3 Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; ghutinet@ufl.edu (G.H.); vcrecy@ufl.edu (V.d.C.-L.) 4 Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] 5 Proteomics Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Life Sciences Centre, Vilnius University, Sauletekio˙ av. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; [email protected] (A.K.); [email protected]
    [Show full text]
  • Erwinia Stewartii in Maize Seed
    www.worldseed.org PEST RISK ANALYSIS The risk of introducing Erwinia stewartii in maize seed for The International Seed Federation Chemin du Reposoir 7 1260 Nyon, Switzerland by Jerald Pataky Robert Ikin Professor of Plant Pathology Biosecurity Consultant University of Illinois Box 148 Department of Crop Sciences Taigum QLD 4018 1102 S. Goodwin Ave. Australia Urbana, IL 61801 USA 2003-02 ISF Secretariat Chemin du Reposoir 7 1260 Nyon Switzerland +41 22 365 44 20 [email protected] i PREFACE Maize is one of the most important agricultural crops worldwide and there is considerable international trade in seed. A high volume of this seed originates in the United States, where much of the development of new varieties occurs. Erwinia stewartii ( Pantoea stewartii ) is a bacterial pathogen (pest) of maize that occurs primarily in the US. In order to prevent the introduction of this bacterium to other areas, a number of countries have instigated phytosanitary measures on trade in maize seed for planting. This analysis of the risk of introducing Erwinia stewartii in maize seed was prepared at the request of the International Seed Federation (ISF) as an initiative to promote transparency in decision making and the technical justification of restrictions on trade in accordance with international standards. In 2001 a consensus among ISF (then the International Seed Trade Federation (FIS)) members, including representatives of the seed industry from more than 60 countries developed a first version of this PRA as a qualitative assessment following the international standard, FAO Guidelines for Pest Risk Analysis (Publication No. 2, February 1996). The global study completed Stage 1 (Risk initiation) and Stage 2 (Risk Assessment) but did not make comprehensive Pest Risk management recommendations (Stage 3) that are necessary for trade to take place.
    [Show full text]
  • Pest Categorisation of Pantoea Stewartii Subsp. Stewartii
    SCIENTIFIC OPINION ADOPTED: 21 June 2018 doi: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5356 Pest categorisation of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii EFSA Panel on Plant Health (EFSA PLH Panel), Michael Jeger, Claude Bragard, Thierry Candresse, Elisavet Chatzivassiliou, Katharina Dehnen-Schmutz, Gianni Gilioli, Jean-Claude Gregoire, Josep Anton Jaques Miret, Alan MacLeod, Maria Navajas Navarro, Bjorn€ Niere, Stephen Parnell, Roel Potting, Trond Rafoss, Vittorio Rossi, Gregor Urek, Ariena Van Bruggen, Wopke Van der Werf, Jonathan West, Stephan Winter, Charles Manceau, Marco Pautasso and David Caffier Abstract Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Plant Health Panel performed a pest categorisation of Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii (hereafter P. s . subsp. stewartii). P. s . subsp. stewartii is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes Stewart’s vascular wilt and leaf blight of sweet corn and maize, a disease responsible for serious crop losses throughout the world. The bacterium is endemic to the USA and is now present in Africa, North, Central and South America, Asia and Ukraine. In the EU, it is reported from Italy with a restricted distribution and under eradication. The bacterium is regulated according to Council Directive 2000/29/EC (Annex IIAI) as a harmful organism whose introduction and spread in the EU is banned on seeds of Zea mays. Other reported potential host plants include various species of the family Poaceae, including weeds, rice (Oryza sativa), oat (Avena sativa) and common wheat (Triticum aestivum), as well as jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus), the ornamental Dracaena sanderiana and the palm Bactris gasipaes, but there is uncertainty about whether these are hosts of P.
    [Show full text]