CED: an Overview of the Law

CED: An Overview of the Law

Aboriginal Law

Notes for IV.3.(a)–(f): Obligations to Aboriginal Peoples: Honour of the Crown—The Duty to Consult

IV.1.(a): The Duty to Consult—General

FN1. Guerin v. R. (1984), [1984] 2 S.C.R. 335 (S.C.C.).

FN2. R. v. Sparrow (1990), [1990] 1 S.C.R. 1075 (S.C.C.); R. v. Nikal (1996), [1996] 1 S.C.R. 1013 (S.C.C.); Delgamuukw v. British Columbia (1997), [1997] 3 S.C.R. 1010 (S.C.C.); Xeni Gwet'in First Nations v. British Columbia (2007), 2007 BCSC 1700 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed (2012), 2012 BCCA 285 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal allowed (2013), 2013 CarswellBC 92 (S.C.C.); R. v. Hamelin (2010), 2010 ABQB 529 (Alta. Q.B.); see also §§394-405.

FN3. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.) (duty to consult grounded in honour of the Crown; not necessary to invoke fiduciary duties).

FN4. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN5. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN6. R. v. Kapp (2008), 2008 SCC 41 (S.C.C.); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.).

IV.3.(b): The Duty to Consult— Source and Anchorage of the Duty

FN1. Constitution Act, 1982, see R.S.C. 1985, App. II (No. 44), s. 35(1).

FN2. Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN3. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN4. Constitution Act, 1982, see R.S.C. 1985, App. II (No. 44), s. 35(1); Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

IV.3.(c).(i): The Duty to Consult — When the Duty Arises— General

FN1. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN2. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN3. Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1712 (B.C. S.C.); Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2008), 2008 BCSC 1505 (B.C. S.C.); but see Paul First Nation v. Parkland (County) (2006), 2006 ABCA 128 (Alta. C.A.) (no duty to consult re proposed development on private lands if Crown has no involvement in proposed development).

FN4. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN5. Moses c. Canada (Procureur général) (2010), 2010 SCC 17 (S.C.C.) (James Bay and Northern Québec Agreement); Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.).

FN6. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.).

FN7. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN8. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN9. Moses c. Canada (Procureur général) (2010), 2010 SCC 17 (S.C.C.).

FN10. Dene Tha' First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Environment) (2006), 2006 FC 1354 (F.C.); affirmed (2008), 2008 FCA 20 (F.C.A.).

FN11. Saulteau First Nations v. British Columbia (Oil & Gas Commission) (2004), 2004 BCCA 286 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2005), 2005 CarswellBC 459 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN12. Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.).

FN13. Platinex Inc. v. Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation (2006), 272 D.L.R. (4th) 727 (Ont. S.C.J.); Platinex Inc. v. Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation (2007), [2007] 3 C.N.L.R. 181 (Ont. S.C.J.).

FN14. Ka'a'Gee Tu First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2007), 2007 FC 763 (F.C.).

FN15. West Moberly First Nations v. British Columbia (Chief Inspector of Mines) (2010), 2010 BCSC 359 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed on the point (2011), 2011 BCCA 247 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2012), 2012 CarswellBC 386 (S.C.C.).

IV.3.(c).(ii): The Duty to Consult— When the Duty Arises— Knowledge of a Right's Potential Existence

FN1. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN2. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.) (federal Crown was a party to Treaty No. 8); see also Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.) (provincial Crown had knowledge of express treaty rights); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.) (actual knowledge arises when treaty right may be affected).

FN3. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN4. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN5. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN6. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN7. Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.); see also Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1712 (B.C. S.C.); Huu-Ay-Aht First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 697 (B.C. S.C.); Homalco Indian Band v. British Columbia (Minister of Agriculture, Food & Fisheries) (2005), 2005 BCSC 283 (B.C. S.C.) (all part of B.C Treaty process); Frontenac Ventures Corp. v. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation (2008), 2008 ONCA 534 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 7322 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN8. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN9. Hiawatha Indian Band v. Ontario (Minister of Environment) (2007), [2007] 2 C.N.L.R. 186 (Ont. Div. Ct.).

FN10. Indian Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. I-5.

FN11. Hester v. Canada (2007), [2008] 3 C.T.C. 44 (Ont. S.C.J.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 807 (Ont. Div. Ct.); affirmed on other grounds (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 5348 (Ont. C.A.).

FN12. CAW-Canada, Local 444 v. Great Blue Heron Gaming Co. (2007), 2007 ONCA 814 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 2357 (S.C.C.) (claim to generalized right of self-government not credible given Supreme Court of Canada decisions on self-government in R. v. Jones and Delgamuukw v. British Columbia).

FN13. Prince v. Alberta (Energy Resources Conservation Board) (2010), 2010 ABCA 214 (Alta. C.A.).

FN14. Hiawatha Indian Band v. Ontario (Minister of Environment) (2007), [2007] 2 C.N.L.R. 186 (Ont. Div. Ct.); R. v. Howard (1994), [1994] 2 S.C.R. 299 (S.C.C.).

FN15. Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.).

FN16. Acadia Band v. Minister of National Revenue (2008), 2008 FCA 119 (F.C.A.); Native Council of Nova Scotia v. Canada (Attorney General) (2008), 2008 FCA 113 (F.C.A.) (existence of previous jurisprudence dealing with related but more limited Mi'kmaq fishing rights, statement of claim in other litigation against minister, and "no prejudice" clause in fishing agreements with minister not sufficient to meet burden of outlining claims to Crown with clarity).

FN17. Brokenhead Ojibway Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2009), 2009 FC 484 (F.C.).

FN18. Native Council of Nova Scotia v. Canada (Attorney General) (2008), 2008 FCA 113 (F.C.A.) (not enough evidence to show that minister knew or ought to have known of credible claim at time quota proposed).

FN19. CAW-Canada, Local 444 v. Great Blue Heron Gaming Co. (2007), 2007 ONCA 814 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 2357 (S.C.C.) (First Nation failed to make known any claim of right during proceedings unionizing and certifying on-reserve casino employees).

FN20. Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.) (no evidence of any potential Métis rights assertions till four months after approval decision made).

FN21. Labrador Métis Nation v. Newfoundland & Labrador (Minister of Transportation & Works) (2007), 2007 NLCA 75 (N.L. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNfld 142 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

IV.3.(c).(iii): The Duty to Consult— When the Duty Arises— Crown Conduct

FN1. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN2. Ross River Dena Council v. Yukon (2012), 2012 YKCA 14 (Y.T. C.A.).

FN3. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

IV.3.(c).(iv): The Duty to Consult— When the Duty Arises— "Might Adversely Affect"

FN1. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.); Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.); Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN2. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN3. Musqueam Indian Band v. Canada (2008), 2008 FCA 214 (F.C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNat 4404 (S.C.C.); CAW-Canada, Local 444 v. Great Blue Heron Gaming Co. (2007), 2007 ONCA 814 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 2357 (S.C.C.); Platinex Inc. v. Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation (2007), [2007] 3 C.N.L.R. 181 (Ont. S.C.J.); see also Huu-Ay- Aht First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 697 (B.C. S.C.).

FN4. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); see also Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.) ("the operative word is 'might'"); Labrador Métis Nation v. Newfoundland & Labrador (Minister of Transportation & Works) (2007), 2007 NLCA 75 (N.L. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNfld 142 (S.C.C.).

FN5. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); Halalt First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Environment) (2011), 2011 BCSC 945 (B.C. S.C.); reversed on other grounds (2012), 2012 BCCA 472 (B.C. C.A.).

FN6. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); see also Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC

CED: An Overview of the Law

1712 (B.C. S.C.); Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2008), 2008 BCSC 1505 (B.C. S.C.) (contemplated adverse effect "need not be obvious" to trigger consultation duties).

FN7. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.) (R. v. Douglas quoted with approval); R. v. Douglas (2007), 2007 BCCA 265 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2007), 2007 CarswellBC 2723 (S.C.C.) (Crown decision to open a fishery briefly to marine recreational fishers before aboriginal subsistence fishers not having appreciable adverse impact on First Nation's aboriginal right to fish for subsistence).

FN8. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); Neskonlith Indian Band v. Salmon Arm (City) (2012), 2012 BCCA 379 (B.C. C.A.).

FN9. Neskonlith Indian Band v. Salmon Arm (City) (2012), 2012 BCCA 379 (B.C. C.A.).

FN10. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN11. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); R. v. Hamelin (2010), 2010 ABQB 529 (Alta. Q.B.).

FN12. R. v. Morris (2006), [2006] 2 S.C.R. 915 (S.C.C.).

FN13. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.).

FN14. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); see also Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.); Louis v. British Columbia (Energy, Mines & Petroleum Resources) (2011), 2011 BCSC 1070 (B.C. S.C.).

FN15. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN16. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN17. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN18. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.); see also Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.) (director required to be informed about nature and severity of impacts before making decision); Ta'an Kwach'an Council v. Yukon (2008), 2008 YKSC 60 (Y.T. S.C.) (not always necessary for First Nation to allege that adverse impact on treaty right involved); Cook v. British Columbia (Minister of Aboriginal Relations & Reconciliation) (2007), 2007 BCSC 1722 (B.C. S.C.) (Crown's constitutional obligation to consult tied "to knowledge that the Crown's

CED: An Overview of the Law

activities may infringe" rights claimed); Ka'a'Gee Tu First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2007), 2007 FC 763 (F.C.); Brokenhead Ojibway Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2009), 2009 FC 484 (F.C.); Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2012), 2012 FCA 73 (F.C.A.).

FN19. See §§181-193 (discussion of a "spectrum" of Crown consultation obligations).

FN20. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.) (emphasis added); see also Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.) ("Constructive knowledge arises when . . . an impact on rights may reasonably be anticipated").

FN21. Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1712 (B.C. S.C.); Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2008), 2008 BCSC 1505 (B.C. S.C.).

FN22. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2008), 2008 YKCA 13 (Y.T. C.A.); affirmed (2010), [2010] 3 S.C.R. 103 (S.C.C.); see also R. v. Tommy (2008), 2008 BCSC 1095 (B.C. S.C.) (Crown has "positive duty . . . to inform and consult the affected aboriginals"; it may not merely wait for First Nation to raise question of its aboriginal rights).

FN23. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN24. Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2010), 2010 FC 948 (F.C.); affirmed (2012), 2012 FCA 73 (F.C.A.).

FN25. Ahousaht Indian Band v. Canada (Minister of Fisheries & Oceans) (2008), 2008 FCA 212 (F.C.A.); Brokenhead Ojibway Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2009), 2009 FC 484 (F.C.); Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2010), 2010 FC 948 (F.C.); affirmed (2012), 2012 FCA 73 (F.C.A.).

FN26. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN27. Hupacasath First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1712 (B.C. S.C.); additional reasons at (2008), 2008 BCSC 1505 (B.C. S.C.).

FN28. Gitanyow First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 BCSC 1734 (B.C. S.C.).

FN29. Wii'litswx v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2008), 2008 BCSC 1139 (B.C. S.C.); additional reasons at (2008), 2008 BCSC 1620 (B.C. S.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN30. Kwicksutaineuk Ah-Kwa-Mish First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2012), 2012 FC 517 (F.C.); Upper Nicola Indian Band v. British Columbia (Minister of Environment) (2011), 2011 BCSC 388 (B.C. S.C. [In Chambers]).

FN31. Kwicksutaineuk Ah-Kwa-Mish First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2012), 2012 FC 517 (F.C.).

FN32. Musqueam Indian Band v. Richmond (City) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1069 (B.C. S.C.).

FN33. Dene Tha' First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Environment) (2008), 2008 FCA 20 (F.C.A.); affirming (2006), 2006 FC 1354 (F.C.).

FN34. Cook v. British Columbia (Minister of Aboriginal Relations & Reconciliation) (2007), 2007 BCSC 1722 (B.C. S.C.); Sambaa K'e Dene Band v. Canada (Minister of Indian Affairs & Northern Development) (2012), 2012 FC 204 (F.C.); see also Saulteau First Nations v. Canada (Attorney General) (2007), 2007 BCSC 492 (B.C. S.C.).

FN35. Sambaa K'e Dene Band v. Canada (Minister of Indian Affairs & Northern Development) (2012), 2012 FC 204 (F.C.).

FN36. Cook v. British Columbia (Minister of Aboriginal Relations & Reconciliation) (2007), 2007 BCSC 1722 (B.C. S.C.).

FN37. Da'naxda'xw/Awaetlala First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Environment) (2011), 2011 BCSC 620 (B.C. S.C.).

FN38. Athabasca Chipewyan First Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Energy) (2009), 2009 ABQB 576 (Alta. Q.B.); affirmed on other grounds (2011), 2011 ABCA 29 (Alta. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2012), 2012 CarswellAlta 214 (S.C.C.).

FN39. Brokenhead Ojibway Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2009), 2009 FC 484 (F.C.).

FN40. Hester v. Canada (2007), [2008] 3 C.T.C. 44 (Ont. S.C.J.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 807 (Ont. Div. Ct.); affirmed on other grounds (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 5348 (Ont. C.A.).

IV.3.(d): The Duty to Consult— When the Duty Does not Arise

FN1. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), 2010 SCC 53 (S.C.C.) (emphasis in original); but see Moulton Contracting Ltd. v. British Columbia (2013), 2013 SCC 26 (S.C.C.) ("Crown cannot in a treaty contract out of its duty to consult aboriginal peoples").

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN2. Ochapowace Indian Band v. Canada (Attorney General) (2009), 2009 FCA 124 (F.C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2009), 2009 CarswellNat 3239 (S.C.C.) (decision not to lay trespass charges arising from flooding of First Nation's lands); Labrador Métis Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2006), 2006 FCA 393 (F.C.A.) (stay of private prosecution brought by First Nation member for activities alleged to infringe federal Fisheries Act, as amended and First Nation's aboriginal right to fish for salmon).

FN3. R. v. Lefthand (2007), 2007 ABCA 206 (Alta. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 195 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 197 (S.C.C.); R. v. Hamelin (2010), 2010 ABQB 529 (Alta. Q.B.).

FN4. R. v. Douglas (2007), 2007 BCCA 265 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2007), 2007 CarswellBC 2723 (S.C.C.); R. v. Tommy (2008), 2008 BCSC 1095 (B.C. S.C.); R. v. Aleck (2008), 2008 BCSC 1096 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed on other grounds (2011), 2011 CarswellBC 1161 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2012), 2012 CarswellBC 58 (S.C.C.).

FN5. R. v. Kelley (2007), 2007 ABQB 41 (Alta. Q.B.).

IV.3.(e): The Duty to Consult— Who Owes the Duty

FN1. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); see also Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.).

FN2. Frontenac Ventures Corp. v. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation (2008), 2008 ONCA 534 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 7322 (S.C.C.).

FN3. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); Taku River Tlingit First Nation v. British Columbia (Project Assessment Director) (2004), 2004 SCC 74 (S.C.C.).

FN4. Constitution Act, 1867, see R.S.C. 1985, App. II (No. 5), s. 109.

FN5. See §§148, 149.

FN6. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN7. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN8. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN9. Reference re Amendment to the Constitution of Canada (1981), [1981] 1 S.C.R. 753 (S.C.C.); Canada (Auditor General) v. Canada (Minister of Energy, Mines & Resources) (1989), [1989] 2 S.C.R. 49 (S.C.C.); Reference re Canada Assistance Plan (Canada) (1991), [1991] 2 S.C.R. 525 (S.C.C.); Babcock v. Canada (Attorney General) (2002), 2002 SCC 57 (S.C.C.); Authorson (Litigation Guardian of) v. Canada (Attorney General) (2003), 2003 SCC 39 (S.C.C.); British Columbia v. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. (2005), 2005 SCC 49 (S.C.C.).

FN10. Reference re Secession of Quebec (1998), [1998] 2 S.C.R. 217 (S.C.C.); Lalonde v. Ontario (Commission de restructuration des services de santé) (2002), 56 O.R. (3d) 505 (Ont. C.A.); Babcock v. Canada (Attorney General) (2002), 2002 SCC 57 (S.C.C.); British Columbia v. Imperial Tobacco Canada Ltd. (2005), 2005 SCC 49 (S.C.C.).

FN11. R. v. Lefthand (2007), 2007 ABCA 206 (Alta. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 195 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 197 (S.C.C.).

FN12. Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.).

FN13. Adams Lake Indian Band v. British Columbia (Lieutenant Governor in Council) (2011), 2011 BCSC 266 (B.C. S.C.); reversed on other grounds (2012), 2012 BCCA 333 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2013), 2013 CarswellBC 884 (S.C.C.); Musqueam Indian Band v. British Columbia (Minister of Sustainable Resource Management) (2005), 2005 BCCA 128 (B.C. C.A.) (suspending order in council to allow for consultation).

FN14. Ross River Dena Council v. Yukon (2012), 2012 YKCA 14 (Y.T. C.A.).

FN15. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

FN16. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2009), 2009 BCCA 67 (B.C. C.A.); reversed on other grounds (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.); Standing Buffalo Dakota First Nation v. Enbridge Pipelines Inc. (2009), 2009 FCA 308 (F.C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2010), 2010 CarswellNat 4503 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2010), 2010 CarswellNat 4501 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2010), 2010 CarswellNat 4495 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2010), 2010 CarswellNat 4497 (S.C.C.); but see R. v. Lefthand (2007), 2007 ABCA 206 (Alta. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 195 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 197 (S.C.C.) (tribunals often do have duty to consult when their orders will affect aboriginal rights).

FN17. Musqueam Indian Band v. Richmond (City) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1069 (B.C. S.C.); Paul First Nation v. Parkland (County) (2006), 2006 ABCA 128 (Alta. C.A.); Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.).

FN18. Carrier Sekani Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Utilities Commission) (2010), [2010] 2 S.C.R. 650 (S.C.C.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN19. Neskonlith Indian Band v. Salmon Arm (City) (2012), 2012 BCCA 379 (B.C. C.A.); affirming (2012), 2012 BCSC 499 (B.C. S.C.); see also Adams Lake Indian Band v. British Columbia (Lieutenant Governor in Council) (2011), 2011 BCSC 266 (B.C. S.C.); reversed on other grounds (2012), 2012 BCCA 333 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2013), 2013 CarswellBC 884 (S.C.C.).

FN20. Brantford (City) v. Montour (2010), 2010 ONSC 6253 (Ont. S.C.J.).

FN21. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.); see also Musqueam Indian Band v. British Columbia (Minister of Sustainable Resource Management) (2005), 2005 BCCA 128 (B.C. C.A.).

FN22. Hiawatha Indian Band v. Ontario (Minister of Environment) (2007), [2007] 2 C.N.L.R. 186 (Ont. Div. Ct.).

FN23. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN24. Halalt First Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Environment) (2011), 2011 BCSC 945 (B.C. S.C.); reversed on other grounds (2012), 2012 BCCA 472 (B.C. C.A.).

FN25. Yellowknives Dene First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2010), 2010 FC 1139 (F.C.).

FN26. Haida Nation v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests) (2004), 2004 SCC 73 (S.C.C.).

FN27. Moulton Contracting Ltd. v. British Columbia (2010), 2010 BCSC 506 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed (2011), 2011 BCCA 311 (B.C. C.A.); affirmed on other grounds (2013), 2013 SCC 26 (S.C.C.).

IV.3.(f): The Duty to Consult— To Whom the Duty is Owed

FN2. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.); Moses c. Canada (Procureur général) (2010), 2010 SCC 17 (S.C.C.); Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), 2010 SCC 53 (S.C.C.).

FN3. See also Kwikwetlem First Nation v. British Columbia Transmission Corp. (2009), 2009 BCCA 68 (B.C. C.A.); Musqueam Indian Band v. Richmond (City) (2005), 2005 BCSC 1069 (B.C. S.C.); Musqueam Indian Band v. British Columbia (Minister of Sustainable Resource Management) (2005), 2005 BCCA 128 (B.C. C.A.); Ahousaht Indian Band v. Canada (Minister of Fisheries & Oceans) (2008), 2008 FCA 212 (F.C.A.);

CED: An Overview of the Law

Dene Tha' First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Environment) (2008), 2008 FCA 20 (F.C.A.); affirming (2006), 2006 FC 1354 (F.C.); Metlakatla Indian Band v. Canada (Minister of Transport) (2006), 2006 FC 1129 (F.C.); R. v. Kelley (2007), 2007 ABQB 41 (Alta. Q.B.); Frontenac Ventures Corp. v. Ardoch Algonquin First Nation (2008), 2008 ONCA 534 (Ont. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellOnt 7322 (S.C.C.); Hiawatha Indian Band v. Ontario (Minister of Environment) (2007), [2007] 2 C.N.L.R. 186 (Ont. Div. Ct.); Labrador Métis Nation v. Newfoundland & Labrador (Minister of Transportation & Works) (2007), 2007 NLCA 75 (N.L. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNfld 142 (S.C.C.).

FN4. West Moberly First Nations v. British Columbia (Chief Inspector of Mines) (2010), 2010 BCSC 359 (B.C. S.C.); affirmed on the point (2011), 2011 BCCA 247 (B.C. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2012), 2012 CarswellBC 386 (S.C.C.); Ka'a'Gee Tu First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2007), 2007 FC 763 (F.C.); Tsuu T'ina Nation v. Alberta (Minister of Environment) (2010), 2010 ABCA 137 (Alta. C.A.); Platinex Inc. v. Kitchenuhmaykoosib Inninuwug First Nation (2006), 272 D.L.R. (4th) 727 (Ont. S.C.J.); additional reasons at (2007), [2007] 3 C.N.L.R. 181 (Ont. S.C.J.).

FN5. Mikisew Cree First Nation v. Canada (Minister of Canadian Heritage) (2005), 2005 SCC 69 (S.C.C.).

FN6. Nlaka'pamux Nation Tribal Council v. British Columbia (Environmental Assessment Office) (2009), 2009 BCSC 1275 (B.C. S.C.); reversed on other grounds (2011), 2011 BCCA 78 (B.C. C.A.).

FN7. R. c. Caron (2008), 2008 ABPC 232 (Alta. Prov. Ct.); reversed on other grounds (2009), 2009 ABQB 745 (Alta. Q.B.); leave to appeal allowed (2010), 2010 CarswellAlta 2206 (Alta. C.A.) (no); R. v. Kelley (2007), 2007 ABQB 41 (Alta. Q.B.) (yes).

FN8. Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.).

FN9. Labrador Métis Nation v. Newfoundland & Labrador (Minister of Transportation & Works) (2007), 2007 NLCA 75 (N.L. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNfld 142 (S.C.C.).

FN10. Moulton Contracting Ltd. v. British Columbia (2013), 2013 SCC 26 (S.C.C.); Labrador Métis Nation v. Newfoundland & Labrador (Minister of Transportation & Works) (2007), 2007 NLCA 75 (N.L. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellNfld 142 (S.C.C.); Komoyue Heritage Society v. British Columbia (Attorney General) (2006), 2006 BCSC 1517 (B.C. S.C.).

FN11. Fond du Lac Denesuline First Nation v. Canada (Attorney General) (2010), 2010 FC 948 (F.C.); affirmed (2012), 2012 FCA 73 (F.C.A.).

FN12. John Voortman & Associates Ltd. v. Haudenosaunee Confederacy Chiefs Council (2009), [2009] 3 C.N.L.R. 117 (Ont. S.C.J.); see also Campbell v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests and Range) (2011), 2011 BCSC 448 (B.C. S.C. [In Chambers]); appeal dismissed as moot (2012), 2012 CarswellBC 2399 (B.C. C.A.).

CED: An Overview of the Law

FN13. Campbell v. British Columbia (Minister of Forests and Range) (2011), 2011 BCSC 448 (B.C. S.C. [In Chambers]); appeal dismissed as moot (2012), 2012 CarswellBC 2399 (B.C. C.A.); Western Canadian Shopping Centres Inc. v. Dutton (2001), 2001 SCC 46 (S.C.C.).

FN14. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), 2010 SCC 53 (S.C.C.); Red Chris Development Co. v. Quock (2006), 2006 BCSC 1472 (B.C. S.C.); Prince v. Alberta (Energy Resources Conservation Board) (2010), 2010 ABCA 214 (Alta. C.A.); R. v. Lefthand (2007), 2007 ABCA 206 (Alta. C.A.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 195 (S.C.C.); leave to appeal refused (2008), 2008 CarswellAlta 197 (S.C.C.); R. v. Hamelin (2010), 2010 ABQB 529 (Alta. Q.B.); Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.).

FN15. Little Salmon/Carmacks First Nation v. Yukon (Director, Agriculture Branch, Department of Energy, Mines & Resources) (2010), 2010 SCC 53 (S.C.C.).

FN16. Kane v. Lac Pelletier (Rural Municipality) No. 107 (2009), 2009 SKQB 348 (Sask. Q.B.).

FN17. Moulton Contracting Ltd. v. British Columbia (2013), 2013 SCC 26 (S.C.C.).