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Al –Neelain University Graduate College Comparative Study on The Al –Neelain University Graduate College Comparative Study on the Natural Vegetation Status and Floristic Composition through Different Ecosystems in Bura'a Natural Reserve, AL-Hodaidah, Yemen A thesis Submitted to AL-Neelain University in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the A ward of the Degree of M.Sc. in Biology (Eco- Taxonomy) BY: Kamal Ahmed Abdullah Mini Supervisor: Dr. Alawia Abdalla Elawad Co -Supervisor: Dr. Ezzy Ahmed Faqeeh 2018 1 جمهورٌة السودان جامعة النٌلٌن كلٌة الدراسات العلٌا دراسة مقارنة عن حالة الغطاء النباتي الطبيعي والتركيب النباتي من خﻻل أنظمة بيئية مختلفة في محمية ب رع- الحديدة- اليمن أطروحة مقدمة لتحقٌق متطلبات الحصول على درجة الماجستٌر فً علم اﻷحٌاء )بٌئة وتصنٌف نبات( إعداد الطالب/ كمال أحمد عبد هللا مٌنً المشرف الرئٌسً/ د/علوٌة عبد هللا العوض المشرف المساعد/ د/عزي أحمد فقٌه 8102 2 اﻵيــة ﭧ ﭨ ﭷ ﭸ ﭹ ﭺ ﭻ ﭽ ﮁ ﮂ ﮃ ﮄ ﮅ ﮆ ﮇ ﮈ ﮉ ﮊ ﮋ ﮌ ﮍ ﮎ ﮏ ﮐ ﮑ ﮒ ﮓ ﮔﮕ ﮖ ﮗ ﮘﮙ ﮚ ﮛ ﮜ ﮝ ﮞ ﭼ النمل: ٥٩ - ٦٠ 3 Dedication To the person who has drunk the empty cup to hold me a drop of love To the person whose finger have been tired in order to give me a moment of happiness To the person who has harvested the thorns from my spines in order to pave the way for me To the great heart (my dear father) To the Woman who give me love and kindness To the Sign of love and balm of healing To the pure white heart (my beloved mother) To my path companion and amiability in this life To the cheeks of the soul and the healing of wounds (my dear wife) To the pure and kind hearts and the innocent souls To my light of live my nice brothers (A'adel, Abduh, Khalid, Naseem, Ali and my dear sisters) To those who accompanied me and encouraged my footsteps when days had overtaken them, all my wishes and appreciation (my family) To whom I learned the love of science and sacrifice for it (my friends) 4 Acknowledgement First of all, all thanks and gratitude be to the Almighty, Allah for his kindness and helping me in the completion of this study, praise be to Allah. I am extremely grateful to all those who cooperated with me, especially in the first place my Supervisor Dr. Alawia Abdalla Elawad, who had the great credit for encouraging me to continue my study; gave me much of her time and knowledge. I render special thanks to Dr. Ezzi Ahmed Ezzi Faqeeh, Hodaidah University, for his preference to Co-Supervisor my study throughout the preparatory period and for doing his best efforts in guiding and monitoring me. I also acknowledge Dr. Abdul- Al-wali Alkulaidi, professor of Botany for providing me with scientific opinions and references. Also, I render a considerable thanks to the engineer Yasser Abduh Al-ghubair, the member of the General Authority for the Protection of the Environment, Hodaidah governorate; and engineer Faisal Al-thaalabi, the director of the General Authority for the Protection of the Environment, Aden governorate for providing me the basic information about the reserve scientific references. Last but not least, I extended my thanks to the brothers who had cooperated with me, supported me, and encouraged me to pursue my postgraduate studies especially my dear uncle Ali Ahmed Al- Ghobri, the member of parliament and my dear uncle T. Omar Abdullah Mini and my dear brothers A'adel, Abduh, Khalid, Naseem , Ali. All thanks to all who contributes in the production of this research. Researcher 5 Index Page No I آّخ Dedication II Acknowledgement III List of contents IV List of map V List of Tables VI List of figures VI List of Plates VI Abstract (English) IX Abstract (Arabic) XI CHAPTER ONE Introduction and Literature Review 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Preamble 1 1.1.2 Justifications for the study 2 1.1.3Objectives of the study 3 1.2 Literature Review 3 1.2.1 Nature reserves 3 1.2.2 Vegetation Cover 5 1.2.3 Flora studies 5 1.2.4 Economic Value of Vegetation 8 6 CHAPTER TWO Material and methods 9 2.1 Description of study Area 9 2.1.1 Geographical Location 9 2.1.2 Physical Environment 10 2.1.2.1Geology of study Area 10 2.1.2.2 Soil 10 2.1.2.3 Features Of Climate & Weather 10 2.1.2.3.1 General Characteristics of Climate 10 2.1.2.3.2 Rainfall 10 2.1.2.3.3 Winds 12 2.1.2.3.4 Temperature 12 2.1.2.3.5 Relative Humidity 12 2.1.2.4 Water Resources 12 2.1.3 Social Setting and Production Systems 14 2.1.3.1 Population Composition 14 2.1.3.2 population characteristics 14 2.1.3.3 Pattern of Livelihood 15 2.1.3.3.1 Agricultural System 15 2.1.3.3.2 Non Agricultural 15 2.2 Plant diversity and Vegetation Assessment 16 2.2.1 Qualitative Assessment 16 7 2.2.2 Quantitative Assessment 17 2.2.2.1 Vegetation Sampling 17 2.2.2.2Vegetation analysis 18 CHAPTER THREE Results and Discussion 20 3.1 Qualitative Taxonomic Assessments 20 3.1.1 Floristic Composition 20 3.1.1.1Pteridophyta(Non Seeded Plants) 20 3.1.1.2Angiosperms(Seeded and Flowering Plants) 20 3.2 Quantitative assessment 65 3.2.1 Phytosociological analysis 65 3.2.1.1 Upper Zone 65 3.2.1.2 Medium Zone 69 3.2.1.3 Lower Zone 73 3.3 Conclusion 77 3.4 Recommendations 78 References 80 LIST OF MAP Map (1): Bura'a Nature Reserve 9 Map (2): Studied vegetation sites 65 LIST OF TABLES Table (1): nature reserves in Yemen officially announced. 4 8 Table (2): Coordinates of studied sites 18 LIST OF Figures Figure (2.1): Average monthly and annual precipitation (mm) 11 Figure (2.2): Monthly average of wind intensity (2000-2009) (S/M) 11 Figure (2.3): Monthly average temperature 13 Figure (2.4): Persentage relative humidity recorded (2000 - 2009) 13 Figure (3.1): Percentage of Species in the Families in the Study Area 62 Figure (3.2): Economic uses of the studied plant 62 Figure (3.3): similarity between the studied zones 63 Figure (3.4): Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency and 67 importance value index for Trees and shrubs in upper Figure (3.5): Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency and 68 importance value index for herbs and under shrubs in upper zone Figure (3.6): ) Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency 71 and importance value index for trees and shrubs in medium zone Figure (3.7): Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency and 72 importance value index for herbs and under shrubs in medium zone Figure (3.8): Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency and 74 importance value index for trees and shrubs in lower zone Figure (3.9): Relative abundance, relative density, relative frequency and 74 importance value index for trees and under shrubs in lower zone LIST OF Plates Plates (1&2): Aleuritopteris farinosa (Forssk.) Fée 21 Plates (3&4): Annona squamosa L. 21 Plates (5&6): Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott 21 Plates (7&8): Sadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf 23 9 Plates (9&10): Aloe officinalis Forssk. 23 Plates (11&12): Sansevieria forskaliana (Schult. &Schult.f.) Hepper & J. 23 R. I. Wood Plates (13&14): Phoenix dactylifera L. 26 Plates (15&16): Stipagrostis hirtigluma (Steud. ex Trin. & Rupr.) De 26 Winter Plates (17&18): Themeda triandra Forssk 26 Plates (19&20): Cissus rotundifolia Vahl 29 Plates (21&22): Cissus quadrangularis L. 29 Plates (23&24): Rhoicissus revoilii Planch 29 Plates (25&26): Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile 31 Plates (27&28): Tamarindus indica L 31 Plates (29&30): Acacia asak (Forssk.) Willd 31 Plates (31&32): Acacia ehrenbergiana Hayne 34 Plates (33&34): Albizia lebbeck (l.) benth 34 Plates (35&36): Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn. 34 Plates (37&38): Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC. 36 Plates (39&40): Barbeya oleoides Schweinf. 36 Plates (41&42): Ziziphus spina-christi (L.)Desf. 36 Plates (43&44): Berchemia discolor (Klotzsch) Hemsl. 39 Plates (45&46): Ficus ingens (Miq.) Miq. 39 Plates (47&48): Ficus populifolia Vahl 39 Plates (49&50): Ficus sycomoruqs L. 41 11 Plates (51&52): Ficus vasta Forssk. 41 Plates (53&54): Trichilia emetica Vahl 41 Plates (55&56): Gymnosporia dhofarensis (Sebsebe) Jordaan 43 Plates (57&58): Acalypha fruticosa Forssk 43 Plates (59&60): Jatropha curcas L. 43 Plates (61&62): Terminalia brownii Fresen 46 Plates (63&64): Commiphora quadricincta Schweinf. 46 Plates (65&66): Mangifera indica L. 46 Plates (67&68): Vepris nobilis (Delile) Mziray 48 Plates (69&70): Grewia tembensis Fresen. 48 Plates (71&72): Dobera glabra (Forssk.) Juss. ex Poir. 48 Plates (73&74): Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill 51 Plates (75&76): Breonadia salicina (Vahl) Hepper & J.R.I.Wood 51 Plates (77&78): Adenium obesum (Forssk.) Roem. & Schult 51 Plates (79&80): Cynanchum viminale (L.) L. 53 Plates (81&82): Calotropis procera (Aiton) Dryand. 53 Plates (83&84): Kanahia laniflora (Forssk.) R.Br. 53 Plates (85&86): Leptadenia arborea (Forssk.) Schwein 56 Plates (87&88): Convolvulus arvensis L. 56 Plates (89&90): Olea europaea L 56 Plates (91&92): Mentha× piperita L. 58 Plates (93&94): Ocimum basilicum L. 58 11 Plates (95&96): Barleria bispinosa (Forssk.) Vahl 58 Plates (97&98): Anisotes trisulcus (Forssk.) Nees 60 Plates (99&100): Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke 60 Appendix 12 Appendix A Table (2.1): shows the amount of monthly and annual precipitation (mm) Table (2.2): shows the wind intensity recor-ded from the period 2000- 2009 (S / M) as monthly average.
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