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Exploration of Lichen in Nepal

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Exploration of Lichen in Nepal 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 Exploration of Lichen in Nepal Chitra Bahadur Baniya* & Pooja Bhatta Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal *Email: [email protected] Abstract Lichens are great part of our healthy nature. They have a great contribution to mankind and environment directly and indirectly. Understanding each of their taxonomy and publish them is primary urgency in term of biodiversity registry. Exploration of different forms of biodiversity has taken place after Nepal opened for foreign countries. Interests on lichens are no more exception. This work has been put forwarded to revise literature about work done and published related on Nepalese lichens both by foreign as well as native lichenologists. Based on compilation of the previous works done in different geographical regions of Nepal, a total of 873 taxa (805 species, 46 varieties, 10 subspecies, 12 forma) belonging to 185 genera and 61 families having Parmeliacaea as dominant family were reported so far until now. Central Nepal is found the most explored region of the country followed by eastern and western Nepal. Much work done were concerned about documentation and identification by foreign lichenologists and deposited in their own herbaria. This review tries to figure out exploration of lichen in different time period, total lichen taxa of Nepal and to present area of interest of lichenologist in recent period. Keywords: Central Nepal, Host specificity, Lichen richness, Life forms Introduction range was estimated between 13,500 (Hawksworth et al., 1996) and nearly 20,000 when “orphaned” Lichens, the non-vascular cryptogams and an species were included (Sipman & Aptroot 2001). It excellent example of symbiotic association between was estimated that about 50% of the tropical lichen mycobiont and photobiont, are broadly categorized mycobiota were still unknown (Aptroot & Sipman into crustose, foliose and fruticose life-forms on the 1997). In Asia, the Himalayan habitats are rich for basis of their general morphology As the mycobiont lichens (Upreti 1998). Sharma (1995) estimated is unique in the symbiotic association and usually 2,000 species of lichen in Nepal representing only dominates the association, lichen are classified as 10% of the total lichens species likely occurred in life form of fungi (Rankovie & Kosanic 2015). the world. Carborea voryticosa reported from the Lichens are one of the most successful organisms world’s highest altitude that was from Nepalese to colonize at extreme environments such as cold Himalayan at 7400m asl (Baniya et al., 2010). arctic and alpine environments where a few other Baniya et al. (1999) described a gross distribution plants can establish (Schroeter et al. 1994; Kappen pattern of lichens with physiographic zones in Nepal et al. 1996). They can grow at almost every type and reported that lower elevation was rich in crustose of terrestrial habitats and fewer of them were also lichen; middle elevation was rich in foliose lichen recorded from freshwater streams (e.g. Peltigera while higher elevation was rich in fruticose form hydrothyria) and in the marine intertidal zone of lichen. (e.g. Lichina spp.) (Hawksworth 2000). Lichens are dominant autotrophs in many polar and sub- In context of Nepal, lichens from the lowland Terai polar ecosystems (Longton 1988). Rogers (1977) and Siwalik hills are much less known, and those estimated about 20,000 species of lichen in the of western Nepal remain largely unexplored (Bhuju world. Lichens dominate approximately 8% of et al., 2007). Among terrestrial photosynthetic the Earth’s land surface (Nash, 2008). At higher organisms they are the major group that is least latitudes, the number of lichen species exceeds the investigated in Nepal (Baniya et al., 2010). Lichens number of vascular plant species (Nash, 2008). are difficult to recognize as compared to other Global number of currently recognized lichens vascular plants due to their small size, being non- 18 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 flowering and due to lack well-illustrated and well Indians and Japanese. For the first time in Nepal, pictured flora. They are identified by their external the knowledge about lichen was introduced by morphological characters, internal anatomy and Wallich’s collection done during 1820-26. His chemical constituents. Color spot test usually collections were mainly from the eastern and central applied on thallus and thin layer chromatography regions of the country (Thapa & Rajbhandary 2012). conducted to identify chemistry of each thallus Nylander in 1860 published some Nepalese Lichen helped to identify lichen species. In addition, specimens collected by Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker structural character and ontogeny of apothecia are and Thompson on “Synopsis Methodica Lichenum”. also taken as most stringent character to separate Likewise, Paulson (1925) described 31 lichen taxa individual genera as well as species. In Nepal, many collected by Sommervella in 1924, from Mt. Everest, publications have dealt with taxonomic exploration Nepal. of specific generic records as well as lichen flora of specific region or the whole country Nepal. Mid period (1950- 2000) However a comprehensive review of all publications In Mid period, major contribution to the lichenological is lacking. Thus this present work has attempted exploration of Nepal was provided by foreign to review works performed on Nepalese lichens at lichenologist. Nakao collected lichen species different intervals of time. Although in this study from different parts of eastern Nepal during the we have attempted to cover all of the available expedition to the Nepal Himalaya in 1952-53 (Thapa literature on lichen flora of Nepal published till & Rajbhandary, 2012). Based on his collection, 2020, inaccessibility of some literature is no more Asahina (1955) described 62 species of lichen and exception. This study in one hand might provide Abbayes (1958) reported distribution of Cladonia knowledge on research works done in Nepal and species from Nepal Himalayas. For the first time, in other hand could highlight major gaps in lichen Awasthi (1957), based on his own collection done research of Nepal. in eastern Nepal, reported Nepalese lichen and included 38 species in his publication. Among which Materials and Methods Cetraria nepalensis, Cetraria pallid and Physcia This present review is information about lichen melanotricha were new species. D. D. Awasthi was species related research work done in Nepal, regarded as father of Indian Lichenologist. Based especially lichen explorations in different parts of on collection of R. S. Rao, botanist member of the the country at different time periods by foreign as Indian expedition to Cho-Oyu in east Nepal, Awasthi well as Nepalese lichenologists. They published (1960) described 38 species of lichens among which their findings in different journals, books and five species were reported as new reports for the reports. All available information was gathered via Himalayas. searching scientific databases including Elsevier, Professor J. J. Poelt was the most famous lichenologist Springer, Google Scholars, and Cyberliber etc. who conducted a series of lichen expeditions to Also related thesis works, books, project reports Nepal. His first Himalayan expedition was held in and other available periodicals were reviewed. 1962 in the southern flank of the Mount Everest Global biodiversity information facility (GBIF) was region of Solu Khumbu. His second Himalayan followed to check accepted names and for author expedition was held in Langtang region, Central citation. Nepal. Most of his collections were housed at Botanische Staatssammlung Munchen (M) and Results and Discussion Graz University Herbarium (GZU) respectively. Results of his expedition’s represented 39 new taxa Historical Study of Nepalese Lichen till 1950 to science. His herbarium collections have been Lichenological research in Nepal was primarily maintaining by University Gratz, Austria together initiated by western lichenologists followed by with collections made from Tibet of China. Poelt 19 2021 Journal of Plant Resources Vol.19, No. 1 (1974) revised the genera Physica and Physconia Kurokawa (1988) reported 38 species of genera of the himalayan region. Out of the 19 species of Parmelia (24 species) and Anaptychia (14 species) Physica, 4 were new to science, and 15 species from Kathmandu valley. Similarly, Sharma & were new report from Nepal, and 2 species of Kurokawa, (1990) reported 10 species of Anaphychia Physciopsis and Physoconia were also reported. and 21 species of Parmelia from Nepal among which Vezda & Poelt (1974) reported Dimerella lutea and Parmelia erumpnse and Parmelia sinuosawere new described Pachyphiale himalayensis new to science to Nepal. Poelt, (1990) presented a list of roughly from Nepal. Poelt (1977) described 12 species of 280 lichen taxa as an attached (and commented) Umbilicaria from Nepal. Poelt & Mayrhofer (1988) list in the doctoral thesis of Georg Miehe, (1990) published the new taxa of Bryonora selenospora, B. dealing with vegetation ecology in Langtang area. reducta and B. rhypariza var. cyanotropha collected Another publication, Esslinger &Poelt,(1991) from Langtang area, Central Nepal. dealing with a soil inhabiting Parmelia contains the new description of Parmelia masonii (based on Asahina & Kurokawa (1966) reported 62 species of specimens of the Langtang and Khumbu region). lichens new to science out of a total of 133 species Altitudinal range
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