RENAL IMPAIRMENT in SARCOIDOSIS with SPECIAL REFERENCE to NEPHROCALCINOSIS by K
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Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.31.360.516 on 1 October 1955. Downloaded from 5I6 ARENAL IMPAIRMENT IN SARCOIDOSIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO NEPHROCALCINOSIS By K. M. CITRON, M.D.(Lond.), M.R.C.P. Senior Medical Registrar, Brompton Hospital Introduction Case Record* Although impaired renal function is uncommon Miss I.E., aged 23, had in 1948 commenced in sarcoidosis the recognition of this complication work in a factory where she was engaged in coating is of importance since it may cause death and be- the inside of fluorescent tubes with a mixture con- cause prompt treatment may result in recovery of taining beryllium phosphor. This exposure to renal function. beryllium lasted one year. A chest radiograph at The kidney is a common site for sarcoid lesions. the end of this time was stated to be normal. Thus, in a combined series of 45 autopsies the However, ten months later, in April 1953, she kidneys showed macroscopic or microscopic in- attended the Brompton Hospital complaining of volvement in 20 per cent. (Ricker and Clark, I949; dry cough and dyspnoea on exertion. Physical Longcope and Freiman, I952). In view of the examination at this time showed no abnormalityby copyright. known tendency of sarcoid lesions to infiltrate but the chest radiograph showed miliary mottling organs extensively and impair function, it was in both lungs and enlarged hilar shadows (Fig. i). assumed by earlier authors that renal impairment The Mantoux reaction was negative i :ioo O.T. was due to massive invasion of the kidneys (Kline- and the E.S.R. was 75 mm. in one hour (Wester- felter and Salley, 1940). However, sarcoid lesions gren). in the kidney are in fact usually small and relatively The following month she developed erythema few in number and would be unlikely to produce nodosum on both legs. Soon after this raised renal insufficiency (Longcope and Freiman, I952). nodules appeared on the skin of the hands and Evidence has accumulated pointing to another some of these were situated over old scars. Biopsy of these nodules revealed the mechanism of renal damage. In 1939 Horton, of one histologicalhttp://pmj.bmj.com/ Lincoln and Pinner recorded a case of sarcoidosis features of sarcoidosis (Fig. 2). Histochemical associated with renal impairment in which the tests using Denz's napthachrome technique (Denz, kidneys at autopsy were contracted and showed I949) failed to demonstrate the presence of marked calcification and degeneration of the beryllium in the lesions. By September 1950 the tubules. The serum calcium was not estimated in liver had become palpable and she had lost one this case, but in the same year Harrell and Fisher stone in weight. (1939) noted the occurrence of hypercalcaemia in In I952 a painless bulbous swelling gradually some cases of sarcoidosis. Van Creveld in I941 appeared on the right fourth toe (Fig. 3). Radio- on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected recorded the case of a child with sarcoidosis graphy of this showed a calcified excrescence on associated with hypercalcaemia, renal stone and the terminal phalanx (Fig. 4). This swelling impaired kidney function and in 1948 Albright and occasioned discomfort during walking and the toe Reifenstein pointed out that nephrocalcinosis and was therefore amputated. The specimen revealed nephrolithiasis might occur in sarcoidosis in a granulomatous reaction around deposits of cal- association with hypercalcaemia. Finally this con- cium in the soft tissues (Fig. 5). cept was confirmed by Longcope and Freiman In I953 frequency of micturition and nocturia (1952) who described a case of sarcoidosis where developed. In July I953 she noted discomfort in death was due to uraemia; hypercalcaemia was the eyes and conjunctival abnormalities were present and at post-mortem there was extensive found. She was admitted to hospital in October calcification in and around the renal tubules. 1953. The case of sarcoidosis to be described offered *This case was shown at the Clinical Section of the the opportunity of studying this condition and also Royal Society of Medicine and is briefly described in of following the response to cortisone therapy. Proc. Roy. Soc. Med. (1954), 47, 507. Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.31.360.516 on 1 October 1955. Downloaded from October I955 CITRON: Renal Impairment in Sarcoidosis with Special Reference to Nephrocalcinosis 517 .4 0. 4 $1 ) by copyright. /0 FIG. i.-Chest radiograph, October 1950, showing FIG. 2.-Biopsy of skin nodule showing sarcoid in- miliary shadowing in lungs. filtration (magnification x I Io). http://pmj.bmj.com/ on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected FIGl3.-photograph of right foot showing bulbous FIG. 4.-Radiograph of right foot showing calcification swelling of -fourth toe. in soft tissues of fourth toe. Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.31.360.516 on 1 October 1955. Downloaded from 5I8 POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL October I955 (I9 mg. per ioo ml.) and serum phosphorus was also raised (5.6 mg. per ioo ml.). Alkaline phos- phatase, 6.5 King-Armstrong units. Serum pro- s.. tein; total 8.5 g., albumen 4.3 g., globulin 4.2 g. A&I per ioo ml. Blood urea 50 mg. per ioo ml. The urea clearance was 50 per cent. of normal. Marked hypercalcuria was present (o.8 g. calcium per 24 y .0fr5VF;,? hours). Treatment. She was given isoniazid and strepto- Ii/I'I mycin. The dose of the latter had to be reduced to only I g. on alternate days on account of high blood streptomycin levels due to renal impairment. No significant change in biochemistry or renal fl'Es function occurred during one month of this treatment. Cortisone was then given in dosage of ISo mg. daily by mouth for ten days and thereafter ioo mg. daily. Fig. 9 shows the rapid fall in serum calcium and phosphorus which took place as a result of this treatment. Urinary calcium excretion also diminished. Eleven weeks later the urea clearance FIG. 5.-Section of soft tissues of right fourth toe was 96 per cent. of normal and the blood urea 25 showing granulomatous reaction around deposits of mg. per ioo ml. Cortisone dosage was scaled calcium (magnification X 95). down to a maintenance dose of 25 mg. daily. Therapy was terminated after eight months at On examination she was thin. No abnormal which time serum calcium and phosphorus wereby copyright. physical signs were found in the respiratory or normal. She felt much better in herself and had cardiovascular systems and the blood pressure was gained one stone in weight. Frequency of 12o/8o. No rash was present. No lymph nodes micturition was absent. Dyspnoea on exertion she were palpable, but the liver was palpable three claimed was less, though lung function tests fingers breadth below the costal margin. showed no significant change nor was the chest In the conjunctivae of both eyes there were many radiograph altered. The conjunctival deposits were small raised nodules, ocular appearances similar to no longer evident and deposits on the tympanic those described by Walsh and Howard (I947) in membranes were less extensive. hypercalcaemic states and attributed to deposits of In summary, investigations of this case of sar- calcium phosphate in the conjunctiva. (Fig. 6.) coidosis revealed hypercalcaemia with metastatic Both tympanic membranes showed white cal- calcification in the conjunctivae, tympanic mem-http://pmj.bmj.com/ careous areas. There was no previous history of branes, the soft tissues of the fingers and toes and ear disease and the audiogram was normal. kidney, and renal impairment thought to be due Investigations. Review of the chest films to nephrocalcinosis. Treatment with cortisone re- showed no change in the miliary mottling over sulted in correction of the hypercalcaemia and three and a half years. Tomography confirmed renal impairment. The relationship of the sar- hilar node enlargement. Mantoux negative, I/I000 coidosis to exposure to beryllium is not established T.U. P.P.D. E.S.R., 28 mm. in one hour (Wester- since beryllium was not demonstrated in the skin on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected gren). No tubercle bacilli found on culture of lesions and erythema nodosum is not recorded as a gastric lavage. feature of beryllium sarcoidosis. It seems likely Radiograph of the hands in 1952 showed trans- that the case is one of non-industrial sarcoidosis lucencies in the tips of the terminal phalanges and with an incidental history of possible beryllium opaque deposits in the soft tissues of the fingers, hazard. especially the left fifth and the right middle (Fig. 7). The film in 1953 was similar except that the Review of the Literature deposits in the soft tissues were absent. Many hundreds of cases of sarcoidosis are re- A radiograph showed two calcified areas in the corded in the voluminous literature on the subject left kidney (Fig. 8). Urine contained a trace of yet only 37 with renal impairment have been albumen, casts and calcium oxalate crystals. Cul- found. However, it is likely that more frequent ture was sterile. investigation of renal function and serum calcium The biochemical findings are demonstrated in would reveal more cases. Fig. 9. The serum calcium was remarkably high Analysis of these 37 cases indicates clearly that Postgrad Med J: first published as 10.1136/pgmj.31.360.516 on 1 October 1955. Downloaded from October 1955 Renal Impairment in Sarcoidosis with Special Reference to Nephrocalcinosis 5I9 . .r S £ -k.. **.;.. FIG. 6.-Drawing of ocular appearances showing deposits of calcium in conjunctiva. by copyright. http://pmj.bmj.com/ M4AX.. on October 2, 2021 by guest. Protected FIG. 7.-Radiograph of hands showing translucencies in tips of terminal phalanges and calcium deposits in soft tissues of left fifth terminal phalanx.