Warrigal Range Road Brogo Pass Archival Report 20200210 FINAL

Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

FINAL REPORT

Transport for NSW

10 February 2020

Austral Archaeology Pty Ltd

ABN: 55 629 860 975

Head Office: 46 Railway Street, Liverpool NSW 2170

Illawarra Office: Suite 1-2, 38 Swan Street, Wollongong NSW 2500

Tel: 02 9568 6701

[email protected]

www.australarchaeology.com.au 1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report Archival Recording Report

Document Information

Project: Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales

Services required: Archival Recording Report

Client: Transport for NSW

Prepared by: Alexander Beben & Miles Robson

Project number: 1976

Document History and Approval Status

Version Written Approved Date Version Type Issue Date No. by by Approved

1 Draft 29/11/2019 MR, AB DM 29/11/2019

2 Final 10/02/2020 MR, AB DM 10/02/2020

Distribution of Copies

Version Quantity Issue date Issued to No.

1 1 29/11/2019 Transport for NSW

2 1 10/02/2020 Transport for NSW

No part of this document may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means without prior permission from a representative of Austral Archaeology. Austral Archaeology also reserves the right to use documents and materials produced for this project for future presentations or publications, if required. In the preparation of this report historical sources and other reference materials are acknowledged in text citations and in a separate section at the end of the report. Reasonable effort has been made to acknowledge and obtain permission from the relevant copyright owners.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Austral Archaeology Pty Ltd (Austral) has been commissioned by Transport for NSW to prepare a historical archaeological assessment and Statement of Heritage Impact (SoHI) for the proposed stabilisation works associated with two drystone retaining walls located on the Princes Highway near the junction with Warrigal Road, Brogo, New South Wales (NSW) [the study areas]. The study areas lie within the Bega Valley Shire Council Local Government Area (LGA). The locations study areas are shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2.The study areas are located within the Parish of Mumbulla in the County of Auckland. This Archival Recording Report is being prepared under Part 4 of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 (EPA Act). The purpose of this Archival Recording Report is to compile a photographic record of the heritage values within the two study areas and to provide a detailed examination on the physical fabric of the two existing dry stone retaining walls along Brogo Pass on the Princes Highway in advance of the stabilisation works. Proposed works Transport for NSW proposes to undertake stabilisation works for two existing drystone walls located along the Princes Highway at Brogo, NSW. This includes stabilisation works to the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall located to the immediate south of the intersection of the Princes Highway and Warrigal Range Road, and the stabilisation of batters along the length of Brogo Pass. Works associated with the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall will include the stabilisation and strengthening of the existing drystone wall as it displays bulging and general instability. Specifically, works will consist of fibrecreting, soil-nailing (to a maximum depth of 10 metres), placing mesh over, and shotcreting the existing retaining wall. The proposed works will also require the trimming and removal of vegetation within 3 metres of the retaining wall to allow for sufficient room to undertake the stabilisation works. In regards to Brogo Pass, the proposed works include the stabilisation of the batters along the 2.5 kilometre length of Brogo Pass. Specifically, this will require soil-nailing and shotcreting of the batter face, with the potential installation of new retaining walls for widening of the road. An existing drystone wall is located within the scope of works for Brogo Pass that also demonstrates signs of bulging and instability and which therefore will require stabilisation. Significance of the item The following contains a statement of significance for the two dry stone retaining walls located along the Brogo Pass on the Princes Highway: The Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass retaining walls are structural features associated with the improvement works for the Princes Highway that were undertaken by the Main Roads Board. The two drystone retaining walls were most likely constructed in the early 1940s as part of the improvements to Brogo Pass to accommodate early motor vehicles along a transport route that was previously considered very dangerous and prone to several road accidents. The two retaining walls are representations of the early improvement works to the Princes Highway, which is one of the most important and popular roadways in New South Wales, providing a single route between Sydney and Victoria. The walls are aesthetically appealing and durable structures and many of the stone blocks are in good condition. The location of the retaining walls, positioned over a deep gorge looking over Brogo River and Mumbulla Mountain, adds to the aesthetic significance of the two structures. The construction of the two drystone retaining walls are of technical significance as they support a section of the Princes Highway within a steep road cutting along Brogo Pass and demonstrate the standards and practice of road engineering during the 1940s.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

The two retaining walls contains technological research potential for demonstrating engineering and construction techniques of dry stone retaining walls along major roadways in New South Wales. The value of the research potential of the two structure features is enhanced by their high degree of structural integrity. In regards to the archaeological potential, the historical research has indicated that there is low potential for the presence of deposits or structural remains associated with the occupation of the Heffernan family to be present in the two study areas. The historical research indicated that there were no structural remains associated with Heffernan’s property located in or near the vicinity of the two retaining walls. Furthermore, the site inspection assessed that the improvement works for the Princes Highway during the 1940s would have most likely removed any in-situ archaeological remains that may have been present within the two study areas The Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass drystone retaining walls have been assessed as being of local significance.

Archival recording An archival recording of the study area was undertaken by Alexander Beben (Director, Austral Archaeology) and Miles Robson (Senior Archaeologist) on 20 November 2019. The information from this archival recording is outlined within this document. This ARR has been completed in accordance with the NSW Heritage Office (1998; 2001) guidelines. This report includes:  Historical summary of the study area.  Site description.  Statement of significance.  Photographic index.  Photographic catalogue.  Contact sheets.

Recommendations It is recommended that: 1. Copies of this report should be lodged in print format with the Bega Historical Society, Bega Valley Library (Local Studies Collection) and NSW Heritage Council Library.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... iii CONTENTS ...... v 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 7 1.1 Background ...... 7 1.2 Proposed Works ...... 7 1.3 Methodology ...... 10 1.4 Project Team ...... 10 1.5 Limitations ...... 10 1.6 Abbreviations ...... 10 2 HERITAGE CONTEXT ...... 11 2.1 Introduction ...... 11 2.2 Pre-European Occupation ...... 11 2.3 Bega Valley Historical Sketch ...... 12 2.4 Site-specific Historical Sketch ...... 15 4.3 Site Description ...... 19 4.4 Statement of significance ...... 19 5 COMPLIANCE WITH HERITAGE OFFICE GUIDELINES ...... 22 5.1 Digital and Print Minimum Requirements ...... 22 5.2 Checklist of Archival Recordings ...... 23 6 PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL RECORDING ...... 25 6.1 Photographic Equipment ...... 25 6.2 Photographic Index ...... 25 6.3 Photographic Catalogue ...... 27 7 REFERENCES ...... 29 APPENDIX A: CONTACT SHEETS ...... 31

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figures Figure 1.1 Aerial image of the study area ...... 8 Figure 1.2 Study area in relation to cadastral boundaries ...... 9 Figure 2.1 Plan of the town and parish of Bega, County of Auckland, NSW, 1857 (NLA MAP F 790)...... 13 Figure 2.2 Horse powered milking engine on James Keeley’s dairy, Bega in 1919 (Museums Victoria, Item MM 19078)...... 14 Figure 2.3 1960 photograph of a Dairy factory in Bega, NSW (National Archives of Australia, L39394)...... 15 Figure 2.4 Horse-drawn cart on the Brogo Pass between Bega and Quaama, NSW, c. 1900 (NLA, Call No. PIC/11830)...... 16 Figure 2.5 Aerial map showing cadastral boundaries in the vicinity of the study area...... 17 Figure 2.6 Motor car travelling down Brogo Pass, 1931 (Museums Victoria, Item MM 42278)...... 19 Figure 4.1 Photographic Catalogue of survey undertaken for Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass retaining walls...... 28

Tables Table 3.1 Minimum requirements for digital photographic report ...... 22 Table 3.2 Minimum requirements for printing of digital materials ...... 22 Table 3.3 Checklist for archival recording ...... 23 Table 4.1 Photographic equipment and operator that completed the archival recording ...... 25 Table 4.2 Photographic index of site inspection within study area...... 25

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

1.2 Proposed Works

Transport for NSW proposes to undertake stabilisation works for two existing drystone walls located along the Princes Highway at Brogo, NSW. This includes stabilisation works to the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall located to the immediate south of the intersection of the Princes Highway and Warrigal Range Road, and the stabilisation of batters along the length of Brogo Pass. Works associated with the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall will include the stabilisation and strengthening of the existing drystone wall as it displays bulging and general instability. Specifically, works will consist of fibrecreting, soil-nailing (to a maximum depth of 10 metres), placing mesh over, and shotcreting the existing retaining wall. The proposed works will also require the trimming and removal of vegetation within 3 metres of the retaining wall to allow for sufficient room to undertake the stabilisation works. In regards to Brogo Pass, the proposed works include the stabilisation of the batters along the 2.5 kilometre length of Brogo Pass. Specifically, this will require soil-nailing and shotcreting of the batter face, with the potential installation of new retaining walls for widening of the road. An existing drystone wall is located within the scope of works for Brogo Pass that also demonstrates signs of bulging and instability and which therefore will require stabilisation.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 1.1 Aerial image of the study area

Project: 1976_Brogo Pass AAR

Operator: Miles Robson

Date:10 February 2020 Source: Nearmap

Map Projection: GDA 94/ MGA Zone 56

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 1.2 Study area in relation to cadastral boundaries

Project: 1976_Brogo Pass AAR

Operator: Miles Robson

Date:10 February 2020 Source: NSW Land & Property Information

Map Projection: GDA 94/ MGA Zone 56

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

1.3 Methodology This ARR has been prepared in accordance with the following NSW Heritage Division guidelines as a best practice approach to archival photographic recordings:  How to Prepare Archival Recordings of Heritage Items (Heritage Office 1998)  Photographic Recording of Heritage Items using Film or Digital Capture (Heritage Office 2006). This ARR consists of a photographic recording which encompasses views to and from the study areas that illustrate the heritage values associated with its constituent elements and the surrounding landscape. Where applicable, photographs include a scale. 1.4 Project Team The project was managed by Alexander Beben (Director, Austral). Archival recording was completed by Alexander Beben and Miles Robson (Senior Archaeologist, Austral) on 20 November 2019. This ARR was authored by Miles, who also undertook the GIS mapping in this report with assistance from William Andrews (Archaeologist, Austral). David Marcus (Director, Austral) reviewed the draft report and provided input into the management recommendations. 1.5 Limitations This report is a recording of the heritage values of the study areas and does not include details of the proposed project. The results, assessments and judgements contained in this report are constrained by the standard limitations of historical research and by the unpredictability inherent in archaeological zoning from the desktop. Whilst every effort has been made to gain insight to the historical values of the study areas, Austral cannot be held accountable for errors or omissions arising from such constraining factors. 1.6 Abbreviations The following are common abbreviations that are used within this report:

AAR Archival Recording Report Burra Charter Burra Charter: Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013 CHL Commonwealth Heritage List CMP Conservation Management Plan DPC Department of Premier and Cabinet EPA Act Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 EPI Environmental Planning Instrument Heritage Act NSW Heritage Act 1977 LEP Local Environmental Plan LGA Local Government Area NSW New South Wales RMS Roads and Maritime Services RTA Roads Traffic Authority (now Roads and Maritime) REF Review of Environmental Factors SHR State Heritage Register SoHI Statement of Heritage Impact The Proponent Transport for NSW

Refer also to the document Heritage Terms and Abbreviations, published by the Heritage Office and available on the website: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritage/index.htm.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

2 HERITAGE CONTEXT

2.1 Introduction The following historical background is designed to contextualise a site specific history which will aid in the understanding of the archaeological potential of the study area. This section is comprised of two main sections; the first is a historical sketch of early settlement of the region while the second is a targeted historical account of the study area. This work will provide a useful and concise summary of the history of Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass and the archaeological potential of the study areas.

2.2 Pre-European Occupation

Archaeological evidence of Aboriginal occupation of the NSW South Coast dates from at least 20,000 years ago as evidenced by dated sites at Burrill Lake (Lampert 1971), Bass Point (Bowdler 1970) and two sites near Buchan in Victoria and Cloggs Cave (Flood 1980). The Bulee Brook 2 site in the south coast hinterland ranges, excavated by Boot (1994), provides evidence that occupation in the vicinity of the study area occurred by at least 18,000 years ago. Known Pleistocene occupation sites are rare on the south coast; the majority of recorded sites date from the mid- to late Holocene at the time when the sea more or less stabilised to its current level. It is nevertheless reasonable to assume that the Bega area was occupied and utilised by Aboriginal people from the late Pleistocene onwards (NSW Archaeology 2005:12). Howitt (1904:81-81) identified the people of the Far South Coast as the Yuin ‘tribes’, also called the Coast Murring tribes. The Yuin boundaries extended along the coast from the Shoalhaven River in the north to Cape Howe in the south (Mullet 1996:5). Howitt (1904) also recognised a distinction between the people of the north and those of the south with the division lying somewhere between Moruya and Ulladulla. Tindale (1974) defined the area situated between Cape Dromedary (near Tilba) and Bega as that belonging to the Djiringanj speaking people. Eades (1976) describes the Dyirringan language as being spoken in the area between Wallaga Lake and Twofold Bay, with the Thawa language spoken south of Twofold Bay. Prior to European occupation the Aboriginal people of the Bega Valley practiced a hunting, gathering and fishing economy. In 1844, George A Robinson, an English explorer of the NSW south coast, made a tour through the Bega Valley and discussed the resources of the Indigenous people as: “…the zamia (is common) on the ranges…the nuts are collected in large quantities and by the Blacks called Bunggon. The Cabbage Palm…is another article of subsistence…The Phascomolys (Wombat) and the fish are the chief support of the natives, the latter are taken in Weirs, Eels and other fish in ponds are stupefied by an infusion of bark” (Mackeness 1941:335-336). Robinson noted that fish weirs allowed large numbers of people to come together for sustained periods of time as they provided an abundant source of food. Observations from the Bega region indicate that Aboriginal people relied heavily on coastal resources such as fish and shellfish and that camps were located on coastal dunes or in forests within close proximity to the coast (Sullivan 1982). Ethno-historical records note that fishing methods utilised on Black Ada Lagoon, situated east of the study area, involved a combined effort of people driving fish to one end of the lagoon where they could be easily speared (Smith 1970:5). Boot’s (1994) investigation, drawing on original archival sources of ethno-historical observations relating to the south coast region, lists a large number of faunal and floral species which have been recorded in the literature as having been utilised by Aboriginal people. The animals listed include fish, shark, eel, whales, seals, marine worms, shellfish, possum, kangaroo, wombat, birds, goanna and grubs. Plants harvested and utilised include kangaroo apple, native cranberry, honeysuckle, pigface, macrozamia, cabbage tree, fruit and yams (NSW Archaeology 2005:13). It is difficult to determine the Aboriginal population of the Bega Valley district at the time of first European settlement. In census returns between 1841 and 1847, John Lambie, Commissioner for Crown Lands in the district of Monaro, noted the presence of 160 Aboriginal people in the Bega area, and similar numbers in the Wandella/Murrabrine area to the north (Byrne 1983:45). However, by 1871 the Bega Gazette noted that there were “thirty-three Aboriginals only around the Bega District” (NSW Archaeology 2005:12).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

By 1882, Aboriginal people lived mostly in camps in Bega and the surrounding settlements. Rose has argued that the Yuin peoples’ successful efforts to peacefully accommodate Europeans and to adapt to the new society was systematically destroyed by the Aborigines Protection Board, which, in 1884 adopted the policy of concentrating Aboriginal people on their own settlements (Rose 1990:42). In 1891, the Aboriginal Protection Board established the Wallaga Lake Reserve, which became a virtual prison (Byrne 1984). In the 1940s and until recently, the Aboriginal people in the Bega Valley district worked as seasonal labourers in the bean and pea fields (NSW Archaeology 2005:13-14). 2.3 Bega Valley Historical Sketch The first Europeans to enter the Bega area were the shipwrecked sailors of the ‘Sydney Cove’, who walked from Point Hicks to Wattamolla Bay, near Sydney. These men reported the existence of what became known as Twofold Bay. George Bass was despatched by Governor Hunter and, in 1797, entered the mouth of the Bega River on his voyage south (Bayley 1942:10). During the same journey Bass inspected Twofold Bay, noting its considerable advantages as a sea port. During the next 30 years, the Bega and Twofold Bay districts remained unvisited by Europeans until in 1829, after forming a station at Oronmeir, near Braidwood, William Tarlinton made his way along the southern tablelands, finally discovering a route from Braidwood to Cobargo and Bermagui. Tarlington was the first European to discover fertile land in the Bega Valley. Three years later, in 1832, Tarlington’s cattle were moved down from Braidwood to Murrabrine, Cobargo and later to Bredbatoura which he made his home (Bayley 1942:12). Squatters, predominantly those in the Braidwood district, were quick to hear news of the successful exploration and sighting of fertile land in the Bega Valley, and began moving into the area from the early 1830s. The Bega Gazette of 18 August 1888 reported: “We have the names of Gillespie, Tarlinton, Jauncey, Dr Wilson, Major Elrington, Captain Bunn, Kerlewis, Ryrie, Lintot, Polack, Nolan, Burton, William and Henry Badgery, and others more or less connected with taking up the land from 1833 onwards.” (The Bega Gazette and Eden District or Southern Coast Advertiser, 18 August 1888, pg. 4). During the 1830s, further squattages were taken up, with the richest and most accessible lands along the river flats and valleys being settled first. All land taken up in the district was beyond the limits for settlers which had been defined by Governor Darling in 1824 as the ‘19 counties’ and settlers had no official protection from the government, hence the term squattages (Bayley 1942:13). The first squatters faced many difficulties due to their isolation and were forced to be self- sufficient. Communication throughout the district at that time was by horseback over the roughest of bridle paths which led from Braidwood through Belowra, Wandella, Brogo and “Bika” to the only port in the district at Twofold Bay (Bayley 1942:14). Early settlers in the Bega Valley was closely followed by the arrival of the Imlay brothers, Alexander, George and Peter, who were given a huge squattage where they established their homestead, Taraganda House. In 1834, the Imlay brothers acquired over 65,000 acres of land and began permanent occupation of the area including of the ‘Tarraganda’ run at ‘Biggah’ (Bayley 1942:15). Bega’s earliest squatters partook in grazing cattle and sheep, and by 1846 much of the land in the valleys and surrounding hillslopes were staked out as large stock runs on which the sheep and cattle wandered freely (Bayley 1942). However, land clearance was restricted to the alluvial flats which were used for cropping and subsistence farming. Cultivation was not extensive since home-made wooden ploughs were the only implements available for working the soil, however many farmers grew small amounts of oats, barley, sorghum, corn and wheat (Russell 1978:25). Grain was initially ground at each farm, but in the 1840s and 50s a few small mills were set up in the district (CSIRO 1999:14).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

In February, 1851, Assistant-Surveyor Parkinson laid out the site for the town of Bega, and the NSW Government Gazette of 30 December 1851, carried the announcement that: “Notice is hereby given, that a site has been fixed upon for a township at the undermentioned placed; and that a copy of the approved plan has been deposited for, the information at the police office, Eden, and at the Officer of the Surveyor-General in Sydney, viz: Bega, on the Bega River in the County of Auckland.” (NSW Government Gazette, 30 December 1851). In May of the same year, a disastrous flood struck the Bega Valley and the town was subsequently moved to higher ground on the southern side of the river where it is still located today (Bayley 1942:13). The first town allotments were surveyed in February 1854 and sold at Eden in August of that year. By 1861, the population of Bega was 625 over 100 households. The Bega district was regarded as one of the few successful areas where land selections under the 1861 Crown Lands Acts facilitated orderly settlement of the lands, with an average consolidated holding up to 500 acres (Bayley 1942:17).

Figure 2.1 Plan of the town and parish of Bega, County of Auckland, NSW, 1857 (NLA MAP F 790). Under the Crown Lands Acts, anyone with a small deposit was able to take up Crown land and convert the title to freehold. Men and women with energy and entrepreneurship took up land in the Bega Valley and, with hard work, turned them into profitable farms. The ports of Tathra and Merimbula were relatively close to the farms and this meant that produce could be shipped easily and quickly to Sydney, Melbourne and Tasmania (CSIRO 1999:14). The operation of the Crown Land Acts is considered to be largely responsible for the successful development of the dairy industry in the Bega Valley. This success is recorded in the Morris and Rankin Report to Parliament on the State of Public Land in New South Wales (1884) which stated: “Bega is one of the most prosperous districts in the colony, and its prosperity is mainly attributable to the fact of the land having been thrown open to the people. Rich land, mild climate, copious and regular rainfall, and last but not least, easy and cheap communication by water with the metropolis, all these stamp it as a locality peculiarly adapted for homestead settlement, and upon which (there can be no question) the legislation of 1861 conferred incalculable benefit….” (Morris and Rankin Report, 1884).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Dairy farming expanded quickly throughout the 1860s, overtaking farming of cattle for meat as the predominant industry. In 1862, the Tathra Wharf opened, which consequently lead to a dramatic increase in the sale of local produce in the Sydney markets and further growth and expansion of the dairy industry in the Bega Valley (CSIRO 1999:15). By 1877, cheese was also being produced at some farms in the district, being first credited to WD Tarlinton (Bayley 1946). In 1875 the following description of Bega Valley district was published by Greville’s Post Office Directory: “The district is an agricultural and pastoral one, the land on the river being remarkably rich; the principal products are grain, cheese, butter and wool, and the land is held by small farmers and free selectors; ….. The township is small, but flourishing – its churches, public school, court-house, etc, being creditable buildings.” (Greville’s Post Office Directory, NSW, 1875, pg. 46). The dairy industry continued to develop during the early 20th century. Improved farming practices included the increased use of silage, with wooden and later concrete silos replacing the old pit silos (Bayley 1942:24).

Figure 2.2 Horse powered milking engine on James Keeley’s dairy, Bega in 1919 (Museums Victoria, Item MM 19078). In the 1950s, the dairy industry in the Bega Valley introduced intensive farming practices to maximise milk output. Grazing pastures began to be intensively managed, including the cultivation and maintenance of improved pasture species with superphosphate and spray irrigation (Murray 1987:43). During the mid-20th century, Bega established itself as the main town within the valley. Smaller towns, such as Bemboka, Brogo, Candelo and Cobargo had also been established to overcome the transport difficulties, and most of these had dairy factories established during the late 19th and early 20th centuries (CSIRO 1999:18).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 2.3 1960 photograph of a Dairy factory in Bega, NSW (National Archives of Australia, L39394).

2.4 Site-specific Historical Sketch The two drystone retaining walls that are the subject of this assessment are located along the Brogo Pass stretch of road on the Princes Highway, to the east of the town of Brogo. Brogo Pass is a steep road cutting in the side of Mumbulla Mountain, which lies approximately 50 metres above the Brogo River. The earliest known development within the immediate vicinity of the two study areas was the construction of the road cutting along Brogo Pass in the 1860s. At this period, Brogo Pass functioned as the main route for people travelling between Bega and Cobargo and, given the lack of accessible tracks that led north of Bega elsewhere in the district, it was a very busy road between the 1870s and early 20th century (Blay 2005:45). As noted in the previous section, communication throughout the district was by horseback often over very rough and almost inaccessible paths which led from Braidwood to Twofold Bay. The road through Brogo Pass, however, provided the most direct route for horse and carts travelling north of Bega in the 19th century, and as such, was very widely utilised by people throughout the Braidwood and Bega districts. Furthermore, the natural beauty and views offered along Brogo Pass also provided a major reason for people to travel by this route: “The road to Bega passes over a sentinel spur of the Monaro mountains, and in parts commands good views of distant ranges and nearer ravines. The Brogo Pass in the time of spring has a high reputation for beauty. The late Dr. Kelynack, when driving through it at such a season, is said to have been very highly charmed with the scenery, and to have expressed himself accordingly.” (The Methodist, 9 May 1896, pg. 3). Nevertheless, prior to the reconstruction of the road along Brogo Pass in the early 1940s, the track was considered a very narrow and dangerous road, particularly during poor weather conditions. Numerous accidents were reported along the stretch of road between the late 19th century and early 20th century, with the pass eventually gaining a reputation as being a very fearful road and to be avoided during heavy rain or storms.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

“The Brogo Pass is all rocks and ferns, and to look down from the road one can see below a deep ferny gorge. The road is narrow and winding, and to drive along it one may risk a nasty accident if the weather conditions are not favourable.” (The Farmer and Settler, 4 October 1930, pg. 15). An article in the Cobargo Chronicle, which provides a retrospective description of the Princes Highway, illustrates the difficulties faced by those passing through Brogo Pass during the late 19th century. The article highlights that these difficulties were faced as a result of the poor-quality construction of the road due to the lack of skilled labour and engineering knowledge of road- construction managers as well as the weather conditions. “The Princes Highway – A Retrospect ...In 1868 the Bega-Bodalla Road was opened in place of the former bridle track and between the years 1866 and 1869 travel was fraught with the dangers of bushrangers in the vicinity of Nerringundah. Roads were under government control but only a very poor knowledge of engineering was required of road super intendents. Clearing one chain wide was usually considered sufficient construction for a road. Hills and mountains were considered no obstacle and no effort was at first made to by-pass them by easier grades. At the end of the seventies the wagon road between Cobargo and Bega crossed the Brogo mountain and there were no bridges over the Brogo river and the many creeks of the district. The mails in the seventies arrived often at their destination in a saturated state due to fording swollen streams.” (The Cobargo Chroncile, 17 July 1942, pg. 2).

Figure 2.4 Horse-drawn cart on the Brogo Pass between Bega and Quaama, NSW, c. 1900 (NLA, Call No. PIC/11830). Prior to the construction of the road through Brogo Pass in the 1860s, there was no occupation in the vicinity of the two study areas and the area was vacant land. The earliest known residential occupation within the vicinity of the pass was by James Heffernan, who purchased two lots totalling 77 acres of land. Heffernan moved to Brogo in 1871 and utilised his land for agricultural purposes (Freeman’s Journal, 24 October 1910, pg. 37). Heffernan was born in County Roscommon in Ireland and came to Australia at the age of 18 where he resided in Moruya for many years. Soon after marrying, Heffernan resided at Brogo where he constructed the family homestead and began cattle farming. The location of the homestead, however was not able to be identified during the historical research. However, given that the Brogo Pass road cutting existed prior to Heffernan’s purchase, it is considered unlikely that the homestead and any associated outbuildings were located within direct proximity of the study areas. Heffernan was a well-known figure in the Bega community during the late 19th century as he was one of the founders of the Bega branch of the AHC Guild, of which he was Bursar and Warden for a considerable time (Freeman’s Journal, 24 October 1910, pg. 37).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 2.5 Aerial map showing cadastral boundaries in the vicinity of the study area.

Project: 1976_Brogo Pass SOHI Operator: Miles Robson Date 12 November 2019 Source: Crown Plan No. R302973

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Following the death of Heffernan and his wife in 1910, the property was passed down to their son, JJ Heffernan, who continued to utilise the land for agricultural purposes (The Sydney Morning Herald, 25 November 1911, pg. 26). However, there is no additional indication that any buildings associated with this phase of occupation were located in the vicinity of the two study areas. The formation of the Princes Highway in 1920, which consolidated numerous parallel roads into a single route between Sydney and Victoria, saw a major increase in people travelling through the town of Bega and an opportunity for the town to expand as a major destination in the far South Coast. An article in The Daily Telegraph on 3 February 1922, two years after the development of the Princes Highway, heavily promoted the district of Bega and demonstrated the potential advantages of the Princes Highway passing through the Bega district for the local economy: “Bega stands on the Princes Highway – the title now firmly attached to the coastal road from Sydney into Victoria – and is becoming better known first-hand every week. Now it is out to make itself popular at even a faster rate. Hence such undertakings as the Back-to-Bega movement. It wants to have it made that it has as fine a set of buildings – public, commercial, and private – and as good a series of well-formed streets as any other town of its size in New South Wales. That is why it is classed as the capital of the far South Coast.” (The Daily Telegraph, 3 February 1922, pg. 6). Soon after its inception in 1925, the Main Roads Board arranged with a number of the Councils for the reconstruction or construction of portions of the Highway that were in urgent need of attention. Subsequently, the Department assumed full responsibility for the care, maintenance and construction of the whole length of the highway between Sydney and the Victorian border, with the exception of a short section through Wollongong. The Department undertook extensive maintenance and improvement works throughout the full length of the existing highway where reconstruction had not been commenced. These works included widening of existing formations and pavements, improvements to crests and curves, erection of safety fencing, guide posts and construction of retaining walls (Department of Main Roads 1951:77). The alignment of the Princes Highway also significantly increased the number of people visiting the area and travelling along the Brogo Pass. Yet, improvements to the road along the pass were not made until the early 1940s despite the formation of the Main Roads Board in 1925 and the numerous accidents continuing to occur through the stretch of road due to its narrow lanes and steep and winding turns (Department of Main Roads 1951:74). In 1938, tenders were called for by the Main Roads Board for major improvements to the Princes Highway through Brogo Pass (The Bombala Times, 14 October 1938, pg. 2). Works began on the reconstruction and realignment in the following year. It is likely that the two drystone retaining walls which are the subject of this assessment were constructed as part of these improvement works. This is indicated by the construction techniques of the walls and their and alignment in relation to the present road, as both walls follow the line of the road and abut directly against the edge of the highway. The construction technique of the two retaining walls correlates to that of numerous other retaining walls constructed by the Main Roads Board between the 1920s and 1940s, including the ‘Stone Retaining Wall, Linden’ (Section 170 NSW State agency heritage register, no listing number) and ‘Stone Wall, Mount Victoria’ (Section 170 NSW State agency heritage register, no listing number).

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 2.6 Motor car travelling down Brogo Pass, 1931 (Museums Victoria, Item MM 42278). The reconstruction of Brogo Pass was temporarily halted in 1941 due to the onset of war in the Pacific, with funds and manpower being transferred to major defence routes (Department of Main Roads 1951:78). Following the war, reconstruction work continued south from Batemans Bay and the Princes Highway along Brogo Pass was sealed with bitumen in 1949. “The road to Sydney along the Prince’s Highway between Bega and Bateman’s Bay is undergoing extensive repairs. Bitumen sealing of long stretches of the highway will soon be completed. Already the Brogo Pass has been sealed and is ready for traffic... The total length sealed by the end of the month will be 22 miles: Brogo Pass 3 miles, Bateman’s Bay to Mogo 6 miles, and Tilba to Cobargo 13 miles.” (The Braidwood Dispatch and Mining Journal, 20 May 1949, pg. 2). The roadway that forms the study area today remains a scenic road that forms part of the Princes Highway, connecting the town of Bega to Cobargo and further north to Batemans Bay.

2.5 Site Description The Warrigal Range Road dry stone retaining wall was located on the western side of the Princes Highway to the immediate south of the Warrigal Range Road intersection. The wall directly abutted the western side of the road, measuring approximately 80 metres in length. A thick topsoil deposit comprising of dark brown silty sand lay between the bitumen surface of the road and the retaining wall. The retaining wall was composed of large basalt stone blocks of varying sizes and shapes that were tightly packed together with no mortar or other bonding agent present. The height of the exposed sections of the retaining wall varied along its length, with the northern half of the wall ranging between 0.7 metres and 1.2 metres in height while the southern half of the wall ranged between 1 metre and 2.5 metres. This was due to the fact that much of the soil and vegetation that was placed against the outer face of the southern half of the retaining wall had been displaced and pushed down-slope, therefore exposing a greater section of the wall to the south.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Much of the wall displayed visible evidence of bulging, however this characteristic was particularly noticeable in the southern half of the wall where it is exposed to a greater degree. It is likely that the bulging in this section of the wall is a consequence of its exposure as the displaced soil would have once retained and held the wall in place as is evident in the northern half of the wall. The size of the individual blocks associated with the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall varied significantly, ranging from approximately 100 millimetres in length to approximately 900 millimetres in length. This variation in the size as well as the shape of the basalt stone blocks that comprised the wall significantly added to the aesthetic appeal of the structural feature. The gradient of the slope below the retaining wall to the west was very steep, ranging between 30° and 40°. The entire sloped area to the west of the retaining wall was covered in dense vegetation, including native bushes and trees. A stormwater drainage pipe was keyed around the southern edge of the retaining wall. The drainage pipe was approximately 400 millimetres in diameter and located 1.2 metres below the bitumen surface of the road. The drainage pipe ran from the eastern side of the road, underneath the road surface and down the slope on the western side of the road. This drystone wall is most likely associated with the 1940s realignment and improvement works to the Princes Highway, as the site inspection demonstrated that the wall closely follows the alignment of the current road. The second drystone retaining wall was approximately 300 metres further north than the first section, and located against the south-eastern edge of the Princes Highway within Brogo Pass. The form and construction technique of this retaining wall was identical to that of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall, and composed of basalt stone blocks tightly packed together with no mortar visible. Unlike the retaining wall south of Warrigal Range Road, the top section of this wall laid below a concrete side barrier for the road. The total length of the Brogo Pass wall was approximately 100 metres, while the maximum height of the exposed section of the wall was 3 metres. As with the drystone retaining wall to the south, the size and shape of the individual blocks comprising the wall varied significantly, thus adding to the aesthetic appeal of the feature. The dimensions of the blocks ranged between 150 millimetres and 700 millimetres in length. The Brogo Pass retaining wall neatly followed the curved alignment of the Princes Highway road, increasing the aesthetic nature of the structural feature. The sloped area to the immediate south of the retaining wall was very steep, with a gradient of approximately 40°. The sloped area was covered in dense vegetation, including native bushes and trees that led down to Brogo River. A stormwater drainage pipe was keyed around the northern edge of the wall. The drainage pipe was approximately 750 millimetres in diameter and located approximately 600 millimetres below the road surface. The drainage pipe ran from the eastern side of the road, underneath the road surface and down the slope on the western side of the road towards Brogo River. As with the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall, this wall is most likely contemporary with the realignment of the Princes Highway in the 1940s as the site inspection demonstrated that the retaining wall closely follows the curved alignment of the current road.

2.6 Statement of significance The following contains a statement of significance for the two dry stone retaining walls located along the Brogo Pass on the Princes Highway: The Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass retaining walls are structural features associated with the improvement works for the Princes Highway that were undertaken by the Main Roads Board. The two drystone retaining walls were most likely constructed in the early 1940s as part of the improvements to Brogo Pass to accommodate early motor vehicles along a transport route that was previously considered very dangerous and prone to several road accidents. The two retaining walls are representations of the early improvement works to the Princes Highway, which is one of the most important and popular roadways in New South Wales, providing a single route between Sydney and Victoria.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

The walls are aesthetically appealing and durable structures and many of the stone blocks are in good condition. The location of the retaining walls, positioned over a deep gorge looking over Brogo River and Mumbulla Mountain, adds to the aesthetic significance of the two structures. The construction of the two drystone retaining walls are of technical significance as they support a section of the Princes Highway within a steep road cutting along Brogo Pass and demonstrate the standards and practice of road engineering during the 1940s. The two retaining walls contains technological research potential for demonstrating engineering and construction techniques of dry stone retaining walls along major roadways in New South Wales. The value of the research potential of the two structure features is enhanced by their high degree of structural integrity. In regards to the archaeological potential, the historical research has indicated that there is low potential for the presence of deposits or structural remains associated with the occupation of the Heffernan family to be present in the two study areas. The historical research indicated that there were no structural remains associated with Heffernan’s property located in or near the vicinity of the two retaining walls. Furthermore, the site inspection assessed that the improvement works for the Princes Highway during the 1940s would have most likely removed any in-situ archaeological remains that may have been present within the two study areas The Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass drystone retaining walls have been assessed as being of local significance.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

3 COMPLIANCE WITH HERITAGE OFFICE GUIDELINES

This section outlines how this ARR complies with Heritage Office guidelines.

3.1 Digital and Print Minimum Requirements

The guidelines include minimum requirements for digital recording and reporting, compliance with these are outlined in Table 3.1 and Table 3.2. Table 3.1 Minimum requirements for digital photographic report

Requirements Where addressed

A very brief report or introduction which explains the purposes of the report and gives a brief description of the subject, as well as details of the Addressed in the historical context sections of this sequence in which images were taken. The report report. may also address the limitations of the photographic record and may make recommendations for future work.

The report should include all technical details including camera and lenses, image file size and Addressed in the photographic index sections of this format, technical metadata associated with the report. images, and colour information.

The report should also contain the catalogue Addressed in the photographic plan and index sheets, photographic plan, and supplementary sections of this report. maps or plans.

Table 3.2 Minimum requirements for printing of digital materials

Requirements Where addressed

The printing and dissemination of the report will Three hard (paper) copies of the photographic follow these guidelines once acceptance of the final report including catalogue sheets, photographic version of the report has been received by the plan and supplementary maps. proponent.

Three sets of thumbnail image sheets (e.g. A4 photographic paper with six images by six images) The printing and dissemination of the report will showing images and file numbers. Thumbnail follow these guidelines once acceptance of the final image sheets should be processed with archival version of the report has been received by the stable inks using approved archival photographic proponent. papers and cross referenced to catalogue sheets.

Three copies of archival quality CD-R discs The printing and dissemination of the report will containing electronic images files and associated follow these guidelines once acceptance of the final metadata, cross-referenced to catalogue sheets. If version of the report has been received by the there are a large number of images, then DVD proponent. media can be used.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Requirements Where addressed

One set of 10.5 x 14.8cm (A6), prints using archival The printing and dissemination of the report will quality paper and archival stable inks. If the study follow these guidelines once acceptance of the final is very large and includes a considerable number version of the report has been received by the of digital images, key or representative images proponent. may be selected for reproduction at 10.5 x 14.8cm.

3.2 Checklist of Archival Recordings

The Heritage Office guideline (2006) includes a checklist for the completion of archival recordings. This is outlined in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Checklist for archival recording

Requirement Yes No

Is there a hardcopy report? X

Does the hardcopy report contain:

a) thumbnail proof sheet processed in an archival acceptable method? X

b) proof sheet properly sleeved in archival protective pages? X

c) appropriate electronic storage media with report and images? X

d) cameras, lenses, and accessories details? X

e) map showing image location and details? X

f) list of all images, correctly numbered and described? X

Is there an electronic report? X

How is the information stored?

a) CD Rom – what type

b) DVD – what type

c) Other X USB

Can the storage media be opened? X

Is the information the same as that contained in the hardcopy report? X

Are the images saved as TIFF files, contain metadata and follow guidelines? X

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Requirement Yes No

If not, what is the file format and where have they diverted from guidelines? JPEG + RAW Is the storage media filed in an acceptable container?

Is there a back-up copy stored with the hardcopy report? X

Is there a full set of 10.5 x 14.8 (A6) images processed with archival stable inks and X paper?

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

4 PHOTOGRAPHIC ARCHIVAL RECORDING

The following section outlines the photographic archival recording of the study area.

4.1 Photographic Equipment

Details of the photographic equipment used as part of the archival recording are outlined in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1 Photographic equipment and operator that completed the archival recording

Operator Alexander Beben

Date 20 November 2019

Camera Sony SLT-A55V

Sensor size 1.5

Proof # 1

Lenses 18–55 mm

35 mm Lens Equivalent 1:3.5–5.6

4.2 Photographic Index

An index of photographic is outlined in Table 4.2. Contact sheets can be found in Appendix A.

Table 4.2 Photographic index of site inspection within study area.

Image Direction Description no. 5289 South View of the northern edge of the Warrigal Range Road Retaining Wall. View of the northern edge of the Warrigal Range Road Retaining Wall, showing 5290 South bulging in the middle section of the wall. Detailed view of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing the form and 52591 West construction technique of the wall. Detailed view of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing the variation in 5292 West the size and shape of the basalt stone blocks forming the wall. South- View of the northern section of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall from down 5293 west slope of the embankment. South- View of the northern section of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall from down 5294 west slope. View of the northern section of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing the 5295 South variation in the form of the basalt stone blocks. South- View of the middle section of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall from down 5296 west slope of the embankment. South- View of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing damage to the middle 5297 west section of the wall.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Image Direction Description no. South- Detailed view of Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing the height of the wall 5298 east in the middle section of the structural feature. View of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing the topsoil deposit layer 5299 South between the bitumen surface and the retaining wall. South- View of the southern half of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing an 5300 east increased level of exposure towards the southern section of the wall. View of the southern half of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing 5301 South prominent bulging. Detailed view of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall showing bulging in the 5302 South southern section of the wall. 5303 South Detailed view of the southern portion of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. 5304 South Detailed view of the southern edge of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. 5305 North Overview shot of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. 5306 North Detailed overview shot of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. 5307 North Overview shot of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. View of the stormwater drainage pipe that cuts through the southern edge of the 5308 East Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. View of the stormwater drainage pipe that cuts through the southern edge of the 5309 East Warrigal Range Road retaining wall. View of the section of road that laid directly adjacent to the Warrigal Range Road 5310 West retaining wall. North- View of the section of road adjacent to the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall 5311 west looking towards the Warrigal Range Road intersection. 5312 South Overview shot of the Warrigal Range Road retaining wall Overview shot of the Brogo Pass retaining wall, showing the curved alignment of 5313 North the wall. Overview shot of the Brogo Pass retaining wall, showing the curved alignment of 5314 North the wall. 5315 North View of the Brogo Pass retaining wall from the southern edge of the wall. 5316 North View of the Brogo Pass retaining wall showing evidence of bulging. Detailed view along the Brogo Pass retaining wall showing the form and 5317 North dimensions of the individual basalt stone blocks forming the wall. Detailed view of the profile of the Brogo Pass retaining wall showing the form and 5318 West construction techniques of the wall. Detailed view of the profile of the Brogo Pass retaining wall showing the form and 5319 West construction techniques of the wall. 5320 West View of the profile of the Brogo Pass retaining wall showing the height of the wall. 5321 North View of the northern section of the Brogo Pass retaining wall. North- 5322 View of the northern section of the Brogo Pass retaining wall. west 5323 North View of the northern edge of the Brogo Pass retaining wall. 5324 South View of the Brogo Pass retaining wall from the northern edge of the wall. 5325 South Overview shot of the Brogo Pass retaining wall. View of the stormwater drainage pipe that cuts through the northern edge of the 5326 West Brogo Pass retaining wall.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Image Direction Description no. 5327 South Far overview shot of the Brogo Pass retaining wall.

4.3 Photographic Catalogue The location and orientation of photographs undertaken as part of the archival recording is outlined in Figure 4.1.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Figure 4.1 Photographic Catalogue of survey undertaken for Warrigal Range Road and Brogo Pass retaining walls.

Project:1976_Brogo Pass SoHI Operator: Miles Robson Date: 28 November 2019 Source: Nearmap Map Projection: GDA 94/ MGA Zone 56

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

5 REFERENCES

Attenbrow, 1976, Aboriginal Subsistence Economy on the Far South Coast of New South Wales, Australia. Unpublished BA (Hons) thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney. Australia ICOMOS 2013, Australia ICOMOS Charter for the Conservation of Places of Cultural Significance (the Burra Charter), revised edition, Australia ICOMOS, Canberra. Bayley, WA 1942, ‘The Story of the Settlement and Development of Bega’, report prepared for Bega Historical Society. Bayley, W.A. 1987, History of Bega, Bega Historical Society. Beasley, K. 2012, ‘Old Bega Hospital – Conservation Management Plan’, report prepared for Old Bega Hospital Reserve Trust. Blay, J. 2005, ‘Bega Valley Region Old Path Ways and Trails Mapping Project’, report for Bega Valley Regional Aboriginal Heritage Study. Boot, P. 1994 Recent Research into the Prehistory of the Hinterland of the South Coast of New South Wales. In Sullivan, M, Brockwell, S. and Webb, A. (eds) Archaeology in the North: Proceedings of the 1993 Australian Archaeological Association Conference. NARU: Darwin. Bowdler, S 1970, Bass Point: The Excavation of a South-East Australian Shell Midden Showing Cultural and Economic Change. Unpublished BA (Hons) thesis, University of Sydney, Sydney. Byrne, D. 1983, ‘Archaeological Survey of Loggable Block One, Biamanga Aboriginal Place’. Report to NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service. Byrne, D. 1984 Aboriginal Sites in Wandella-Dampier State Forests: An Archaeological Survey Ahead of Scheduled Forestry Operations. Unpublished report to Forestry Commission of NSW. CSIRO Land and Water, 1999, ‘History of land use in the Murrah/ Dry River Catchment, NSW South Coast’, Canberra. Department of Main Roads, 1951, ‘Historical Roads of New South Wales – Princes Highway’, Journal of Department of Main Roads, New South Wales. Department of Planning & Heritage Council of New South Wales 1993, Historical Archaeological Sites: Investigation and Conservation Guidelines, NSW, Department of Planning, Heritage Council of NSW, Sydney. Eades, D.K. 1976 The Dharawal and Dhurga languages of the New South Wales South Coast. In Australian Aboriginal Studies Research and Regional Studies No. 8. AIAS: Canberra. Flood, J. 1980 ‘The Moth Hunters: Aboriginal Prehistory of the Australian Alps’, AIAS: Canberra. Heritage Office &, & Department of Urban Affairs and Planning. 1996. NSW Heritage Manual. Sydney: Department of Urban Affairs and Planning. Howitt, A. 1904, ‘The Native Tribes of South East Australia’, Macmillan & Co. Limited: London. Lampert, R. 1971 Burrill Lake and Currarong: Coastal Sites in Southern New South Wales. Terra Australia 1 Department of Prehistory. ANU: Canberra. Mackaness, G. 1941 George Augustus Robinson’s Journey into SE Australia 1844. Royal Australian Historical Society Journal and Proceedings 27 (5): 318-349. NSW Archaeology Pty Ltd 2005, ‘Bega Eco-Neighbourhood Development, Bega, NSW Aboriginal Archaeological Assessment, report prepared for Bega Eco-Neighbourhood Developers. NSW Heritage Office. 1998. How to Prepare Archival Records of Heritage Items. NSW Heritage Office. 2001. Photographic Recording of Heritage Items Using Film or Digital Capture. Organ, M 1990, A Documentary History of the Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines 1770-1850; including a Chronological Bibliography 1770-1990, Aboriginal Education Unit, Wollongong University, December 1990, 1-646.

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

Organ, M 1993, Illawarra and South Coast Aborigines 1770 – 1900, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW. Roads & Maritime Services, 2015, Standard Management Procedure – Unexpected Heritage Items Report. Rose, D. B. 1990. Gulaga. A Report on the Cultural Significance of Mt Dromedary to Aboriginal People. Presented to the Forestry Commission and the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service. Russell, RM 1978, ‘1846-1978: A History of Tanja’, compiled to commemorate the centenary of Tanja Public School. Schacht, I 2010, Towards a thematic research framework for Australian historical archaeology, Australasian Historical Archaeology Vol. 28, pp. 61-76. Smith, B. 1970, ‘A Brief History of Bega’, Bega Historical Society, Bega. Sullivan, H. 1982 Aboriginal Use of the Forest Environment: An ethnohistorical study of the south coast of NSW. A report to the Aboriginal and Historic Resources Section, National Parks and Wildlife Service. Tindale, N. B. 1974. Aboriginal Tribes of Australia, Australian National University Press, Canberra.

Websites Stone Retaining Wall, Linden | NSW Environment & Heritage 2009, viewed 25 November 2019, https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4300362 Stone Wall, Mount Victoria | NSW Environment & Heritage 2009, viewed 25 November 2019, https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/heritageapp/ViewHeritageItemDetails.aspx?ID=4309685

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report

APPENDIX A: CONTACT SHEETS

1976_Warrigal Range Road & Brogo Pass Retaining Walls, Brogo, New South Wales: Archival Recording Report