Constitutional Design and Conflict Management – Planning Meeting – June 29-30, 2010
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MANAGING and SETTLING ETHNIC CONFLICTS UL~CHSCHNECKENER STEFAN WOLFF Editors
MANAGING AND SETTLING ETHNIC CONFLICTS UL~CHSCHNECKENER STEFAN WOLFF editors Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts Perspectives on Successes and Failures in Europe, Africa and Asia Copyright © Ulrich Schneckener and Stefan Wolff, 2004 *All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews. First published 2004 by PALGRAVE MACMILLANTM 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Pal grave Macmillan division of St. Martin's Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-4039-6623-0 ISBN 978-1-137-07814-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-07814-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Managing and settling ethnic conflicts: perspectives on successes and failures in Europe, Africa, and Asia/ Ulrich Schneckener, Stefan Wolff, editors. p.cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Ethnic conflict. 2. Conflict management. I. Schneckener, Ulrich, 1968 II. Wolff, Stefan, l969- HM1121.M33 2004 305.8---dc22 2003068934 First edition: March 2004 10 9 8 7 6 54 3 2 1 Transferred to Digital Printing 2013 CONTENTS The Contributors VlI Preface Vlll Part I. CONCEPTUALIZING CONFLICT MANAGEMENT AND SETTLEMENT Chapters 1. Managing and Settling Ethnic Conflicts Stefan Wolff 2. Models ofEthnic Conflict Regulation: the Politics of Recognition Ulrich Schneckener 18 3. Relating Human Rights, Minority Rights and Self- Determination to Minority Protection Kristin Henrard 40 Part II. -
Panelist Bios
CCAPS Conference on Constitutional Design and Conflict Management in Africa PANELIST BIOS Catherine Boone is Professor of Government at the University of Texas at Austin, specializing in comparative politics, with an emphasis on theories of political economy and economic development. She has conducted research on industrial, commercial, and land tenure policies in West Africa, where her work has been funded by the Social Science Research Council, Fulbright, the World Bank, and the Harvard Academy for International and Area Studies. She also served as President of the West Africa Research Association from 2005-2008, overseeing the West African Research Center in Dakar, Senegal. Her books include Merchant Capital and the Roots of State Power in Senegal, 1930-1985 (Cambridge, 1992), and Political Topographies of the African State: Rural Authority and Institutional Choice (Cambridge, 2003), winner of a 2005 award from the Society for Comparative Research. Herman J. Cohen is a 38-year veteran of the U.S. State Department Foreign Service. Ambassador Cohen has devoted his professional career to African and European affairs. He worked in Africa for twelve years in five countries, including three years in Senegal as the American Ambassador. His Washington assignments included four years as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary for Intelligence and Research, two years in the National Security Council as President Reagan’s Senior Director for Africa, and four years as Assistant Secretary of State for Africa under President George Bush (1989-1993). Mr. Cohen was Senior Adviser to the Global Coalition for Africa from 1994 to 1998, and is currently President of the Africa-oriented consulting firm Cohen and Woods International. -
Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania Case Study
Parliamentary Strengthening and the Paris Principles Tanzania case study January 2009 Dr. Anthony Tsekpo (Parliamentary Centre) and Dr. Alan Hudson (ODI) * Disclaimer: The views presented in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of DFID or CIDA, whose financial support for this research is nevertheless gratefully acknowledged. Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK Tel: +44 (0)20 7922 0300 Fax: +44 (0)20 7922 0399 www.odi.org.uk i Parliamentary strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania case study Acknowledgements We would like to thank all of the people who have shared with us their insights and expertise on the workings of the Parliament of Tanzania and about the range of parliamentary strengthening activities that take place in Tanzania. In particular, we would like to thank those Honourable Members of Parliament who took the time to meet with us, along with members of the Secretariat and staff members from a number of Development Partners and from some of the key civil society organisations that are engaged in parliamentary strengthening work. Our hope is that this report will prove useful to these people and others as they continue their efforts to enhance the effectiveness of Tanzania’s Parliament. In addition, we gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by the UK’s Department for International Development (DFID) and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). ii Parliamentary strengthening and the Paris Principles: Tanzania -
BASEES Sampler
R O U T L E D G E . TAYLOR & FRANCIS Slavonic & East European Studies A Chapter and Journal Article Sampler www.routledge.com/carees3 Contents Art and Protest in Putin's Russia by Laurien 1 Crump Introduction Freedom of Speech in Russia edited by Piotr 21 Dutkiewicz, Sakwa Richard, Kulikov Vladimir Chapter 8: The Putin regime: patrimonial media The Capitalist Transformation of State 103 Socialism by David Lane Chapter 11: The move to capitalism and the alternatives Europe-Asia Studies 115 Identity in transformation: Russian speakers in Post- Soviet Ukrane by Volodymyr Kulyk Post-Soviet Affairs 138 The logic of competitive influence-seeking: Russia, Ukraine, and the conflict in Donbas by Tatyana Malyarenko and Stefan Wolff 20% Discount Available Enjoy a 20% discount across our entire portfolio of books. Simply add the discount code FGT07 at the checkout. Please note: This discount code cannot be combined with any other discount or offer and is only valid on print titles purchased directly from www.routledge.com. www.routledge.com/carees4 Copyright Taylor & Francis Group. Not for distribution. 1 Introduction It was freezing cold in Moscow on 24 December 2011 – the day of the largest mass protest in Russia since 1993. A crowd of about 100 000 people had gathered to protest against electoral fraud in the Russian parliamentary elections, which had taken place nearly three weeks before. As more and more people joined the demonstration, their euphoria grew to fever pitch. Although the 24 December demonstration changed Russia, the period of euphoria was tolerated only until Vladimir Putin was once again installed as president in May 2012. -
The Legislative Connection: the Politics of Representation in Kenya, Korea, and Turkey
THE LEGISLATIVE CONNECTION: THE POLITICS OF REPRESENTATION IN KENYA, KOREA, AND TURKEY Chong Lim Kim Joel D. Barkan Ilter Turan Malcolm E. Jewel1 Duke University Press Durhnm, North Carolina 1984 To G. L Magnanimous colleague, pioneer in comparative legislative research o 1984 Duke University Press, all rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Library of Congress Ca(alogin(l in Publicalion Data Main entry under title: The Lepidative eonnstion. Includes bibliographii references and index. I. Legislative bodies-Developing muntrieo-Cau studies. 2. Legislative bodies-Kenya. 3. Legislative bodies-Korea (South) 4. Legislative bodies-Turkey. I. Kim. Chong Lim. JF60.L43 1984 328'.3'091724 83-20725 ISBN 0-8223-0534-8 PUBLICATIONS OF THE CONSORTIUM FOR COMPARATIVE LEGISLATIVE STUDIES Lloyd D. Musolf General Editor G. R. Boynton and Chong Lim Kim, editors, Legislative Systems in Devel- oping Countries Abdo 1. Baaklini, Legislative and Political Development: Lebanon, 1842- 1972 Allan Kornberg and William Mishler, Injluence in Parliament: Canada Peter Vanneman, The Supreme Soviet: Politics and the Legislative Process in the Soviet Political System Albert F. Eldridge, editor, Legislatures in Plural Societies: The Search for Cohesion in National Development Michael L. Mezey, Comparative Legislatures John D. Lees and Malcolm Shaw, editors, Committees in Legislatures: A Comparative Analysis Joel Smith and Lloyd D. Musolf, editors, Legislatures in Development: Dynamics of Change in New and Old States Chong Lim Kim, Joel D. Barkan, llter Turan, and Malcolm E. Jewell, The Legislative Connection: The Politics of Representation in Kenya, Korea, and Turkey THE LEGISLATIVE CONNECTION This book examines the key functions of parliamentary in- stitutions in the representative developing nations of Kenya, Korea, and Turkey. -
Chapter 2 1 Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (Forthcoming), Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses
Karl Cordell & Stefan Wolff (forthcoming), Ethnic Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Responses. Cambridge: Polity. II The Study of Ethnic Conflict 1. Introduction Our approach to the study of ethnic conflict is informed by one fundamental premise: ethnic conflicts, while complex political phenomena, can be understood. Their complexity must not be confused with a difficulty, let alone impossibility, to understand. Rather, what it means is that there are lots of different things to understand. This understanding can be facilitated with the help of an analytical model that allows us to identify, categorise and group a wide range of different factors that are relevant in explaining the origin, duration and intensity of ethnic conflicts. In order to construct such a model, we proceed in several steps. First, we develop the ‘shell’ of our analytical model, drawing on an existing body of international relations literature where the so-called levels-of-analysis approach has been developed and used since the late 1950s. Second, we argue that there are three sets of theories that can provide useful insights into how it is possible to establish causal relations between the independent variables categorised within the levels-of-analysis model and specific outcomes, namely the occurrence (or lack thereof), intensity and duration of ethnic conflict and the success or failure of policies aimed at its prevention, management and settlement. The three bodies of literature we discuss are theories of international relations, of ethnicity and of inter-ethnic relations. 2. Ethnic Conflict: A definition Before embarking on this intellectual journey, it is necessary to define as precisely as possible the subject of this inquiry. -
Single-Party Rule in a Multiparty Age: Tanzania in Comparative Perspective
SINGLE-PARTY RULE IN A MULTIPARTY AGE: TANZANIA IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement of the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Richard L. Whitehead August, 2009 © by Richard L. Whitehead 2009 All Rights Reserved ii ABSTRACT Title: Single-Party Rule in a Multiparty Age: Tanzania in Comparative Perspective Candidate's Name: Richard L. Whitehead Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Temple University, 2009 Doctoral Advisory Committee Chair: Richard Deeg As international pressure for multiparty reforms swept Africa during the early 1990s, long- time incumbent, such as UNIP in Zambia, KANU in Kenya, and the MCP in Malawi, were simultaneously challenged by widespread domestic demands for multiparty reforms. Only ten years later, after succumbing to reform demands, many long-time incumbents were out of office after holding competitive multiparty elections. My research seeks an explanation for why this pattern did not emerge in Tanzanian, where the domestic push for multiparty change was weak, and, despite the occurrence of three multiparty elections, the CCM continues to win with sizable election margins. As identified in research on semi-authoritarian rule, the post-reform pattern for incumbency maintenance in countries like Togo, Gabon, and Cameroon included strong doses of repression, manipulation and patronage as tactics for surviving in office under to multiparty elections. Comparatively speaking however, governance by the CCM did not fit the typical post-Cold-War semi-authoritarian pattern of governance either. In Tanzania, coercion and manipulation appears less rampant, while patronage, as a constant across nearly every African regime, cannot explain the overwhelming mass support the CCM continues to enjoy today. -
Case of Ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe
The Impact of Post-communist Regime Change and European Integration on Ethnic Minorities: The ‘Special’ Case of Ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe Stefan Wolff 1. Introduction The collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union in the late-1980s and early 1990s brought with it a fundamental reshaping of social, political and economic conditions in the countries of this region. These changes also manifested themselves dramatically in a recalibration of the relationships between ethnic minorities and the titular majorities of the countries concerned. Breaking free from Soviet and communist domination, minority and majority communities reclaimed and asserted their ethnic identities and sought to establish conditions conducive to the expression, preservation and development of such identities. While the liberalisation of political systems across the region provided some of the impetus for this, it failed initially to create a situation characterised by recognition and tolerance of the wide spectrum of distinct ethnic identities and an acceptance that states must respect the rights of all their citizens to identify with a particular ethnic community without fear of discrimination. Institutional uncertainty and instability, combined with the negative consequences of economic reforms and the budgetary constraints it placed on the governments of the transition countries, exacerbated, sometimes pre-existing, ethnic tensions. The dynamics ensuing from this, at times deliberately stirred up by political entrepreneurs seeking -
There Is No Good News About Ethnic Conflict and Civil War...Or Is There?
THERE IS NO GOOD NEWS ABOUT ETHNIC CONFLICT AND CIVIL WAR...OR IS THERE? Stefan Wolff Today I want to talk to you about ethnic conflict and civil war. These are generally not the most cheerful of topics, nor are they normally associated with good news. Yet, not only is there at least some good news to be told about fewer such conflicts now than two decades ago but there is also good news in the sense that we have come to a better understanding of what can be done to further reduce the number of ethnic conflicts and civil wars and the human suffering they inflict. Three things stand out: leadership, diplomacy, and institutional design. What I will focus on in my talk is why they matter, how they matter, and what we can do to make sure that they continue to matter in the right ways—that is, how all of us can contribute to developing and honing the skills of local and global leaders to make peace and to make it last. But let’s the start at the beginning. Civil wars have made news headlines for many decades, and ethnic conflicts in particular have been a near-constant presence as a major international security threat since the end of the Cold War. For nearly two decades, the news has been bad and the images have been haunting. In Georgia, after years of stalemate we saw a full-scale resurgence of violence in August 2008 that quickly escalated into a five-day war between Georgia and Russia, leaving Georgia more deeply divided than ever. -
The European Neighbourhood Policy in Perspective Context, Implementation and Impact
The European Neighbourhood Policy in Perspective Context, Implementation and Impact Edited by Richard G. Whitman Professor of Politics, University of Bath, UK and Stefan Wolff Professor of International Security, University of Birmingham, UK 99780230_203853_01_prexii.indd780230_203853_01_prexii.indd iiiiii 33/12/2012/12/2012 88:33:52:33:52 PPMM Proof 6 Lessons from the Balkans: The ENP as a Possible Conflict-Management Tool? Stefan Wolff and Annemarie Peen Rodt Introduction The 2004 and 2007 enlargements moved the European Union (EU) closer – geographically, politically and security-wise – to a number of frozen and violent ethnic conflicts in its so-called ‘new neighbour- hood’. These conflicts include ongoing disputes in Israel/Palestine, Lebanon, Algeria, Moldova (Transnistria), Armenia/Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh), Georgia (Abkhazia and South Ossetia), Morocco/ Western Sahara, Egypt, Ukraine, Jordan and Syria. EU foreign policy- makers have in recent developments of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) and Common European Security and Defence Policy (CESDP)1 stressed the importance of managing these conflicts. With the 2003 European Security Strategy and the launch of the 2004 European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) the Union explicitly articulated its intention to take a more active stance in the management of violent ethnic conflicts in the ENP area (and beyond). The failed European attempts to handle the violent disintegration of Yugoslavia in the 1990s, were, according to the large majority of CFSP scholars, the first real push for European foreign policy-makers more actively to seek to develop a common EU approach to dealing with violent ethnic conflicts in the Union’s near abroad. The atrocities in the Western Balkans had illustrated the inadequacy of the tools available to the Union at the time and left the EU embarrassed. -
A Political Scientist by Background, Stefan Wolff Specialises in The
STEFAN WOLFF Stefan Wolff is Professor of International Security at the University of Birmingham, England, UK. A political scientist by background, he specialises in the management of contemporary security challenges, especially in the prevention and settlement of ethnic conflicts and civil wars, and in post-conflict reconstruction, peace-building and state-building in deeply divided and war-torn societies. He has extensive expertise in Northern Ireland, the Balkans, Central and Eastern Europe, and the former Soviet Union, and has also worked on a wide range of other conflicts elsewhere, including the Middle East, Africa, and Central, South and Southeast Asia. Bridging the divide between academia and policy-making, he has been involved in various phases of conflict settlement processes, including in Iraq, Sudan, Moldova, Sri Lanka, and Kosovo. Currently, he is involved in an advisory capacity in the settlement of the status of Transnistria, Moldova. Wolff’s publications to date include seventeen books and over twenty journal articles and book chapters. His latest monograph is Ethnic Conflict: Causes—Consequences—Responses (Polity 2009, with Karl Cordell). Published by Oxford University Press in 2006 (paperback in 2007), Wolff’s Ethnic Conflict: A Global Perspective is the first major treatment of the subject aimed at a broad general audience and has been highly acclaimed by academics, policymakers, and business leaders. His Ethnopolitical Encyclopaedia of Europe (with Karl Cordell) was published by Palgrave as the first comprehensive -
PNACA225.Pdf
, MSU WORKING PAPERS ON POLITICAL REFORM IN AFRICA Working Paper No. 10 CAN ESTABLISHED DEMOCRACIES NURTURE DEMOCRACY ABROAD?: LESSONS FROM AFRICA by Joel D. Barkan November 15, 1994 \ i-- JoeL Barkan is Professor of Political Science, University of Iowa and formerly Democratic Governance Advisor for the regional office of the United States Agency for International Development, Nairobi. This paper was ftrst prepared for delivery at the Nobel Symposium, Democracy's Victory and Crisis, held at Uppsala University, Uppsala Sweden, August 27-30, 1994 and the 90th Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, September 1-4, 1994, New York City. MSU WORKING PAPERS ON POLmCAL REFORM IN AFRICA Co-Editors: Michael Bratton and Nicolas van de Walle The MSU Working Papers on Political Refonn in Mrica are designed to promote analysis of the processes of political liberalization currently unfolding on the Mrican continent. The papers analyse the causes, dynamics, and results of political refonns introduced by African governments, with particular attention to practical policy measures that strengthen democratic institutions. Topics include the content and extent of political refonns, the measurement of democratization, the governance perfonnance of political institutions, the cultural context of political values and attitudes, and the complex interrelationships between political and economic refonn initiatives. Both comparative analyses and country and institutional case materials are presented. The series provides an outlet for the quick dissemination of research results and the exchange of views among scholars, teachers, policy-makers, donors, practitioners and others concerned with political refonn in Mrica. The editors gratefully acknowledge fmancial support from the U.S.