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San José Studies, Fall 1989 San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks San José Studies, 1980s San José Studies Fall 10-1-1989 San José Studies, Fall 1989 San José State University Foundation Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sanjosestudies_80s Recommended Citation San José State University Foundation, "San José Studies, Fall 1989" (1989). San José Studies, 1980s. 30. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sanjosestudies_80s/30 This Journal is brought to you for free and open access by the San José Studies at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in San José Studies, 1980s by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Fall1989 San Jose State University Journal of the Arts, Humanities, Social Sciences, Sciences, and Business. $5.00 Acknowledgments The publication of San Jose Studies is possible only through the support of its guarantor, benefactor, and patron subscribers. The Trustees and Staff of SJS wish to acknowledge these supporters and hope to see their ranks grow. GUARANTORS Humanities Department, SJSU School of Applied Arts and Sciences, SJSU School of Engineering, SJSU School of Humanities and the Arts, SJSU School of Social Sciences, SJSU Society of Archimedes, School of Science, SJSU Spartan Shops, Inc., SJSU BENEFACTORS Accounting and Finance Area, School of Business, SJSU Associate Dean's Office, School of Business, SJSU Marshall Burak Hobert W. and Patricia Bums Lucius R. Eastman, Jr. Economics Department, SJSU Gail and Stanley Fullerton History Department, SJSU Management Area, School of Business, SJSU Marketing Area, School of Business, SJSU Master of Business Administration Program, School of Business, SJSU Arlene N. Okerlund Psychology Department, SJSU SJSU Emeritus Faculty Association Sourisseau Academy Rose and Raymond Tseng Mr. and Mrs. 0. C. Williams PATRONS Louis R. Bisceglia John A. Calm Ralph C. Bohn Ted C. and Caryl Hinckley California Faculty Association, Journalism and Mass SJSU Chapter Communications, SJSU Robert D. Clark Elsie Leach Communication Studies Arlene N. Okerlund Department, SJSU School of Education, SJSU Whitaker T. Deininger University Club, SJSU English Department, SJSU SAN JOSE STUDIES Volume XV, Number 3 Fall, 1989 ARTICLES Anton Andereggen Hommes de Couleur during the French Revolution . 4 Louis Fisher The Nature of Legislative Power .... .... ... .... .. .... .. .. 14 Robert C. Gordon Heroism Demilitarized: The Grandison Example . .. .. ..... .. 28 Harold K. Schefski Childhood on a Pedestal: Tolstoy's Oasis from Nihilism . .. .. .. 48 James A. Stevenson Reflections on William Blake and Thomas Paine .. ... ...... .. .... 62 FICTION Philip Gambone Salon . ... .. .. ... .. ... .. .. ... .... ... ... ............. .. 71 Marilyn M. Mantay Starting at Dark Canyon Road ... .. .... .. .... ....... ..... ... 78 POETRY Roger Finch, three poems ...... .. ... ... .. .. ........ .. ..... .. 86 Ernest Kroll, three poems ........ .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. ... 89 Justin Spring, five poems .... .... ......... .... .. ... .... ... 91 INDEX: VOLUMES XI-XV (1985-1989) Robert B. Harmon .. .. ..... .... ... ..... .. ..... .. .. 98 Cover: Detail from "The March to Finchley," etched and engraved by Luke Sullivan from a painting by William Hogarth. 1750. STEINBECK RESEARCH CENTER San Jose State University Announces a special issue of San Jose Studies to be published in early 1990. This issue will be devoted to the semi-centennial of John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath Guest Editor: Susan Shillinglaw San Jose Studies and the Steinbeck Research Center invited submission of essays written for or developed from presentations to "The Grapes of Wrath: 1939-1989, an Interdisciplinary Forum" held at San Jose State University, March 16-18, 1989. Referees' selections from these submis­ sions will make up the special issue. Among the essays already accepted are these: "The Problematical Status of the Grapes of Wrath" by Leslie Fiedler. "Forty Years in the Angry Vineyard" by Warren French. "Thomas Hart Benton's Illustrations for The Grapes of Wrath" by Henry Adams. "The Grapes of Wrath: Selectivity, Sympathy, and Charles Darwin" by Brian Railsback. "The Original Manuscript of Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath" by Roy S. Simmonds. Only a limited number of extra copies of this special issue will be printed for sale by the Steinbeck Research Center. Advance Order Form for Non-Subscribers to San Jose Studies To: Steinbeck Research Center San Jose State University San Jose, California 95192 Please reserve ___ copies at $10.00 each (postage included) of this special issue on The Grapes of Wrath. I enclose my check for these copies in the total amount of$ . I understand that this is an advance order which will be filled when the copies are mailed on publication to the address below: NAME: ___________________________________________ .ADDRESS: ________________________________________ CITY: ----------STATE ____ ZIP ____ SAN JOSE STUDIES Volume XV, Number 3 Fall, 1989 EDITOR Fauneil J. Rinn, Political Science and American Studies, San Jose State llniversi~ ASSOCIATE EDITORS Billie B. Jensen, History, San Jose State llniversi~ Allison Heisch, English and Humanities, San Jose State llniversi~ EDITORIAL BOARD Garland E. Allen, Biology, Washington llniversi~ Judith P. Breen, English, San Francisco State llniversi~ Hobert W. Burns, Philosophy, San Jose State llniversi~ Robert Casillo, English, llniversi~ of Miami, Coral Gables Richard Flanagan, Creative Writing, Babson College Barbara Charlesworth Gelpi, English, Stanford llniversi~ Robert C. Gordon, English and Humanities, San Jose State llniversi~ Richard Ingraham, Biological Sciences, San Jose State llniversi~ Richard E. Keady, Religious Studies, San Jose State llniversi~ Jack Kurzweil, Electrical Engineering, San Jose State llniversi~ Hank Lazer, English, llniversi~ of Alabama Lela A. Llorens, Occupational Therapy, San Jose State llniversi~ William J. Rewak, English, Santa Clara llniversi~ Lois Palken Rudnick, American Studies, llniversi~ of Massachusetts, Boston. Richard A. Scott, Business, llniversi~ of Arizona Dwight Van de Vate, Jr., Philosophy, The llniversi~ of Tennessee Ellen C. Weaver, Biological Sciences, San Jose State llniversi~ COMMITTEE OF TRUSTEES Jean Beard Elsie Leach Marshall J. Burak Arlene N. Okerlund Selma R. Burkom Jay D. Pinson John R. Douglas Rose Tseng John A. Galm James P. Walsh T. M. Norton O.C. Williams, Chairman BUSINESS MANAGER Emi Nobuhiro GRAPHIC CONSULTANTS AI Beechick Laura Chau PRINTER Quality Offset Printing, Inc. Santa Cruz, CA 95062 ©San Jose State University Foundation, 1989 ISSN: 0097-8051 Hommes de Couleur During the French Revolution Anton Andereggen HE French Revolution came as a blessing for the Negroes and T mulattoes, whether they lived in France or in the colonies. It proclaimed the rights of the common man: liberty, equality, and fraternity. From an early date it declared all men equal before the courts. Slavery, therefore, could no longer legitimately continue after these broadly stated principles were set forth in the Declaration of the Rights of Man of August, 1789. The extension of civil rights to free men of color and the freeing of slaves were not due to fundamental reappraisal of the Negro, but were rather the result of political and strategic exigencies. In May, 1791, all free colored men in France and in the colonies were accorded full legal rights. In March, 1792, these rights were extended to all freedmen, and in February, 1794, the slaves in all French colonies were emancipated and made citizens. However, this emancipation did not come without a struggle, in which hommes de couleur who were stationed in France took an active part. The present study analyzes the involve­ ment during the French Revolution of these hommes de couleur in their fight for emancipation. The terms hommes de couleur, mulattoes, coloreds, and people of color (gens de couleur) are here used interchangeably to designate persons of both white and black parentage and their descendants. Most of them were free, because their fathers or grandfathers had been white. They were distin­ guished from the slaves not only by freedom, but also by color. They were by and large intermediate in shade: mulatto, quadroon, octoroon, and other gradations between white and black.1 On the other hand, the terms Negroes or blacks are here used to designate persons of black parentage exclusively. Some free persons were black, and many slaves were 4 colored, but the preponderance of coloreds among free non-whites and of blacks among slaves shaped a shorthand view that lumped all free non­ white persons as colored and all slaves as black. Most important, whites recognized the free coloreds as superior both to slaves and to free blacks, and gave them privileges according to their shade. Indeed, many hommes de couleur were wealthy slaveowners themselves. Background Little is known of 18th century Negroes and mulattoes in France. The chief sources of information are the logs of ships, the records of the Admiralty and the police. The entries, for the most part, are brief, giving name, sex, age, place of birth, and trades in which the Negroes and mulattoes were proficient. Generally, even the free Negroes were servants, which was the most significant group aspect of Negroes in 18th century France. Most of them were servants of the planters or of the army and navy officials who had seen service in the colonies. A few had been presented as gifts to friends in France by returning colonials. For example,
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