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Revisiting History Through Gothic Evocations in Pat Barker’S Regeneration Trilogy

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Revisiting History Through Gothic Evocations in Pat Barker’S Regeneration Trilogy REVISITING HISTORY THROUGH GOTHIC EVOCATIONS IN PAT BARKER’S REGENERATION TRILOGY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY GÜL DENİZ HOŞ IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FEBRUARY 2015 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences _______________ Prof. Dr. Meliha Altunışık Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts / Doctor of Philosophy. _______________ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science/Arts/Doctor of Philosophy. _______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Dürrin Alpakın Martinez Caro Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assist. Prof. Dr. Kuğu Tekin (Atılım University, IDE)______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Dürrin Alpakın Martinez Caro (METU, ELIT)______________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Elif Öztabak Avcı (METU, ELIT)______________ I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Gül Deniz Hoş Signature : iii ABSTRACT REVISITING HISTORY THROUGH GOTHIC EVOCATIONS IN PAT BARKER’S REGENERATION TRILOGY Hoş, Gül Deniz M.A., Department of English Literature Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Dürrin Alpakın Martinez Caro February 2015, 140 pages This thesis aims at analyzing how Pat Barker’s Regeneration trilogy evokes traditional and modern Gothic elements in terms of settings, shell shocked soldiers’ trauma-induced spectral illusions, overwhelming effect of past on present, and dissociative identity disorder. The trilogy reveals Gothic-like atmosphere of the First World War as well as its reflection on the characters’ frames of mind. By incorporating Gothic elements into her trilogy, Barker offers a multi-dimensional reading and also emphasizes fragility of human body and psyche, because holistic, stable and secure self is prone to scatter in case of excessive external and internal pressures. In the trilogy, physical wounds reveal deeper psychological fractures, from which the past perpetually leaks into the present. The recurrent and catastrophic intrusion of war reminiscences into today echoes a prevalent gothic theme of the past’s disruptive, shadowy, and overwhelming effect on the present. The specters haunting the soldiers represent an alternative cryptic language to restate their inexpressible devastations and apprehensions. Based on Sigmund Freud’s concept of “Uncanny”, how the character’s continual return of the repressed fears disrupt linearity of time, and how this might lead to dissociative identity is touched upon in iv conjunction with the concept of Gothic double. The shattered psyche due to war trauma gradually becomes worse on the face of uncanny experiences and stifling effect of the past. The characters strive to deal with phenomenon of alienation from their surroundings, and most essentially from their own selves. Keywords: Pat Barker, Regeneration Trilogy, Gothic, war trauma, Freud’s concept of Uncanny v ÖZ PAT BARKER’IN REGENERATION ÜÇLEMESİNDE GOTİK ÇAĞRIŞIMLARLA TARİHE YENİDEN BAKIŞ Hoş, Gül Deniz Yüksek Lisans, İngiliz Edebiyatı Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Dürrin Alpakın Martinez Caro Şubat 2015, 140 sayfa Bu tez Pat Barker’ın Regeneration üçlemesinin olayların geçtiği mekanlar, savaş sonrası nevrozu yaşayan askerlerin travma kaynaklı hayali yanılsamaları, geçmişin şimdiki zaman üzerindeki boğucu etkisi, ve dissosiyatif kimlik bozukluğuyla ilgili olarak Gotik öğeleri nasıl çağrıştırdığını incelemeyi amaçlar. Üçleme, Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın Gotik benzeri ortamı kadar bunun karakterlerin ruh hallerindeki yansımalarını da gözler önüne serer. Barker Gotik elementleri üçlemesine dahil ederek, çok yönlü bir okuma sunar ve insan bedeni ve ruhunun kırılganlığını vurgular, çünkü dahili ve harici baskıların aşırı olması durumunda, bütünsel, istikrarlı ve güvenli benlik dağılmaya meyillidir. Üçlemede fiziksel yaralar geçmişin sürekli bugüne sızdığını gösteren daha derin psikolojik kırılmaları açığa çıkarır. Savaş anılarının bugüne sürekli ve yıkıcı bir şekilde zorla dahil olması yaygın bir Gotik tema olan geçmişin şimdiki zaman üzerindeki rahatsız edici, karanlık ve bunaltıcı etkisini hatırlatır. Askerlere musallat olan hayaletler, onların kelimelere sığmayan yıkım ve korkularını yeniden ifade etmek için alternatif, şifreli bir dil sunar. vi Freud’un “tekinsiz” kavramından yola çıkılarak, karakterin bastırılmış korkularının sürekli geri dönüşünün zamanın doğrusallık kavramını nasıl altüst ettiğine ve bunun nasıl kişilik bölünmesine yol açabileceğine Gotik ikiz [double] kavramıyla bağlantılı olarak değinilir. Savaş travması nedeniyle yorgun düşen ruh hali tekinsiz deneyimler ve geçmişin boğucu etkisi karşısında giderek kötüleşir. Karakterler çevrelerinden, en önemlisi kendi benliklerinden yabancılaşma olgusuyla başa çıkmaya çabalarlar. Anahtar Kelimeler: Pat Barker, Regeneration Üçlemesi, Gotik ,savaş travması, Freud’un Tekinsiz kavramı vii To my mom and dad, from whom I learned the most valuable things in life are love, labour and peace viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my thesis supervisor Assist. Prof. Dr. Dürrin Alpakın Martinez Caro for her guidance and encouragement not only through this study, but also through all my education period at METU. I owe special thanks to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nurten Birlik through whose lessons I learned a lot about the First World War poetry and war poets. Also I’m wholeheartedly indebted to Assist. Prof. Dr. Elif Öztabak Avcı in whose lesson I became acquainted with Pat Barker and her works. Their invaluable lectures paved the way for writing this thesis. I thank Assist. Prof. Dr. Kuğu Tekin and Prof. Dr. Elif Öztabak Avcı for their very kind attitude and very helpful contributions to my thesis. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my mom Gülay Hoş, dad Aziz Hoş and brother Ekin Deniz Hoş who constantly supported me in all respects, and made it possible and less demanding for me to complete this study. I want to thank my uncle Erdal Yıldırım as well, whose presence I’ve always felt right beside me during the hardest times. I’m very grateful for their lifelong love, support and care. I’m also so glad to have Sevgi Kelly and Diren Maraba in my life. Without their unwavering support, love and trust in me till the last moment, this study would never be what it is. Lastly, I thank Zeplin the cat, whose tranquil purr motivated me all the time. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM...........................................................................................................iii ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................. iv ÖZ .............................................................................................................................. vi DEDICATION ........................................................................................................ viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................ ix TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................. xi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................ 1 1.1 Gothic Underpinnings in the Regeneration Trilogy. ............................. .7 1.2 From External to Internal Fears in Gothic Literature. ......................... .20 2. SETTING ....................................................................................................... 27 2.1 War Hospital as Hysterialand .............................................................. 30 2.2 Labyrinthine Trenches ......................................................................... 41 2.3 Liminality of No Man’s Land ............................................................. 57 2.4 Unhomely Home Front ........................................................................ 64 3. THE SPECTRAL FILTRATION OF THE PAST INTO THE PRESENT . 77 3.1 S-hell Shock ........................................................................................ 77 3.2 Crisis in Personal History: Barker’s Trauma Narrative ...................... 82 3.3 Nocturnal Intruders in the Regeneration Trilogy ................................ 87 3.4 Body as a Site of Freudian Uncanny: Prior’s Warrior Double ......... 100 4. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 112 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................... 118 APPENDICES Appendix A: Turkish Summary...................................................................128 Appendix B: Tez Fotokopisi İzin Formu.....................................................140 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS R Regeneration ED The Eye in the Door GR The Ghost Road xi CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In her widely acclaimed novel series, Regeneration trilogy Pat Barker adeptly represents how the pain
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