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National Protest Marches of the British Unemployed in the 1920S and 1930S

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National Protest Marches of the British Unemployed in the 1920S and 1930S MATTHIAS REISS Marching on the Capital: National Protest Marches of the British Unemployed in the 1920s and 1930s in MATTHIAS REISS (ed.), The Street as Stage: Protest Marches and Public Rallies since the Nineteenth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007) pp. 147–168 ISBN: 978 0 19 922678 8 The following PDF is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC-ND licence. Anyone may freely read, download, distribute, and make the work available to the public in printed or electronic form provided that appropriate credit is given. However, no commercial use is allowed and the work may not be altered or transformed, or serve as the basis for a derivative work. The publication rights for this volume have formally reverted from Oxford University Press to the German Historical Institute London. All reasonable effort has been made to contact any further copyright holders in this volume. Any objections to this material being published online under open access should be addressed to the German Historical Institute London. DOI: 9 Marching on the Capital: National Protest Marches of the British Unemployed in the 1920s and 1930s MATTHIAS REISS In the 1920s and 1930s, national protest marches of the unem- ployed were becoming a British tradition. Groups of people had marched from the provinces to London to seek redress for their grievances since the Middle Ages, and the Chartists had continued this tradition in the nineteenth century. Starting in 1905, unem- ployed workers from Leicester, Nottingham, and Manchester also began to invade the capital to draw attention to their plight. In June 1913, the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies added a new dimension by organizing a 'pilgrimage' from seven- teen large cities in England and Wales to London. 1 But the heyday of the national protest march came after the First World War, when the unemployed again began to march to the British or Scottish capital. The first to march were twenty- eight unemployed ex-servicemen, who went from Manchester to London in September 1919.2 In the 1920s, six national marches from provincial cities and towns to Edinburgh or London were held. In the 1930s, the number rose to ten. Attorney-General Thomas lnskip was right when he said in 1932 that these marches 'had confronted many Governments in the past, and would undoubtedly recur in the future'. 3 By 1936, the Nottingham Guardian could call marching to London 'an old-established practice in this country', while the Bishop of Sheffield proclaimed it 'a very English and constitutional thing'.4 1 See the essay by Birgitta Bader-Zaar, above. 2 Kenneth D. Brown, Labour and Unemployment, 1900--1914 (Newton Abbot, 1971), 52-4, 87, 98, 113. For the 1919 march, see the essay by Adam Seipp, above. 3 Cabinet Committee on the Hunger Marchers, Minutes, 3rdMeeting, 14 Dec. 1932, p. 2, PRO, CAB 27/ 497. 4 'Modern Pilgrimages', Nottingham Guardian, 30 Oct. 1936, in Labour History Archive MATTHIAS REISS The Organizations Behind the Marches Four organizations were responsible for the national marches between the world wars, each making different contributions and enjoying different levels of political and public support. The National League of the Blind of Great Britain and Ireland organ- ized the first concerted march of different contingents to London in 1920. The League was a trade union, not a charity, and affili- ated to the Labour Party and the Trades Union Congress (TUC). As a result, the two marches of the blind were the only demon- strations which had the official support and endorsement of the labour movement. While many of those who participated in the march were actually employed in workshops for the blind, the marches of 1920 and 1936 both aimed to a large degree at improving the lot of blind people who were either unable to work or could not find a job. The National Unemployed Workers' Committee Movement organized by far the most and the biggest marches in the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in April 1921 and renamed National Unemployed Workers' Movement (NUWM) in 1929, the move- ment organized no fewer than twelve of the sixteen national protest marches, as well as a number of local and regional marches which followed similar patterns. Responsible for most of them was the NUWM's National Organizer, 'Wal' (Walter) Hannington, who turned the Hunger Marches into the move- ment's trademark and also published a number of still influential books and pamphlets on these events. The NUWM had close ties to the Communist Party of Great Britain (CPGB), which earned it the hostility of the Labour Party and especially of the TUC in the mid-192os. As a result, local Labour organizations were instructed not to assist the Hunger Marchers, although this ban was difficult to enforce on the ground. 5 and Study Centre, Manchester (hereafter LHA), Ellen Wilkinson-scrapbooks (hereafter EW-S), LP/WI/7; 'Bishop BlessesJarrow Marchers', Eastern Press, 17 Oct. 1936, in LHA, EW-S, LP/WI/7. 5 For a history of the NUWM see Richard Croucher, We Refuse to Starve in Silence: A History of the National Unemployed Workers' Movement, 1920-46 (London, 1987); for the Hunger Marches see Peter Kingsford, The Hunger Marchers in Britain 1920-1940, foreword by Bill Paynter (London, 1982); for information on Hannington see 'Short Biography of Wal Hannington', written in 1945, LHA, CP/IND/HANN/Jo/07, and his own autobiog- raphy, Never on our Knees (London, 1967). National Protest Marches in Inter-War Britain 149 The Jarrow 'Crusade' has the distinction of being the best- known march to this day. Organized by the Jarrow Borough Council in 1936 and supported by all local parties, the march professed to be 'non-political', but it was very much an affair of the Jarrow Labour Party. The Labour MP for Jarrow, Ellen Wilkinson, led the march for most of the time, and all the coun- cillors who accompanied her were also members of the Labour Party. Even so, and despite a passionate plea by Wilkinson at Labour's annual conference in 1936, the Labour Party and the TUC refused to endorse the march and also advised their organ- izations not to support it. 6 The British Campaigners' Association, finally, has the distinc- tion of having organized the smallest and most obscure march. In addition, it also had the highest drop-out rate. Of the fifty men who set out from Edinburgh in September 1936, only thirteen arrived in London. 7 The Campaigners enjoyed no official support, and most of them had previously been expelled from the British Legion. The high point of the national protest march was reached at the beginning of November 1936, when the contingents of the National League of the Blind, the Hunger Marchers, theJarrow Crusaders, and the Campaigners all reached London, and welcome demonstrations were held for them at Trafalgar Square or Hyde Park. Yet the very moment these marches established a tradition, it also came to a sudden end. There was another Hunger March to Edinburgh in 1938, but this would be the last for several decades. The NUWM switched tactics and began a series of highly creative publicity stunts at the end of the 1930s. For example, it delivered a black coffin to IO Downing Street, while the demonstrators who rushed to the scene at a pre- arranged signal held up signs reading 'Appease the Unemployed, not Mussolini'. Other stunts saw a large group of unemployed people entering the Ritz, each ordering just one cup of tea, a 6 The marchers' advance party, however, consisted of a Labour and a Conservative agent, and the Conservative Party supported the marchers in places where Labour and Trade Councils refused to help. Ellen Wilkinson, The Town that was Murdered: The Life-Story of Jarrow(London, 1939), 202-6. See also Frank Ennis, 'TheJarrow March of 1936: The Symbolic Expression of Protest' (MA thesis, University of Durham, 1982); Matt Perry, The ]arrow Crusade: Protest and Legend (Sunderland, 2005). 7 Chief Constable Canning to Commissioner, 26 Oct. 1936, PRO, MEPO 2/3091, p. 73. TABLE g. I. List of national protest marches to London and Edinburgh during the inter-war period Name Organization March of Unemployed Soldiers None I st March of the Blind National League of the Blind Birmingham March NUWM Birmingham 1st National Hunger March NUWM Welsh Miners' March NUWM and Rhondda Miners' Federation 1st Scottish Hunger March/ Scottish Miners' March NUWM 2nd National Hunger March NUWM 3rd National Hunger March NUWM 2nd Scottish Hunger March NUWM 4th National Hunger March/ March Against the NUWM Means Test 3rd Scottish Hunger March NUWM 5th National Hunger March NUWM 6th National Hunger March/ National Protest March NUWM Scottish Veterans' March British Campaigners' Association 2nd March of the Blind National League of the Blind ]arrow Crusade ]arrow Borough Council 4th Scottish Hunger March NUWM Source: Compiled by the author from various newspapers and publications. No. of marchers No. of main Start date and place Arrival date and End (approx.) contingents place 28 15 Sept. 1919 30 Sept. 1919 unknown Manchester London 250 3 5 Apr. 1920 25 Apr. 1920 unknown Manchester, Newport, London Leeds 30 9 Aug. 1922 17 Aug. 1922 unknown Birmingham London 2,000 unknown 17 Oct. 1922 17 Nov. 1922 20 Feb. 1923 Glasgow London 270 I (after leaving 8 Nov. 1927 20 Nov. 1927 28 Nov. 1927 Wales) Rhondda London 250 3 16 Sept. 1928 22 Sept. 1928 25 Sept. 1928 Dundee Edinburgh 800-1,000 9 23Jan. 1929 24 Feb. 1929 4Mar. 1929 Glasgow London 350 12 30 Mar. 1930 I May 1930 8 May 1930 unknown London 1,500 5 unknown 21 Feb.
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