Reinventing the Jitney in St. Louis a Research Paper Submitted to the Graduate School in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
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REINVENTING THE JITNEY IN ST. LOUIS A RESEARCH PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE MASTERS OF URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING BY SONYA POINTER DR. FRANCIS PARKER – ADVISOR BALL STATE UNIVERSITY MUNCIE, INDIANA APRIL 2013 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Figures ................................................................................................................... 3 List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... 4 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................. 5 Chapter 1- Introduction ...................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1.1- Study Area Demographic and Economic Characteristics ................. 11 Chapter 1.2- Existing Public Transit ...................................................................... 15 Chapter 2- Literature Review ............................................................................................ 18 Chapter 2.1- Inventing the Jitney.......................................................................... 18 Chapter 2.2- Rise of the Jitney .............................................................................. 23 Chapter 2.3-Safety & Regulation .......................................................................... 25 Chapter 2.4- Comparative Cost Analysis of Jitneys and MetroBus ...................... 30 Chapter 3- Methods and Materials ................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3.1 Methodology ..................................................................................... 34 Chapter 3.2 Materials ........................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4-Historical Case Studies ..................................................................................... 44 Chapter 4.1- St. Louis ............................................................................................ 44 Chapter 4.2-Houston............................................................................................. 53 Chapter 4.3- Miami ............................................................................................... 57 Chapter 5 Results .............................................................................................................. 58 Chapter 6 Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 63 References ........................................................................................................................ 66 Appendices ........................................................................................................................ 70 2 Table of Figures Figure 1: St. Louis County Municipalities and CDP .......................................................................... 7 Figure 2: Study Area Municipalities and CDP ................................................................................... 8 Figure 3: Study Area Municipalities and CDP Enlarged ................................................................. 12 Figure 4: Study Area Bus Routes .................................................................................................... 16 Figure 5: Selected Major Employers .............................................................................................. 40 Figure 6: Route from 5200 Springtrail Dr to 1200 Market St......................................................... 60 3 List of Tables Table 1: Study Area Population...................................................................................................... 13 Table 2: Economic Characteristics ................................................................................................. 14 Table 3: Number of Households with No Vehicles Available by Household Size .......................... 14 Table 4: Bus Routes in Study Area ................................................................................................. 17 Table 5: Average Daily Operating Costs for a MetroBus ............................................................... 33 Table 6: Employment Total by Industry ......................................................................................... 37 Table 7: Major Employers in St. Louis ............................................................................................ 38 Table 8: Selected Major Employers ............................................................................................... 41 Table 9: Workers Using Public Transportation* by Industry ......................................................... 42 Table 10: Resident Addresses Used in Route ................................................................................ 43 Table 11: Jitney/Auto Driving Time from Resident Addresses to Major Employers ..................... 61 Table 12: Bus Driving Time from Resident Address to Employer Address .................................... 62 4 Acknowledgements This research paper involved a lot of time investment and great resources. It would not have been possible to complete without very special people. My parents, brothers, sisters, niece and nephews have been so supportive of me over the years and I am grateful for it. I would like to give a very special thanks to my faculty advisor, Dr. Francis Parker for being so knowledgeable and passionate about education and encouraging me to the finish line. A very special thanks goes to Christine for giving me motivation and a warm welcome each time I see her. Last, but not least, I want to dedicate this paper to my sister, Tarria, whom I miss and love very much. 5 Chapter 1- Introduction The purpose of this project is to restore the jitney as a salable private transportation option which could provide an alternative to residents having problems accessing opportunity in some communities in the North St. Louis, MO region (see Figure 1). The selected areas of interest for this study are the North St. Louis County communities (Study Area) bounded by Black Jack, Dellwood, Ferguson, and Spanish Lake (See Figure2). These areas are part of a larger study area designated as areas of interest for surface transportation improvement by the East-West Gateway Council of Governments (Metropolitan Planning Organization or MPO for St. Louis and some Counties in Illinois). Specific goals and objectives for the study area were identified in the Major Transportation Investment Analysis (MTIA) as: Access to Opportunity Safety and Security in Travel Sustainable Development Efficient Movement of Goods (p. S-19). 6 Figure 1: St. Louis County Municipalities and CDP The MTIA identified the following problems with the current transportation system: Limited access to jobs, shopping, healthcare, education and places of worship Limited transportation options Lengthy travel (one hour or more for 8.3% of workers in the northern portion of the study region) 7 Lack of direct north-south routes (S-9; S-19). Figure 2: Study Area Municipalities and CDP Further, the MTIA suggested goals and objectives that could solve the current problems existing in the study area which includes reducing travel time throughout North St. Louis and to other areas, improving public transportation to high, concentrated employment centers, increasing public transportation options, and increasing direct north-south 8 routes (p. S-19). For the purposes of this paper, the goals of improving access to opportunity for the Study Area will be the focus. Metro Transit- St. Louis (Metro) serves as the public transportation system for the St. Louis Metropolitan region and its services include bus, light-rail, and paratransit (Metro Transit-St. Louis). Metro provides bus routes and paratransit throughout the Study Area. However, due to its deficit, Metro delivered a blow to passengers by decreasing service by 43 percent and eliminating many stops altogether (Leiser, 2008). The cut eliminated Metro service in the Study Area beyond Interstate 270 which includes “service to 4,700 households without vehicles,” and “service to 11,850 low- income households, or those earning less than $20,000 a year” (Leiser, 2008). Several months later after receiving emergency funding from the Federal Transit Administration, “Metro returned service to about 2,000 of the 2,300 bus stops that hadn’t seen a bus since March 30” (Crouch, 2009). Two routes that serve residents throughout the study area, 240X (now 36X) Bissell Hills Express and 174 New Halls Ferry Express, were eliminated during the cuts and later restored to original service (Crouch, 2009). As ridership increased in St. Louis as a result of the recession and high gas prices, transit bus services were cut in 2009 because Metro Transit St. Louis was operating on a deficit and received less tax revenue (Cooper, 2009). Furthermore, the service lines mainly travel along the major roads in these communities which create the scenario where passengers walk to bus stops, prepare for the bus headways, and the in-vehicle travel time. Given that supply no longer met demand, it’s only fair and supportive that 9 residents be given substitutes to accommodate them in their daily commute. The inability to fund transit operations subjects transit dependent riders to the unknown and make them vulnerable. Creating ways to offset