Materiality, Sexuality and the Secret Police in Romanian State Socialism
CEU eTD Collection Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Requirements forDoctor theDegree of of Philosophy the Central UniversityPresented of Fulfillment of totheFaculties European the inPartial
Archiving Desire: Materiality, Sexuality and the Secret Police Police Secret the and Sexuality Materiality, Desire: Archiving in Romanian State Socialism Socialism State in Romanian Supervisor: Professor Allaine Cerwonka Supervisor: Cerwonka Professor Allaine A Dissertation in Gender Studies A Dissertation Studies inGender Department Gender Studies of Budapest, Hungary Budapest, Hungary By Irina By Costache August 2014
CEU eTD Collection an any other than institution CEU,nor, contain tomy other does knowledge thedissertation I of dissertation hereby this have towards thatnoparts declare submitted been a degree at y orideas unreferenced fromauthors. material other Declaration Declaration CEU eTD Collection ABSTRACT TABLE CONTENTSOF III. A SOCIALIST SADE: SEXUALITY, YOGA AND THE OF BODY NATION THE 2 MAI COMMUNIT II.OVERLAPPING FANTASIES: SEXUALITY, SUBJECTIVITY AND THE SECRET POLICE IN I.BUILDING A SOCIALIST MORALITY IN ROMANIA: AHISTORICAL BACKGROUND INTRODUCTION ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T 2. 1. T 2. 1. 3. 3. E 2.B 1.S M 1. 3. 2. SCAPING HE HE FORMATION OF THE NAKED SUBJECTSHE THEFORMATIONNAKED OF
ETHODOLOGY AND SOURC ETHODOLOGYAND N A R F B S B R A Yoga: From Western Imperialism Socialist to repression 3. Thebody3. ofnation under threat Costine Bivolaru’s sexual philosophy Bivolaru and Sade The voyeuristicThe gaze the of Party Nakedness and Sin: the meeting point between state socialism and Christianity Nakedness The (clothed)The secret agent The homosexualThe body yogaThe body nude/istThe body OCIALISTHISTORICALINPERSPECTI LEGISLATION UILDING A SOCIALIST MORALITY AND A PROPER SOCIALISTAA UILDINGPROPER SOCIALIST BODY AND MORALITY ECURITATETHE AND ROM ROM ECOMING A ECOMINGA COMMUNISTDECADENT ODYFORMATIONS
E E ANDSUBJECTSBNORMALBODIES OSTALGIA FOR THEOSTALGIA FOR S M - - OCIALIST ENCHANTINGTHEWORLD SOCIALIST THINKINGSOCIALISM AKING OF AKING N S ...... UDISMTO ș OCIALISM ti - another hide-way for nudism and yoga ...... S ADE ...... G URU ......
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...... : ROTICISM MATERIALITY AND INTERPELLATIONMATERIALITY AND B ...... R ...... IVOLARU I EAL ...... NFORMERTECHNOLOGYTHEASOF A BODY Y OFNUDISTSY ...... : ES THE POLICETHE : FANTASMATIC DESIRES AND FANTASMATICAND MELANCHOLIC ATTACHMENTSDESIRES
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CEU eTD Collection IV. CONCLUSION ABNORMALITY BIBLIOGRAPHY AND PRIMARY SOURCES: V. TEXTUAL FROM PLEASURES TO THE EROTIC THEOF ARCHIVE 3. 2. 1. 2. 1. JE ESTJE UN AUTRE
T T I O B 3. Queering3. state socialism HE NAKED TRUTH AND THE DESIRE FOR THE FOR TRUTHARCHIVE ANDDESIRE THEHE NAKED HE ECOMINGHOMOSEXUAL N HOMOSEXUAL LOVEHOMOSEXUALN CAN M ’ ONSTER T LOVETYOU ...... I NSIDE , UNLESS : HOMOSEXUALITY, : CO : DEALING WITH THE
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NFESSION AND THE POLITICS OF P OLICEARCHIVE POST IN
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222 232 198 165 217 207 201 190 184 174
CEU eTD Collection well the the to accompanied circumscribed necessarily simply that when paradigm insignificant “resistance” rendered or marginal quite are topics these fact In socialism. state of histories of part usually not are that sensations and emotions pleasure, gender, sexuality, of issues discuss to venue ideal the is locus salient This perspective. embodied and bodily a from history its write to aims dissertation This thecommon without lost theme ofthe bod been have would differences, evident their also but socialism, within situation particular common Their men. homosexual and practitioners yoga the nudists, the of like histories people personal and experiences forth bring to by able Thirdly, was I relations. body complex the on more focusing dovetail they fact in when policy socialist of during bodies of constitution realm the to relegated simply the be otherwise would that deviant or normal either socialism, example for phenomena, and topics connected embodied and of lived series a in bring to me towards allowed it central body the making economics by Secondly, experiences. and politics ideology, with discussions abstract) (rather the from socialism theoretical state of three history the offer re-grounded it to First, openings. me enabled investigation my to central body the Making paradigm employedformerBlock. todescribe experiences inthe Eastern Abstract Abstract y. iii
- nw “totalitarian” known CEU eTD Collection memoirs. and archives police secret interviews, history oral as such materials use I case my up building For regime. the of affirmation phallocentric the penetration: from inseparable remains argue I Secrecy unknown. and hidden is what gaze the with pene to look, to desire the elicits also Secrecy itself. arousal generates that practice a investigati my of point focal a then becomes Secrecy generally. more secrecy of and police secret the of role the immediately discussion into brings argument This regime. the of functioning very the in affirmed was it that argue will I fact in repressed, officially itself. surveillance the in looking, in pleasure taking looking, of pleasure voyeuristic the scopophilia: its was regime communist the sustained pleasures. sexual on based and desires erotic by traversed was bodies of disposition its people, the upon gaze its surveillance, State bodies. and subjectivities gendered complex very of formation the enabling thus investments, of libidinal and desires the range broad repressive, a sustained being and generated from itself regimes far socialist state that of functioning is makes dissertation this that argument The iv
Consequently, while sexuality was was sexuality while Consequently, I argue that what that argue I on as as on trate trate CEU eTD Collection self- absolute of times and in support Even Cerwonka. constant Allaine supervisor, the my without of encouragement possible been have not would dissertation This this into people amazing particular dissertation. these of voices the of more introduce to able been having not only regret I thesis. this of development the impacted deeply and life-changing was many in was face to face Cassian Nina meeting of chance The more. many so and goers Mai 2 Californian of group the and M Mary S., Daniela M, Cristina Oisteanu, Andrei Florian, Mircea Barnoschi, Steve Timotin, Dan Paleology Pia Popa, Alba Petrus, Angela Smighleschi, Ana-Maria Radu, Silvia Holban, Caterina Spallas, Marina Cimpeanu, Vera them, Among beyond. and Ceausescu of times the during gays as or yogis as fans, rock were who as nudists, as lives their about those me to talk to hours all of couple a spend to to enough generous dedicated foremost and first is then acknowledgement This Ipeople tomeet had along theway. theopportunity wonderful many and Utrecht) Vienna, Angeles, Los Constanta, between (in Bucharest-Budapest, travels actual many the of mirror accurate is an dissertation of less the even Moreover unfortunately studies. gender and Romania socialist state of history common in little apparently with research of fields two around journey intellectual entire an of glimpses and bits only reflecting and over-due long piece a is It expected. ever included, author the anybody, then time more took dissertation this of writing The Acknowledgements Acknowledgements v – the
CEU eTD Collection volume their for Plum Catherine and Vari into nudists Romanian on chapter a on comment and edit to then and include acceptingto Alexander Giustino, Cate thank to like also would I peersfriends and my to importantly most and there faculty the all to gratitude my express to like would I one. this as such designs, research unconventional and topics unlikely projects, daring for environment enriching and wonderful a proved Department Studies Gender CEU The from the detective technique novels. of lot a thank burrows writing history I gender that constantly out pointing admit. for Haan to De professor willing was I then more much count discoveries small and steps small that reminders wonderful were Haan de Francisca Professor with Conversations in the drafting ofmy theoretical apparatus. classes theory body Loutfi’s Anna for TAing from amounts benefited I planned. initially then directiontheoretical more a into project the move me helped challengesconstantand eye minded theoretically her as dissertation this on imprint her left also has Loutfi Anna finished without Allaine Cerwonka’s support. o Cerwonka professor that curiosity trust, patience, the for indebted much am I peers. my with sharing and up finishing worth one is project my that insisting kept Cerwonka Allaine doubt, ffered so generously. This project wouldn’t have started and wouldn’t have wouldn’t and started have wouldn’t project This generously. so ffered Socialist Escapes: Breaking Away From Ideology and Everyday Routine in in Routine Everyday and Ideology From Away Breaking Escapes: Socialist – Nicole, Nebojsa,Mihai, Iryna Nebojsa,Mihai, Nicole, Zuska,Paul. and vi vi
CEU eTD Collection Socialism inspiring, worksof GDR. fresh The and onthe sensible history McLellanLastsuch I toJosie am intellectually notleast, deeply indebted writing but for tremendous learning opportunity. enormously an a was UCLA at year The in. interested Kligman, was I fields the exactly on scholar knowledgeable Gail with work to opportunity the for allowed fellowship The 2011/2012. year academic the during UCLA at visit my sponsored grant Fulbright A much more precise nuances. 1945-1989 Europe Eastern of 2Maifriends someticulously updated. contact Andrei kept list his Naumescu, theorganizer having extended family, inour for writingI and tomake began plausible. sense tosound a owe my special thanks to uncle yoga others younudists, It some gay.freaks, thatmy was through conversations with It friends with acknowledgingfamily perhaps toend time close is my and like-minded research. Furst scholarsand Julianne incredible and was an to finally opportunity like-minded meet conference
organized at Bristol by University Josie McLellan andorganized co-hosted . The collaboration really pushed my thinking around into into around thinking my pushed really collaboration The . vii vii Dropping Out of Dropping – most ofthem most CEU eTD Collection are are r the in published works the Among paradigm. totalitarian the in invested Roman on scholarship producing with tasked institute public a Romania”, netgr a rmlr ouimli n oâi (ai Plrm 2009) (ed.), Polirom, (Iasi: România Practici Si Institutii Ceausescu: Regimului a în Pronatalista Politica Comunismului Crimelor a Investigare of collective the by issued works Communism the of interpretation Romanian mainstream as paradigm totalitarian the uses also of historiography History Political Tismaneanu, Vladimir socialism Romanian of case the to applied hypothesis in 1 hatred, vulnerable and mired toblackmail prison. in suspicion, self- with fraught subculture homosexual based Bucharest the and yogi self-fashioned local a of guidance the under philosophy sexual Sea with experimenting group yoga Black a Coast, the of shores the on colony bohemian nudist a socialism: state Romanian during spheres alternative overlapping three of existence the scrutinizes dissertation this specifically, More practices. and groups contexts, social of variety a in re-signified and reinterpreted, subverted policed, sanctioned, performed, being, cameinto were sexualities which in ways political and social the explore I agency, and structure resistance, and power of dichotomy the along research my circumscribe simply than Rather power. of sexuality and desirebody, regimes socialist state by exercised “repression” the from point starting their take that field the in works predominant the to contrast In Romania. post-war in dispositions bodily and gender sexuality, of production the about talks dissertation This oâi (ai Plrm 20)Bdac, omn n Olte and Cosmin Comuniste Regimurile 2009).Budeancă, Polirom, (Ia i: (ed.), România Ruxandra administrație i 2007).Ivan, ideologie între Comunist Regimului Polirom, (Iasi: Comunismului Exilului Românesc. Volumele Volumele V- Românesc. Exilului Crimel a Investigare de Institutului Anuarul Comunista. România În Social Daphne Berdahl, Matti Bunzl and Martha Lampland, Lampland, Martha and Bunzl Matti Berdahl, Daphne atr Erp ad h Fre Sve Union Soviet Former the and Europe Eastern Budeancă, Cosmin and Olteanu, Florentin, Florentin, Olteanu, and Cosmin Budeancă, xeine acrl Î Rmna ouit. ou I Volum Comunistă. România În Carcerale Experiențe (Iasi: Polirom, 2008). Polirom, (Iasi: 1 , I take a different route and depict the productive mechanismsproductive the depict and route different a Itake , VI
(Ia i: Polirom, 2012). (Ia i: Te nttt f Institute “The Introduction Introduction Cioflâncă, Adrian and Jinga, Luciana, Jinga, and Adrian Cioflâncă, Stat i Viață Privată În Regimurile Comu Regimurile În Privată Viață i Stat (University of California Press, 2003). Romanian Romanian 2003). Press, California of (University (University of Michigan Press, 2000). The repressive repressive The 2000). Press, Michigan of (University , Institutul de Investigare a Crimelor Comunismului în în Comunismului Crimelor a Investigare de Institutul , 1
or the Investigation of Communist Crimes in in Crimes Communist of Investigation the or Altering States: Ethnographies of Transition Transition of Ethnographies States: Altering anu, Florentin, Florentin, anu, ‘Transformarea Socialistă’ Politici ale ale Politici Socialistă’ ‘Transformarea Isiuu d Ivsiae Crimelor a Investigare de Institutul , (Iasi: Polirom, 2011).Budeanca Cosmin Cosmin 2011).Budeanca Polirom, (Iasi: ian state socialism is very much very is socialism state ian ecent year the most telling ones ones telling most the year ecent or Comunismului i Memoria i Comunismului or .Cristina Roman and others, others, and Roman .Cristina Stalinism for All Seasons: Seasons: All for Stalinism om d Rpein În Represiune de Forme state-socialism. Most of of Most state-socialism. Represiune i Control i Represiune niste n eain to relation in , Institutul de de Institutul , A CEU eTD Collection 2 Party- the by orchestrated fantasy the of pillars interlocked two the constituted at looked being and at Gazing regime. the of functioning very the in affirmed was it that argue the in looking, itself. in surveillance pleasure taking looking, of pleasure voyeuristic the scopophilia: pleasures. sexual on based and desires erotic by traversed was bodies of disposition its people, the upon gaze it surveillance, State subjectivity. gendered complex very a of formation the enabling thus investments, libidinal and desires of range broad a sustaining and generating itself sexuality Foucault Michael from cue a Taking atlook contradictions, and paradoxes at power. of the unconscious I binaries, of Instead practices. bodily and sexual alternative and power of dimension constitutive mutually the understand to seek I practices, oppositional some discern then rigid and conservatism specific and disposition official its an assuming simply of instead for But politics. sexual of framework point in case a is example Romanian The body. the and sexualityregarding politics particular its and socialism state of specificities d to mean not do I expose, my during as well as cases of choice my in However, (or commonlyWestern democracies accepted) in too. common hardly cases test are upon dwell to chose I studies cases the indeed that ofthe with workings socialist importantly state butmost the of functioning the with only not connected indelibly was argueI constitution, Subject Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault, 2 , my main argument is that far from being repressive, state socialist power was power socialist state repressive, being from far that is argument main my , The History of Sexuality: An Introduction An Sexuality: of History The Consequently, while sexuality was officially repressed, in fact I will will I fact in repressed, officially was sexuality while Consequently, I argue that what sustained the communist regime was its its was regime communist the sustained what that argue I ’s work on the history of ideas connected to human to connected ideas of history the on work ’s 2 (Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group, 1990). 1990). Group, Publishing Doubleday (Knopf “ secret ” police. Some may argue may Some police. eny the the eny s CEU eTD Collection the nudist, The itself. regime the of ideals the and from complex deviated more thus were and that contradictory practices bodily and bodies of range a produced also regime socialist the secretpolice,the of actions the especiallyactions, through throughits same very the At body. muscular the and athletic the body, (re)producing the body, laboring the morality: socialist ideal an and body socialist ideal the produce to aimed it which through practices disciplinary and discourses official explicit, had socialism State know, butaction incontact andinteraction, thesecrecy ofbodies andintouch. the in being people few a to imparted knowledge mean not does case this in Secrecy secrecy. the constitutes what is bodies between interaction the importantly, more and also, but at, gazing of act very this through created and disciplined at, gazed being object the only not secrecy: and power of gaze the between relationship this in body the place I phallocentric the penetration: from affirmationregime. ofthe inseparable then becomes Secrecy and hidden unknown. is what gaze the with penetrate to look, to desire the elicits also itself. Secrecy arousal generates which that point, focal a becomes Secrecy socialism. during things other many like secrecy, in done being sex with studies case my through it link re the of secret dirty the being as sex interpret I generally. more secrecy of and police secret the of role the immediately discussion into brings argument This this dissertation. throughout analysis my and investigations my to central is dialectics This State. 3 gime, but also but gime, tie , CEU eTD Collection 3 co the of consequences unintended and contested degrees) various (to are These state. the by deployed power of the mechanisms were students yoga the and man homosexual Essays 4 the which in governmentality, of form different a also instituted power of type socialist subjectivation. of form clandestinely and secrecy, from particular darkness, the from Operating a generated panopticon a in as watching always (potentially) was it that and ubiquitous was regime the that expectation The subject. the modeled that gazing, police of surveillance, police More of potentiality subject.the was it the insidiously, addressing of form direct this police, the of affirmation direct the function. to only not was imposition able forceful its represented really is what socialism, during Moreover, regime the which on based police secret the is it since meaning literal more a takes relation this Insocialism, interpellation. of act the expresses that you” interpellation subject of theory re- a offer I background theoretical this on Therefore, and ofteneffectsto power. these theformresistance take of control Thei not does it freedom. that effects creates power sexual that suggestion Foucault’s and reveal histories sensuality emphasized that bodies socialist other of produced versions instance for guru yoga and nudists The bodies. their on and through meanings other constructed who subjects “dissident” produced had power productive and repressive of mechanisms these how specifically more show dissertation this in analyze I caseslocal various The regime. bodily a of or situation a of meaning the confusealways Foucault, Lus lhse, n dooy n Ielgcl tt Aprtss in Apparatuses State Ideological and Ideology On Althusser, Louis tsig iue eswee o, o js drn sae socialism state during just not too, elsewhere figures ntesting (Aakar Books, 2006), p.170-173. p.170-173. 2006), Books, (Aakar The History of Sexuality of History The .p.121- 4 . In Althusser’s analysis, it is the police shouting “hey “hey shouting police the is it analysis, Althusser’s In . 122.
4 interpretation of Louis Althusser’s Louis of interpretation 3
Lenin and Philosophy and Other Other and Philosophy and Lenin – ra ther than directly than ther – rcses ht can that tricksters – the the r CEU eTD Collection of Peasant Resistance Peasant of 6 Romania Ceausescu’s 7 Germany Consumption, Memory, 1965-1989 Romania, in Dissent Deletant, 2008).Dennis Picador, York: (New edition Reprint Figes, Orlando such examples known better with states which the subject cannot emerge without cannot subject the which repudiation a abjection, of domain a produces which repudiation a through place takes identification this and sex, of phantasm normative the with identification al formations through acts of everyday resistance is also well illustrated in the historiograp the in illustrated well also is resistance everyday of acts through 5 in Butler Judith eludeto it. not terrain, very its on power, engage fully to had practices alternative matter, that For inconsistenciesinternal andgaps. reveal to contradictions, its took the anattempt formof opposite: the infact is that it case studies, argue onmy based surrounding constraining otherwise an in niches individual carving of of or strategies do making everyday through power evading of form a as resistance interprets that paradigm liberal the to Contrary take? practices alternative and subversion that forms the are of what thequestion alsoraises creatingexercisingand ofSuch a form subjects power biopower rootedindividuatinghaving own inmodernity,salient its features. totalitarianism and repression emphasize to keen power disciplinary of form a as blueprint. salient the was people of management for a theoretical illustration of this paradigm see James C. Scott, Scott, C. James see paradigm this of illustration theoretical a for Judith Butler, Butler, Judith
This is also Kligman’s argument in in argument Kligman’s also is This
Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex of Limits Discursive the On Matter: That Bodies ong the dialectics of „normality” and „abnormality”. I seek therefore to to therefore seek I „abnormality”. and „normality” of dialectics the ong ois ht Matter that Bodies (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998). 1998). Press, California of (Berkeley: University (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1987). The liberal paradigm of evadin of paradigm liberal The 1987). Press, University Yale Haven: (New (M.E. Sharpe, 1995).Daphne Berdahl, Berdahl, 1995).Daphne Sharpe, (M.E. (Indiana University Press, 2010). University(Indiana Press, Gail Kligman, Kligman, Gail – .” the standard view of much of the literature on socialism on literature the of much of view standard the 7 As such, I structure my research on subject and body and subject on research my structure I such, As
rt ta “ that wrote The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Reproduction Controlling Duplicity: of Politics The 5 h Wiprr: rvt Lf i Sai’ Russia Stalin’s in Life Private Whisperers: The 5 Therefore, I look at socialism not only not socialism at look I Therefore, the forming of the subject requires an an requires subject the of forming the – Ceauşescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Coercion Securitate: the and Ceauşescu but more importantly as a form of of form a as importantly more but
Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms Everyday Weak: the of Weapons (Routledge, 2011), p.3. p.3. 2011), (Routledge, On the Social Life of Postsocialism: Postsocialism: of Life Social the On subversion during socialism during subversion hy of former state former of hy – g power power g socialist 6 , I , , CEU eTD Collection draws Violence and 8 of practices the humanness even and belonging outside of index an becomes are then Mourning mourning. that subjects those bodies, unlivable and ungrievable the of specter the raise also bodies and subjects abject The acceptability. and normality of definitions shifting its and power of workings the from emerging process relational a as but itself, in category a as not bodies and subjects “abject” the of domain the trace the of form political the as socialism understand I itself: socialism on view different of banning a taking by framework, social and historical longer a the in discussion this pursue I abortion. and sexuality reproductive of discourse normalizing the repression, on focus narrow a by neglected long been have issues Such sexuality. non-hetero and hetero of interpretation the in flexibility more for allowed that contexts in mechanisms seduction and practices love fantasies, sexual desire, of issues explore I socialism. during sexuality and governmentality on take different a offer to aim I questions these raising In linked secrecy and together, ofpost-warcontext Romania? especially inthe post-peasant shame desire, are How space? communist entire the eroticizing of role the fulfill they how and emerge secrecy) with (linked promiscuity of fantasies does How them? fulfilling and fantasies arousing in role its plays power of gaze external the how and case, this in pleasure is What scopophilia? communist the in emerge desire does How questions: and interconnected of series a repressionraises This ascetism. and fear, sex confession, and lust of triangle a create therefore bodies and secrecy Gaze, Judith Butler further develops this argument in Judith Butler, Butler, Judith in argument this develops further Butler Judith the boundaries of the “social” andthe boundaries ofthe citizenship. (Verso, 2006). 2006). (Verso, 6
Precarious Life: The Powers of Mourning of Powers The Life: Precarious 8 ; it also it ; CEU eTD Collection 9 conflicts, cultural and political political and powerful struggle of a field acquired a became also Sexuality connotation. sexuality time, same the At rights. -sexual sex recogniz to states for need the included also sexuality with preoccupation constant rather or transformation This rights. sexual with also but orientation sexual with only not endowed be to themselves orientation. sexual of question the and industry sex the of birth the research, sex of professionalization growing the acts, sexual of expectations shifting the birth, controlling in interest growing the in expressed identity, individual to centralevermore became sexuality.Sex of century the centurywas personal of fu sphere a as sexuality posited it hand other the on while reproduction for sex on discourse ambivalent similar a produced which modernity, post-war of project wider a in development of story this insert I Moreover, underpinning an as well as sexualityeroticism. and politics and discipline norms, bodily of forms own its production. industrial and industry heavy on centered economy an to economy based peasant a from transition 10 1949 Verdery, Katherine and Kligman Gail arg Verdery Katherine and Kligman Gail authors case, Romanian the For 1994). ‘Decriminalization, Seduction, and “Unnatural Desire” in East Germany’, Germany’, East 553 in Desire” “Unnatural and Seduction, ‘Decriminalization, Khr Field, A. 2011).Deborah Press, University Cambridge York: New 11 Dissent Gender and Sexual of Regulation Ei J Hobsbawm, J. Eric Dagmar Herzog, Dagmar Herzog, Rcn wrs n D hsoy r h US cs del n h smlr ar similar the on dwell case USSR the or history GDR in works Recent flmn, xlrto ad efipoeet A Dga Hro age, h 20 the argues, Herzog Dagmar As self-improvement. and exploration lfillment, – sce’ Russia ushchev’s -1962 77. Josie McLellan, Josie (Princeton University Press, 2011). 2011). Press, University (Princeton Sexuality in Europe: A Twentieth-Century History Twentieth-Century A Europe: in Sexuality (Peter Lang, 2007).Dan Healey, Healey, 2007).Dan Lang, (Peter h Ae f xrms Te hr Teteh etr, 1914-1991 Century, Twentieth Short The Extremes: of Age The Love in the Time of Communism: Intimacy and Sexuality in the GDR the in Sexuality and Intimacy Communism: of Time the in Love 9 This shift, which was marked by a thorough urbanization, entailed urbanization, thorough a by marked was which shift, This 10
e a whole new sphere of individual rights pertaining to one’s to pertaining rights individual of sphere new whole a e Peasants under Siege: The Collectivization of Romanian Agriculture, Agriculture, Romanian of Collectivization The Siege: under Peasants 11 Mroe i ws h pro we pol perceived people when period the was it Moreover (University of Chicago Press, 2001). 2001). Press, Chicago of (University 7 ooeul eie n eouinr Rsi: The Russia: Revolutionary in Desire Homosexual – Private Life and Communist Morality in in Morality Communist and Life Private on the one hand it harnessed sex sex harnessed it hand one the on (Cambridge University Press, 2011). 2011). Press, University (Cambridge eiit Studies Feminist guments see Evans Jennifer, Jennifer, Evans see guments ue along a similar line in in line similar a along ue (Michael Joseph, Joseph, (Michael
(Cambridge ; 3 (2010), 36 , th
CEU eTD Collection chapter used elaborating for 5) dissertation. this in them of discussion detailed more (a sources my and methods my about commentary brief a offer also will I discussion this After debates. these to contribution specific my socialism of theory and history I desire; and sexualitynudity, formation; fields subject bodyand - mydissertation in engagewith overlapping broad three the in research my embed to wish I follows what In to trying same the enforce morality a socialist inkeeping productive withthe state’s and goals. ideological at while life, factory new the for needed families working-class mononuclear the favorof in arrangements peasantsocialprevious dislodging the ataimed necessary legislation a Romanian post-war of provides history the presenting succinctly 1 by contextualization Chapter 4). (chapter three communism of during turmoil men the homosexual and 3) (chapter yoga Bivolaru the Gregorian 2), around (chapter centered Mai practices 2 in nudists of community the studies, distinct: case broad but three overlapping at looking by issues these all explore I dissertation this In and individualization in terms of humanrelationships. egalitarianism been), have might it deficient (however goods consumer towards capitalist a itself call processes similar undergo nonetheless did economy, not did it that fact the of spite in which, context socialist state the for emphasizing be also will I that context the is This commodities. and markets new towards capitalism of development the and commercialization secularization, with linked – in order to trace both my intellectual trajectory but also also but trajectory intellectual my both trace to order in 8 – rapid secularization, an orientation orientation an secularization, rapid
CEU eTD Collection 13 12 material chapterI the ofthe Newexplain base creation as of Man, 1. the considered was and power state exercising of locus prime the was Romania, body the of where case the tantamount in especially well, a as socialism have state of aspects case the These in importance ideologies. and values meanings, with imbued them. standardize and tame to order Co in bodies over power their exert to they manage as insofar successful are control societal of forms different that suggested Elias process. civilizing western the in locus important an was body the how showed and structures social overlapping various in body the embedded Elias Norbert contrast, By main its of one text, this of importance In-Itself, shortcomings thusa ofnature. thing regards a thatit the is pre-given body as obvious the despite However, soul. to hindranc a body the considered that thinking Western of centuries after position central a gained body human the Mauss, with Consequently, shaped. is of world human the out which substance original the and world their shape humans which with tool education, original and training of the time same the programs at is body the that believed Mauss period. interwar the with in bourgeoning links important established and body body. the of sociology distinct a of text classic Mauss’ Marcel interpellation and materiality formations: 1. Body Norbert Elias, Elias, Norbert Marcel Mauss, Marcel sqety te oy per a te oe f h scea smoi fnto, deeply function, symbolic societal the of core the at appears body the nsequently, The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners of History The Process: Civilizing The ‘Techniques of the Body of ‘Techniques Techniques of the Body the of Techniques ∗
’, 12 Economy and society and Economy In his text, Mauss pointed to the social uses of the of uses social the to pointed Mauss text, his In 9 is considered to be the starting point starting the be to considered is (Urizen Books, 1978). 1978). Books, (Urizen , 2 (1973), 70 (1973), 2 , – 88.
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CEU eTD Collection 14 calculation, supervision, organization, gaze, documentation. and examination on but coercion physical on solely) political (or anymore a rely not does instituting which body of thus knowledge the is, body, that power, of the technology of functioning the and institutions different between intersection the at found be to is power of microphysics this of validity The dispositions. and techniques tactics, certain on based relations, of network unapparent an in operates power of microphysics The productive. subject a render to order in operating nexus. power/knowledge the of product discursive a as body the regarded Foucault body. the of conceptualization be notonly also for but central a restraints societal of locus society. thefunctioning in to appears body the while explicit, more even made is society the and body the between imaginary an to accordance in others than higher rank strata social certain labor, of division the Through body. the of model the on society of structuring the to refer to politic” “body term the are body. human the structures upon scale small social a on reproduced to accredited dangers and powers The body. physical the over are exercised punishment) of(or degreecare the of are mirroredin threatened,anxieties these collectivity social of boundaries the Whenever society. of realities the symbol reflecting natural a as body the conceiving by argument similar a made Douglas Mary 15 2002). 16 h ms isiig hoeia apoc fr hs rsn suy s Foucault’s is study present this for approach theoretical inspiring most The Mary Douglas, Mary Douglas, Michel Foucault, MichelFoucault, Foucault, Discipline and punish, p.200 punish, and Discipline Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution Taboo and Pollution of Concepts Analysis of An Danger: and Purity Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison the of the birth punish: and Discipline scale of purity. Consequently, in Douglas’ writing the connection connection the writing Douglas’ in Consequently, purity. of scale 15 Te oy s h st wee h mcohsc o pwr is power of microphysics the where site the is body The 16 . As I mentioned above, in my study I emphasize the emphasize I study my in above, mentioned I As 10 14 (New York: Vintage Books, 1995). 1995). Books, (New Vintage York: At the same time, Douglas coined Douglas time, same the At (Psychology Press, CEU eTD Collection bodily 1986). Press, University the grasp to me 17 allows that formation body socialist the as exclusion of of constitutive dialectics this deemed is It are un-patriotic. that and articulations un-socialist bodily deviant, abnormal, of exclusions of series body a socialist following the official emerges case, its bourgeois in the appears in As it programs. as and state legislations socialist documents, the by envisaged body socialist the of formation the with White and Stallybrass by described body bourgeois the of formation the compare to me enable they because study case my for salient are observations These combatandbecomes more and thus difficult react more to to. pervasive subjects its by embodied is that ideology the Moreover, ethos. new its inscribing of locus salient the is this because regime, any of target primordial the is body The individual. new a constructing at aimed act, political a fact in is bodies the concerning manners the of body and reformargued thatany ofthe Stallybrass and White Following Norbert Elias, dangerous. and grotesque as seen classes, disciplining lower the of characteristic body the of features of number a through formed and traits the all from bodybourgeois emergent the delineating at aimed that mechanisms was body bourgeois the that showed body. this shaped that exclusions of series the to ofinquired theformation thebourgeois by body into pinpointing Stallybrassand White practicesbodyappearcanchallenge and and regimes bodily power. alternative which in relations and spaces various up open which outcomes, unintended and unpredicted unexpected, its especially bodies, over power of character productive Peter Stallybrass and Allon White, White, AllonStallybrass and Peter The Politics and Poetics of Transgression Poetics of and Politics The 11 17 Frt n frms, h to authors two the foremost, and First (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Cornell N.Y.: (Ithaca, CEU eTD Collection Communism’, Communism’, 20 in Meyer’, G. Alfred and Wolchik L. Sharon in Women, 18 to relation in state the of commitments ideological the against women of life day every actual the evaluate of number A of Othering, of excluding, (of surveilling, gazing ofcontrolling of and deemed thebodies abnormal) similar. was itself formation of process the that is show to seek I different,what been havemight bodilyarticulations socialist and bourgeois the of content yoga actual the nudists, While socialism. of during embedded bodies were men the homosexual and which practitioners in dynamics social wider the and dispositions ‘“Something Old, Something New: Marital Roles and Relations in State Socialist Roman Socialist State in in Relations and Roles Marital Collapse.’, New: Something Old, ‘“Something the After and Union Soviet Former the and Europe Eastern from Reflections Before Romania: Press, University in Duke (Durham: ‘Women Meyer G Alfred and Wolchik L Sharon 21 Europe’, Europe’, Bucur- see Europe Eastern former men 19 History Women’s politics abortion on ban 1966 the Women Activists from Hungary and Romania and the Creation of International Wo International of Creation the and Romania and Hungary from Activists Women T chapter Popa's Europe Maria Raluca Central and Eastern Socialist State in Life duplicity. and complicity as such practices social of institutionalization the through exercised and constituted was power state how exploring for point starting a as taken was demography” “political Ceausescu’s of impact The control. of techniques everyday into turned have policies reproduction
Kligman. Kligman. Bucur- Fisher Mary Ellen, ‘Women in Romanian Politics. Elena Ceausescu, Pronatalism Ceausescu, Elena Politics. Romanian in ‘Women Ellen, Mary Fisher For an overview of the role, development and politics of gender as a cate a as gender of politics and development role, the of overview an For 18 . The main concern for much of the “gender” history “gender” the of much for concern main The American Historical Review Historical American 19 ekr, ai, Gneig isn: f ois n Mns Sria ad Oppo and Survival Minds, and Bodies Of Dissent: ‘Gendering Maria, Deckard, ad work. and OSP , 22 (2010), 34 (2010), 22 , tde srtnzd oe’ psto i Cassus oai tyn to trying Romania Ceausescu’s in position women’s scrutinized studies , 7 (2008), 9 (2008), 7 , the women’s question women’sthe
20 Gail Gail – ranslating Equality between Women and Men across Cold War Divides: Divides: War Cold across Men and Women between Equality ranslating – 26. is ol n oe’ lvs n wmns atcpto in participation women’s and lives women’s on toll its , 60. Essays in Shana Penn and Jill Massino, Massino, Jill and Penn Shana in Essays 60. Deckard, Maria, ‘An Arhipelago of Stories: Gender History in Eastern Eastern in History Gender Stories: of Arhipelago ‘An Maria, Deckard,
, 113 (2008), 1375 (2008), 113 , lga’ cmrhnie study comprehensive Kligman’s 21
oevr Kligman’s Moreover,
and the promise of equality between women and and women between equality of promise the and 12 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), especially especially 2009), Macmillan, Palgrave York: (New – 89. Women, State and Party in Eastern Europe Eastern in Party and State Women,
(New York: Routledge, 1992).Massino, Jill, 1992).Massino, Routledge, York: (New Gender Politics and Post-Communism: Post-Communism: and Politics Gender of socialist Romania has been has Romania socialist of eia suy hwd that showed study seminal Gender Politics and Everyday Everyday and Politics Gender 95. asete Mariana, Hausleitner 1985). gory of historical research in in research historical of gory
eitd o state’s how depicted men's Year men's and the Promotion of Promotion the and ia,”’, . . iin under sition Journal of of Journal , by , CEU eTD Collection 22 and dispositions body what m embodiment clarify to need I path, analytical this pursue to order In police deployed them. toenforce the by and them by enabled but its others, and of Kligman by spite described in policies repressive necessarily not socialism during emerged that practices and regimes body “abnormal” “troubling”, the address explicitly and point this on up pick I study society. to duty collective of imperative the by doubled imperative heterosexual the of lines the along was sexuality human interpreting of paradigm dominant the where Romania, in 1966 after published manuals advice marriage of analysis Biebuyick’s by developed further is point This control. and heteronormativity norms, gender sexuality, of issues from separated be couldn’t ones, troubling the especially embodiment, of issues 23 49 (2010), 4 bodycrucial gender isa of site constitution. the that show to been has point the Rather, dialectics. mind/body a of inconsistencies and frailty the to pinpoint to intended only not is - body sexed and representation cogito, the of articulation the undermine that conditions material the of revaluation Cartesian bodies. imaginary as construed are bodies which in way the depicted have philosophers feminist 24 Matter Corporeal Feminism Corporeal
Luce Irigaray, Luce Irigaray,
Erin Biebuyck, ‘The Collectivisation of Pleasure: Normative Sexuality in Post 19 inPost Sexuality Normative ofPleasure: Collectivisation ‘The Biebuyck, Erin The most salient supporters of this view have been Elizabeth Grosz, Grosz, Elizabeth been have view this of supporters salient most The . . 24 This current, known as corporeal feminism - a discourse offering a radical anti- radical a offering discourse a - feminism corporeal as known current, This – 70.
This Sex Which Is Not One Not Is Which Sex This ean. Following Luce Irigaray’s Luce Following ean. , First Edition (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994).and Butler, 1994).and Press, University Indiana (Bloomington: Edition First , (Ithaca, N.Y: Cornell University Press, 1985). 1985). Press, University Cornell N.Y: (Ithaca, 13 critique of Western metaphysics Western of critique Volatile Bodies: Toward a a Toward Bodies: Volatile 66 Romania’, 66
23 Bodies That Bodies
, several , ASPASIA 22 In my my In , CEU eTD Collection it 26 relations, power inherent 25 and patterns embodiment different of specificities the on again focuses view a such While subjectivity. of production the in fundamental then become difference sexual and Sexuality manners. different in constructed discursively spe body’s losing without but body, the of specificity. sexual its in thought be should body the that and subject the of constitutive and ontological is difference sexual that argued has philosopher, feminist inspired Deleuze a also Braidotti, Rosi dissertation. this in discuss I studies case three the for relevant very also sex, and gender between distinction political and theoretical the elicited further discussion This phallocentric frames. certain within body the constructs activelydualism this how show to also but mind/body, of duality inherent the criticize to sufficient not is it body the of materiality the recapture to order in Consequently, representations. dominant of set strong a within and image body- masculine a within formulated are bodies out, pointed Grosz as for, ethics less gender- a is this But existence. their affirm bodies which in way the but law of negation of notthe imposition is body.norms, nor ethics For the constructed Deleuze, of nature the lo the in denied systematically was which body, the of materiality the to matter, to return a for argued Braidotti and Irigaray while Thus, representations. gender various under body-subject the constructing actively of one but negation, and repression a of act just simple not was somatophobia and logocentrism Western the in body of rejection The Malden, MA: Polity, 2002). 2002). Polity, MA: Malden, Rosi Braidotti, Braidotti, Rosi Grosz.p.120 oetit oi, rs epoig Dluin edn o Sioa pitd o the to pointed Spinoza, of reading Deleuzian a employing Grosz logic, gocentrist Metamorphoses: Towards a Materialist Theory of Becoming of Theory Materialist a Towards Metamorphoses: 26 Thus, this shift would be more open to the discursive constructions discursive the to open more be would shift this Thus, 25
14 iiiy ta i, oe admn ois are bodies men and women is, that cificity: , 1 edition (Cambridge, UK ; UK ; (Cambridge, edition 1 , CEU eTD Collection 27 up open mechanisms power that be to seems argument Foucauldian the Thus, power. of movement circular a in pleasure sexual of forms new to rise gives sexuality of repression the example, For discipline. and regulate suppress, to endeavor they what of proliferation By immediacy. its mediates gradually the motion in mechanismsset themselves disciplining how emphasized Foucault contrast, and nature human inert an of part as given, as presupposed is that body the on operates simply power Hegel, In account. into activity the of disciplinary of effect proliferating the take not Hegeldid that oneis them differencesbetween that show to order in Foucault and Hegel contrasted Butler Furthermore, thought”bodies along which oraberrant inscribe lines ofnatural body the how understand to rather but feminine), (as body the of exclusion logocentric the to the due “outside” inscribe as simply feminine to counterproductive is that noted Butler Thus, embodiment. of terms in excluded) the repressed, (the “outside” is what and “normal” is what build they way the and constructions discursive these of functioning of mode the is grasp to stake at is what that claimed author the Thus, shifting. always and localized, and contingent always are constructions discursive these but se), per materiality no is (there constructed argued pre- no is there thus and practices, discursive always is body” “biological the contrary, the On sex. of notions biological and empiricist into been slipping while one, has mind/body the prolonging dualism of accused sex/gender The essentialisms. undue of risk the runs nonetheless 28 Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, 27 Bodies That Matter, p.58 Matter, That Bodies Bodies That Matter, p.121- Matter, That Bodies . Moreover, Butler showed that the material body is indeed discursively discursively indeed is body material the that showed Butler Moreover, . . 143 . is subjected through a series of shifting “image of of “image shifting of series a through subjected is 15 icrie sx o “sex” discursive . 28 -already trapped within within trapped -already
gne a Butler as gender r CEU eTD Collection 29 argue, I as dovetails, dissertation this in scrutinize I embodiments aberrant three of instances The contention. and resistance for space the opens which edifice, power the of core the at fissure ontological an represents surplus This contain. to aims it subject-object very the of surplus generatesa also but subject-object its represses only powernot power: of effect proliferating the from stems embodiments aberrant of idea the noted, already As subjects and bodies 2. Abnormal subject and embodiments “abnormal” about formation during socialism. discussion my place I which within background theoretical the is This desires. secretly power what is (usually) represses power What desire. repressing of act the from inseparable is created) is abnormal the which through act the precisely is (which abnormal the excluding of act the Therefore, curiosity. and attraction desire, elicits what also is abnormal and deviant as imagined and out left is what excluded, is what research: my in Iemploy thought of line the is This core, outside. an not in imaginary its at contentionspacefor the up opens and transgression resistance,anddeviance own its generates assemblage power any Consequently, operation. power’s sustains that excess In- Hegelian external illusory, an not is power of grasp the eludes effectively what Therefore, discipline. and contain, repress, to want they excess the generate they as far so in inefficacity, own their for space the (London; New York: Verso, 2009), p.247- 2009), Verso, York: (London; New Sao Zizek, Slavoj h Tcls Sbet Te bet ete f oiia Ontology Political of Centre Absent The Subject: Ticklish The 29
313 Itself, but rather the “obscene”, aberrant, disquieting disquieting aberrant, “obscene”, the rather but Itself, . 16 , Second Edition edition edition Edition Second , CEU eTD Collection osdrd s “art” as considered ua bd, hc hd s slet etr ter rdsns ad censorship. and curatoria prudishness designed specially the their to relegated feature was activity an salient as nudism a Furthermore, as had which body, human the of representations anatomical produced state the were forms nudist acknowledged only The meanings.different took nudity of issues Romania Ceausescu’s in But historical the between ofthe context specific theimage ofart, work consumerand itself? its relationship the in or beholder” the of “eye the in image, the Marxism). feminism, (psychoanalysis, frameworks theoretical of variety a from scrutinized been has scholarship “canonical” in nude female the especially nude, 30 artistic between distinction a to leads “ and bodies naked of approach representations this Furthermore, art. as body naked the defines what of question the is research of field this of core the at be to seems nudity. of depictions artistic about scholarship extensive an built have ideas, feminist by informed some historians, Art nudity. of aspect researched most the perhaps is women) especially (but either or women men bodiesof naked the The of representation nud The the expresses repressed power itself. desire of also that regime governmental Ceausescu’s of heart the at surplus the 32 1972). Press, PrincetonUniversity N.J.: 31 2014). Ferrari, 2004).Federico Publishers, by Michel Feher, Ramona Naddaff, and Nadia Tazi, 3 vols.Zone 3 (New York: Tazi, Nadia and Naddaff, Ramona Feher, by Michel Lynda Nead, LyndaNead, For this distinction see the seminal work of Kenneth Clark, Kenneth workof seminal the see this For distinction Ruth Barcan, Barcan, Ruth Perniola Mario, ‘Between Clothing and Nudity’, in in Nudity’, and Clothing ‘Between Mario, Perniola e/ istbody The Female Nude: Art, Obscenity and Sexuality and Obscenity Art, Nude: Female The uiy A utrl Anatomy Cultural A Nudity: . 31 Mroe, h rltosi bten eult, rtcs ad the and eroticism sexuality, between relationship the Moreover, Being Nude: The Skin of of Images Skin The Nude: Being other , 1St Edition edition (Oxford, UK ; New York: Berg Berg York: New UK ; (Oxford, edition Edition 1St , 17 ” representations, which are not or cannot be be cannot or not are which representations, ” Fragments for a History of the Human Body Human the of History a for Fragments The Nude: A Study in Ideal Form in Ideal Study A Nude: The
(London ; New York: Routledge, 1992). Routledge, York: New (London ; (New York: Fordham University Press, Press, University Fordham (New York: Books, 1989), 1989), Books, 32 Is the erotic in erotic the Is II , 236 , (Princeton, (Princeton, officially officially 30 – 66. What , ed. ,
l CEU eTD Collection moral predominant the against achievement spiritual for tool a as nudity employed which movements dissent or heretic examples stat of full of is Christianity case of history the The socialism. to restricted however, not, is politics and nudism of interplay The other in circumstances. nudism of practices common the against also but logic regime’s the against went that forms desirable and erotic aesthetic, took therefore, nudism, socialism, state the outside either productivity, bodyof imperatives regime’s the inscribed also but nakedness, highly “normal” and of politics instances moral regulated conservative regime’s the of grain the against went only not nudism enforcers.Also, law clothed its and state the gazeofthe under embodiment of form aberrant an as appeared activity, semi-public a as nudism, that show I scene nudist general the the in participants the of and histories personal tracing By regime. the of background societal bodies naked their between relationship the and nudism practicing of reasons their people, of network a such of possibility of conditions the into inquire I subversive. potentially and problematic highly was 2) chapter (see Veche Vama and Mai 2 in formed community nudist small the context this In Code. Penal the by punished severely was and offense moral and legal a considered was nudity framework, this Outside Sovata). and Techirghiol Eforie, (like class working the of fun-need the for cater to aimed resorts 18 concerning work or sexual reproduction. In reproduction. sexual or work concerning e CEU eTD Collection 33 of nudity 2 and interminglingearly politics the as as examples early most and researched most of one perhaps is movement Adamite The law. philosophy, a short-had for resistance to the alienation brought by rapid rapid by brought alienation Lebensreform the to resistance industrialization. for short-had a philosophy, anti-modern of symptomatic been had naturism German analysts, some For movement. naturist German the of case the is nudism socio-political of cases well-known the of One 34 andNazi umbrella subdued ideology organization tothe racist regime. ofthe a under amassed were associations nudist different the power, to ascendance South. Hitler’s the in as other much as many just in North the spread in adepts it gaining countries but European Germany to restricted phenomenon a not was period interwar the during nudism of popularity growing The era. imperial the of mores prudish conservative the denounced it because precisely popularity gained naturism Germany, socialism of supporters to pleasure-seekers, and aesthetes to naturists, bourgeois from ranging associations and groups ideological different in down broke and diversified movement the period inter-war the During mass-movement. forward-looking 35 1997). Press, ofCalifornia 36 2003). Press, Chicago interwar Romania see Barnoschi, Vasile Dimitrie, Dimitrie, Vasile Revolution] Barnoschi, see Romania interwar 37 Calif: Stanford University Press, 2007). 2007). University Press, Calif: Stanford Jim Cunningham, Jim Karl Toepfer, Toepfer, Karl Michael Hau, Hau, Michael Fr mpig f uit oeet i Erp se acn Sal clu Small Barcan. see Europe in movements nudist of mapping a For John Williams, John (Bucure ti: Cultura Românească, 19 ). 19 Românească, Cultura ti: (Bucure Empire of Ecstasy: Nudity and Movement in German Body Culture, 1910-1935 Culture, Body inGerman Movement and Nudity Ecstasy: of Empire The Cult of Health and Beauty in Germany: A Social History, 1890-1930 History, Social A Germany: in Beauty and Health of Cult The movement, which emerged at the turn of the 20 the of turn the at emergedwhich movement, Turning to Nature in Germany: Hiking, Nudism, and Conservation, 1900- Conservation, and Nudism, Hiking, Germany: in Nature to Turning 34 Nudity &Christianity Nudity Ohr itras ru ta Gra ntrs hs pug rm the from sprung has naturism German that argue historians Other (Bloomington, Ind.; Milton Keynes, U. K.: AuthorHouse, 2006). 2006). AuthorHouse, K.: U. Keynes, Milton Ind.; (Bloomington, 19
Nudismul: Revolutia Sociala [ Nudism: A Social Social A Nudism: [ Sociala Revolutia Nudismul: nd century AD. th es of a nudist movement during during movement nudist a of es Century, an emancipatoryCentury, an 33
35 I interwar In . 37 1940 (University of of (University
(University (University (Stanford, 36 After CEU eTD Collection 38 East Germany tothe slowlyof points theEast disintegration state. German in nudism of boom popularity the and ban the of overturning The nudists. the and police the between clashes to complaints official and letters from forms: of variety a in protests provoked decree state this However, connections. Nazi its of because regime new communist the by II War World the of aftermath the in banned was nudism Social citizens. its and state socialist the between negotiation and struggle permanent of site a became Germany of Republic Democratic the of regime socialist state the under nudism Social that investments libidinal articulated and withart, other politics. suchas sex, practices and desire of forms various of formation the enabled and (erotic) intertwined nakedness derivingand nudity way this state In subjects. nude scopophilic its at gazing from a pleasure of notion the introduce I there light: different a in it reframing by issue this approach I 2 Chapter In undertones. erotic (potential) its ter opposite dialectical its elicits necessarily nudism of discussion The of simultaneously, and, it politicizing of transforming bodiesand thenudist subjects as“abnormal”. potential the had morality prevailing nud practicing reasons, these For activity. decadent a as nudism marking by trends, these continued only regime communist the of power to coming The artists. and bohemians of handful a of time past favorite the was or activities and designated therapeutically to peasant only confined was nudism WWII, very before society traditional a Still different. markedly was situation the case Romanian the In Modern History Modern
celn oi, Sae oils Bde: at emn uim rm a t Boom’ to Ban from Nudism German East Bodies: Socialist ‘State Josie, McLellan , 79 (2007), 48 (2007), 79 , – 79.
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h Junl of Journal The CEU eTD Collection evaded that activities in engage to people for conditions and time free enough generated etc.)amenities, otherand housingsteady affordable but jobs, economy (low-paid socialist the of structure very The pursuits. personal various in engage to people enabled which jobs, low-key undemanding, of category certain a created state socialist the of structure economic the First, socialism. to relation in under-researched rather were think I which aspects, inter-related two raises aspect This education. adult centers for state in the by hours organized working his after came spirituality on classes first His institutions. state in but places underground and obscure some in not quests spiritual other and yoga with engagement his begin to able was Bivolaru discussion, my in emphasize I as But, and appealing more yoga becomingwidespread, Bivolaru from aficionadoguru. amarginal turning intoa it to led only practice this curtail acts. to sexual attempts transgressive State’s and forbidden in engaging with synonymous it made and practice the eroticizied turn in which sexuality expressing for outlet an became practice of case yoga socialism, during practitioners the yoga important most the analyzing of one Bivolaru, Gregorian by 3, chapter in discuss I As desire. and sexuality regulate to here describing am social Iyoga of strand the case, Romanian the in nudism, like just But, the state. the of expectations with incongruent was individual the on fixation its and regime a materialist for unsuitable idealism of form a as regarded was philosophy Yoga aims. spiritual its to due socialism state in place a of less even had yoga nudism, than so more Even yoga The body was also highly sexualized precisely because of the state’s ambition ambition state’s the of because precisely sexualized highly also was 21 CEU eTD Collection Regimul Comunist. Regimul Olivier, 2005).Gillet Veche, Curtea Vasile, Cristian are published church studies main the Church Orthodox to the and state between regards collaboration close and in accommodation policy socialist state shifting a com the and Church Orthodox the between relationship the on studies 40 Generation Soviet Last România Contemporană România Today Poetics 39 a form ofspirituality takes andas body as starting point main reference that its its point. is, that spirituality: materialist a here discern can we that is Bivolaru, of case the in show articulations, to and try I as argument, forms My state. the by different repressed openly sometimes in tolerated, sometimes bloc socialist former the across present were intellectual, to mystic from kinds, various of quests Spiritual example. one just is practice yoga which of itself regime the of logic materialist and productivist the by engendered socialism. of realities everyday the from “escapism” about discussions the to incorporated simply or socialism of study the by neglected were spirituality of forms formalized, less and institutionalized less compromise. and negotiation collaboration, the of forms of various to repression or the former, to pointing state, socialist the and religion relationship the organized on between focused have between studies relationship of series the A is socialism. state here, and spirituality discussion my for important more and Second, generation dropouts. of socialist state. the of control the 41 n h Sve Union Soviet the in Breaking Away from Ideology and Everyday Routine in Eastern Europe, Europe, Eastern in 2013). Routine Everyday and Ideology from Away Breaking A good overview on the state-church relationship in the USSR see Sabrin see USSR the in relationship state-church the on overview good A
Sm esy fo Ctle M Gutn, ahrn J Pu ad Alexand and Plum J. Catherine Giustino, M. Cathleen from essays Some A. Yurchak, ‘Suspending the Political: Late Soviet Artistic Experiments Experiments Artistic Soviet Late Political: the ‘Suspending Yurchak, A. , 29 (2008), 713 (2008), 29 , (Bucure ti: Editura Editura ti: (Bucure Cmrde nvriy rs, 05. oain itrorpy pr historiography Romanian 2005). Press, University (Cambridge (Princeton University Press, 2006). 2006). Press, University (Princeton (Bucure ti: Nemi (Bucure 39 – ioau n hs aso fr oa s cs i pit o the for point in case a is yoga for passion his and Bivolaru 33 .Alexei Yurchak, Yurchak, .Alexei Religie i Naționalism. Ideologia Bisericii Ortodoxe Române Sub Sub Române Ortodoxe Bisericii Ideologia Naționalism. i Religie Biserica Ortodoxă Română În Primul Deceniu Comunist Deceniu Primul În Română Ortodoxă Biserica 41 Compania, 2001).George Enache, 2001).George Compania, M itnin s o ae eiul ti siiul aspect spiritual this seriously take to is intention My ra, 2005). 2005). ra, 22 Everything Was Forever, until It Was No More: The The More: No Was It until Forever, Was Everything – rm ersin uig h 15s to 1950s the during repression from munist state. Most studies emphasize emphasize studies Most state. munist Ortodoxie i Putere Politică În Politică Putere i Ortodoxie a Petra Ramet, Petra a 1945-1989 on the Margins of the State’, State’, the of Margins the on er Vari, Vari, er authorities. Most relevant relevant Most authorities. (Berghahn Books, Books, (Berghahn dcd sre of series a oduced Socialist Escapes: Escapes: Socialist Religious Policy Policy Religious 40 Bt other, But (Bucure ti: ti: (Bucure CEU eTD Collection being a of spirituality. new and affirmation positive own negation its into brought it society, old the of horizon spiritual previous the to end an put to managed socialism while dialectically, Again, Europe. Eastern of populations religious highly the over effect dis-enchanting its and modernity socialist regarding debates the to way oblique an other in contributes also to discussion my Therefore, up expectations. and interpretations it opening world, socialist the re-enchanting in role a played yoga state, regime. socialist Furthermore, beyondmeaningsascribed new to and by ones pointing potentials by the the the by policing severe its attracted which potential, transformative powerful a held yoga worldview, filled duty a against again desire and body linking By noplaceespecially had constellation. ones, inthis sexual pleasure, of kinds Other etc.). country, the serving children, making (work, society the enthusiastically and rightfully society 42 fulfill from derived be to supposed were satisfaction and body.Pleasure the to necessarilyexternal was imagination,pleasure Bivolaru Gregorian of teaching the following those for search spiritual the from indistinguishable became which pleasure, bodily for quest The ways. of variety a in for searched and expressed pleasure, of site a into productivity state of site a from body the re-transformed it and energies and desires of series a unleashed body the with fixation spiritual this Naturally, Erin Biebuyck. Biebuyck. Erin mre te oy s anra” Acrig o h socialist the to According “abnormal”. as body the marked , ing one’s task one’s ing and, more generally, from fulfilling’s one’s role in in role one’s fulfilling’s from generally, more and, 23 s towards the building of the socialist socialist the of building the towards s 42
CEU eTD Collection Jennifer EvansJennifer The Gender Regulation andDesire, of co dis- was homosexuality of criminalization the slowly where countries European Eastern other in then restricted more much was setting Romanian the in existence Homosexual “abnormal” thehomosexual body: that of another yet to creation the led This mores. decaying to stance, productive this outside encounte sexual relegating thus encounters, sexual of de-sexualization a to led regime pro- the addition, In offenses. penal similar considered were pornography and homosexuality when Code, Penal Revised 1968 the in measure reinforcedthis only regimeCeausescu’s and criminalized was homosexuality 19 6, of As NGO sphere orthat ofindependent theatre. yetsuch unlikehistories, theearlycoherentfromresearch andcomes the 2000, more genuinely men orlesbian women.homosexual There an is and interest In have torecapture of attempts Romania very few been thehidden histories made awaiting the everydaya inscription into muchneeded to realities. ofeastern block 45 44 43 the notable exceptionWith Dan of Healy legitimate and ofEast research studies. thefield interesting European historical topics emergeareHistories as ofhomosexuality Iron now only starting behind to Curtain the homosexual bodyThe Florin Buhuceanu, Buhuceanu, Florin McLellan. Jennifer. Evans - authored by Mihaela Mihailcov and Paul Dunca “După Traian i Decebal: filei din i Decebal: Traian “După Dunca Paul and Mihailcov by Mihaela authored ’ 43 and Homoistorii - - Homoistorii Josie McLellan’s wor Ie irea Din Invizibilitate Din Ie irea and a couple ofothercouple and published as aresearch such ’s . 45 Homosexual Desire Russia. inRevolutionary 24 k onGDR
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Hence, an inquiry into the “aberrant” embodiments put forth by by forth put embodiments “aberrant” the into inquiry an Hence, well. as socialism omosexuals would entail an utter disruption of Ceausescu’s regime, from inside and inside from regime, Ceausescu’s of disruption utter an entail would omosexuals 25 n , CEU eTD Collection is dissertation this in approach My works. valuable produced have strands Both citizens. to keen its and state are between interactions of that intricacy the those and life everyday and society, emphasize regime repressive totalitarian, a as socialism consider that oeuvres between divided be can work of body this complexity, and heterogeneity its despite that is impression my However, archives. party communist and police secret the of opening the following communism on literature of body growing a now by is There the police-state socialism: 3. Re-thinking await astill proper andpolitical historical recognition. cases other many since stone, stepping- a only thus is men homosexual the of case the between tension on only the Focusing other. excluded their and of behavior and sexuality of regimes perspective normative wider the from but citizens, and state between not tension the of perspective the from so does it but socialism, during affects various analyzes that historiography of field growing the to contribution a then is discussion My sexualitylove, desire,and menfelt. pleasure these about also but state, the of gaze heteronormative the by generated suicide and burden shame, guilt, of stories traumatic about talk thus I counter- it. with the deal to and elicited mechanisms generated encounter such subjectivity of type the in interested am lived, I created,Therefore, power. of actions repressive the with interaction in was embodied and negotiated homosexuality which in manner the understanding in is interest my because sample representative a claim not do I socialism. during men homosexual prominent three of experiences the examine I where 4 chapter in goal this towards work I 26 CEU eTD Collection 47 1978 46 18 the of beginning the at emerged that power political of type new a as governmentality, described Foucault totalitarian the beyond paradigmHannah by developed Arendt power socialist the explain to suited is Foucault Michael by its also but features governmentality of notion the repressive that think I end, its this To qualities. productive only not and trace total nonetheless a as I regime power, socialist the totalizing at look indeed do I while for, different slightly Burchell, Colin Gordon, and Peter Miller, 1st edition (Chicago: University O University (Chicago: edition 1st Miller, Peter and Gordon, Colin Burchell, 48 1973). “ to longer no is it meaning: its changes govern to Thus, obedient. and self-governing productive, them render would which reformation, their but subjects unruly of annihilation the longer no modesofnecessity Consequently, capitalist atstake toadapt production. is new what is to the from as well as colonies, and territories larger control that to necessity governance the from springs of modality new a by overridden slowly been has power sovereign Foucault, to according modernity, In visibility. of order diagrammatic a into etc.) death, life, goods, territory, citizens, to referring term generic (a things of disposition right the through away policed brutally not is deviance The transformation. of goal productive its is feature salient governementality’s power, sovereign the of force repressive the Against order tocreategovernable subjects. Hannah Arendt, Hannah others, and MichelFoucault
Michel Foucault, ‘Governmentality’, in ‘Governmentality’, MichelFoucault, (St Martins Press, 2009). 2009). MartinsPress, (St moe a o mn u t arne laws arrange to but men on law impose The Origins of Totalitarianism of Origins The th Century in Western Europe. Succinctly, governmentality represents represents governmentality Succinctly, Europe. Western in Century Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977 France de Collège the at Lectures Population: Territory, Security, The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality in Studies Effect: Foucault The
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47 . . , New edition (New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Brace, Harcourt, York: (New New , edition 27 , o ely atclr atc in tactics particular deploy to ”, f Chicago Press, 1991), p.89. 1991), Press, fChicago , ed. by , ed. Graham 46 developed -- CEU eTD Collection surveillance police secret of level well-documented the Given context. Romanian the in especially position, theoretical problematic a such be even not might this glance, first At “ socialism that: argued he Moreover, liberalism. and police-state the categories: two into divided he which governmentality of concept the A way out of this conundrum is to look to is conundrum this of out wayA of experience The GDR. “ of context the in not Germany, West post-war of context the in governmentality neo-liberal) (and socialist about case his making was Foucault because ambiguity, an is there here But socialism. European Eastern to governmentality of concept the apply to reluctant were observers many why reason the is this Perhaps 49 France, de College at lectures his In socialism. state approaching in useful framework this find I salientgovernmentality and feature self-censorship. emphasis onself-governance of isits the Furthermore, governementality. calls Foucault that coin same the of faces different are insanity and sanity disorder, and order unreason, and reason Consequently, convicts). sick, poor, lazy, people, (mad elements deviant the by embodied disorder the against itself asserts order the Thus, reformed. be to elements deviant and deviance are there as insofar such as exists order diagrammatic the first, idea: two-fold a is governmentality of description Foucault’s from retained be to is What individuals. the reforming at aimed jailthe hospital, the madhouse, the speciallyplaces: designedin organized repression,but actually existing socialism Foucault and others. others. Foucault and Security, Territory, Population Territory, Security, ” 49 cnieig ht oils i sil ikd o h lbrl governmentality. liberal the to linked still is socialism that considering , ” taken isnot upby Foucault’s analysis. and at “actually existing socialism” as a police a as socialism” existing “actually at 28 The birth of biopolitics of birth The hr i n gvrmna rtoaiy of rationality governmental no is there , Foucault developed Foucault ,
-state . CEU eTD Collection 50 developed socialism state analyzing of paradigm totalitarian the attachedto still one police-state,but the to the of understandingFoucauldian a not is understanding an such confirm However norms. official not did that subjects the all punishing and disciplining state, police a as state the render indeed does decrees Party’s to life of subordination the and Ceausescu of powers total the subjects, its check in keep and monitor to order in deployed state the bureaucratically (as ideology its some not was state of type this of essence The guidelines. with and goals developed keeping in top-down society the transforming at aimed machine administrative and bureaucratic huge a foremost and first was state socialist The well. as Curtain Iron the of side either the on unfolding situation the perfectly describes it think which I Germany, Western to referring to was Foucault while and secondary, state is socialism the of apparatus administrative the precisely is emphasizes Foucault between bloc apparatus administrative an of massive logic internal the as of functions socialism state, sort police a of a governmentality the in of point, that constitution At administration. and the governmentality continuity, a fusion, a is of governmentalities that noted he when point own Foucault’s echo would This Visibility, legibilityorder and were primecharacteristics. its logic. this to according organized was space social the and politics of essence the was it put Police police. To and politics between distinction manner. no was there socialism during police-like differently, a in functioned itself power more that but fact state, the importantly the by deployed surveillance police Orwell-like of level the simply Foucault, The Birth of Biopolitics, p.132 Biopolitics, of Birth The by Hannah Arendt’s Arendt’s Hannah by the police state: that is, a “ a is, that state: police the Origins of Totalitarianism of Origins . 29 hyper-administrative state in which there which in state hyper-administrative . What I have in mind is not is mind in have I What . socialism function under under function socialism ” . 50 What CEU eTD Collection ersie oi. oie os ers, uti ad uih bt lo rvns orders prevents, also but punish, and curtail repress, does Police (only logic. necessarily repressive not is logic police that is here add to like would I what However, an as punished and abnormal subject. outcast was and enemy an considered was welfare socialist the to subscribing not was Whoever dictatorship. welfare of type particular a as interpreted was it where point the to folks its of needs the to catering of implement, to police strong and developed a required nonetheless that modernity and development of life, it good of vision own its state, implemented anti-market state an While fundamentally order. the was to confirm socialism not do that those all policing entails practice, in course, of which, life, good of idea the of mechanism enforcing an as precisely emerged 51 with preoccupation with preoccupation the from the shift a Butmarked also trade.trade of development and mercantilism of development the of height the at appear armies) In definition. Population Foucault’s recalls also here police use I way The the not characterized it is (it citizens its of life the and world certainthe waya organize in itsto desire but emphasize) socialism state analysesof some Welfare in Hungary in Welfare LynneHaney, also argument similarFor a 1999). Books, GDR the of history socio-cultural a towards Experience: 53 1978 52 Fall?. It WhyDid was and What 1 Socialism especially Chapter 1996), Press, Katherine Verdery, KatherineVerdery, others, and MichelFoucault Konrad Jarausch, ‘Care and Coercion: The GDR as Welfare Dictatorship’, in Dictatorship’, GDR asWelfare The Coercion: and ‘Care Jarausch, Konrad (St Martins Press, 2009) p.311-333. p.311-333. 2009) MartinsPress, (St , Foucault noted that the institution of modern police (prefigured by the royal royal the by (prefigured police modern of institution the that noted Foucault , 51 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002). 2002). Press, California of University (Berkeley: ): that is, to police it according to a pre-given script. topolice according): that is, it pre-given script. toa 53 What Was Socialism, and What Next? Comes and Socialism, Was What
well-being Security, Territory, Population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977- France de Collège the at Lectures Population: Territory, Security, fo life from ; 30 se per , ed. by Konrad Jarausch (New York: Berghahn Berghahn York: (New Jarausch ed.by , Konrad Inventing the Needy: Gender and the Politics of of Politics the and Gender Needy: the Inventing t a od life. good a to , wooden language language wooden (Princeton, N.J: Princeton University University Princeton N.J: (Princeton, Dictatorship as as Dictatorship 52 Te oen police modern The euiy Territory, Security, but but being h plan the towards a a towards that ) , CEU eTD Collection changes.I section. todiscussing aspect this turn thenext in material source my of status the state police a as socialism conceptualizing by Finally, the of management and notanexcesspopulation; ofpower, inner’s butpower log government of fundament a now becomes police the regime), of anti-communist excesses the the for (blamed beyond government of instrument deployed mere a socialism From scholarship. state that police (secret) of role reveal say to also to and past, socialist the in police potentiality secret the of functioning the about the something have They investigation. theoretical of avenue important an as them regard I data, of sources as files these considering just of Instead formation. historical their of but truth-content and acuity their of necessarily not question the raises this police, secret the of files the from collected are data my of part significant a Since sources and Methodology lines these along socialism thinking by Moreover, socialism. state of totality) towards aspiring of sense the (in nature totalitarian the however denying without Arendt, Hannah of paradigm totalitarian the beyond go to me enables governmentality state police a as socialism state of reconceptualization This aboutreform education. alsosimultaneously but and about punishment, is Police purpose. pedagogical a serves also it but force, brute about only not is Police data. and information generate to able people trustworthy and informers of networks developing about also is it but incarceration about only not is Police cajoles. and controls it offers the possibility to think differently of the the of differently think to possibility the offers 31 ic. ic. 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Eastern former the in administration from public 54 instead Therefore, citizens. modus its and state and the between interaction logic the as well as its operandi, police-state, the of functioning the of aspects important reveal to potential the thus have They regime. the of heart the at placed regime, the by produced specific its documents were They itself. power of functioning the with of sense) derridean the (in traces police-state a but material, archival simple socialism just longer no were files police secret the governmentality, considering by above, mentioned I As richness. theoretical its for material this engage to decided intentionally I Moreover, secondary sources. and interviews through gathered I data the complement to resources important became tolustration purposes not onlyrelated for purposes investigation to accessible became archive police secret the content, to its to access regulate struggles political of years After researchers. to accessible increasingly becoming were files police secret the dissertation, this for Romania in research conducted I time the During intended. and contingent both was archives police secret using of choice The files meet again a form. in different of bodies and secrecy gaze, There post-communism. in archive the of pleasures textual the to communism of pleasures sexual the from transition the analyze will I 5 chapter in Therefore, memories. embodied especially and memory of issues with way different a in deal to me enables This 1989. after opening their of politics the about something Lustration refers to legislation proposed for the purposes of purging of the for purposes proposed legislation to Lustrationrefers 32 54 butalsoforresearch. academic They former Communist Party members Party Communist former CEU eTD Collection and aficionados yoga- Cluj and Bucharest from me carried practitioners, technique This socialism. during men homosexual nudist to talk to interviews unstructured used I tools. of variety a employed research my methodology, of point the from why, is This central ofit. objects sourcesfor investigation, but my in turn, render them simple politicalwhich, artifacts, not and material historical of status double the have files these Thus, observation. minute of subjects as citizens interpellated which and dimension scophofilic its offered which state the of gaze the of aware become can one mechanism very this through However, perspective. state’s assumes necessarily one them reading by since problematic status the of manifestation very the also but state, police the of functioning the in windows specific very be to appear files these Therefore, they of constant,reveal this everydayinteraction. important aspects dissertation, this throughout explain I as subjects, my of life the of part integral an was police secret the since Moreover, registering. purportedly were they activities “dissident” the and power of logic the once at trace could I effect performative their and files these examining By status. “abnormal” their solidified and inscribed process, very this through and, police secretby the surveillance constantobject of the made that subject i aspect This discussingI thenatureChapter ofpower insocialist Romania, an aspect 5. discussin theoretically for avenues important became they files, these granted for taking simply of s even more salient for my research since I deal with “abnormal” bodies and bodies “abnormal” with deal I since research my for salient more even s 33 state’s activity. This renders their ontological ontological their renders This activity. state’s CEU eTD Collection ethical some posed This activities. their planned and touch in kept members MISA where group online secret a to access gain to able was I addition, In group. the of practice the glimpse into rare get a could I which from processions ontape oftheir that captured some films explicit sexually including material, MISA to access gain to enough fortunate was I However, itself. state socialist the to relationship their as well as practitioners yoga the features of important some helped illuminate itself aspectin did. 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Ceausescu’s of height the at Romanian from emigrated her, like who, nudists, of generation another met I where Angeles Los to and home her in Cassian Nina interview to York New to wentI there From police. secret the to information also but nudists the accommodationto Veche Vama in and Mai 2 in both summers their spending generations, two from practitioners to spoke I where – te acia mtra, oty rm epes w personal own people’s from mostly material, archival other to the villages themselves where I spoke to locals who offered offered who locals to spoke I where themselves villages the to to eoe o proa aot hi eprecs i te way the in experiences, their about personal too become -sited ethnography across space and time, as well as across as well as time, and space across ethnography -sited 34 issued issued CEU eTD Collection body between interaction of form broader a to such, as experience nudist the from therefore shifted interest My ignore. not could simply I that worlds overlapping were there that realized I interactions social their as well their as socialism, and state within experiences position their into delved I more the However, community. nudist the about only write to was myintention dissertation this for research my started Ifirst When and be able acts. importance todoengage in such Therefore, their isimmense. narrative a in communism to prestige and standing public enough acquired who under men three from mode, confessional homosexuality of accounts personal few very the of some represent they since exceptional quite are dissertation this in analyze I accounts personal three the believe I why is This material. secondary of type this on only being time the for rely can homosexuality of history a receding, slowly only is Romania in men gay stigmatizing of process the Since parties. third from narratives to and sources archival various from collected material with part this for dealing to confined was I such, As past. the of experiences their about talk and out come openly would people few very since well, as researchers gay for problem a during was this fact, In activeinterviews. for communism men homosexual contact to difficult it found I woman, a as especially Therefore, 2001. until offense penal a remained homosexuality fact In socialism. of fall the after decades many for taboo remained had Romania in homosexuality of topic The gained from them. knowledge on rely sometimes I though even writing, my in people these of anonymity and privacy the respect will I that decided therefore and study my throughout concerns 35 CEU eTD Collection overdue. long is mind, my to be which, must socialism, state of history sensuous therefore,a write to attempt first the dissertation, as only interpreted This such. as socialism state about marginal also these but about groups only not something say to want to me prompted and compass theoretical and empirical my broadened This society. of rest the and state the practices, 36 CEU eTD Collection 55 resorted state the regime, the of logic developmental the with keeping in industry heavy of development the for power labor of short Always project. industrial vast its for bodies morecreate to regime the of need the namelypressure, bio-political and economicclear a of outcome the was abortion on ban the that now clear more is It instance. particular this to socialism of experience gendered entire sexual the reduce and to tended bodily nonetheless it gender, regimes, socialist of tenets basic the of some discern to important works. scholarly of number a since Romania socialist state of anti harsh Ceausescu’s case the in for called more even is endeavor This the genderofficial regimes. and sexualities embodiment, of intersection the at socialism state (Romanian) of history particular a more offer to time same a the at but investigation my give to grounding historical to therefore seek I embedded. are discuss later I studies case the which frameworkin social wider to highlight the thus socialistRomania and in situation cultural and legislative political, the of next overview an offer the to is in here goal my follows Therefore, chapters. that discussion the for stage the set to is chapter this of aim The Ceau sescu Voluntary Incentives Motherhood’, Motherhood’, Incentives Voluntary Pron ‘Ceau escu’s Soare, Era Ceausescu the During Relations Partner Baban, Adriana Kligman. I. Isiuu d Ivsiae Cieo Cmnsuu (ai Plrm 2010 Polirom, (Ia i: Comunismului Crimelor a Investigare de Institutul , Dobo Corina, Corina, Dobo Building a socialist morality in Romania: Romania: in morality Building asocialist ocs f oain oe: ecpin o Sxaiy Rpoutv Bhvo, and Behavior, Reproductive Sexuality, of Perceptions Women: Romanian of Voices tls Plce: Mrl r n cnmc hie ewe Cmusr or Compulsory between Choice Economic an or Moral A Policies: atalist -abortion legislation is an established and well-researched topic in topic well-researched and established an is legislation -abortion ig, uin M n Sae Foi S, Florin Soare, and M Luciana Jinga, European Journal of Government and Economics and Government of Journal European 55 Bt hl ti ae o rsac hs en extremely been has research of area this while But background background Tasainl aiy eerh nttt, 94.lrn S 1994).Florin Institute, Research Family (Transnational 37 Politica Pronatalistă a Regimului Regimului a Pronatalistă Politica a historical historical , 2 (2013). 2 , (2013). ). Roman and others. others. and Roman CEU eTD Collection 57 56 had died women 10,000 to Up socialism. under living women for disastrous been have abortion bodies. working of numbers necessary the rural- the once birth controlling of measure this to Psyc Final after decades still and socialism Romanian during fear and anxiety with ridden most areas I family. one’s of size the over decide to able being not or sexuality their control able being not of effects psychological the with fought men and 58 Princeton University Press, 2000). 2000). Press, University Princeton decree the finalizing to prior state socialist the of forum legislative the Committee, Central the with meeting the during noted himself Ceausescu As approach. this warrants itself abortion of law the underpinning universe moral The the prism ofitslegislation. through socialism state of epistemology and ontology this of contours the offer to is here attemptmy Therefore, policies. those of justification ideological the and formulationvery the guided importantly, more and also, but policies, particular its guided only not that epistemology certain a on and ontology certain a on rely to had state socialist the short, In family. and sexuality gender, of notions particular on and body, social the of notion the of notion particular a on rely to had regime the outcomes, unexpected and effects reaching far with policy Number put forth in Numberput S Soare.Kligman. Florin both See
Baban, Adriana, ‘Women’s Sexuality and Reproductive Behavior in Po in Behavior Reproductive and Sexuality Adriana, ‘Women’s Baban, hological Approach’,in hological , ed. by Tismăneanu, Vladimir, Dorin Dobrincu, and Cristian Vasile (Bucu Cristian and Dobrincu, Dorin Vladimir, ed. by , Tismăneanu, 58 I odr o e be o mlmn ad o eiiie h bnig f abortion, of banning the legitimize to and implement to able be to order In . fro m botched abortions whilemany were abortions permanently others disabled m botched Comisia Prezidențială Pentru Analiza Comunis Dictaturii Analiza Pentru Prezidențială Comisia Reproducing Gender: Politics,Publics, and Everyday Life Everyday and Politics,Publics, Gender: Reproducing human body (women’s body more specifically), on a particular a on specifically), more body (women’s body human 56 38 The social and physical costs of the ban on ban the of costs physical and social The to -urban migration ceased to provide provide to ceased migration -urban ntimacy and sex had been the the been had sex and ntimacy st “ : - Ceau escu Romania: A Romania: Ceau escu n y pno w have we opinion my in re ti: Humanitas, 200 ). 200 ti: Humanitas, re te Din România - Raport Raport - România Din te (Princeton, N.J: N.J: (Princeton, 57 . Women
a CEU eTD Collection CC PCR al fond 59 than more no of space the in one industrialized and urban an to society proto-industrial and peasant Romanian traditional, largely of a history from transition longer the a concerning especially into modernity, it embed to seek I generis, sui regime the socialist at looking of Instead discussion. my place I where intersection the is this fact, In norms, bodily regimes practices sexual and characterizingrural Romanians. the80% still was WWII after Party Communist the of power to ascendance the forget, we lest so, is This incorporated. creatively and thwarted adopted, embraced, also but people, by resisted and only subverted not were that practices of series a to rise gave interests, economic and ideology its with line in party, the of actions very the that understand should we that is point My dispositions. strict party-designed their top-down, of to favor in regards practices bodily with and people sexuality of imagination creative the stifled repressive simply a that was regime this large, and by that, namely socialism: of hypothesis repressive the renounces Myapproach politics. sexual and practices,bodily regimes,gender specific engenderedits which socialism, of universe moral the on thus is chapter this of focusThe towards society.obligations to have problem, each children but asocial manhas ornot aproblem tohave the people?... isnot ofthe desires ofnatality one of The problem of morality the defend to people, the of growth natural the people, the of health the keep to responsibility for ordowe havewethe encouragement aninstitution prostitution the of are possible this is how […] divorces free and abortions through prostitution legalized Nicolae Ceausescu cited in Florin S Soare, p.68. p.68. Soare, S Florin in cited Ceausescu Nicolae – Cancelarie, Case file 102/1966 , p. 17 , file 102/1966 Case Cancelarie, a oenzn mmn fo te rvos esn mrlt, gender morality, peasant previous the from moment modernizing Author’s translation after official documents A.N.I.C., A.N.I.C., documents official after translation Author’s 39 . ” 59
CEU eTD Collection 60 pro-natalist the of period the of within reproduction experiences own their over lived control and women’s sexuality emphasized analysis The rates. fertility and family nuclear reproduction, production, with obsessions socialist above, state the reproduce to mentioned tended already Romania, in socialism state and gender on literature The and dynamics. content their imprinted which and emerged they which in background historical socio- the exactly missing entail would confluence this from norms and behaviors sexual the and productivity towards representations, drive and practices bodily regimes, gender Abstracting Plan. the generalof fulfillment a by undergirded and towns, the factory around grouped families industrial to monogamous work, out for set cult Party its with Communist promote, the modernity industrial socialist the of pressures the evoked morality powerful transformation traditional under (peasant) a emerged the above of from epistemology and ontology socialist the that is therefore argument main My bodies. gendered as subjectivized and embedded were society the of members which in histories Stalinism to even or revolution Russian the of development the to it linking histories intellectual from the solely socialism state featuresdeduce the of can we think don’t I differently, Put chapters. next the in discuss I that relations sexual and practices bodily alternative of articulation the in involved struggles and tensions, frictions contradictions, the understanding to key the holds process very this me for socialism, to relation in identify could one feature salient any than More generations. two Tismaneanu. Tismaneanu. 40 60 , but from longer and local and longer from but , CEU eTD Collection 61 code communist to morals Stahanovite from (shifting Romania socialist late in morality Block. Eastern the in power socialist state of decades first the in and era Stalin the during productivity unbridled of affects public the generate to deployed replaced been had that It construction ideological an socialism. code, moral Stahanovite late during constructions ideological key the of one was socialist the of morality Socialist intersection. historical this creation from emerging tenets main its and the morality at look I Secondly, unchanged. remained largely code Civil and Penal the 1948, in adopted was Constitution socialist new a albeit example, For period. interwar the to back dating period longer a within also but moralities, and policies influencing bloc, soviet the inside USSR the and satellites soviet the between unfolding of consumption and production the and homosexuality), and prostitution as (such sexuality of forms certain of criminalization the divorce), (especially family concerning legislation the with together legislation this read I abortion. of criminalization the and reproduction beyond sexuality regulating legislation the of account an offer I First, issues. interrelated of number a account into take must socialism under sexuality of discussion a Therefore, inciting forms tonumerous other ofsexuality. varied, more much been often has outcome the imperative, pronatalist the on focused period socialist state the within sexuality of side normative the on focused studies These decree. 62 Otilia Dragomir. East European Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990). 1990). Press, University Cambridge (Cambridge: Studies European East Kligman.Baban. Lewis H. Siegelbaum, Siegelbaum, H. Lewis r erotica ars 61 Wie h sae rpgna pplr aeil ad fiil oiis n laws and policies official and materials popular propaganda, state the While . . I place this discussion within the broader framework of the transfers transfers the of framework broader the within discussion this place I . Dobo Corina, Jinga, Luciana M and Soare, Florin S. Florin Soare, and M Luciana Jinga, Corina, Dobo Stakhanovism and the Politics of Productivity in the USSR,1935-1941 the in Productivity the of Politics and Stakhanovism 41 62 Te eiin n fn-unn o socialist of fine-tunning and revision The Florin S Soare. Mihaela Miroiu and and Miroiu Mihaela Soare. S Florin , Soviet and , CEU eTD Collection 63 ad years. 5 to 3 died, yearswoman the if 3 and to 1 facedabortion the performing personThe ones. married foryear a to months 6 fromand unmarried womenfor months 6 to 3 rangedfrom sentence prison The her. assisting person the and abortion demanding woman the both communist The 1957. until crime a remained it and restricted highly remained abortion 1947, in takeover communist longer a is there However rule. days 2 weeks, 3 months, movie Wave New Romanian well-known by exemplified imagination, popular the In 1. the of expectations regime. anddispositions bodily moral the enforcing in role its for as well as chapters, the throughout analyze I corpus its the for and and behind left it trail paper organization the of reading informed an for its salient are techniques of description short A police. secret communist Romanian the of operandi modus and role the of overview brief a give I Lastly, dispositions. gender ethics of 65 64 1975). Studenteasca, ofSo Life ofand Communists, ofWork Norms and ofPrinciples Code at seemed times unofficially. totolerate it and practice the towards leniency some showed state communist early the Ceausescu, of
Kligman. ‘Codul Principiilor i Normelor Muncii i Vie ii Comuni tilor, Al Eticiii i Echită ii S Al iEchită ii Eticiii Comuni tilor, Muncii i Vie ii i Normelor ‘Codul Principiilor ‘Noul Cod Penal Complect “Regele Carol Al II Al Carol “Regele Complect Penal Cod ‘Noul Socialist legislation in historical perspective perspective in historical Socialist legislation opted during the royal dictatorship of Carol II. Carol of dictatorship royal the during opted 64 Tee rvsos xse aray n h 13 Pnl oe a ea instrument legal a Code, Penal 1936 the in already existed provisions These 63 cnetd h epcain o a e Mn ih nw oy eie and regime body new a with Man New a of expectations the connected ) , h bn n brin s nxrcby ikd ih Ceau escu’s with linked inextricably is abortion on ban the ”, regime’s itr o cnrl vr oe’ sexuality. women’s over control of history amendments to the Penal Code in 1948 penalized 1948 in Code Penal the to amendments - Lea” Din Martie 19 6’ (Bucuresti: Ticu I. Esanu, 19 ) Esanu, 19 I. 6’ Ticu (Bucuresti: 19 Martie Lea”Din 42 65 It is true that compared to the period the to compared that true is It cialist Ethics and Equity]’ (Viata (Viata Equity]’ and Ethics cialist ocialiste [ The The [ ocialiste fe the After “ , 4
CEU eTD Collection 67 66 relations and toemerge. behaviors new for space the created it and settings, institutional and traditions previous the with All broke state communist the that Hungary? remains fact the decisions, such behind motivations the of in uprising 1956 irrespective However, the time. same the at true of be might all and plausible wakeare explanations the in population the pacifying of form subtle more a it Was equality? actual of instead abortion free them offering women, with trade-off a making was state the because it Was population? work of kind different state. the by taken measures these behind reasons the questioned have ones, Romanian including authors, other of series a Kligman, like Just of suchchanges. overarching impetus the and blueprint the offered it since decisive, was process this in Union Soviet the of role the Also, legislation. period interwar the to and values traditional the to linked traditions, past to relation in had state communist the character modernist the precisely is here emphasize to want I what However, legislation. progressive more introducing force work industrial mobile a create to order in them flexibilize andpeople uproot to need state’s bythe family driventraditional the on attack an as change this interpreted Kligman separated. get to couples for easier endanger women’s health would procedures such since offenses criminal considered were system state the outside done abortions Only price. low very a at clinics medical in women to available made and decriminalized was abortion jurisprudence, Soviet the from cue a taking 1957, In Most recently Most Kligman . Dobo Corina, Jinga, Luciana M and Soare, Florin S. Florin Soare, and M Luciana Jinga, Corina, Dobo . The new regulations also liberalized the divorce law, making it . The liberalizedregulations the divorce new also 43 66 Ti ws o sr oe f h gas of goals the of one sure for was This . 67 Was it because the state needed a needed state the because it Was
CEU eTD Collection 70 Beyond and Revolution the to Villagers A. Kideckel, David workofanthropologist the see case Romanian to able was state the something not was energies such of unleashing the But doubt. no is Ineeds,there industrial think its with keeping workingin force, different acreation of the 68 be. to modernity described theorists like just uprooting, and liberating simultaneously was It state. socialist the of environment and social family the in constellation, such of new own her constellation on design to order previous in networks traditional her from free break to expected was subject individuality. generated regimes communist the Europe, Eastern in parties Communist ruling the of policies the by engendered collectivisation and massification the in belief widespread the to Contrary salient. was conditions) living choices, career, rational whom for subject liberal a to similar very a construction created and recognized state the short, In reproduction. national from reproduction socialdelinked it handother the choice,on individual and individuality reproductionwith reasons state the divorce, liberalizing and abortion decriminalizing by Romania, modern of history the in time first the for that was legislation 1957 the of importance The subjects. of types particular creating in effect performative their but dispositions, and regulations of level formal the (only) not is provisions legal analyzing when at look subject the create to but punish” and “discipline to simply not is does law the what factthat the to attention draw to Iwant Foucault, FollowingMichael Hungary 69 Marshall Berman, MarshallBerman, Foucault, For the case of Hunagry see Martha Lampland, Lampland, Martha see ofHunagry the case For , 1 edition (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 1995). For a similara For 1995). Press, Chicago Of University (Chicago: 1 , edition – a acmlsig w tig smlaeul: n n hn i lne social linked it hand one on simultaneously: things two accomplishing was The History of Sexuality of History The All That Is Solid Melts Into Air: The Experience of Modernity of Experience The Air: Into Melts Solid Is That All . . , 1 edition (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993 Press, University edition Cornell 1 (Ithaca: , 70 The Object of Labor: Commodification in Socialist in Socialist Commodification Labor: of Object The That this played into the hands of the state for state the of hands the into played this That 44 The Solitude of Collectivism: Romanian Romanian Collectivism: of Solitude The 68 calculation (about one’s (about calculation argument for the for argument Wa i iprat to important is What . (Verso, 1983). 1983). (Verso, ). 69
– The socialist The for whatever whatever for CEU eTD Collection Romania, 1866 Romania, sexual of crime 71 the as acts sex same described which 1936, of Code Criminal heterosexual, the its and norms in criminalized first was heterosexual homosexuality For, family. the its of understanding monogamous to conforming those to only rights well- their being. of and citizens the of charge taking is that patriarchy state a to traditional patriarchy a from passage the is here witness we what that noted rightfully Kligman patrimonial and personal in obligations relations; the principle state careguaranteefor of and family and marriage. and rights the in spouses of equality free of principle the marriage; their regarding spouses future of agreement free the principles: main three on rested it that was legislation, previous the to compared therefore, Code, the of novelty The practice. into it put to meant was theory, in least at Code, Family the but husband. her of authority the under was children) the (and woman the Code, Civil that In vigor. in still modification, minor with and, 1864 in adopted Code Civil the to This subordinated Code. Family new a adopted was family the with dealing legislation the then until because state breakthrough a represented the 1954, in already importantly, Most was state the legislation adopting. of pieces other the in obvious appears This either. control 73 Addontations] and Comments Code: Scarlat, 1985). erbănescu, Stat, de Consiliul (Bucure ti: 72 Contemporary Eastern Europe"’, Europe"’, Eastern Contemporary
Kligman. Constantin Iordachi, ‘The Unyielding Boundaries of Citizenship: The Emancipatio The ofCitizenship: Boundaries Unyielding ‘The Iordachi, Constantin Consiliul de Stat al României, ‘Codul Familiei Familiei ‘Codul României, Stat al Consiliul de 73 I would supplement this point by adding that the state is granting citizenship and citizenship granting is state the that adding by point this supplement would I 71 Verdery Katherine, ‘From Parent Katherine, Verdery The Constitution of 1948 already proclaimed the equality of man and women, and man of equality the proclaimed already 1948 of Constitution The –1918’, –1918’, European Review of History: Revue europeenne d’histoire europeenne Revue History: of Review European East European Politics & Politics Societies European East (Bucure ti: Editura tiin ifică, 196 ). 196 tiin ifică, ti: Editura (Bucure -State to Family Patriarchs: Gender and Nation in Nation and Gender Patriarchs: Family -State to - Legea nr.4/1953 [Family Code - Code [Family nr.4/1953 - Legea 45 Codul Familiei: Comentat i Adnotat [The Family [The Adnotat i Comentat Familiei: Codul , 8 (1994), 225 (1994), 8 ,
, 8 (2001), 157 (2001), 8 , – Law no.4/195 ’ no.4/195 Law 55. n of “Non nof 72
- Citizens” in in Citizens” – 86.
CEU eTD Collection Provisions on Divorce]’ (Buletinul Oficial Nr.64 din 8 octombrie 1966, octombrie 8 din1966, Nr.64 Oficial (Buletinul Divorce]’ on Provisions Regardin 1966 from 9 of8thOctober Decree [ La Divor Privitoare Legale 76 1968). Politică, Editura (Bucure ti: 75 6]’. from19 II” March Carol 74 “ of consisting 1968, of Code Penal Ceausescu’s In years. 10 to 3 from sentences prison with inversion sexual punish to order in Code Criminal the to amendments introduced 1948 of constitution communist The epochs. and systems political across continuities legal of force the more once dovetailing 2001, until crime years 2 to months 6 from imprisonment with punishable crimes scandal, public provoke acts such if inversion sexual of crime the constitute women between or men between inversion sexual crime major a necessarily not therefore and mores public the against crimes of chapter the under crime a was inversion Sexual inversion. loe. hs efcsn o te aiy n o te ain s aiy eoe the become family as nation the on and family the on re-focusing were This circumstances exceptional allowed. of cases limited very only and spouse, the of death divorce. of character productive and exceptional the stipulated that 779 compulsory Decree the as such adopted, promote also was heterosexuality to legislation additional abortion, on ban the from Apart regime. the of politics conservative increasingly to return a signaling while nation, the with reproduction again link to was did 1966 of law anti-abortion the What engaging acts. insame-sex men and women both criminalizing sentences jail smaller with 200, article under again
Consiliul de Stat al României, ‘Decret nr. 9 Din 8 Octombrie 1966 Pentru Modifi Pentru 1966 Octombrie Din 8 9 nr. ‘Decret României, Stat al Consiliul de of Republic Socialist ofThe Code Penal The [ România Socialiste Republicii Al ‘Codul Penal ‘Noul Cod Penal Complect “Regele Carol Al II Al Carol “Regele Complect Penal Cod ‘Noul ” 74 Wtot xeto, n oai hmsxaiy il ean punishable a remain will homosexuality Romania in exception, Without . acts of sexual inversion between men or between women between or men between inversion sexual of acts 76 Te e lw tpltd ht arae ol ed ny ih the with only end could marriage that stipulated law new The
75
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carea Unor Dispozi ii Dispozi ii Unor carea ” was introduced was Romania]’ Romania]’ acts of acts CEU eTD Collection h lgsain n brin eeae a o o shlrhp B scholarship. of lot a generated abortion on legislation The chapters. thenext discuss in consequences the abortion ban had on women’s experiences of sexuality and and sexuality of experiences women’s on matrimony had ban abortion the consequences 81 80 79 78 77 Romania regime Ceausescu’s of trademarks the abortion decree decree abortion the influencing causes dual the to point to decrees the of issuing the to prior meetings party controlled state the which individuals by mechanisms the investigate to demography political 2011). 2011). situa to help they because important, are These differences. and discontinuities internal own its had it but homogenous, not was between interdependency the was It expansion. industrial for plans its for power labor more of need in constantly was regime the growth, of potential its exhausted 1950s the in force labor the into women of inclusion the Once reasons. economic by motived were demography of regime’spolices the argued abortion that on legislation the of authorsThe look worrisome and Romanians and constraining inthe eyes ofthe offoreigners. anti- the with that noted Burakowski Adam Adam Burakowski, Adam Burakowski, Kligman. Adriana. Baban, Katherine. Verdery Dobo Corina, Ji Corina, Dobo 77 . One aspect that is important to note note to important is that aspect One . 79 78 ; Jinga and Soare took a historical approach and looked at and the documents approach looked a Soare historical and ; Jinga and took Kimn xmnd C examined Kligman ; nga, Luciana M and Soare, Florin S. S. Florin Soare, and M nga,Luciana Dictatura Lui Nicolae Ceausescu 1965-1989: Geniul Carpatilor Geniul 1965-1989: Ceausescu Nicolae Lui Dictatura – the economic rational as well as the nationalist and moral reasons. moral and nationalist the as well as rational economic the n te oiat dooy f ae oils in socialism late of ideology dominant the and assus ittrhp hog te ocp of concept the through dictatorship eausescu’s te the actions (and repercussions) of the people I people the of repercussions) (and actions the 47 abortion decree, Ceausescu’s regime began to to began regime Ceausescu’s decree, abortion is that the Romanian communist regime communist Romanian the that ă ban looked at the the at looked ban (Iasi: Polirom, Polirom, (Iasi: 81
80
CEU eTD Collection 82 put Ceausescu As duty. national a fulfilling avoid to excuse an but nothing was comfort personal therefore and for people more demanded exceptions industry the and country socio-medical The abortions. concerning provisions any discarding as for families arguments peasant poor in up growing of experiences personal their used members Committee Central the of many addition, In abortion. free of cause a be to considered also was divorces of rate high The morals. loose and indecency of sign a and immoral considered was abortion of liberalization the mentioned, already as Also, abortion. to access free the with linked strictly was decline demographic the Party, the of eyes the In abortions. on ban the especially recommendations, the welcomed Committee Central The thethe state contraceptive thatwouldplay-down techniques. of policy education in shift a recommended document the Moreover, conditions. medical socio- and health as such cases exceptional in except prominently figured abortion to the Among rates. birth access of limitation the measures, these Along parents. newly for payments and facilities, higher ensure to child-care more leaves, maternity longer mentioned order bureaucrats party recommendations, in measures policy positive RCP. the of Committee Central the of committee executive August on conclusions its Improve presented to Rates” Designed Birth Measures National of Study the on Committee “The report. a prepare to andshortage labor this of causes the investigateto up set was commission a Therefore, party documents innumerous and speeches. leadership communist the by constantly to referred was that growth demographic and economic Florin S Soare. S Soare. Florin 48 82 2, 1966 in front of the the of front in 1966 2, The document argued for argued document The CEU eTD Collection 84 83 explicit sexually of market materials which like Bivolaru people (see in chapter 3) prosper. wouldlater alternative an of creation the to led this But producers. their and sexuality of expressions other outlawing by nudity of representation official the defined basically legislation of piece this Moreover, severe. less was punishment years. sentences jail with materials” “obscene of the possession the punished and Code manufacture Penal 1968 the of 325 Article and materials. production obscene of the distribution of that was regulation state harsh of domain important Another rate levels. topre-1966 went down the births, in increase rapid of years two after regulations: state of level uncontrolled an is there that again showing predicted, one the not was law the of outcome the However, banning on voted had committee abortion rather tofight simply onall channels. and limiting it then also abortion decided the meeting, the of end the At persons. childless for tax ofa divorce, establishment and the abortions infees for rise discussed, as as a well also were abortion performing doctors for sanctions meeting the throughout Moreover, linked withobligation. one, sociala but desire, with linked problem personala not was natality of problem the it, Article 325. Article325. Kligman. ‘Codul Penal Al ‘Codul Penal 84 Sc poiin wr aray rsn i te newr eid ol ta the that only period, interwar the in present already were provisions Such Republicii Socialiste România [The Penal Code of The Socialist Socialist ofThe Code Penal [The România Socialiste Republicii 83 The legislation was working against itself. The legislation was itself. working against 49 Republic ofRomania]’ Republic p o two to up , CEU eTD Collection 85 madecentralizationfamily by by single theruler’s person, ofcoterie, power politics a and the well: as regime Ceausescu’s characterize will that power political of features the of 194 and 0 19 between dictatorship II Carol King’s Moreover, purity and ofthe people. of Romanian theRomanian nation th guarding while nation the and state the developing of task the itself upon took which Party, the of centrality the by replaced was it but absent was church the case, communist the In central. were purity ethnic and reproduction sexual motherhood, over concerns the that entailed which nation, the and state the Church, Orthodox the between equivalences rule. early as 195 as revived was Nationalism nation. the construct to attempts the behind force mobilizing main the and theme political key the as emerged nationalism that, to connected Strictly bio its and object reformcharacteristicsan ofscientific intervention. study, became andstate “population” that period interwar the during was It population. the of management the with preoccupation the was communism Romanian the for period was regime Ceausescu’s Code. Penal 1936 the with during significantlylinked and socialism Romanian of period first the during population the of behavior sexual the governed that basis legal the Isuggested already As Romanian Fascism’, Fascism’, Romanian Fas Riseof the and Siege Law.of State ofthe Side “Right” ‘The Sebastian, Cosmin Romania 86 Career’, Legal Ceau escu’s Nicolae Dystopia: ‘Narrating
Katherine Verdery, KatherineVerdery, For underlining the legal continuities between the inter-war and post-war r post-war and inter-war the between continuities theunderlining legal For 86 Te motne f newr ainls ws ht t salse a hi of chain a established it that was nationalism interwar of importance The (University of California Press, 1995). 1995). Press, (UniversityCalifornia of 8 by the communist regime blew communist it outofproportions and during Ceausescu’s 8 by the Journal of Comparative Fascist Studies Fascist Comparative of Journal National Ideology Under Socialism: Identity and Cultural Politics in Ceauşescu’s in Ceauşescu’s Politics Cultural and Identity Socialism: Under Ideology National 50 85 Journal of Comparative Law Comparative of Journal Another important legacy of the interwarthe legacyof important Another , 2 (2013), 205 (2013), 2 , – 0 already prefigured some prefigured already 0 33.Cercel, Cosmin Sebastian, CosminSebastian, 33.Cercel, egimes in Romania Cercel, Cercel, Romania egimes in cism in Interwar in cism , 6 (2011), 1 (2011), 6 , -political – 22.
e CEU eTD Collection Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions and Movements Totalitarian Radu Ioanid see Guard the Iron fascist group Semitism in Romanian politics see Deletant, Deletant, see politics Romanian in Semitism 88 87 effects to in order ofmodernity harmful the surpassing at aimed program spiritual a developed movement fascist the precepts, these on based Moreover, orthodoxy. and homeland of values the from derived of those were modernization of perils main the fascists, Romanian the For belonging. religious and superiority ethnic of concepts the on based was movement the of orientation anti-Semitic The important component. very spiritual a with also but under-stones social with movement nationalist a was priests. backinggained withruralOrthodox a from social among the traction the poor, Itmovement urban amonggroups. that with intellectuals roots was thedeclassed a largely social different many incorporated that phenomenon complex a was movement fascist Romanian The fascism. Romanian of rise the of period the also was period interwar The and apublic demonstrations. grand penchant for nation a as exceptionality Romanian of overemphasis an Man, new the of cult the well), as communism national of features were course of (which plans 5-year and industry of cultural and political the of subordination the Regime, Romania 1940- Romania Regime, Deletant, Dennis see politics Romanian in Semitism Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions and Movements Totalitarian I see Guard the Iron fascist group acc an detailed For For an detailed account of fascism’s rise to power during the late interwar period interwar late the during power to rise fascism’s account of andetailed For ount of fascism’s rise to power during the late interwar period and the role the role and period interwar late the during power to rise fascism’s ount of 44 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006). For a more detailed account of the accountthe of moreFora detailed 2006). Macmillan, (New Palgrave York: oanid Radu, ‘The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard’, Iron the of Romanian Politics Sacralised ‘The Radu, oanid re -discover the authentic featuresauthentic the-discover ofChristianity. Hitler’s Forgotten Ally Forgotten Hitler’s , ‘The Sacralised Politics of the Romanian Iron Guard’, Iron the of Romanian Politics Sacralised ‘The , , 5 (2004), (2004), 419 5 , , 5 (2004), (2004), 419 5 , 51 Hitler’s Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Antonescuand Ion Ally: Forgotten Hitler’s losing one’s faith and one’s moral compass compass moral one’s and faith one’s losing life to the ruler’s interests, nationalization nationalization interests, ruler’s the to life – – 53 53. .
. For a more detailed account of the accountthe of morea detailed For . and the role ofanti the role and of antiof 88
- - 87 It CEU eTD Collection 89 sought eugenicists the Moreover, community. wider the in place its offered which body, the was significance individual of locus the eugenicists, For body. the of biopolitics the regarding component the especially two, the between connections obvious the dismiss not should we suggest I convincing, time. the at vogue fascist en very ideas interwar eugenicist the Romanian and movement the between distinction the apparent made Bucur Maria magnified. only modernization communist the that transformation, modern incipient to response a as and of outcome an as period interwar the in emerging history longer a is there that here suggest to wanted I socialism, of history generis sui a to history their tracing simply of instead But itself. state socialist the of features all were biopolitics the of focus the on thebodythe humanas body accordingand needs, thefocus topolitical andideological model to order in intervene to state the of desire the Man, new a construct to desire The state-driven and nationalistic scientific, principles. on based body human the over intervene to desire same the harbor did eugenicists the purity, racial concerning especially regimes, fascist in eugenics of instrumentalization the from difference a was there clearly While populations. dysgenic and healthy both over government the to power more giving state European Studies (Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 20 Press, University ofPittsburgh Pa: (Pittsburgh, Studies European Maria Bucur Maria , Eugenics and Modernization in Interwar Romania Interwar in Modernization and Eugenics
o hf te eainhp ewe te iies n the and citizens the between relationship the shift to 52 , Pitt Series in Russian and East East and inRussian Series , Pitt 02). 02). 89 While her argument is argument her While CEU eTD Collection National Ideology Under Socialism Ideology National socialis ofstate ideology hegemonic the it becoming to up leading regimes socialist overtoo nationalism ofInRomania, the case 2005). Press, University 1941-1953 Patriotism Socialist of Origins the and Party Communist Mevius, Martin see ofHungary case in the demise exampleits differently out played socialisms existing real and nationalism between anti- the during originating sell socialism, anto idea order in nationalism had party the 1948, By democracy. dovetail would sections different the while party, the for legitimacy showing as seen was membership party Broad etc. categories, professional women, youth, the for sections special with organization mass a as functioned party, therefore note to important is It chapters, next the in emerged. discuss I which regimes, body opposing as well as moralities, and practices alternative which in way the and create to trying was moral regime the the universe understand to order in important are aspects These ideology. Ceausescu’s of idea the with resonated which sacrifice, the of life self- cheerful a entailed psychic morality communist The entire morality. new a as an well as individual, of development the presupposed attempt This own. not was goal its as goals the state accept fully to Therefore, but goals, state obey coincide. individual the make two to necessarily the make to but good, common the to ambition and goals its subordinate to able only not person the Man: New the of definition the was this short, In party. the of documents ideological the public in exposed the goals socialist and people the of desires private the between unity a realize to attempted 91 90 development. and modernization of logic its with keeping in nation the for sacrifice and work hard of morality a promoted socialism state that known well is It 2. I take socialist patriotism to refer to the attempts made by Communist Parties in th in Parties Communist bymade the attempts to refer to takepatriotism socialist I Siegelbau Building a socialist morality and a proper socialist body body socialist a proper and morality a Building socialist
91 m.
Field, Chapter 2 and Chapter 3. 3. Chapter and 2 Chapter Field, . . that the Romanian Worker’s Party, like any Communist any like Party, Worker’s Romanian the that 53 “ oils patriotism socialist Agents of Moscow: The Hungarian Hungarian The Moscow: of Agents
(Oxford : New York: Oxford Oxford New York: (Oxford : k the communist premises of state of premises kthe communist in different contexts. See for for See contexts. indifferent fascist resistance. The linkage The resistance. fascist ” m. See Verdery, m.See a key element of of element key a e Eastern Block to use to Block Eastern e 90 Also, the party the Also, CEU eTD Collection their for leaders party of exposures and trials mock method classical the with continued started already internationalism communist of abandonment the Internally, Soviet 1964. in advisors Soviet the of departure of bythe followed 1958, in Romania from troops expelling the was direction this in step first The arena. international the in and home at both regime the for support and legitimacy elicit to order in mobilized were that resources feeling, anti-Soviet and nationalism in routed ideologically was approach n mnpltd y Ceausescu by manipulated and U the from independence of road a on embarked Dej Gheorghiu of leadership the under Party, Communist Romanian the 1958, with Starting failure and deviance. hc mat ht prxmtl 1 n Rmnas a a member a was Romanians 5 in 1 approximately that meant which people, million half a and four comprising organization, mass truly a again was party the p.11- 2000), Macmillan, 1948-1965 State, Police the and Gheorghiu-Dej Romania: in Terror Communist 92 one elementary most the from organization, an to belonging not and working Not morality. communist the of pillars main the constituted features Both organizations. larger into people incorporate to desire the and work on fixation a features: salient two these had regime communist members. accepting in restrictive more some became and cadres 200,000 lost party the excluded, were allegiances fascist previous with members many million. 1 to members 2000 around from grown 95 94 93 York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000), p.269- 2000), Macmillan, Palgrave York: The British historian Denis Deletant talks about 2000 party membersin 2000 about Deletant talks British Denis historian The Dennis Deletant, Deletant, Dennis p.271. Burakowski, p.32. Burakowski, Communist Terror in Romania: Gheorghiu-Dej and the Police State, 1948-1965 State, Police the and Gheorghiu-Dej Romania: Terrorin Communist 34 – . the family the s leadershi ’s 289 – to the largest one largest the to . 54 p. The construction of a more independent independent more a of construction The p. 92 After the purges of the 1950s, when 1950s, the of purges the After SS – the Party the R, a party line further exploited exploited further line party a R, 1944 see Dennis Deletant, Deletant, Dennis see 1944 (New York: Palgrave (New Palgrave York: – 93 was a sign of social of sign a was However, by 1989, by However, 94 Teeoe the Therefore, . in 15 and 1952 (New 95
CEU eTD Collection 96 by articulated clearly became it and motivated economically was Dej Gheorghiu under line policies. soviet of endorsement or connection close hinterland states. member COMECON Robert Levy, Robert industries. 98 97 p.134- 2001), Press, California of University industrial base. industrial an of development the the with that connected closely is principle stability economic and Leninist independence the following industrialization, via economy country’s generis sui its develop to began and model Soviet the from away broke also had work ideological the Moreover control. and purges political the through consolidated discipline party established already an without possible been have not would stand bold this But terms oftheSovietregardless thewishes of European Union orits Allies Romanian on economy countries the expend to Dej Gheorghiu of the government of determination the remains leitmotif The symphony. and made well precision a the of confidence with developed be to appears Romania of leadership communist noting: Times York New manifesto, independence Romanian a as read was declaration the Abroad, countries. communist within collaboration of principle main the as block communist the within W Romanian the when 1964
Deletant, 45- p. Burakowski, For an insight into the working of party purges from the point of thepoint from purges party workingof an insightthe into For the leader’s refusal leader’s the Communist Terror in Romania, p.125 Romania, in Terror Communist of the Soviet Bloc” Soviet of the 97 Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist Jewish a Fall of Theand Rise Pauker: Ana
oai’ pltcl edr soe ter omtet o exp to commitment their showed leaders political Romania’s The “declaration of independence” from the USSR became sta became USSR the from independence” of “declaration The 47.
“ to join the economic model proposed by the Soviet Union to the the to Union Soviet the by proposed model economic the join to the pursuit of independence and national renaissance by the the by renaissance national and independence of pursuit the Romania’s role in the plan was to “ to was plan the in role Romania’s orker’s while other block countries were tasked with building solid buildingcountries solid with block were tasked while other 163 Party affirmed the principle of national sovereignty sovereignty national of principle the affirmed Party . . 55 96 Observers noted that the nationalist the that noted Observers view of their high ranking victims see see victims ranking high viewoftheir , English Language edition (Berkeley: (Berkeley: Languageedition English , become the agricultural the become ” 98 . te policy in policy te n the and CEU eTD Collection 99 of principles the announced “national Dej Gheorghiu 1964 of Declaration April the in Also, sacrifice.individual and work, family, of morality traditional the and nation the around centered ideology, 100 cetbe vn n h ee o te et a edr iln t tk te ik f en in being of risk the take to willing leader a West, the of eyes the in even acceptable a as him promoted further declarations socialism. political building of Ceausescu’s way national a of and Dubcek of supporter staunch a been had Ceausescu abroad. and home at both popular very Ceausescu made events 1968 The invasionofCzechoslovakia.Ceausescu Soviet denounced the when 1968, in USSR the with out fall spectacular and formal the after especially reign, Ceausescu’s during magnified be will They out. set already were morality underpinning its and nationalism socialist of features main the 1965 in Dej Gheorghiu of death the At above. mentioned I as period, interwar the in established already policies the of the some to revert of leadership the under but period, regimeCommunist Party.It accident, will inthe following no the therefore, is that period, interwar the during up set of development pattern the with itself re-connect to aims explicitly less or more Party Communist histories. and needs matching local knowledge local on based but blueprints soviet following necessarily not Romania, in Deletant, Burakowski. Burakowski. communism Communist Terror in Romania in Terror Communist ”: ofsocialism worktotheconstruction the party woulddedicate its 99 . In a sense, this was the moment when the Romanian the when moment the was this In sense, a 56 iea scait leader socialist liberal 100
CEU eTD Collection 103 1968]’, ofDecember 24th Students, Dem The Event: Important Forgotten Almost [An 1968 Decembrie 24 Bucure ti, 102 Nationalities Papers Nationalities Rock Culture in Romania 1960- Romania in RockCulture 101 theses” Romanian in called was what to way the paved congress This thelastThis stage tobe intermediarywas reachingconsidered communism. phase before development. multi-lateral the of stage the stage: new a into entering was it now that and socialism achieved already Romania that concluded Party the which in Congress the also 10 the of themes main two the were nation), the love the with party the for love the uniting sentiment (a patriotism socialist of cultivation policies. cultural for guidelines main its and regime the of feature salient a became education ideological on emphasis the on, moment that From segments. younger its of especially population, the of bodies and minds the the in invasion Soviet over control firmer a ofof need the to regime the alerted demonstration student the summer, threat the survived having after that argued Burakowski vigorous program and ideologicalyouth. strengthening ofpolitical with the education of ties a initiated regime the year, that of night Christmas the during Bucharest of streets the on rebellion student popular quite and unexpected an Following visible. were closure the of omens the 1968, of end the by Already liberalism. Romanian short-lived expectations. ideological rigid the from autonomous culture, youth rich a by marked was 1960s the of end the home, At Russia. Soviet with conflict Burakowski, p.129. p.129. Burakowski,
Adam Burakowski, ‘Un Eveniment Important Aproape Necunoscut: Demonstra ia Demonstra ia Necunoscut: Aproape Important ‘UnEveniment AdamBurakowski, Madigan Fichter, ‘Rock “N” Roll Nation: Counterculture and Dissent in Romania, 19 Romania, in Dissent and Counterculture Nation: Roll “N” ‘Rock MadiganFichter, te is ad ot infcn sg o te oiia coue ht characterized that closure political the of sign significant most and first the , , 39 (2011), 567 (2011), 39 , 198 9’, Arhivele Totalitarismului Arhivele – 85. East Central Europe Central East Caius Dobrescu, ‘The Phoenix That Could Not Rise: Politics and and Rise:Politics Not Could PhoenixThat ‘The CaiusDobrescu, 57 103 T hsed pltcl dcto n the and education political end, this To th , 38 (2011), 255 (2011), ,38 Party Congress held in 1969. This was was This 1969. in held Congress Party , 1 -2 (2006), 238 -2(2006), 101 – 90. historiography the “July the historiography Ti ws h pro of period the was This – 47.
onstration of Bucharest ofBucharest onstration Studen ilor Din Studen ilor 65–19 5’, 65–19 102
CEU eTD Collection in wasthe on be to helped be to had people the partytherefore and consciousness people’s of advance the that was assumption The communism. development, of stage final the the reaching elevate to preparation to in population, sought Romanian the explicitly of consciousness theses” communist “July the Also, regime. the by ethos promoted moral and ideological new the strengthening at aimed party, the by developed ones the with them replace and culture in ideas and opinions bourgeois the counter to order in culture.life cultural the over control Romanian greater takes party the that on demanded it Therefore, influences western the condemned politics cultural new The under which women’s existence were framed by party and party policies leaders. tone paternalist overall the echoes declaration small this even socialism, existing real of dynamics gendered the over discussions the to contributing further Moreover, together. merged be to had two The party. the for and country the for love the expressing from socialist to return separated be a not should love personal of expression the and poems, love that but realism) is, (that realities socialist of description mobilizing and a realist with poetry love replace to suggesting was Ceausescu that simply not is here point 104 society communist and socialist our of consciousness elevated the and spirit revolutionary the realities, socialist the describing poems with complemented be also should beautiful, how matter no poetry love but then, and now every poem love a enjoy “ speech: the from quote following the by encapsulated best are These politics politics. cultural Party Communist Romanian the of principles new the points socialism late Romanian 105 Anneli Ute Gabanyi, Gabanyi, Ute Anneli Liviu Malita, Liviu Malita, Ceausescu Critic Literar Critic Ceausescu Cultul lui Ceauşescu [ Ceau escu’s Cult] Ceau escu’s [ Ceauşescu lui Cultul 104 . On July 6 July On . (Bucure ti: Editura Vremea, 200 ) 200 Vremea, ti: Editura (Bucure th 1971 Ceausescu gave a speech outlining in 17 in outlining speech a gave Ceausescu 1971 58 (Ed. Polirom, 2003). Polirom, (Ed. 2003). , p.89. p.89. , perhaps women perhaps
” . 105 The CEU eTD Collection 107 106 to order in settings political work different of in also but universities and schools Classes in only not introduced were education. education political through was party the of to ideas tool the main promote The purposes. nationalist for harvested now change historical in party communist the of avant-garde the of theory the of expression an was This level. same development This society. multi-lateral the of point end the reaching for program the the and nation the together linking party. officially thus state, of head as also but Party, Communist the of General Secretary as only not elected was Ceausescu congress this During politics. cultural and morality socialist of development the for moment pivotal another represents 1974 in held Party Communist Romanian the of Congress 11th The poems dedicated all supreme leader. tothe and songs portrayals, massive included that celebrations staged via or biographies official and monographs via mythology personal this solidify help to painters and historians to poets from intellectuals numerous enlisted Ceausescu end, this To nation. the defending national a as historicalasfigure, theculminationnational ofa himself imagining heroes instead history of long himself refashioned and hero class working Marxist-Leninist a with identification the dropped Ceausescu that fact the was it of feature important most The personality. of cult Ceausescu’s of beginning the marked also speech the Finally, required ofthem. Deletant, Gabanyi. 107 The leader, in his double function, had to lead society towards the fulfillment of fulfillment the towards society lead to had function, double his in leader, The Ceauşescu and the Securitate p. the Securitate and Ceauşescu mold socialist citizen’s consciousness to t to consciousness citizen’s socialist mold 100- 120 106 59 .
he elevated mode the party party the mode elevated he CEU eTD Collection 109 108 of thesociety. goals bigger the into incorporated is will personal its and principles guiding main its are solidarity and Collectivity country. the of fulfillment the towards directed preoccupation, political primary its its and focus primary of its is Work patriot. result socialist a is Man New a The education. as consciousness social developed very a has Man New the Thus, documents. party from discernable clearly are Man New the of features main the of some However, signifier. empty an almost concept, porous very a fact in is Man New The life. professional the in meaning her/his find and worker a be to importantly most and ideas, new of promoter and inventor an be to and shortcomings of critical be good,to social the of advancement the to committed always be to supposed was Man New The also type a that ofcreating new human personality. of but society, new a building of onlythat not was party the of task the that fact the signaled future. spiritual more a towards modernity of materialist legacy the overcoming of symbol a as period interwar the of imagination fascist the in already emerged man” “new politico-ideological the of the idea the in already, mentioned As present discussions. more ever become would that trope ideological Man” New “the of figure the spotlight the into brought Congress the Furthermore, words. key new the became unity and harmony Homogeneity, relations. and forces social the of as well as forces productive the of development unitary and harmonious the entailed Gabanyi, p.126. p.126. Gabanyi, Radu. 109
60 108 I te omns cnet it context communist the In - an an - CEU eTD Collection according it model to secondly and institutions significant of control ensure to first order in state the of apparatus institutional the redesigning meant takeover Communist The 3. line the bodiesand was, ofthe ofcourse, souls this citizens: theSecuritate. in keepingat aimed institution particular a developed state the belief, this with In keeping in. engaged was body the practices the by importantly, more but, fascism) by developed corporality racial the with case the was (as features bodily priori a by only determined presuppositions, materialist its to true remained state, socialist the by constructed body the of doctrine official The showed. purposes pedagogical for designed posters mocking some as reading, lazily sunbathingor like ones, innocuous more the to slacking) were or theft activities (like ones serious more of the from morality, series socialist the by inappropriate A deemed in. engaged it activities of type the but such, as features own its not was body socialist the of features proper the determined what Also, case. the morality,a socialist the express to order in dressed properly be to supposed was it Also, clean. and smoking) and alcohol (like vices of free be to supposed was It socialism. constructing of road the upon embark to enough strong and muscular, lean, be to supposed was Man New the of body the Clearly, precepts. ideological the from well as decisions or documents adjacent other from derived intuitively be only can They documents. or directives party any in such aims its as detailed never to were they since expectations according these of picture clear body a get to impossible this shape to party the by envisaged principles were What guiding themain tobelike? supposed the Man New of Butwas thebody what Securitate and the Informer as as the and Informer Securitate stringency more directed towards women’s bodies, as it is always is it as bodies, women’s towards directed more stringency a technology of the body the body of technology 61 wa ? s not s t is It CEU eTD Collection 110 interwar the of transformation the included design institutional of project This principles. socialist to omns we i ws h ol ognzto tutd o odc ivsiain on investigations “that conduct crimes to trusted organization only the was it when communism back goes apparatus its and Securitate the of reputation somber The throughoutyears.problem that the actually institution haunted the regime. political anti-communist the safeguarded enemies internal and with tasked “ was institution county.The each in one on also later were and regionally offices deployed operational apparatus, central the to addition In units. specific 10 by formed time apparatus central a in the distributed workers, permanent at 4,600 around employed and Affairs Internal of Ministry the of control the under 1948 August in established formally was Securitate The Securitate. the terms, familiar more in and Securitatii Poporului Generala a of dissenters any against regime, former the of supporters the against cases court political and trials mock in used be to confessions and with evidence producing charged been had Securitate The dissenters. party and prisoners, movements political oppositional the against accusations main communism. the of of one decade was first crime this the Basically during purges political and arrests rapid for used protecting the democratic gains of the People’s Republic of Romania from its external external its from Romania of Republic People’s the of gains democratic the protecting Marius Oprea, MariusOprea, secret police, the “ the police, secret endanger Bastionul cruzimii: o istorie a Securității, 1948 Securității, istoriea o cruzimii: Bastionul ” the state’s security”. This particular criminal category was often often was category criminal particular This security”. state’s the a ok netkn sal b ofcr ta hd previously had that officers by usually undertaken work a , Siguran ” ( The General DirectorateGeneral Peopl The of ț a ” into a new institution official named “ named official institution new a into ” 62 110 Te ak f ulfe cde a a was cadre qualified of lack The -1964 (Polirom, 2008). (Polirom,2008). e’s Security) to the first decade of of decade first the ly motivated motivated Directia in short in short it CEU eTD Collection This dissidents. even actions potential protest contain methodology moldand todiscover, officers enabled potential discrediting or actions certain from opponents dissuading surveillance, as such methods subtle more employed institution the power, to ascendance threats and arrests, torture, force, of use the included repertoire its to was Securitate the of role the communism, 111 and operation of its techniques autonomous), more and decentralized more increasingly growing structures it organizational of (segments its in changes but oversight its for responsible only institutions not entailed Securitate the of reorganizations subsequent The circular forof power. theSecuritate containment insearch better manner, a in again back and party Communist the of echelon top to Interior of Ministry the from shifting kept Securitate the over control the decades, ensuring the in Therefore, officers. officials, party on Securitate other also even and ministers Dej, but Gheorghiu Gheorghe leader party the risk, including security a posing supposedly persons of only not spy to able was institution The party. the of independently amassing was institution the power the contain to tried who party communist the of leaders the for concern of matter a was Securitate the over control the communism, of fall the to way the all and 1952 From collectivization. the during lands and properties their enlist to refusing peasants including communism 113 112 1949-1989] Documents in Securitate the of History A Evil. Marius Oprea, MariusOprea, Marius Oprea, MariusOprea, Deletant, Ceauşescu and the the Securitate and Ceauşescu Banalitatea Raului. O Istorie a Securitatii in Documente 1949-1989. Bana [The 1949-1989. Documente in Securitatii a Istorie O Raului. Banalitatea Bastionul cruzimii: o istorie a Securității, 1948 Securității, istoriea o cruzimii: Bastionul 111
its vrl mission. overall , p.322- , 350 63 . combat and annihilate “ annihilate and combat (Iasi: Polirom, 2002), p. 115-164. p. 2002), (Iasi:Polirom, 113 -1964 Tu, n h frt eae of decades first the in Thus, (Polirom, 2008), p.230. p.230. 2008), (Polirom, . After Ceausescu’s Ceausescu’s After . class enemies class 112 a
hf between shift lity of lity of ” and and ” CEU eTD Collection 114 the ensure would advantage strategic This biographies. their in element compromising some with least at or investigation under to already persons those attempt Securitate the for would recruit officers case that common quite was it and environments all from informer The upon. spied they persons those of attitudes or behavior the influencing to environment, someone’s within diaries) as (such materials compromising locating and observation as such tasks complicated more to others, of actions of or events of recounts their simple from ranged informers to regardingentrusted Missions environment. immediate information provide to order in operatives police secret by recruited people usually Securitate, the of action of unit smallest the basically were informers The able toinstill. constituted was Securitate the of power real and The secrecy. restraint maximum to people forced therefore which Securitate, the for working spy the be could anyone Basically enjoyed. Securitate the ubiquity of illusion the create to helped also it but society, entire the virtually to access offered only not It Securitate. the of asset main the was informers of network social the of richness and density The active in1898. were 137.000 which of out people 400,000 around have to estimated is networks these and institutions major all of size The and oflife. walks milieus all social collaboratorsrecruited and from informers in informers of networks extended developed Securitate the purpose this To prosecute. to than rather prevent to and punish, to than rather deter to was police Secret the of role the Basically such. as voiced be would actions such before Marius Oprea, MariusOprea, 114 Bastionul cruzimii: o istorie a Securității, 1948 Securității, istoriea o cruzimii: Bastionul
64 -1964 (Polirom, 2008), p.81. p.81. (Polirom,2008), by the self-censorship it was it self-censorship the s were recruited recruited were
CEU eTD Collection 115 potential informer. co Collaboration with the Securitate] the with Collaboration now I which to practices resistant and dissident of variety a to fact in led dispositions official such Men New in uniform creating rigidly from far But ontology. morality regimes the with keeping socialist new a creating institutions, at aimed of that arsenal practices an and ideology of legislation, part was Securitate The exception. not and alone not powerful quite institution particular a was Securitate the chapter, this conclude To its and morality socialist associated body and features disciplines. the enforcing and construing of element essential an was ne the as “targets” the of control and surveillance through this, doing of ways subtle more were there But it. upon action an effecting or body, the controlling of capacity the in resided all, after power, ultimate Its essen an bodywas the killing, and incarceration,torture From body. physical the against of directed locus beginning, Its very the well. from as was, bodies manifestation personal with but such as nation of body the with only concerned not was Securitate the But dispositions. official the to according shape and tocontrol aimed it which nation, ofthe body thesocial embedded into The Securitate was Mihai Albu, Mihai ntrol of the handler over his informants and would provide a motive for approaching a a approaching for motive a provide would and informants his over handler the of ntrol Informatorul.Studiu Asupra Colaborării Cu Securitatea [ The Informer. A St A Informer. The [ Securitatea Cu Colaborării Asupra Informatorul.Studiu – in the hands of the state aimed at molding the new citizens. But it was it But citizens. new the molding at aimed state the of hands the in 115
(Iasi: Polirom, 2008), p.15- Polirom, 2008), (Iasi: xt chapters will demonstrate. Therefore, Securitate Therefore, demonstrate. will chapters xt 65 40 . . tial part of the Securitate’s action. Securitate’s the of part tial – quite central and and central quite udy o udy n the turn. CEU eTD Collection 116 P the of borders maritime and terrestrial the secure to meant compound military a there Moreover, foodstuffs. basic and water drinking carrying while kilometers 5 for bike or walk to either had one there, get To campsites. or hotels, restaurants, electricity, water, running including amenities basic any 1989 until up lacked Mai 2 resorts, tourist socialist state of circuit habitual the nudism. and beach sandy pristine its for known well border Romanian-Bulgarian the on village fishing small a is Mai 2 117 intelligentsia Bucharest the (the international workers day) which was institutionalized in Romania durin Romania in whichinstitutionalized was workersday) international (the evokes t ofMay, second the the village, name of The 1887. alreadyin v show the does that available written,but thedocumentation be yetto istoponim visit his of the date with name to village the decided p wasto able inentourage one but his no place, ofthe name the for asked He a across came he its populations, and additions newterritorial the inspecting C Sea the Black which included dayDobruja, present Danube- ofthe south Russian the 1878 aftermathof eople’s Republic ofRomania.
The fishing village is none other then 2 Mai in the author’s words author’s inMai the 2 then other none fishing is village The II. As the legend goes, the godfather of the village was the first Romanian Romanian first thewas village ofthe godfather the goes, Aslegend the Overlapping fantasies: sexuality, subjectivity and the secret secret the and subjectivity sexuality, fantasies: Overlapping police i the Mai co u it of udists of co u it Mai i thepolice ” ”
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117 Far from major cities, off the beaten track and out of out and track beaten the off cities, major from Far 66 – the sadness the cancel to almost seemed sea the and of closeness friends among where vacations village summer lines fishing these the […] writes remembers that nostalgia the But the second of May. The accurate story of the storyofthe accurate The of May. thesecond of the whole year….of the whole “ he national holidayofthe 1 henational a chic but unpretentious resort for resort for unpretentious but chic a The Dictator andthe Artist Manea, Norman oast line. As king Carol was Carol As king line. oast monarch, Carol the I st; In the Inst;the theI Carol monarch, small amassment of houses; of amassment small rovide him with one and so he so himwithand one rovide g the state socialism regime. regime. socialism state gthe illage bears this name this bears illage
On Clowns: Clowns: On st of May ofMay 116
CEU eTD Collection this grou characterized absolutely that idealism is the though emphasize want to w nudists Mai 2 someofthe for points turning ofthe oneimportant co ofthe history and memory the of part significant a are arrests massive lab Indeed Romania. in ofcommunist dictatorship nature illegitimate and criminal 119 118 worthwhile and education conditions. working through classes lower the of humanist emancipation the of as well principals as sex background, ethnic class, on based antagonisms social embra specifically nudists form. Stalinist its of group initial the communism, in of ideals the in believers true them of some Antifascists, specifically socialism,” existing “actually of inconsistencies internal and paradoxes the with confrontation dramatic of of and disenchantment tale gradual a as retold be can group this of narrative generational The decision. of levels with different link at participated Mai strong 2 of nudists a the of some of which in politics out party communist grew goers Mai 2 of group initial The capital. cultural of terms in and background class their termsof in both citizens socialist of typicalcollection a from far was group this that argue safely can One nude. the in socializing of hours for summer after summer socialism of routine daily the escaped who Party, Communist the of members them of some intellectuals, and artists of community a of destination favorite the Despite and rebuilding of mission generational a repeatitself. not would genocide warand that so society amodernizing idealism, of sense a with it of end the at out come had and War World Second the of abuses and disasters the witnessed had who part). part). ofauthenticit search the cause, inbeliefcommon a the benefits, material interest in An important part of Romanian historiography works withinworksthe totalitar historiography Romanian of part An important withof some conducted myinterviews manywereof in echoed ideals These se ude, rm h md 90 utl h ery 90 ti vlae a the was village this 1990s early the until 1950s mid the from hurdles, 118 Mroe, ot f h gop ebr hd en h generation the been had members group the of most Moreover, ced the ideas of an equalitarian society, of the elimination of elimination the of society, equalitarian an of ideas the 67 ho actually knew of such abuses. What I I What abuses. such of knew actually ho mmunist regime. The abuses were abuses The mmunist regime. ian framework, emphasizing the the emphasizing framework, ian the early 2 Mai goers. goers. Mai 2 the early p p – or camps, prisons; prisons; camps, or y (of which 2 Mai wasa Mai 2 which y (of a certain temperate temperate certain a 119 The emergence The CEU eTD Collection 120 the discovering participants increasingly more with ofcommunism fivecourse decades the of the over changed Mai 2 in holidaying of dynamics the that is caveat important Another this fit would socialism. existing categoryactually aftergrowing disenchanted with people many decades, the Towards communism. in believers former as to referred were also participated themselves society identified Mai that persons 2 the In others. than decisions of circles the to closer different were party the with relationship the group initial this within even thatmention to important is it Nonetheless gazing. of mechanism throughthe produced were phantasy and desire sexuality, how discern to order in state communist the of structures power the to eye an with group this of story the analyze I chapter this In internal contradictions. its and state-socialism Romanian early of aspirations the both epitomized group the of Devel early the 1980s. by Veche Vama nearby the and Mai 2 of beaches nudist the on overlapped identified I gathered, have I interviews history oral the From plumbing. indoor no with and clay of made rooms ceiling low and tiny 121 (Berghahn Books, 2013), pp. pp. 126 2013), Books, (Berghahn 1945-1989 Europe, Eastern in Romania’, of Republic
Mihailescu Vintila, ‘“Limanu. Spaţii Sociale Şi Dezvoltare Locală” [Limanu. Social Spaces and Local and Spaces Social [Limanu. Locală” Şi Dezvoltare Sociale Spaţii ‘“Limanu. Vintila, Mihailescu Irina Costache, ‘From the Party to the Beach Party:nudism and Artistic E Artistic and Party:nudism the Beach to Party ‘From the Costache, Irina “ opment]’, opment]’, backyard tourism backyard 121 Sometimes this overlap of different generations fostered conflicts over politics,over conflicts fostered generations different overlapof this Sometimes Societatea Reala Societatea “former”[fo Socialist Escapes: Breaking Away from Ideology and Everyday Routine in in Routine Everyday and Ideology Away from Breaking Escapes: Socialist ” , ed. by Cathleen M. Giustino, Catherine J. Plum, and Alexander Vari Vari Alexander Plum,and J. Catherine Giustino, ed.M. by , Cathleen 120 of 2 Mai and the charm of living in a peasant household, in household, peasant a in living of charm the and Mai 2 of , 2005. 2005. , – 42.
ti], either former supporters of the liberal regimes or or regimes liberal the of supporters former either ti], as anti-communists from the very beginning. They They beginning. very the from anti-communists 68 at least three distinct generations that that generations distinct three least xpression in the People’s People’s the xpressionin – ih oe members some with CEU eTD Collection in a while a in “ you that fact the 19 0s the by that recalls interviewee One affaire. family a of bit a there undressing making space yetpublic private a of sort some Mai 2 in beaches the of the out created also proximitysocial fact In centers. university Romanian other or Bucharest of world social same the of being part goers Mai friends,acquaintances and 2 would always some overlaps with be there least at or Mai 2 in arriving to prior other each know would groups such addition, In household. peasant entire anoccupy would andfriends and families of up groupsmade affaire other. group each a was with Nudism familiar were actually summers the in Coast Sea Black the of strip Cassian Nina poet character, leading their and vacationers of group 1950s the of story the As dividing inthe community lines socialist nudists. of important most the of one was Generation summer. the after continued and Bucharest in 122 preoccupation same w collaboration This arts). the academics, pursuits, intellectual (writing, sharing usually generations, different between mentoring and learning collaboration, of process a fostered actually it times Other nudism. and fun return each summer. 124 123 musician. and translator New poet, York), 2014
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or that “ that or you would find yourself among your own your among yourself find would you would meet everyone you knew in Bucharest, Bucharest, in knew you everyone meet would – n h sne ht ot orss ol cm i extended in come would tourists most that sense the in 69 th of November 1924, Gala 1924, ofNovember ” 124 was a motivation to motivation a was as usually forged in forged usually i
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oee i Bcrs netkn i a etrtv oe in one restorative a is undertaking Bucur’s if However 70 ne vsbe oe’ experiences women’s visible ender and embodied dissent as its main locus main its as dissent embodied and validating women women validating on under under on under under CEU eTD Collection 127 socialism. existing moreod at themselves found ideals ofcommunist supporters thoseinitial more clear uprisingand Hungarian 1956 Afterthe ofcommunism. ideas Ceau Nicolae and Gheorghiu-Dej ofGheorghe regimes 126 from organized term: the 1980s. late by forms extremist reaching and 1950s late by palpable alreadyfeatures, anti-communist not why and authoritarian nationalist, conservative, increasing its against and regime the of prudishness the against protest of form a indeed was Nudism socialism. state Romanian of regimes body and politics ideology, prevailing the to relation in dissent of form the took therefore, Mai, 2 of remoteness the in summering of activity very the and Nudism, oppositional acts oppositional everyday the of level the at and within from artistic, embodied, - opposition of forms such post-communism of atmosphere revisionist and anti-communist prevailing the in However, principles. fascist Communism’. to access meaningspowerandnegotiations. isperhaps in strategies richer ofstate-subject and class of terms in both ground middle their yet subjects historical truly nor history of actors minor neither are aficionados Mai 2 The histories. art Romania of or This dissident. the of then literature Romanian of rather histories in prominently more figures also characters of privilegedcollection the of or oppressor the of side the on more far so considered been have that characters with as well as regime communist the with relationship nuanced more much a had who people to belong section this in trace I Bucur- in made informants myof that some characterization isa here Anti-communist Deckard, Maria, ‘Gendering Dissent: Of Bodies and Minds, Survival and Oppositi and Survival Minds, and Bodies Of ‘GenderingDissent: Maria, Deckard,
126 ” of a handful of official dissidents, mostly men mostly dissidents, official of handful a of ” Nudism in 2 Mai was a gesture of dissidence, in the primary sense of sense primary the in dissidence, of gesture a was Mai 2 in Nudism – have been obliterated by a a by obliterated been have within within the regime and articulated around communist and anti- and communist around articulated and regime the 71 escu whom they definied in opposition to their own to in opposition whom definied they escu ou o te “ the on focus ly after Ceau escu’s takeover, takeover, Ceau escu’s lyafter ds with ofreal ds the predicaments . 127 relation to the existing existing the to relation The biographies that biographies The proper political political proper on under under on CEU eTD Collection was power 128 state While people. the of resistance everyday the and state the of power totalitarian the between opposition the maintained have studies of number untold An socialism. state during power and subjects between relationship the of framing different power official of activity the by transformed and formed was Mai 2 which between poles antagonistic the as heterotopia and panopticism juxtaposing of scope The and strictures territory ofstate socialist structures neat the in “fold” a “discontinuity”, a of represented geography Mai political 2 and communism. symbolic the in one significant a as topos this inscribed Mai, 2 in unfolding practices the time, same the At location. actual its to due also Mai 2 of village the in enabled were drinking charades, and telling joke music), making and writing to painting, (from practicesart different parties, as such practices associated other otherness). complete of place a is but there, nor here neither is term, the coined who Foucault Michael to according which space, non-hegemonic (the heterotopia and Police) Secret the of eyes the through state the by orchestrated surveillance total (the panopticism between intersection the at discussion my place I Consequently, bodies. an things of disposition official its and state the of view pervasive the to itself relationship beach the on nudism doing of act the in subjects”, “naked as formation their Itrace here. Idiscuss generationthat first this with conflictssmall in sometimes life, Ensuing dissidents. romantic and bohemian freedom, placegenerations ofnudism, visions the withtheirimprinted own communist of group this of politics bodily and sexual and development formation, the narrating by story different a tells therefore chapter This 129 195 pp. 1995), Books,
Michel Foucault, ‘Of Other Spaces’, Spaces’, ‘OfOther MichelFoucault, Michel Foucault, ‘Panopticism’, in in ‘Panopticism’, MichelFoucault, – 228. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison the of Birth Punish: The and Discipline Diacritics –
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129
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CEU eTD Collection Susan E. Reid, Reid, SusanE. Bloc Eastern the in Life Everyday of Sites Spaces: 131 Vari. and Giustino, Plum 2010); Press, 130 formation subject of process the is here me interests that mechanism main The consubstantiality. intricate their out point I opponents, naked its and regime the between opposition neat a subjects, Therefore,simply and worlds bodies of andimaginations. social instead positing actions, foreclosing and repressing creating, concomitantly possibilities, disabling and character citational and reiterative its to power, of dimensions constitutive and performative the to sensible is that view a favor I different: is take my contrast, By structure various agency forms against and toimagine thentried oftheir interplay. of terms in world social the framed that dualism a on relied necessarily approaches These letters). protest hitchhiking, hair,(long authority of defiance direct of acts small other and shipyard) the church, the as (such institutions (ized) marginal kitchen), the notoriously (most semipublic turned spaces private of consists places such of cartography A power. state of cracks and fissures various its in emerging imagined was uniformity imposed its and power to resistance block, concrete and bounded implacable, an as constructed Routledge, 2006), p.10- 2006), Routledge, taken have socialism state during opposition and power between relationship the only not discusses chapter this Therefore, party. Judith Butler, Butler, Judith The collection of essays amassed in volumes such as David Crowley and Su and Crowley David as such in volumes ofamassed essays collection The ankdsbet n hs case this in subject” naked “a , – Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Luxury in the Eastern Bloc Eastern the in Luxury and Leisure Socialism: in Pleasures but also, more importantly, the process of subject formation inseparably inseparably formation subject of process the importantly, more also, but Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity of the Subversion and Feminism Trouble: Gender 34 . – seily h clua ad ritc om te poiin might opposition the forms artistic and cultural the especially (Bloomsbury Academic, 2002).David Crowley and Crowley and 2002).David Academic, (Bloomsbury unfolding under the interpelating gaze of the of gaze interpelating the under unfolding 73 , 1 edition (New York: York: edition (New 1 , (Northwestern University University (Northwestern san E. Reid, Reid, E. san Socialist Socialist 131 enabling , 130
, CEU eTD Collection 132 appear bodies which to bodies certain through enables power of gaze The legibility. from erased mechanism are or visible become the as salient, appears gazing of role the Hence, the as functions that material subject base formation. of struggle of effect the but rasa, tabula “natural” and organic an inscription, of site pre-discursive a be to ceases body the effect, and locus both As itself. power of effect social the as and themselves inscribe effects power which on locus the as centralityboth gains body Therefore,the aspects. genderedand embodied their atlooking by practices oppositional the rematerializes it Hence, interactions. these into interwoven condition the following: the is chapter this throughout develop I that argument the Then, party. the of gaze normative the confronts directly it since Romania of context socialist particular any the in meaning pose different a takes it not contexts), western in (especially should problems theoretical appropriate considered is nudism which in a in setting nude being while But nudism. practice to order in naked get to was participants the of act main the there since Mai 2 of case the in clarity with appears relationship This body a constitutes what of viewnormative a fit they if power,only of laws the accordancewith in only legibility gain Bodies vision. of economy unequal extremely an is legible being of objects legitimate as consistency their bodies grants what such, as bodies renders what since projection and imagination by importantly, more perhaps but materiality, organic their by conditioned not then are Bodies shadows. invisible and spots dark into bodies (1993), 399 (1993),
Crossely Nick, ‘The Politics of the Gaze: Bet the of Gaze: Politics ‘The Nick, Crossely 132 , and a body worth noticing. , and a body worth noticing. – rnig hm eiiay o e icoe ad displayed and disclosed be to legitimacy them granting – 419. ween Foucault and Merleau- and weenFoucault 74 Ponty’, Ponty’, – while turning other other turning while Human Studies Human , 16 16 , CEU eTD Collection 133 This deviant. and naked appeared they which to relation in state the of gaze internalized the and transgression of character erotic the enjoying themselves nudists the of fantasy the Second,it. increase onlyto characterserved acts their of sexual annullingthe farfrom promiscuous that informers police secretand officers police secret throughthe surveillancemechanism sexually and deviant considered fantasies overlapping of series thenudists relationfantasyin 2 Mai.playing First, thestate to beach the in of outon the a discern to me allows This aspect. this amplified 1 chapter in discussed I socialism state Romanian the of character prudish and conservative movements its and body the on centered ontology social different a and senses” of “realm parallel a instituting connotations sexual against guarded highly and affair de-sexualized rather a was below show will I beach the on nude going of act the from not sprung Eroticism erotic itself. in activity an became discussions intellectual and nudism for Mai 2 to going state, the of norms official the to relation in character transgressive its of because that argue I Bataille Georges following intervenes, sex of category the where is this and level, second a At relationship between life power. and human political the of nature the visible, making were importantly, more but regime, the the of prudishness against directed practice cultural a in engaging simply not were Mai 2 in nudists the nudism, of process the in naked becoming By clothing. social the of stripped bodies, as power: by, constituted are and of, front in generallyappear people which in way the fact in dovetail level, basic first a on power, of front in naked Mai, 2 in nudists the of Georges Bataille, Bataille, Georges – but from the very act of dissent. Going to 2 Mai became the equivalent of of equivalent the became Mai 2 to Going dissent. of act very the from but Erotism: Death & Sensuality Death Erotism: 133 a od wt te fiil ipstos Te profoundly The dispositions. official the with odds at , (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 1986). 1986). LightsBooks, City (SanFrancisco: 75 – therefore instituting an overall overall an instituting therefore – which as which naked naked – CEU eTD Collection 808 of population stable a had Mai 2 that noted census the 1965, In work. agricultural on subsistence their based locals the and poor very were villages two the coast, sea Black the of tip southern the on Set research. my of background two the formed have the that villages present and stage the set first me let characters main the introducing Before nostalgiapractices. inrelation their and to past melancholia itself practice the of end the meant effectively nudists the to relation in 1989 after ensued that curiosity libidinal the with deals part last the Finally, fantasies. overlapping generatingthe for and communism ofsubject” “naked the of formation the for mechanism erotic main the as agents, secret by mediated state the of gaze the and practice their between intersection the analyze I section, second the In routine. nudist their out pointing while together, coming their of context social the and background their protagonists main the introduce I first, parts: three in organized is chapter The identifications. erotic and fantasies modeling while bodies organizing shapingand My gazes the intersectionand placed at counter-gazes story isthus of various informers). Securitate were who community the of members those nudists to referring bad category a and (usually regime) communist to opposed politically supposedly (and nudists good of categories erased transgression of fantasy the short In practices. oppositional more in engaged were actions whose nudists those or collaborate to refused had who those informers, not were who goers Mai 2 those as well as travellers nudist fellow their on informing and Securitate the with touch in were who nudists both engulfed fantasy 76 –
while pointing out the protagonists’ protagonists’ the out pointing while – which , CEU eTD Collection 134 vine-leaves, in covered gardens back generous households and withchickens vegetable theinevitablegardens outhouse. and with lime in painted and clay of features patriarchal and antiquarian an of kind a preserving villages inhabitants. 100 under and households only32 were there VecheVama in while households 336 in livingpeople
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October 4 line.ro/[accessed Consiliul de Stat, ‘Lege nr.6 8/1969 Privind Regimul de Paza Al Frontierei de Stat Al Re Stat de Al Paza Frontierei de Privind Regimul 8/1969 nr.6 ‘Lege Stat, Consiliul de 136 In the official the In 80 documents of the mayor’s office mayor’s the of documents ented but nonetheless did provide provide did nonetheless but ented ; one of the specific provisions of provisionsof ofthe specific ; one ere the two villages are placed is placed are villages thetwo ere was the pressing need to to need pressing the was 135 , the villages were villages the , e - publicii publicii regarding CEU eTD Collection for thedevelopment community. ofthenudist monopoly state was it because fish some then and now every and fruits eggs, cheese, white tomatoes, fresh as such food basic just provide could peasants The foodstuff. own their bring would and self-cater would tourists that accommodation offer to and cook to began slowly also guests. more accommodate could they that so extra-rooms with households their expanded and potential its understand did villagers the authorities, state by resource important an considered not was tourism that fact the Despite tourists. the for landscape serene the destroying and villagers the for conditions working better creating opened, was shipyard industrial an Mai, 2 and Mangalia between land of stretch the in 1980s, the By industry. tourist the in work found population age working the of majority 137 belongingto or artists writers,were whom of most Party members communist established well- of number a comprised 1950s late in emerged that Mai 2 of community nudist The communist decadent a 1. Becoming (Bucure ti: Paideia, 200 ). 200 ti: Paideia, (Bucure Anii 80 i Bucure tenii [ The 1980s and the Bucharestians]and The 1980s [ Bucure tenii i 80 Anii 81 . This underdevelopment proved crucial underdevelopmentcrucial provedThis , ed. by Anghelescu, Serban et als. et Serban Anghelescu, by ed. , ilgr dvriid n ht the that in diversified the villagers of possibilities economic the 1970s, the of end the Toward Mai’s 2 from 8. 19 Restaurant, Dobrogeanu’s Postcard . Picture . The “ The . backyard tourism backyard 137 Moreover, some hosts some Moreover, ” implied implied ” CEU eTD Collection 138 dedicatedcommunist.andtrue a of less no wasshe the Party, though in powerfulposition less a enjoyed community, nudist informal the of figure emblematic an Cassian, Nina in 1965. C when Switzerland and Chile to ambassador as position irrelevant politically but honorary an in placed be to only 1960s early and 1950s the of purges party internal the throughout leadership Party the with ties close maintained Dumitrescu Vasile 1965 inPrinting, theinstitution charge culturalcensorship until of and Press for Direction General the for working cadre party active an and publisher and reminiscences. fascist of libraries and houses publishing Romanian purging of charge in commission post-Armistice the to appointed was Stefanescu Ali WWII, during Party Communist underground the in involvement institution. propaganda main regime’s the Press), (Ager Agency Press Romanian the of head appointed was Dumitrescu 1948, in power took fully Party Communist the When fascism. Romanian of period the during jail in years three served Dumitrescu Vasile beliefs his For conviction. sheer of out communism embraced had who views left-wingradical to committed intellectuals all wereThey War. World Second with involved been had three All Dumitrescu. Vasile companion, and friend mutual their by obtained permit a with Mai A (nicknamed Ştefănescu I. Alexandru. husband her and poet, young a then Cassian, Nina them, among chief producers, cultural of category larger the tefănescu see Tismăneanu, Vladimir, Dorin Dobrincu and Cristian Vasile. Cristian and Dobrincu Dorin Vladimir, Tismăneanu, see tefănescu 139 140 The activity of the Censorship commission ended in 1948, r for 1948, in commission ended Censorship activity ofthe The Author’s interview with Nina Cassian (2 April 2009 ). 2009 April Cassian(2 withNina Author’sinterview Tismăneanu, Vladimir, Dorin Dobrincu and Cristian Vasile. Cristian and Dobrincu Dorin Vladimir, Tismăneanu, the Romanian Communist Party’s Communist Romanian the 82 139 By mid- By eferences to the biography of Ali of biography the eferencesto 1950s Ştefănescu was a novelist a was Ştefănescu 1950s li). They first traveled to 2 to traveled first They li). pp. 309- pp. For his work and active and work his For 140 . eau escu took power power took eau escu networks during the during networks 311. 138 CEU eTD Collection coincided literary Her sixteen. of age the from politically getting Bucharest of intelligentsia leftist the of circles the joined and movement resistance Antifascist the to subscribed Cassian Nina Colin, Vladimir writer Communist the husband, first her with Together for? what peoples, and sexes classes, races, between hatred of Earth, on encounter we that hideous contradictions all abolishing of sphere golden thebeautiful at thoughts, beautiful the cannons poetry of Soviet style 141 most the of lies the for shield regime. political gruesome a into turned later have principles these course Of it. on up given never have I honest be to and noble and beautiful was ideals communist regimes. political the but terrible were that ideas the not was it careful, interview: communist post a in explains She dignity. human regime. fascist interwar the by adopted legislation anti-Semitic of humiliations public the wentthrough she school, segregated Jewish a in student A school. high in still while sixteen, of age the at 1941, in Party Communist Romanian illegal the of member a became She Populară Română, 1949). Populară Nineteenseventeen] Year 144 143 142 Vol.I. p.40, 2004), Român, din Republica Populară Română, 1949). Română, Populară Republica din Nina Cassian, NinaCassian, Cassian, Nina, Nina, Cassian, Cassian, Nina, Nina, Cassian, 2009. ofcommunism, utopia The Nina, Cassian, 142 141 with the Communist Party’stake Communist the with Tee xeine ltr uld e qet fr oil utc, qaiy and equality, justice, social for quests her fueled later experiences These Memoria ca Zestre [Memory as Dowery] as Zestre [Memory ca Memoria Sufletul Nostru [Our Soul] [Our Nostru Sufletul La Scara 1/1: Poeme 1/1: Scara La (Bucure ti: Editura pentru tiin ă i Artă a Uniunii Scriitorilor din Republica Republica din Scriitorilor ArtăUniunii a i pentru tiin ă ti: Editura (Bucure But to give up… give to But (Bucure ti: Forum (Bucure Cassian, Nina, 143 unlike her 1950s further works 1940sand ofthe (Bucure ti: Editura pentru tiin ă i Artă a Uniunii Scriitorilor Scriitorilor ArtăUniunii a ipentru tiin ă ti: Editura (Bucure over of Romania and managed to keep outside keep to managed and Romania of over 83 to give up on what? To give up on the most the on up give To what? on up give to An Vi An , , , 1948). 1948). , III vols. (Bucure ti: Editura Institutului ti: Editura vols.III (Bucure u O Mie Nouă Sute aptesprezece [Enlivened [Enlivened aptesprezece Sute Mie Nouă O u “ It was youthful idealism. Be idealism. youthful was That belief in in belief That Cultural Cultural debut debut 144 . CEU eTD Collection 146 1941-2000] Literature Contemporary 145 literature Romanian of woman ugly appealing face heart-shaped looking awkward an with yet chic and smart charming, world, literary Bucharest the in such as recognized and talented views, political and comments her in determined person, outspoken an was Cassian Nina this submit to preparing was I as just 2014, April dissertation in York, New in 89, aged poetry. publish to continued and English-writing to switched she decade a she of course when the over 1986 where York, New in in settled end and States United definitive the to a immigrated to came Romania in socialism with romance Her ideology. official the in inconsistencies and contradictions various denounce could whichbureaucracy, shecritical her toadopta from enabled particularly however, position so do to and continues life and my career dominated always has cause, the for useful trait a then rather rebellion of symptom a rather was intelligencemy of reputation the whom for and me know to wish “ Union. Writer’s Romanian the and Party Communist the of hierarchy the both in position prominent more occupya to failed she Thus, doctrinary narrow and dullness The politics. party official the with conflicted often activism, political communist about ideas own 147 148 [accessed 5 August 2014]. August 5 2014]. [accessed Cassian, Nina, Nina, Cassian, ‘Nina Cassian, Romanian Poet Exiled for Skewering Regime, Dies at 89 89 Dies at Regime, Skewering for Exiled Poet Romanian Cassian, ‘Nina 148 . Memoria ca Zestre [Memory as Dowery] as [Memory Zestre ca Memoria Memoria ca Zestre [Memory as Dowery] as [Memory Zestre ca Memoria Is toria Literaturii Române Contemporane 1941-2000 [The History of Romanina Romanina of History [The 1941-2000 Contemporane Române Literaturii toria (Bucure ti: Masina de Scris, 2005). Scris, de ti: Masina (Bucure ” se oe i 1965. in noted she , 84 ” . 145 . . . 225- . p – Hratsi iw,culdwt her with coupled views, artistic Her n ltrr cii wrs “ words critic literary a in 146 286. Hr esr tts n h Party the in status lesser Her - NYTimes.com’ NYTimes.com’ at -89.html?_r=0> -89.html?_r=0> 147 The poet died poet The the most most the CEU eTD Collection 149 Mai. 2 at summers his spending also suit, sociologist,prominent followed Marxist recognizedaswho was a Second and War World the during affiliations communist his for sentence prison a served had who Câmpeanu, epigrams. his in beauty her and her for love his expressed Tomozei Gheorghe poet the while work, Wigman’s Mary by inspired performances, moonlight naked her first to due known community the in popular became well quickly Liciu Opera. Bucharest the a at ballerina Liciu, the Irinel wife, of his figure with there important time and spent often writer establishment, praised highly a also Doina Augustin Ştefan war. the of horrors the described poetry his and author, anti-fascist and pacifist declared a as whose known was He art. writers and politics between distributed equally of were investments creative generation left post-war the of figures well-known the of one was Jebeleanu group. nudist the joined also Cordescu, Florica painter and Jebeleanu Eugen poet 1958, in example, For routine. party the from getaway tranquil and quiet a enjoying of prospect the offered which beaches, secluded its in laid village the of attraction main the campers early the of majority the for Yet, village. remote this in residence summer up setting for sufficient were Cassian of spirit and charm the some, For beach. nudist 2 May the to road bumpy the took politics, party and profession writing the in living a making Nina of many 1955, in Beginning he Later grounds. Marxist-Leninist on critics outspoken his of one became he 1965 150 1945). 151 Vera Cîmpeanu daughter of Pavel Cîmpeanu), 2 Mai in my 20s, 2008, 20s, my inMai 2 Cîmpeanu), ofPavel daughter Cîmpeanu Vera Cassian, Nina, ‘The Utopia of Communism’. of Utopia ‘The Nina, Cassian, Jebeleanu, Eugen, Jebeleanu, 149 Ceea Ce Nu Uita [ What Cannot Be Forgotten] Be What Cannot [ Uita Nu Ce Ceea Cassian’s fellow comrades, also from Bucharest and and Bucharest from also comrades, fellow Cassian’s 151 85 After Ceau escu took power in Romania in Romania in power took Ceau escu After (Bucure ti: Funda ia Regele Funda ia ti: (Bucure author's interview. author's interview. 150 Mihai I, MihaiI, Pavel CEU eTD Collection 152 the with gallery, art temporary the as chosen was windows, small and ceilings low with house, peasant a of room small The establishment. artistic the mock to designed was which exhibition, Cadere’s attend to invited were members community the summer, busy that of end the At village. the in strolling nudists fellow his of pathways the capture to aiming drawings ink and pen of series a in engage to artist the prompted discovery This points. sharp and lines, discontinuous footsteps, him: behind trailing marks the noticed he beach, sandy the on nude around walking While system. official the of rules the to protest in village nudist the in up put exhibition mock a with place took debut official his Instead, 1960s. and 1950s the of circles artistic underground the in known well was work his though even institution, art Romanian proper a in exhibited never He had. nudists other the Party the with ties strong the and success artistic the lacked He artist. taught high a of renegadeson the wasCădere 19 4, while short a for was scene art Mai 2 the of character Another consciousness. self- bodily and inhibitions without life a for in pedagogy their of part life as well as Bucharest their of continuation the only was Mai 2 of beaches the on nudism practicing them, For community. the of part much very were laws, in and painters them of three Smighelschi Maria Ana- generation, younger a to Belonging life under late-socialism. of analysis socio-phenomenological his for home at and West the in both famous became Society 153 Humanitas, 2013).Ana-Maria Smighelschi, 2008, author's interview. author's interview. 2008, Smighelschi, 2013).Ana-Maria Humanitas, Anamaria Smighelschi, Smighelschi, Anamaria See two of his books Cîmpeanu, Pavel, Cîmpeanu,Pavel, his twobooks See of (London: E M Sharpe, 1989). Sharpe, M (London: E Gustul, Mirosul Si Amintirea [The Taste, the Smell, the Memory] the Smell, the Taste, [The Amintirea Si Mirosul Gustul, 152 Câmpeanu. The Origins Of Stalinism: From Leninist Revolution To Stalinist Stalinist To Revolution Leninist From Stalinism: Of Origins The 86 -ranking Romanian Army general and a self- generala and Army Romanian -ranking 153 and the the and Andrei Cădere. Born in in Born Cădere. Andrei etran couple, all couple, etran (Bucure ti: ti: (Bucure CEU eTD Collection 155 ed unwanted societal the contains it as far so in space heterotopic a is which prison, the is hereexample classic The utopia. the construct to order in spaces “normal” the from excluded are that bodies bodies, undesirable by populated space a is space heterotopic a Foucault, for Also, space. non-hegemonic a as heterotopia described Foucault Michael for desire” present. for ofa world, revolution, better was still th where retreat Sea Black the space, heterotopic a became Mai 2 perspective, this From carriedtime upontheideology melancholyof a communism. the world better of premised same the at and took Party the course the with disillusionment and disenchantment from sprung opposition The goals. and ideals initial its abandoning Party, the of conservatism supported. actively party communist Romanian the which Hungary, of invasion Soviet 1956 the after especially and, Pauker Ana of purge 1952 the after party the of direction overall the 154 emerg that group a then was since acts playful This communism. Romanian of structure power the to internal such were they degrees,various in engage to position the in were vacationers Mai 2 The show hadwere started,at conclusion. its fishand whiledeep-fried served vodka the before even verdicts positive their gave critics art These hours. few a for nudism up giveandoutfits best ontheir put to guestswovenhadThe clothes. old to pinned drawings ese goals could at least still be kept alive, entertained as a possibility, where “the desire desire “the where possibility, a as entertained alive, kept be still least at could goals ese . by Radu, Magda (Bucure ti: MNAC si Editura UNARTE, 2011). UNARTE, Editura si MNAC ti: (Bucure by . Magda Radu, Deletant, Pamfil, Francois, ‘Despre Andrei Cădere’, Cădere’, Andrei ‘Despre Pamfil,Francois, Communist Terror in Romania, p.84- Romania, in Terror Communist 155 Ti ws hn mvmn aant h ntoaim at-eiim and anti-Semitism, nationalism, the against movement a then was This ed from the Romanian communist nomenklatura at odds with with odds nomenklaturaat communist Romanian the from Revista Arta Revista 90 . 87 (Bucure ti, 199 ). 199 ti, (Bucure Andre Cadere/Andrei Cadere Cadere/Andrei Andre 154 , to , CEU eTD Collection 157 156 wa mobilization for calls and newspapers everyday the in also but bodies state- widespread the in visible bourgeois as socialism buildingand work with fixation The sunbathing generatedbylaziness. activities, fiddling non-therapeutical and nudism depicted which implement, socialism. state liminalityits to within addedalso in groupthisengaged nudism of practiceTherefore, the the societyrealizeutopia ofthe New the to Man. for order in purged, even distance, a at kept be to had They activity. un-socialist deviant, the in engaged from bodies least at hand, or bodies, other deviant were the nudists the On state, the of it. perspective abandoned more, even and, create to unable was party the one the utopia, communist own their enact to trying were activity their through others. “ Foucault’s wasnudism a indicative terminology, particular of a also but activity, (deviant) an simply not was nudism expectations: bodily its with also but regime the of logic productive the contradiction with wasNudism in thus order ofthings. transgressors the Party-imposed of nudists. the of activities Postfascism i Anticomunism i Postfascism 158 2008). Press, Transaction Aldine J: N. Brunswick, Foucault. For a description of the work obsessed socialist petit bourgeoisie ideology Tamas ideology bourgeoisie petit socialist workobsessed ofthe description a For Turner, Victor, ‘Liminality and Communitas’, in in Communitas’, ‘Liminality Victor, and Turner, s promoting in all spheres of life, from labor to leisure to laborfrom life, of spheres all in promoting s 156 This ambiguity is also present in the case of 2 Mai: on the one hand the nudists the hand one the on Mai: 2 of case the in present also is ambiguity This 157 Nudism was at odds with the official morals the regime was trying to trying was regime the morals official the with odds at was Nudism 158 (Cluj: Tact, 2014). Tact, (Cluj: In this context, the nudists of 2 Mai appeared as decadents, asdecadents,as appeared Mai 2 of nudists the context, In this sanctioned representations of (usually) male workers’ workers’ male (usually) of representations sanctioned The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure and Structure Process: Ritual The 88 a o rltn t oes oy o, o use to or, body, one’s to relating of way – stood in deep contrast with thewith contrast deep in stood ca re of the self there of , Gaspar Micklos, Gaspar , – that the regime regime the that ” . . (New – CEU eTD Collection Night gardens. vine-covered their and in other hours heat the the spend into to retire would one people the fromsometimes of flow part to best seemed the afternoons as and nude Morning the experience. in swim gymnastics, usual their perform Some would sessions. reading or cards of games jokes, and talk small for nudists of groups interests. one’s to according reading, or writing painting, while sunbathing nude for reserved was Daytime program. clear a to according there time holiday their structured Mai 2 in campers commercials socialist on associations free doing or way critical and humorous a the in anthem rewriting national as such nudists, the of activities the rooms) the in placed microphones debates. intellectual and afternoon and after that she is busy with visits and then Nina Cassian Cassian Nina then and visits with busy is she that after the and to goes afternoon she courtyar then 11-12, the until in up sleeps parties she following: long the is throwing schedule oftentimes citizens foreign and people older receives Cassian Nina stay, her During health. his for good not is climate together comes Cassian back leaves then Nina and her with Agafia. days 2-3 spends Grigorie husband The Stefanescu. at room rented a in resides and summer every Mai 2 to comes Cassian Nina writer the that informs source “[…]the e For Police. Secret former 159 [ class” “high the as themselves Portraying Vasile. and Ali lovers lifelong her with along naked sun-bathed and swam she how including village, the in routines daily her described Cassian Nina diary, her In hoge Emil’ Gheorghe [Fond Stacks Penal Archive, CNSAS see Ursu Gheorghe friend, close Cassian’s 160 File Archive, air and sanity and air of is nightlife its and Mai 2 intellectuals. local by writings autobiographical 161 Another source for gathering info about the daily routines of 2 Ma 2 of routines daily the about info gathering for source Another Less detailed information but still a good evocation of night parties can can parties night of evocation good a still but information detailed Less CNSAS Archive, ‘I 256690 NinaCassian’ ‘I 256690 Archive, CNSAS time was devoted to group activities such as parties, card games, word games, groupgames,activities parties, games, such card was to word as devoted . ‘I Luca Pitu, 161 256690’ Vl , . 20- p. I, Vol , . Early risers or late comers would either spend time in solitude or join or solitude in time spend either would comers late or risers Early , Vol.I. , p. 198. p. 198. , Vol.I. , Insemnarile Magistrului Din Cajvana Din Magistrului Insemnarile xample, the Securitate file of Nina Cassian’s offers the following information information following the offers Cassian’s Nina of file Securitate the xample, 160 21 Te ae ih gre pris r as mnind n nme of number a in mentioned also are parties garden night late The . Te ert oie rhv acrtl rcre (through recorded accurately archive police secret The ue bună lumea , Volume II, p.22. p.22. II, Volume , 89 ] of intellectuals, artists and writers, the the writers, and artists intellectuals, of ] (Nemira, 2005), p.80- (Nemira, 2005), i holiday goers are the records of the of records the are goers holiday i for Bucharest because the marine the because Bucharest for ate u utl dawn until up parties many visits from young people, people, young from visits many beach, she returns home in the in home returns she beach, ten compared to oasis of fresh fresh of oasis to compared ten be also found in one of Nina Nina of one in found also be Penal], ‘FP 66142 Ursu 66142 ‘FP Penal], for a month and a half a and month a for ih e hsad Mr. husband her with 94 . sal hr daily her Usually d. . . .” .” CNSAS mime 159 “ CEU eTD Collection Picture 4-5 Picture trying to establish an autonomy from the uniformity of party directives while on the other other the on while directives party of uniformity the from autonomy an establish tryingto creators cultural of self-perception their through expressed was difference This masses. working the from difference and politics state from distance their enacted intellectuals and writers, musicians, actors,poets, of host a wheresites as designed werepractice itself its ascertain to order in nudist the and location nudist values the Consequently, politics. organized state from own autonomy its by stand to willing elite, cultural socialist alternative an of ethos an with articulated Mai 2 in practiced nudism inception, its From . Copies Nina Cassian’s Secu NinaCassian’s Copies . ritate File. Invoices for expenses of Securitate agents in 2 Mai. Mai. 2 in agents Securitate of expenses for Invoices File. ritate 90 CEU eTD Collection naked the and form Aristotelian ideal an as “ work seminal Clark’s practice. nudist the undergirding sexuality and eroticism of issue important the raises community Mai 2 the in experiences her of account Cassian’s Nina subjects the of naked The formation to Eroticism Nudism 2. From assuming exercisingstate and powerafter 1947. of process the in bloc power a into solidification its and Party Communist Romanian the of course general the illuminates also It took. regime the of criticism its form the and is It society. group this of emergence the Romanian both explain they because aspects post-war these clarify to important the within nudists of community the of position reflect activities These politics. of flows and ebb official the to indifferent being while different being of vision a proposed they short, In alterity artistic creation and were inwhichlife and intertwined embodied. radical a world, the in being of way different a dovetailed body the on focus The work. political direct in engaging or pamphlets writing as such dissidence, of forms typical the not and group this of expression of forms main the became central, was body the which self- the in activities where the and body, labor the why is This common dominant. less was of job a with identification domain the from them differencing also hand The Nude: A Study of Ideal Art Ideal of Study A Nude: The ” set the canonical opposition between the female nude, nude, female the between opposition canonical the set ” 91 – a depiction of the body not entirely or or entirely not body the of depiction a ed in unambiguous terms the social social the terms unambiguous in CEU eTD Collection 164 163 162 mechanisms throughwhich social the nudeiscreated. bearable it render to order in body naked the desexualizing of form a as art to pinpointed Clark while But bodies. and nature of repression hegemonic and prudishness European of sign view Clark’s dismiss to easy perhaps is It bases. sexual its of deprived eroticism abstract or nakedness, non-sexual of point in case a is nudism view, this In feminineto alower characteristics) status. with imbued (because body the relegated that wider philosophy Western the of split mind/body the reproduce to seems polarity this Furthermore, “nature”. pure is nakedness f ideal an into flesh of rawness the the transposes vision is artistic and art bodybut nude, the of naked point starting The senses. higher the to intellect, the to appeal should however eroticism this double, erotic its without conceived be can nakedness of representation viewer. masculine implied an for nakedness feminine bare of content erotic Put nude. the of the translate “form” and tame to contain, to manages artistic it as much as in art is ideal, nude the differently, the to opposed as “matter” brutal simple, techniques. artistic by and culture by contained properly 166 165 C Western Feminism, Introduction: 2004), Press, California of University Susan Bordo, SusanBordo, p.40- Nead, Clark. Clark. Clark. Clark. 166 orm. To put it in a different manner, in this view the nude is “culture”, while “culture”, is nude the view this in manner, different a in it put To orm. , what is really at stake to grasp are the other, more subtle and pervasive social pervasive and subtle more other, the are grasp to stake at really is what , 64. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body, the and Culture, Western Feminism, Weight: Unbearable 164 92 162 ulture and the Body, p.1- Body, the and ulture I sot nkdes s just is nakedness short, In (Berkeley, Calif.: 165 as a clear-cut a as 163 While no While 45 . . CEU eTD Collection 167 community nudist the attending before that remembers Cassian Nina self. one’s and body one’s of discovery concomitant a entailed back at gazed being and other the at gazing of joy the Thus, impulses. expressive and creative with imbued was interaction nudist entire the interests, similar with people by surrounded being and poet, a and artist an Being intellectual debates. an agenda reformist with explicit communities nudist of characteristics rules formal the of any lacked it since Mai 2 of community nudist the of case the in problematic more even becomes task This sexuality from separated strictly remain it upon others of gaze the and nakedness that ensure to aimed behavior of codes unwritten and written by policed heavily are occurs it which in spaces social the that is above) category forth (the nudity of construction social the for salient seems What etc. protests beaches, nudist art, street performance showers, locker-room the as such non-sexual, be to meant ostensibly are which ways in purposes an int turned is nakedness when 3) contexts; and actions intimate lovers’ of boundaries the within 2) etc.; doctor/patient parent/child; as such relations power of context the within 1) others: by at gazed legitimately is body model Clark’s from missing aspect an others, of gaze the account into taking while legitimate, rendered is nakedness which in ways the delineating of taxonomy intricate more a elaborated Grosz Elisabeth Smith, Terry (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2001), pp. 2001), Press, Chicago Of University (Chicago: Smith,Terry 168 Culture’, Culture’, 169 Grosz, Elizabeth. Grosz, Like in the case of the German naturist/nudist movement see Hau.Williams see movement naturist/nudist German ofthe case Likein the d 4) the (physical) spaces in which nakedness is shared for practical or pleasurable pleasurable or practical for shared is nakedness which in spaces (physical) the 4) d Grosz, Elizabeth, ‘Naked’, in ‘Naked’, Elizabeth, Grosz, Body and Society and Body Cover Rob, ‘The Naked Subject: Nudity Subject: Naked ‘The Rob, Cover , 9 (2003), 53 , 9 (2003), 169 Impossible Presence: Surface and Screen in the Photogenic Photogenic Era the in Screen and Surface Presence: Impossible , but was premised upon casual leisure time and sophisticated and time leisure casual upon premised was but , . 167 She suggested three frames or contexts in which a naked a which in contexts or frames three suggested She – 72. o nudity through representation (Clarks’ point) point) (Clarks’ representation through nudity o 93 , Context and Sexualization in Contemporary Contemporary in Sexualization and Context , 209 – 23. .McLellan Josie. Josie. .McLellan , ed. by ed. , 168 . CEU eTD Collection discourse. Mai 2 in special anything ( practice nudist the de-sexualizing and de-politicisizing for ground a as discourse aesthetic the of iteration very the differently, it put To itself. discourse operated nudism which in instance an as regarded be can pleasure and eroticization bodily with creation aesthetic of overlapping the words other 170 discourse. repressive and de-sexualized authoritative, its against and within state the of margins the at unfolding activity, aesthetic an as constructed was nudism Thus, Party. Communist the of and state the of criticism a as employed was community nudist the of discourse aesthetic The purposes. and discoveries aesthetic with pleasures bodily mixing were body the in challenging more even something is conducted There medium. this through engagement of political the experiences from and pleasurable creation poetic from and indistinguishable erotic nudist, the Therefore, her in transformation long-lasting writing. and profound a entailed community nudist the in lived catharsis bodily and intellectual the insists, she doubt, a Without village. this nudist in productive most be to continued she summers 30 following the For language. poetry, of return and volume realism new socialist from a break wrote her marking she 1957, in Mai 2 in year first her In voice. inner her revived a and poetry under her transformed bodies radically glances, lovers’ erotic of her exchange perpetual and body her of discovery mutual and playful gradual, the and there, experiences Her poetical. not yet committed politically dry, was poetry her Cassian, Nina, ‘The Utopia of Communism’. of Utopia ‘The Nina, Cassian, 170 ” ld o h pltzto ad eulzto o te aesthetic the of sexualization and politization the to led ) 94 ed o mdrit btat poetical abstract modernist a to a sexualization of the aesthetic the of sexualization Cassian’s “ e ee’ doing weren’t we account of of account In CEU eTD Collection 174 173 172 171 someone’s seeing necessarily not of function a not was Eroticism beach. the on interaction everyday nudist the fromappear did eroticism nudists, of community Mai 2 of case the in Therefore, the desire for transgression. as appears desire the limitation: the of existence very the by constituted is desire interdiction an of transgression the through appears: reproduction) mechanical pure to opposition (in eroticism Bataille for how is This it. transgressing by only interdiction the of aware become we transgression: in fully itself reveals interdiction In sub-tones. erotic with imbued becam direction overall its and politics party against discourse aesthetic the Moreover, policeofficers recorded intheir files. diary her in noted Cassian Nina as present, being affairs homosexual and hetero gossips, flirts, with content, sexual a lacked nudists the between interactions naked be would herself lady the though even gentlemen naked if even and introductions of etiquette polite the followed they example “ recalled interviewees Cassian, Nina, Nina, Cassian, Spallas. Marina Spallas. Marina Bataille. ” [ un domn adevarat] would bend and kiss a woman’s hand when introduced introduced when hand woman’s a kiss and bend would adevarat] domn un Memoria ca Zestre [Memory as Dowery] as [Memory Zestre ca Memoria naked body or of being seen naked by another nudist another by naked seen being of or body naked naked people on the beach acted as if they were clothed. were they if as acted beach the on people naked rts: et ad sensuality and death Erotism: 95 173 . This is does not mean however that the that however mean not does is This . . 171 Btil woe that wrote Bataille , . To follow Bataille follow To . s. 174 As many of my my of many As ad h secret the and ” a 172 “ For true true e , CEU eTD Collection 175 which on screen the screen: a fact in was mystery activities of veil sexual this of fact, in sorts But unfolded. all presumably which behind veil a mystery, and secrecy hidden. the and unknown the from mystery, from inseparable becomes pleasure interdiction, an transgressing of mechanism the of because again,Bataille invoke To excesses. and rituals activit sexual decadent of part as officers Securitate by and hosts) village (including to as well as nudism to relation in developed fantasy sexual the for accounts Mai decadent 2 in communists the of experience the undergirding matrix erotic implicit this that believe I interactions ofthe participants. matrix imbuingbut more all subversively,as activities thatfunctioned and animplicit one sexuality, direct of sphere the to confined strictly not eroticism an eroticism: overall of place heterotopic a them became Mai 2 prudishness. and repression sexual of regime a in this andgroup titillatinganand interactions offering sensuous embodied emotional form, took of expression political the politics, oppositional the organized taking of of form Instead recognizable politics. body and morality behavior, of norms prevailing the with odds at being of and different being of transgression, of pleasures the in indulging component one only was nudism which community this of part being of Mai, 2 to going of act very the Therefore, practices. artistic and dispositions bodily of norms accepted and politics state official to relation in manifested was nudism of character transgressive and sexualization overt the Rather, Bataille. Bataille. 175 The entire activity of the nudist in 2 Mai became then imbued by an aura of aura an by imbued then became Mai 2 in nudist the of activity entire The its connected leisure time activities. 2 Mai was imagined by non-participants non-participants by imagined was Mai 2 activities. time leisure connected 96 – was in itself an erotic activity. It meant meant It activity. erotic an itself in was ies, – of of CEU eTD Collection 176 be to needs that stain a as shameful, as and sin, the committing before Fall, the before legitimate as“natural”, regardedaswas two the thenakednessof that fact the in storylies the Eve. and Adam of story biblical point starting inevitable an as take nakedness and body between relationship the with deal that accounts Most context. Western Judeo-Christian the in tradition long very clothing. aberation an distortion, a as also of but inconceivability, impossibility, of form radical a as only not appeared body naked the Historically, one’s sexual imaginary? features salient the were what finally, And, Mai? 2 in sunbathing nudists the at gazing is gaze Whose gaze? the to subject relation of in constituted are one and appear nudity also and nakedness then does but How constitution. time, leisure of form a only not was nudism interpellation; that contexts subject of forms and as time same verythe at functionedlegitimate Mai 2 in nudism rendered norms the words, other In interpellation. subject of theory a from separated be cannot unfolds body (naked) performative the which in contexts cultural particular the of analysis The intersect? subjectivity and nakedness which in ways the are what looking, one another to gaze, a to relation in nakedness always is nakedness Since between Sin: Nakednessand socialism andstate Christi the meetingpoint violatingaccepted, morality and bodily “normal” the transgressing of practices. as sinful, as nudists Mai 2 the constructed fantasy such One projected. were fantasies 177 Barcan.Perniola Mario, Mario, Barcan.Perniola Giorgio Agamben, Agamben, Giorgio 176 Nudity and clothing are thus in a dialectical opposition. This distinction has a has distinction This opposition. dialectical a in thus are clothing and Nudity Nudities II . . (Stanford University Press, 2011). p. 2011). University Press, (Stanford of the nudist embodiment in relation to one’s sex, one’s desires desires one’s sex, one’s to relation in embodiment nudist the of 177 It is perhaps worth remembering that the kernel of the of kernel the that remembering worth perhaps is It 97 compared to the “normal” state of of state “normal” the to compared 55 - 91 . . anity anity CEU eTD Collection 179 178 clothing of piece smallest the when even nudity, for search to continues avidly gaze The power of gaze the and body which, grace, the between relationship to the fact in relationship entails context, in non-theological a the nature in transposed human of problem the therefore is nudity of problem the that, argues Agamben theology, political of writings the from Drawing grace. divine of absence the nakedness, this of acknowledgment the is become shame associated: shame and sin how is This naked. body the renders simply that grace divine this of stripping the denudation: a as then appears sin into fall The grace. divine in clad but naked not were they were, it As grace. divine the by covered were they veiled: fact in become sexuality and corporeality were clothed, not while Eve, and Adam that, before because Fall the after noticeable only naked nudity, that argues Peterson Basically, sinful. deemed is couple the when only recognizable visible, becomes nudity God: with arelationshipa state but isthen not Nudity wore noclothes. couple sinned, the primordial have Eve and Adam before grace, of state the In sin. after only appears meaning with imbued experience human a as nudity, that wrote Agamben, by quoted Peterson, Erik reproduction, fulldecadence,and to lust. decay fertile from ranging meanings dialectical with imbued also feminine body, the sexed of a visibility of markers full the to refers nakedness tradition Christian the in that is story mythical this from retained be to is what Furthermore, obliteration. successful constant its upon premised is order symbolic the while sin major the of the sign is indelible tradition, this in nakedness, words, other In Fall. the after erased, and covered Agamben.p.60. Agamben.p.60. Cunningham. 179 : “ : nudity can never satiate the gaze to which it is offered. is it which to gaze the satiate never can nudity 98 178 CEU eTD Collection Bernstein, th during Russia Soviet in sexuality human of readings conservative 182 181 180 undergird universe peasant moralcategory in the acentral with shame: associated nudity nakedness were and sensibilities. and localpremised histories upon fact in was and socialists revolutionary by elaborated doctrines sexual permissive of set Party. the of doctrine official the to elevated morality, Christian and peasant a of articulation state the fact in wassexuality socialist State sin. of between structure link religious the mirrored direct interdictions of set a communist the sin: and is transgression there socialist state during practiced nudism of case the In manner”. inbarefaced hidden have exhibited been were that parts when all has been even removed, 183 2007). Press, And insobeing, wereacts to sexuality. their connected strictly shameful. were They bodies. of disposition socialist state sanctioned officially the and interdictions religious old both transgressing act: sinful a in engaging simply were Mai 2 in nudists Therefore, will. God’s transgressing of act the original the of and reminder constant sin, original the of reflection earthly the then is Shame texts. religious other Fall. the before grace of state the for shame: without nudity the for nostalgia the is theology For an illustration of how progressive social theories underwent a transfor a underwent theories social progressive how ofan illustration For 136. Kligman.p. Onpoint this 66. Agamben.p. Agamben. Agamben. 183 The impossibility of being nude without blushing appears in the Gospel and in and Gospel the in appears blushing without nude being of impossibility The The Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle Advice for the Soviet Masses Soviet the for Lifestyle Advice Sex: of Dictatorship The 180 ed by religious beliefs. As Agamben noted, what is proper to Christian Christian to proper is what noted, Agamben As beliefs. religious by 99 182 In this context, it is of little surprise that oflittle is it In context, this 181 e 1920-1930s see FrancesLee see 1920-1930s e It had little to do with the initial the with do to little had It (Northern Illinois University University Illinois (Northern mation towards more mationtowards CEU eTD Collection will nakedness separation: this etc.) of impossibility caprice, the time, bohemian same very intellectual, the an at generates, time, leisure of form (a nudity legitimate into it translating by sexuality from nakedness separate to tries that power of action very the that is see, to stake at is what Consequently, operation. power’s sustains that excess, outside, external illusory, an not is power of grasp the eludes effectively what Thus, object. their in surplus a generate they as far so in inefficacity, own their for space the up open mechanisms power that 184 power. of movement circular a in on, so For discipline. and and pleasures sexual regulate of forms new to rise gives sexuality of repression very the example, suppress, to endeavor they what of proliferation wild a motion in set themselves mechanisms power disciplining how emphasized Foucault voyeuristic PartyThe gaze of the societal “mediations” theproliferating ineffectof power. of requires atheory effects its and nakedness between relationship the Thus, accomplished. fully never complete, never is nakedness to harsher inherent sexuality the against policing the and differently, Put policing. further requiring site, sexual highly a becomes inevitably it gaze, erotic the and sexuality against polices heavily which site a being that is paradox the that bodies, upon gazes of array legitimate the also but movement, of abilities and attributes nudist the their display, on bodies within the only not sexuality cultivate micro-powers the from since But, community. nakedness of separation the police and regulate that power of mechanisms infra-level the concerns here arises that question the Thus, Zizek, p.120. p.120. Zizek, but rather the “obscene”, aberrant, disquieting supplement, disquieting aberrant, “obscene”, the rather but 184 100 Thus, the Foucauldian argument seems to be to seems argument Foucauldian the Thus, CEU eTD Collection the official power. and conservative prudish, acting of heart the at officially level obscene deeply a by sustained be only could attitude this moralizing, While core. pervert deeply its party, the of gaze lusting the visible rendered nudists the way, de-eroticized completely a in therefore camp, nudist a in nude going of act very the by system, party the to alternative an counterpoising actively of instead subversive: truly was Mai 2 in the nudism of sense, practice this In character. phallocentric and erotic its party, the of gaze pervert the visible rendered it transgression: of principle basic the offered nudists of group the nude, going By Party. the of gaze pervert the visible rendered Mai 2 in nudists the such, As voyeuristic, taking inlooking at pleasure bodies. naked and scopophilic regime the rendered This nudists. the of bodies naked the monitoring constantly Tom”: “peeping a like behaved fact in it stance, conservative and prudish a regimeadopted the officially while Therefore, communities. Veche Vama later and Mai 2 of members the monitor to tasked informers police secret numerous the and officers police secret the of eyes the through especially nudists, the to relation in deployed state the surveillance constant the by amplified was This emerge. to dissidents naked of group the possibilityforof conditionsvery the regime the created that place,dovetail first the in exist to Mai 2 allowing of act the as well as regime, the by posed interdictions very The and subsequent mediations. interventions power of forms further require will turn in which sexualized, remain always 101 CEU eTD Collection 185 Bronfen wrote: Elisabeth As father. the of laws symbolic the accept bodyand maternal the giveup to had they communism) in purges of equivalent (the castration of fear Under process. building state the of communism, institutionalized of order symbolic the enter to had they such, As figure). maternal the for in (standing communism and self between unity the breaking figure, intrusive an as acted Party The communism. with relationship initial their end an Party the complaint: similar a had order. symbolic the of consistency the and law the symbolizing father, the of figure authority the is, relationship this breaks What child. the narcissism. of and form mother the between relationship dyadic the a unity, initial of fantasy the is was Narcissism activities, cultural alternative and nudism their of point starting the as well as disenchantment, this of root the at But disenchantment. this upon premised was transgression Their communism. of ideals the with relationship original an to degrees, various to and forms different in back clinging communism, of trajectory the at mentioned I subsequent the nudists? with disenchanted people comprised the nudists of group for this that beginning play party the of gaze this does role what But Dany Nobus, Dany Nobus, the body of plenitude is replaced by an acceptance of the split within the within split the of acceptance an by replaced is plenitude of body the ofimage imaginary The consistent.universeinconsistent an renders father theof gaze forbidding the with coterminous authority The stability. of kind different new, a attain to subject the allows plenitude) of form ambivalent an transmitted had (which gaze her for substitute a as and mother the of prohibition a as metaphor, paternal the gaze, paternal the Accepting Key Concepts of Lacanian Theory Lacanian of Concepts Key – this authoritative figure- was the one that brought to to brought that one the was figure- authoritative this (New York: Other Press, 1998), p.89. p.89. 1998), Press, Other (New York: 102 185 In fact, most of the nudists in 2 Mai2 in nudists the of most fact, In CEU eTD Collection pp. 59 pp. 186 its actual, or constant, manifestation. The gaze becomes in this way internalized, internalized, way this in becomes constitutive ofthe gaze The manifestation. constant, or actual, the its in like Just gazing. the doing in not occur, to it for possibilityvery the in resided gazing the of efficacy person(s) the panopticon, the to or evidence, empirical any to point not could they though even surveillance constant under were they that knew They state. the of “eyes” hidden secret, some by observed felt always they that remembered interviewed I nudists the of party, Most interaction. entire the the eroticizes nudists, of the at peeping gaze the hand, one the On nudists. the at gazes Party the which in way the structures also undertone) police its and gaze the of dimension erotic the (between tension This followed. not is law the when punishment instill can who Father the is it since violent, nature, butalso in Fathersexual isnotonly the gaze authoritativeBut of the Theyall carried thematernal the embrace. of melancholy goi of forms otherand yoga also but nudism, only not forms: “naturistic” took party the against contestation the why is This plenitude. for desire the and unity initial the of nostalgia the carrying Father/Party the against rebellion a as then appears Nudism Party. the gazeof interpellating the is This and Voice as Love Objects Love as Voice and Elizabeth Bronfen, ‘Killing Gazes, Killing in the Gaze: On Michael On Gaze: the Killingin Gazes, ‘Killing Bronfen, Elizabeth – 90 completion therealm into ofsigns and plenitude destruction, of fantasies displacing mean to comes thus Culture realization. their and thoughts image, and body between drawn are boundaries deferred, are satisfaction complete of fantasies subject, , quote from p.75 . from quote , p.75 subject’s sensesubject’s of self. , ed. by Renata Salecl and Slavoj Zizek (Durham: Duke University Press, 19 Press, University Duke (Durham: Zizek Slavoj and ed.by Salecl , Renata ng back to “nature” that I discuss throughout this dissertation. this throughout Idiscuss that “nature” to back ng . 186 103 Powell’s Peeping Tom’, in Tom’, in Peeping Powell’s Gaze Gaze 96), 96), CEU eTD Collection 187 apparitions psychotic of guise the in real the in returns thence and universe symbolic the from excluded foreclosed, rejected, sig key the missing, is something psychosis, In things. normal”: “not indeed psychotics, “ were Mai 2 in nudists the perspective, this From of power dimensions. scopophilic and itself, disavowed its pervert secrets the but everything), of charge in really be to considered police secret the of myth the by encapsulated (best power of level official the behind operating powers secret the reveal they Therefore,functioning). constitutive its such, as power of structure (the Other big the but state) totalitarian the of embodiment the surveillance, of agency (the (and classical the citizens, its to BrotherBig not interrogatethe did nudists the Simplyput, misplaced)Orwelliananalysis. relation in overall state the the for by account engineered simply surveillance not do nudists The states. totalitarian in resistance and power opposes that paradigm liberal the into neatly fit not do nudists the why is This panopticon, butwhat there lies isp the in watchman real no agency, secret no power, behind power no is there that showed power’s of illusion basically the Nudists order. symbolic the guarantees that level metanarrative offers the consistency, that fiction the Other”: the of Other “the calls what Lacan visible rendered nudists the by nature, Father/Party, contradictory and the core of pervert its gaze exposing the confronting openly By 1989. after establishment anti-communist liberal the by recuperated be to hard them makes also but edifice, power Objects usually, psychosis is conceived as a form of lack with reference with lack of form a as conceived is psychosis usually, Zizek, Slavoj, ‘“I Hear You with My Eyes”; Or, The Invisible Master’, Invisible The Or, Eyes”; withYou My ‘“IHear Slavoj, Zizek, , ed. by Renata Salecl and Slavoj Zizek (Durham: Duke University Press, 19 Press, University Duke (Durham: Zizek Slavoj and by Salecl ed. Renata , ower’s own fetishistic desiresower’s ownfetishistic obsessions. and pervert ”. 187 This is what makes the nudists dangerous to the to dangerous nudists the makes what is This 104 nifier (the “paternal metaphor” “paternal (the nifier in Gaze and Voice as Lo as Voice and Gaze to the “normal” state of state “normal” the to 96), 90 pp. 96), – 129. ve ed not ) is ) CEU eTD Collection 188 hetero- full-blown the nudist discernable: also is legitimate relations power of level pervasive and a subtle more second, a activity, nakedness render to thus and non-sexual strictly in as gazes it the to and relation body naked the construe to order in etc.) activities through banal mediations apparent behavior, of rules implicit (by policed is camp nudist the While etc.). stuff intellectual talking cards, (playing activities neutral banal, to references by anderoticism at obliteratedupon women isfully the same very bodieswhile, time, denied look gazes male where place a is it that implies necessarily it since way normative a in one- “gender (the other opposite the towards directed are attraction and desire when s of order compulsory the noted, Butler As the of gazing and witharousal sex andopposite fantasy. sexual display associates that regime gender the the elicit instantly of to matrix seems heterosexual sex of display very the were, it As sex. opposite the at gazing from thatcould thesexuality emerge potentially atcalling tokeep need bay for the power as acti and interactions the eroticizing scene, the in phallus a as acts that party the of gaze the is it parts), body other (and beach the on genitalia displayof the entails nudism While Nakedness Butler, Butler, the Law. It is this very assertion of the phallus phallus the of assertion very this is It Law. the is - not”) – s ht edr te nie etn o nds, eaaig ewe gnes and genders between separating nudism, of setting entire the genders what is Gender Trouble, Chapter 2, p 47- p Chapter 2, Trouble, Gender . 188 In this heteronormative matrix, the nudist community becomes eroticized becomes community nudist the matrix, heteronormative this In se xualization of bodies and gazes that inscribe the participants in a in participants the inscribe that gazes and bodies of xualization 89 . 105 ex gne dfns eult a ntrl only natural as sexuality defines -gender – of the masculine power and desire for for desire and power masculine the of -which- ng CEU eTD Collection 189 argued Butler Judith here. crucial then is formation subject and gender sex, between relationship The the with simultaneously course, of otherexclusion bodiesand sexuality. other forms of relations, of power occurs, This entrenched dominations. subsequent, and discriminations its with matrix heterosexual pervasive is inseparable of sobecause, thespeaking formation is the This from subject. itself body the of materialization The subject. acting and speaking as “I” the of sense the genderedand specifically, more subject, forming the processof of citationprecisely is the dimens reiterative its of effect an being materialization of process a as emerges “sex” rather but inscribed, is gender which on level material Butler, Butler, to the forming ofsexedto the forming materiality and specular under part crucial are processes identificatory that in suggests conditions externalizing contours sexed its gains which body of a set a through place takes degree some to is „is” one which body the That projections. identificatory that morphogenesis a body, that to form giving a itselsf is materiality, contoured certain a of assumption the assump the Indeed it. claims who I the from estragement an world, the in phenomenon a always also is but issues, projections which from source the merely not is body the phenomenon, projected a …as Bodies That Matter, p.17 Matter, That Bodies , as sedimentation. “Sex” itself is formed by the citationality of power, power, of citationality the by formed is itself “Sex” sedimentation. as , ht sx isl sol nt be not should itself “sex” that . ion. The formation of “sex” through this process this through “sex” of formation The ion. . 189 106 simply regarded as the pre-discursive, pre-discursive, the as regarded simply tion of „sex”, of tion CEU eTD Collection 190 yogaas enactments orartistic that prolonged quest this ofreimagining thebody itself. Therefore, formation. of such well, as practices practices other by accompanied was nudism actual of practice the unsurprisingly, and possibilities, contours, its of itself, by opened Butler lines the along importantly, more but practice their through environment the and nature to relationship different a imagined nudists the that only not was it But practices. summery nudist the uniqueness of the for reasons constantly invoked the one of was evanescence bodily of moments fleeting brief, these aspect, particular This world. the in being and with connection of form different a experiencing simply and naked, sun, the under being of memories with recollections their dot informants my of Many one. everyday regular, the than experience sensorial of formdifferent a enabled body The andfor a of assumption a given agender. given shortwhile withthe sex even interfere body, to the identificatoryofthis process with play experiment to and them enabled comfortable, felt they whom to relation in and to attached were they people and out point to eager were and remembered interviewees nudist my of many What distorted. least at or with interfered con “sexed a power acquires it which of in materialization practices of process reiterative its subject, the very of constitution the in but power, to relation in point is this and reiterative a by produced is subject the Since 191 Butler, Butler, Butler, Butler, tour”, it is at the very same time the arena in which this process can be contested, contested, be can process this which in arena the time same very the at is it tour”, 191 also the level at which “agency” must be placed: not in some illusionary external illusionary some in not placed: be must “agency” which at level the also Bodies That Matter, p. 198 Matter, That Bodies , this process enabled a different projection and imagination of the sexed body sexed the of imagination and projection different a enabled process this , Bodies That Matter That Bodies . . wa . s how the practice of nudism in the company of friends friends of company the in nudism of practice the how s 107 re -articulatory practice, as Butler notes, Butler as practice, -articulatory 190 The . CEU eTD Collection 192 practice is preserved naked the of non-sexuality the that ensuring thus body, naked objectified an at gazing non-sexual a performs that subject clothed) (usually empowered highly a always is there legitimately, performed is nakedness which in contexts various the in that noted Cover (clothed) agent The secret and realism official materialism. the of interstices and shadows the in proliferating simply were that discoveries spiritual of forms other for quest further the sustained and protagonists the of creation artistic and literary the in informed it back above), mentioned I practices (as Bucharest pedagogical infused phenomenology state alternative of reality This everyday the socialism. to back traveled they summery fact in the but to Mai only 2 restricted in not interactions was This self. the already, of mentioned care I of form as a and, different developed world a the of in being creation of the way to new a led of fact phenomenology, in it, but realities, socialist state the from everyday removed far space social alternative an generate simply not did nudists the Party the gazeof pervert the in basking by power, of level performative the to abidingBy this course, Of Turkey. or Bulgaria to away sail to order in employed be might that devises floating any for out watch would officers The there. being for motives their into inquiring and IDs their for asking nudists, the with interacted frequently patrols Bulgaria, border with border the inspecting of job their doing of pretext the under example, For guises. various in came authority clothed the But Mai. 2 in case the also was This Cover Rob. Rob. Cover 192 . 108 might might CEU eTD Collection by set borders accepted the violate not will nudism of practice the that ensuring identity, and self one’s of borders the policing were they importantly more but state, the of border geographical physical the guarding only not were patrollers border the perspective, this givingFrom and of power identity naming substance. its and of the statereiterated simply herself, identify to one asking of act banal seemingly this In themselves. nudists the by bodythe performed ofand subjectivationmaterialization ofalternative formsthe annul or prevent to was role Its apparatus. state repressive a through interpellation constant meant Identifying bodies. the of and subject the of creation performative own its self, of own sense its enforce to power of constant attempt the of represented ritual IDs displaying This of themselves. identification, identify to asked nudists naked the and officer border clothed the between hierarchy symbolic the is noting worth is that aspect Another runs from infact. the it itgets power, to closer further The presence. police by imbued was it margins, the at being of sense concrete the in marginality its to due practice, in power, centralized of locus the from distance a at and remote geographically was Mai 2 while generally: more power with relationship the for symptomatic was officers border the and nudists the between interaction This power. distancestate a fromat strictly and leisurebe to about supposed was placethat a powerin also theauthority while displaying border of of theidea reinforce activity: meant was to it performative a was this itself in However, way. daunting a state such in especially of socialism, stages initial the in country the leave to desire any harbored community this in people few) very (or none since authorities state the of concern ridiculous a as sound 109 one one CEU eTD Collection 193 back familiar onthestate’s territory. people bring to element, parodic this interrupt to trying also are policemen the IDs, their I as parodic: andfor asking by So state. the ironic of gaze very the visible rendering of is role the has it mentioned nudists the of hyper-visibility this Yet hide. to nothing have already they state: the to visible highly themselves make already naked, going by nudists, the that is here paradox The state. the of eyes the in visible them making of and citizens of track keeping of logic modern this reinforcing were officers police the nudists, of technologies other and census the map, the like just ID, The state. the of eyes the thus in legibile become Citizens visibility. also but order enforcing and creating of role dual the played modernity industrial of IDs environment. urban complex increasingly product an in and people of track keep to a designed are cards identity noted, Foucault as Moreover, police had tobeconstantly deployed. matter this forand intactremain body to sexed had the of contours powerregime.The the pleasures scopophilic its in desires, perverted and fantasmatic own its in indulge not will itself power that ensures police the above, started discussion the to back go To power. of contradictions and inconsistencies the erasing power, of consistency the staging force productive a as importantly, more perhaps and also, but symbolic), or (actual borders official of trespassing the a and alternatives of as formation the hindering only agency, repressive not then functions Police order. symbolic the of consistency the ensure to meant agency the of representatives the are policemen the that argued Bronfen Elisabeth I owe this point to my supervisor Allaine Cerwonka. Allaine Cerwonka. mysupervisor to owepoint I this governance, are tools of state’s legibility. By asking for the IDs of the the of IDs the for asking By legibility. state’s of tools are governance, 193 110 CEU eTD Collection and in her Bucharest home, informant notes from a wide varietyofso wide from a notes home,informant in and Bucharest her withsur Securitate recorded ofconversations transcripts calls, phone tapped v materials.Inthe widearray of a containing pages 2600 withover volumes “ was file heron police secret The the US. whento emigrated she 1985, until up surveillance under was husband; photocopies of an unpublished manuscript, in fact the poet’s journal, inpoet’s fact the manuscript, unpublished ofan photocopies husband; 194 police opened in1973. name onher bya secret pol introduced police recorded carefully was secret operation The Mai. the 2 at lodging which Cassian’s Nina in microphones in process the of description the was research present times at were informers police secret and officers police secret above, mentioned I As central a occupied agent secret position. the and police secret the constellation, this In rule. to members party than rather police on more relied usually and forces) armed the (and police the of control direct assumed usually leaders various State paramount. (in was incarnations) police the of importance the where socialism state of case the in evident highly was This attachment. passionate secret innermost its power, of fantasy true the as Therationality, police appearscontrol it asexuality and over de-eroticization. the and then order, of fantasy the power: of fantasy other the enact to there is Police gaze. erotic and Politica, 1965). 1965). Politica, (Bu Statute]’ Party Communist Romanian [The Roman Comunist ‘Statutul Partidului comp case reviewsofthe and reports photos, post-cards, and letters The Securitate opened an information file[ an information opened Securitate The in 2 Mai. One of the most interesting piece of archival memory I read in my my in read I memory archival of piece interesting most the of One Mai. 2 ice officer and then added to Nina Cassian’s surveillance file that thesecretfile surveillanceNinaadded Cassian’s and then to officer ice contacts with foreign citizens foreign with contacts 194 dosar de urm de dosar 111 ”. Nina Cassian’s file is comprised of 11 of11 fileis comprised Nina Cassian’s ”. ărire informativă ărire iled by different Securitate officers. officers. Securitate different by iled urces official reason for opening for a reason official – olume there are transcripts of transcripts are there olume veillance equipment in 2 Mai Mai 2 in equipment veillance including from her former fromher including ] on Nina Cassian in 1973. She in 1973. Ninaon Cassian ] p hotocopies of personal ofpersonal hotocopies curesti Editura Editura curesti CEU eTD Collection contribution of V of contribution looking of act the of and gaze the voyeurism its power; impotent an of activity sexual surrogate the as inscribed was others” of life sexual “The control. and contain really not could it that surplus orgasmic their had, others enjoyment the was fearing was power what fearful: was it because but powerful too was it because not surveillance of system overarching an developed Power castration. its impotence, profound its dovetails fact in it power, interp was most life one’s the of into details intimate power of intrusion this paradigm anti-totalitarian liberal the in While intercourse. sexual the hearing) (and seeing from came jouissance power’s power: perverted the of fantasy sexual ultimate the desire, of object true the was This life. love her and parties at friends with conversations intimate her publishing, possible for rework to wanted she that writings intimate her to especially details, most Cassian’s Nina to access offer to meant were devices surveillance The aii imnauswiig on writings Tismaneanu’s ladimir Picture 6. Front page of Nina Cassian’s Securitate File. Securitate Cassian’s ofNina page Front 6. Picture – determined by the lack of enjoyment. One genuine One enjoyment. of lack the by determined reted as a sign of the overwhelming power of of power overwhelming the of sign a as reted 112 – a journal she had kept most of her life and and life her of most kept had she journal a communism communism – that remained largely largely remained that – the sexualization of sexualization the intimate CEU eTD Collection 195 Party) the of Status the in out (laid members party communist party in period. communist entire the throughoutlives sexual members’ interest an took Party Communist Romanian the that uncommon not was It Ceau escu). Nicolae fondISIP, (ANIC, Ceau Nicolae and Elena 7 Picture practices.and sexual people’s other scrutinizing they and controlling regulating, from that solely pleasure derived likely highly seems It citizens. ordinary than more ever perhaps discipline and work of dictates the followed lives personal whose country the running men Party of lives the regimes. from missing be to socialist seemed lovers or spouses state with relationships communist meaningful the Romanian of entirety the the of almost for echelons nomenklatura higher the dominating repression sexual far so unacknowledged World of Nomenklatura. Memories, Confessions, Memories, Nomenklatura. of World Tismăneanu, Vladimir, Vladimir, Tismăneanu, Lumea Secretă a Nomenclaturii. Amintiri, Dezvaluiri, Portrete [The Secret Secret [The Portrete Dezvaluiri, Amintiri, Nomenclaturii. a Secretă Lumea – s h dsrpin h ato poie ivlnaiy vr the over involuntarily provides author the description the is escu on holiday 1973. Source: Fototeca online a comunismului românesc românesc comunismului a online Fototeca Source: holiday1973. on escu (Bucure ti: Human ti: (Bucure 113 itas, 2012). 2012). itas, was to “ to was One of the main duties of duties main the of One be an example of of example an be 195 Enjoyment, lives CEU eTD Collection 197 196 party for reasons main the of exclusions one Party the of Status the in that noting worth also is It policies. state of nature monogamous and heterosexual the reinforce to also but state party the of ideals pronatalist the only not supporting in examples set to encouraged were responsibilit a better become demographics As policy. demographic the of adoption the after important especially became emphasized strategically morality and it life family on focus the but member partya of element crucial a as morality as regime communist entire the throughout significant society in and life family in rectitude moral and fairness the of morality the weather check to order in records police and witnesses, testimonies, through members party of life intimate the investigating of task the had section Cadre the bureaucrats party Higher-ranking socialism. of cause the to and party the to allegiance their prove to order in lives sex their for account routinely to had strata social different reprimanded, publicly of members Moreover, acts. were their for excluded even and examples People negative as inscribed meetings. institutional and party in discussed then and officials higher of attention the to brought were work at harassments sexual subordinates’ their from arising problems with faced routinely were power of levels various at leaders Party shown by and de-subjectivizing theperson her/him case. interpellenting as amere is demands party the with line in not were mores whose members from party communist the of mechanism distancing the while party the of language the to belongs metaphor ‘S Rob. Cover tatutul Partidului Comunist Româ Comunist Partidului tatutul ee css hs bhvo sos oa decomposition” moral shows behavior whose “cases were sexual lives. Extramarital affairs, homosexual acts, sexual abuses and and abuses sexual acts, homosexual affairs, Extramarital lives. sexual n [The Romanian Communist Party Statute]’. Party Communist Romanian n[The y of the “whole society” “whole the yof 114 ” . 196 , communist party members members party communist , Ti poiin a very was provision This p.25. p.25. . 197 Te organic The at CEU eTD Collection Section.” Section.” fund documentary 198 Party. Communist former the to belonging by both behind left archives immense the in inscribed literally was others of lives sexual the with and looking with obsession This gazing ofthe at nudists. the bodies naked other’s at look to and know to power of desire the that fact the obscure not should aspect historical this However, country. industrializing fast a of deficits labor the reduce to aiming party, the of policy demographic the to connected was policy this 1, Chapter in mentioned I belonged.as Surely, question in the person which partyto the organization to exposed be to were case divorce serious more a or philandering some regarding verdict final the and investigation the of results the Furthermore, breached. was question in members party erotic the enhanced only that language bureaucratized a in presented all relations, lesbian of suspected was Cassian Nina generally. more power of and police secret or the errors be to of fantasies sexual are ones,they fact, In on. so seem and network spy existing a of center the in her glance placing the exacerbating first affairs, a sexual at about what allegations with misinterpretations: filled is accordingly. it file record and the life However, her about truth empirical the know to position best toher life.secret sexual Theoretically, inthe thepolice were inrelation officers informers projected bySecuritate thesexual fantasies the discern can fileone noticing thisaspect by Cassian’s Nina Reading recorded. and projected were shape, took power of fantasies The most relevant source of information is to be found at Romanian Natio Romanian found at be to is ofinformation source most The relevant sexual interactions imbued everyday interactions and went beyond the summer the beyond went and interactions everyday imbued interactions sexual “ Archives of the Central Committee of the Romanian Communist Party, the C the Party, Communist Romanian the of Committee ofthe Central Archives 115 198 th sce police secret e Te wr te lc wee h sexual the where place the were They nal Archives, in the Archives,in nal as el s y h those the by as well adres adres CEU eTD Collection 199 any or rules any without seemingly atmosphere relaxed the usually was village the of attraction main The places. these to them of some introduced nudists. had friends older or Family of generation older the among Mai 2 at residence summer their establishing by socialism from escape physical a sought bohemians Romanian youthful the of Some attributed a tofreedom, continuousand search out-of-the-ordinary experiences. for an with value high a clothing, identified tastes, musical in recognizable and mostly attitude hippie international lived they which in world the from alienated felt frequently youth socialist Romanian West, the in counterparts their to Similar sensibility. of type new a signaling ethos artistic an them with brought order socialist new the of dawn the during born youth cohort The Mai. 2 to escaping generation was new a 1960s, late the By Socialism Escaping power relationships these dimension edn tee ie, o lre xet w gt mrie it ter w fantasies, own their into embroiled get we overlapping withours. extent, large a to By files, power. these socialist the reading of fantasies sexual and gaze voyeuristic the upon premised is today knowledge our differently, it put To police. secret the by preserved and archived produced, documentation very the from others and Cassian Nina like people of practices seemingly a and life the about of knowledge rich a today functioning gather We power. repressed) very (and repressive the from emerging fantasies sexual constitutive CNSAS Archive. Archive. CNSAS s ae n wliges o nw – know to willingness and gaze ’s 199 . Of course, the point is not to establish whether Cassian engaged or not in not or engaged Cassian whether establish to not is point the course, Of . ti dsr t ko te ra tuh wud ny e rfeto of reflection a be only would truth” “real the know to desire –this 116 u t ntc te vrapn ad mutually and overlapping the notice to but CEU eTD Collection and a a both duty. constitutional right was work paid which in state, Romanian the by endorsed policy employment full a of expectations. and ambitions career low by career. opportunistic one’s following than more little restrictions the except politics party with 203 202 201 200 outside marriage policed. were the offered village the relationship which in context a least in chose, one whomever with not room a share to possibility but Last students. university and high-school of formed mostly was group this as affordability, of question the also was There authorities. idealism in the in idealism of trace no and honesty little very discern could generation This interests. party official the with odds at or unacknowledged or marginal spaces of series a upon premised project lifestyle larger a of part were possible Veche Vama now by and Mai 2 in whenever summering and Nudism politics party communist especially and politics ignored and club bridge Bucharest the at bridge played clubs, student and pubs in met concerts, rock attended they as lose or hide to nothing had they felt bohemians of generation new This ownforms its ofexpression. own geography places, and ownpolitics consumption its of its with subculture coherentmore a formed 1970s and 1960s the of bohemians hippie The Mircea Florian. Florian. Mircea author's2008, interview. Mai, 2 la Melopoica Ceata Florian, Mircea Steve Barnoschi, 2 Mai and Bucharest bohemians (1970s), 2010, author 2010, (1970s), bohemians Bucharest and Mai 2 Steve Barnoschi, interview. author's 2011, California, in nudists Mai 2 Mary Former M, langue du bois du langue 200 of party politics. party of it 203 117 imposed on their lives. Party activity became became activity Party lives. their on imposed This generation grew up under the auspices the under up grew generation This 202 This generation had little connection little had generation This The distrust of politics was doubled was politics of distrust The 's interview. 'sinterview. 201 . CEU eTD Collection that one couldfrom see the road Veche? inVama land man’s no the checkpoint, their and barriers border the zone, border the to proximity their with do to anything have nudism of and villages of lure the Did trajectory? this in capitalism and starting a new life there. life new a starting and capitalism and democracies Western of world the into border the across escape to way in a finding importantly most and friends movies, music, in rested life flavorless and dull a of of escaping constraints possibilities For many, the the allowingfor personal development. outlets gratifying end the in were which self-expression, for avenues pursuing energy and time their of most invest could intellectuals young and students the context, this In 204 Tania N and Dani N, Former 2 Mai Nudists in California, 2011, author's 2011, California, Nudists Mai in 2 Former Dani N, and N Tania 204 What was the role of 2 Mai and Vama Veche Vama and Mai 2 of role the was What 118 Picture 8: 2 Mai-goers 2 8: Picture interview. interview. CEU eTD Collection 205 as Romania Ceausescu’s leave to desire the as well as harboring still was one difference. previous the of values communist the signs of rejection any their was generation for younger the tolerance distinguished little with state police isolating had that elite political and an be to out turned that Romania cultural in rule communist of variety a developed and supported a of part been had They with. faced were they problem the of part much veryas generation previous the regard to tended group younger the of many overall but course, of sympathies, were There movement. cultural proper a then rather fad western a of more as sympathy and indulgence with regarded was esthetic the considered Cassian new their while politics, to Nina came it when unambitious and ignorant of as hippies intriguing likes The upon. frowned sometimes and concern with regarded was village the in presence generations new The first. at appear might it as assmooth not generations was two these Veche of andVama The in2Mai coexistence Mircea Florian. Florian. Mircea 119 Picture 9 Picture . A socialist hippie Asocialist 205 What CEU eTD Collection 207 206 possible. as soon thischapter, theauthor thecountry.Cassian, also Norman of of fled themotto Manea, Nina after year A police. the of custody the in while Ursu Gheroghe of death the era, Ceausescu the of stay scandals political last the to one with do to she had reasons main The behind. decided 61 The aged but NYU. month six at only for writing last to creative supposed was on fellowship the position of teaching support a the with for US foundation the Rockefeller for left Cassian, Nina fair-wells. secret of places emigration, of height the at 1980s, the During or decay the place. of loss total the note to only time this but visit, to place first the was Mai 2 fell, regime the After considered. and discussed imagined, first were emigration of strategies where place the also was This free. felt and love in fallen had they where friends, of group a as own their on life experience could they undergrads young as where places few the of one was group the in and lives their in fundamental was Mai 2 in summers The up. grown had they where country a for nostalgia simple a then more was that chord a struck had I that realized I Romania, from emigrated they after living were they where Air, Bel Santa Monica or in my interviewees to dinners I Romanian over When nudism mentioned the new world.themselves somewhere in Tania N and Dani N.Mary M, author's interviews. author's interviews. M, Dani N.Mary and N Tania Dragos S, Escaping from Vama Veche into Austria, 2007, author'sinterv Austria,2007, into Veche Vama from Escaping S, Dragos 206 Ams o al f hm ee eemnd o ae oehn of something make to determined were them of all of Almost 207 120 2 Mai and Vama Veche become strange strange become Veche Vama and Mai iew. iew. ’ s life. This This life. s CEU eTD Collection auto-poetic an was topic this in interest my Therefore, parents. my by first there taken Veche, Vama in community nudist the of part was I four of age the since component: autobiographical an has reason obvious, immediate, The option? research this pursue I did Why studying? worth as me on impress topic this made that mechanism the was what wondering kept I Mai 2 of community nudist the researching of course the During attachments melancholic and desires fantasmatic the Real: for 3. Nostalgia was toppled. Ceausescu before months 1989, of autumn the in River Danube the across fled finally swimmer Our tool. unreliable an is memory but secret a was this that told been had we that been easily have could It else. anyone to it retell to forget would we that show this by display- mesmerized so perhaps were we and on waters blue the in force and grace spectacle of movements beautiful most the was this if as day early the of quietness the in rounds his do him watched We later. hours us to seemed what return to only horizon blue in himself lost swiftly swimmer the times Other moves. exhausting and powerful with strokes fast-pasted rapid in sometimes determination with laps his did swimmer The timer. a with us to next sit would uncle our while a in once Every end. on hours for swim friend older our watch and little a swim beach the to go would We dusk. at swim a for guy this join to and that for up make to way a devised had we company the extended of rest the with midnight at swim to allowed not the were were and group we the Since of Veche. youngest Vama in beach the to friend family a accompany to day the of early hours the in up wake would I and cousins my 7, aged 1989, of summer the In 121 CEU eTD Collection 208 nudist the of nature radical the an life-style, of form a into transformed slowly was Nudism socialism. during retrace experience and contest to me for urgent seemed This communism. of explanation ready-made a offering and past the with terms to coming of transition the of purposes the for appropriated therefore was and dissidence to reduced already the simply was in Nudism resistance. and power of paradigm anti-totalitarian was liberal mentioned community nudist the re-interpreting of line common most The and context. re-signified thenew in re-appropriated be now could that past the from fixation of points those of one became community nudist the of story the post-communism, of atmosphere state the of In atmosphere socialism. general the with odds at were nudism of practice the and Mai 2 magazine cultural based Bucharest a Veche, Dilema of issues summer the in exposed many fantasies, of series a again, generated, and fascination elicited it mystique; certainsocial a acquired Mai 2 ofcommunity nudist the 1989, After body. naked myown and biography own my with fixation narcissistic simple this than it to more is there But self. the and transformations social history, of intersection the at exploration of form a one, 209 Români [ Sex among the Romanians]’, Romanians]’, the Sex among [ Români 210 coast-line. yet littleto it did holidaying ofnonconformist place as a Veche brandingVama Inthe e disobedience. civil anti-communist and ofnonconformity places arguments, the movement also used arguments referring to the cult the to referring usedarguments movement also the arguments, Alon the coastline. on developments therandom limit to fighting preservationist “ the slogan under movement civila stared activists One of the key players producing such a reading of nudism after ofnudism reading sucha producing players key Oneofthe Goan ă, Dan, ‘Despre Mi cări [ On Movements]’, On Movements]’, [ Mi cări ‘Despre Dan, Goan ă, Starting with 2003, a group of 2 Mai and Vama Veche beach goers and h and goers beach VamaVeche of and group Mai a 2 with2003, Starting Almanahul Catavencu Almanahul 209 Save Vama Veche Vama Save 122 Dilema Veche Dilema (Bucure ti, 200 ). 200 ti, (Bucure ural heritage of the two villages two heritage ofthe ural , 9 April 2004. April 2004. 9 , 1989 was 1989 ”. The aims of the movement weremovement aims of”. the The nd, the movement did succeed in succeed did movement the nd, igh profile civil society society civil ighprofile Toma, Mircea, ‘Sexul La‘Sexul Mircea, Toma, limit constructions on the the on constructions limit g with ecological g 208 . After all,After . – as 210 CEU eTD Collection swimsuits, in bodies clothed allowing only regularly with replaced soon was Nudism place. this of fame and history the consume to wanted simply who tourists of mass the and practice their preserve to wished who nudists the between sand: the in unfolding war cultural The vacations. genuine a to led summery fact in that nature in of social deeply and profound so practice was transformation the and now seaside was the nudism, of reorganizing implications thoroughly political the by and modernization socialist the logicof by the areas these bay in at keptonce tourism, Mass Veche).Vama(and Mai 2 of scenery simple previouslyandremotethe of gentrification a brutalalso but practiceitself, the of depolitization and fetishization a only not fact in entailed Mai 2 of fame the either and was post-communism in practice nudism of mystique The spaces. policed and bounded strictly to confined or disappearing actual the while cherished was nudism socialist that was nudism of re-appropriation liberal the of aspect puzzling further One of socialism. “barbarism” the to contradiction in western, and European activity,“civilized” alternative party in relation to the nudists and now they were willing to exercise it from close range close from it exercise to willing were they now and nudists the to relation in party defunct the of gaze pervert the internalized simply tourists of mass the because popular became Mai 2 1989 after short, In casualness. and laxity permissiveness, sexual with nudism equated that imagination fantasmatic the in fact in resided people, new of scores attracted it as Mai, 2 of mystique The change. pervasive more the to pointed nudists the to belonged once that beaches the on breasts naked women of display the precisely But – at a maximum at amaximum – for the display of women breasts. forwomen thedisplay breasts. of 123 CEU eTD Collection 211 oneself to imperative anew and toreinvent toconstantly oneself, create the context, neoliberal new the In possibility. this annulled simply bodies and things of order and gaze ofeconomy its andparty communist the of end The world. the in being of alternative an seek and differently body one’s imagine re- could one when evanescence of moment that but condition and shape better in bodies, younger of their necessary not fall was post-communism in the for longed they before What communism. nudism practiced they when 40s-50s their in were - Cassian Nina – interviewed I nudists the of Most youth. one’s for longing one’s with nostalgia links that trap usual the here avoid should one nostalgia this explaining to comes it When melancholy, as isusually worlds. it withlost thecase and nostalgia with fondly remembered now were Mai 2 of interactions the and Nudism desire. of object lost a became it practice, and place their up give to forced were they to location. the order up give to or in practice, the renounce to invoked decision their explain informers nudist the of some reasons main the of one was This this of sign the became women of breasts transformation. naked the highly a where became place, generally, sexualized more beach, the Concomitantly, men. clothed usually consumed be to objects became women of bodies the which in undertones sexual heteronormative with imbued highly became practice The gazing. and attention pornographic and pervert of objects became simply nudists The themselves. for Ana-Maria Smighelschi. Smighelschi. Ana-Maria 124 phenomenology, a different way way different a phenomenology, by the lusting gazes of gazes lusting the mix one’smix shifting 211 Yet because Yet just lik just e CEU eTD Collection ae n sxaie itrs i te eul n nkd ois f others. of bodies naked and sexual 212 the in interest sexualized and gaze pervert political its just post-communism the in preserving obliterated, and also was posed past it conundrum socialist the sense, this In socialism. radical during held its it of potentials voided but expectations post-socialist a fitting and aesthetic neatly an practice both dissident normalized: doubly was nudism of practice the sense, this In context. post-communist the in genealogies dissident imagining of purposes political nudists former and personal serving the sometimes fixation, melancholic of object foran became it themselves, hand, other the on while passed, days of remain the interest, antiquarian of piece a hand one on became nudism of practice the transformation this In meaningful alternative social worlds. generating for potential its and character subversive its lost practice The consumption. and fascination sexual of objects into nudists of bodies naked the turned bodies, of rest the all like and, nudism commodified simply power neoliberal the contrast, By regime. body different a and ontology social different a posit ultimately, could, disrupting it since with effects and force counterhegemonic as act to capacity the with practice this endowed subversive, and acceptable both nudism inscribed power communist the nature, symbolization. withstands which that itself, power the with encounter n is nostalgia this Therefore, those unable and todosoare from ofcitizenship excluded belonging. thedefinition Rather, it. to subversive nothing had and itself ideology official the of part was identities Nobus. Nobus. saga o wa Lcn al “h Ra” te traumatic the Real”: “the calls Lacan what for ostalgia 125 212 Through its very its Through CEU eTD Collection as and today known and Bivolaru Gregorian by established yogamovement a of transformations formation the traces therefore, case, My yoga. course, of is, fulfillment spiritual and body the between mediating upon centered and concerned most is that practice The of account an through formation spirituality grounded is and that material. subject and body the of constitution material the about chapter previous the from discussion the continue I Hence, produce. and engender practices these effects body and embodiment the about importantly, more but, practices practice spiritual of study body the case places particular that practice a spiritual through debate this up open to is chapter this of role The sprung that unofficially during and underground socialism. practices spiritual of plethora the of instance an engage to seeks chapter this specifically, More body. the of spiritualization the explore and tack change I chapter this In party. the of gaze pervert penetrating the under formation subject of symptom a as Mai 2 at nudists of body the of materialization the analyzed I chapter previous the In Absolute, hereafter MISA). The bases of what was to become MISA started as a small small a as started MISA become to was what of bases The MISA). hereafter Absolute, Mi III. A Socialist Sade: sexuality, yoga and the body of nation nation body of and the yoga Sade:sexuality, Socialist III. A ae pnr Itgae n Absolut în Integrare pentru carea – t h cne. hrfr, y nlss s o srcl aot spiritual about strictly not is analysis my Therefore, center. the at – both as a support and as an end in itself of the of itself in end an as and support a as both Te oeet o te nerto it the into Integration the for Movement (The 126 CEU eTD Collection 213 in meditation, exercises, stretch remote a in yoga nudism yoga, tantric after modeled advice sexual medicine, ayurvedic of forms various of consisted usually and communism 2004 and and 2003 in movement 1989 the on down clamping after raids police numerous unraveling the through especially scandals public through largely notoriety gained group the and Bivolaru of quests spiritual the by spurred group inspired- yoga underground 214 2013). Polirom, oie surveillance police of target prime a and events these all of epicenter the at was Bivolaru Gregorian agents. secret through it monitored constantly which state, the of wrath the attracted MISA of participants. 10,000 to up gathered 2000s the in peak its at and country the over all branches opened movement The acts. sex included that n rmtns fo te ulcy cetd om o bhvo, hy lo lctd the elicited also they behavior, of norms accepted publicly the from remoteness and secrecy their of preciselybecause nudists, the with case the was it as just But, regime.the of power of monopoly the for dangerous deemed were practices such initiations, of rites around organized and secrecy in Wrapped dangerous. matter this for and enchanting and obscurantist deemed regime the that world-views and practices of series a of part was It doctrineideology.and anti-spiritualist and materialistrealist,official with the odds atwas yoga socialism, state of decade 1970s the during beginnings popular more its since Ever discovery are indistinguishable. surveillance andpolice 2004 Bivolaru- Gabriel Andreescu, Gabriel ‘Cazul MISA the Black Sea resort of Costine of resort Sea Black the -Arhiva- nu 213 -intereseaza-doar-presa- Te ciiis f h mvmn gie a o o aet atr h fl of fall the after adepts of lot a gained movement the of activities The . Observatorcultural.ro’ – which represented which people’s people’s nudists nudists 215 CEU eTD Collection 216 groups). neo-protestant the of activities the as (such repressed harshly were others institutions; and quests groups. spiritual practices, traditions, of mix playful a into integrated were more and all traditions Buddhist to mythology Indian from rites, neo-Protestant Oriental to practices from Orthodoxism, Christian to quests Age New from pre- paganism, to practices Christian yoga from interests: of variety wide a included and everywhere up popped groups and practices such of numbers untold An atheism. official of shadow the in practices spiritual of proliferation a namely onwards, 1960s mid the from place taking already phenomena social larger a within instruction and materials classes, writings, his important is it decades, four past the in MISA and Bivolaru surrounded have that scandal and frenzy media the With mostlySweden fearand persecution. of for Denmark political in in asylum political received and under Sweden. country Bivolaru the guru fled when rape 2006, statutory in for came investigation blow final The families. their and work within at persecuted and stigmatized been had adepts schools its yoga country; its the throughout of many down close to had movement The prostitution. presumed and pornography orgies, sexual of reports media sensationalist following undermined Andreescu, Andreescu, 217 216 Some of these practices were tolerated by the state and even endorsed by its by endorsed even and state the by tolerated were practices these of Some Following in his footsteps a number of MISA members had to flee Romania, flee to had members MISA of number a footsteps his in Following Misa: Radiografia Unei Represiuni [ Misa: The X-Ray of a Repression Case Repression of a The Misa: X-Ray [ Represiuni Unei Radiografia Misa: to contextualize Bivolaru’s biography and the popularity of of popularity the and biography Bivolaru’s contextualize to 129 ] . CEU eTD Collection wereencouragedregimeand political its by the itself andideological shifts. and itself, modernity of version radical a considered industrialism socialist of setting represented the in rearticulated were They quests sentiments. and tropes anti-modern old of revival a largely spiritual to return This industrialization. socialist of pragmatism and realism the against also, but realism socialist against up raising effectively world, official socialist the re-enchanting at attempt collective a andfact representedin normality, of notions acceptability state from lengths different at placed groups, these all that suggest I setting. spiritual this strokes broad in paint I where chapter, this of part first the in influences and pathways these of some explore will I development. further their and practices the of nature the both ways specific in marking unexpected, completely being sometimes overlapping, sometimes diverse, equally were Romania post-war of setting socialist the in emerged or revived were practices these which through routes social The author N.C. Tufoi, Tufoi, author N.C. the second part of this chap this of part second the In group. his of and Bivolaru of trajectory the explore I which in background the is This Picture 11 Picture published in Romanian, translated from Bulgarian translated Romanian, in published . Yoga by A.Milanov and I Borisova, Bucharest: Editura Stadion, 1977, the firs the 1977, Stadion, Editura Bucharest: Borisova, I and A.Milanov by Ia i: Junimea publishing house, 19 9. 19 house, publishing Junimea Ia i: ter I look at Bivolaru’s biographical Bivolaru’s at look I ter . 130 Picture Picture 10 . Yoga development, shaped by shaped development, published by Romanian Romanian by published t book of yoga of book t CEU eTD Collection 218 theair”. into melts history in moment that is modernity Indeed, ritual. and superstition by dominated peasantry, of world the from alienation welcome a fact in represents capitalism old that the wrote Marx of Similarly, world. dis-enchantment traditional a operated modernity capitalist that wrote Weber Max Wage New and Fascism Anti-modernism, world: the socialist 1. Re-enchanting public sphere,well as as regime sexuality, theprevailing “normality”. bodily of and practices post-socialist the of taboos the revealing in role its and community MISA the become 1989 after will what of trail public this explore I chapter this of part last the In and replicating fact in enforcing of women thesubordination tomen. were they level, micro a at nation, the of body the and order of regime the threatening and transgressive indeed were group a as MISA of practices sexual the while paradox: another to out point to me enable will This pleasure. of surplus – bodies women’s the of centrality the out pointing by Sade de Marquis the and Bivolaru between parallels draw I engendered. contradictions practices and paradoxes the his outregime gender problematic the to point will point I and Bivolaru of figure the will surrounding I story my In socialism. during movement spiritual the historyof entire the fashion poetica in almost surveillancedistill constant the and socialism of everyday the escape this to attempts history, between double entanglement This surveillance. police constant by and practices spiritual his Berman, p. 15- p. Berman, 37. 218 operating as a break, “when everything that is solid, solid, is that everything “when break, a as operating 131 and their exploitation exploitation their and – for gaining a a gaining for s CEU eTD Collection 219 19 the of half second the since ever yoga, practices, these of One Empire. British the of outreach the by provided channels the through A China, influences and India from destructive East, Far its the from came by resources anti-modernist tinged these of less centerpiece and authentic more be to considered therefore and modernity western the of core the from distance a at placed ones, of exotic discovery the or tradition local of resurrection the entailed It years. hundred three last the over periods different in forms different course, of took, spirituality and mystery for need this desire, This world. the of re-enchantment a the for desire also, the of but proliferation calculus, rational and technique through world the of dis-enchantment modernity that fact the out pointing by above, invoked assertions Marx and Weber supplement should one Consequently, modernity. emerged with an concomitantly irreplaceable awareness of loss, painful homeandlost the th for past, the for longing the nostalgia, noted, Boym Svetlana As unfolding. relentless its off, stave to least at or annul, to also seeking counter-movements, it of series but a triggered accumulation, endless and transformation constant progress, mean only not did modernity asunder wake, its in torn everything refashion to to and relations capacity existing previously its for characteristics, uprooting highly its of because But Svetlana Boym, Boym, Svetlana 219 The Future of Nostalgia of Future The (Basic Books, 2001), Chapter 1 p p 19- 1 Chapter 2001), Books, (Basic – in its dialectical becoming dialectical its in 132 th Century became one of the most most the of one became Century – did not entail only the the only entail not did 31 . e CEU eTD Collection 220 with coupled was War World Second the of end the at regime communist the of establishment Th a with them replace to order in old completely set and new ofideas beliefs. the of schemas mental and ideas habits, the with breaking entailed It manner. rapid and centralized very a in pursed goal a was and regime socialist new the of program political the in encoded was past backward the with break fully to desire the society, the of transformation of radical form The modernity. radical Western a was socialism state that is assessment my earlier, mentioned I As and findaout ofmodernity’s wayalienating effects spirituality their enhance to keen westerners for practices bodily and spiritual cherished 2005), Chapter 1 p. p. 19- 1 Chapter 2005), knowledge illuminating the from benefit to order in spell their from freed people the and eliminated be to had they Therefore, consciousness. false of sign a and superstitious obscurantist, considered were spiritual especially knowledge, of kinds different to claims history, of workings the of knowledge scientific a claimed Party Communist the Since LeninistMarxist and principles. rational the of spirit scientific the to inimical and retrograde obscurantist, reactionary, rituals spiritual other with along worshiping religious rendered communism of ethos atheist The sphere. public the of margins the at placed was practices spiritual popular with along religion practicing Elizabeth De Michelis, Michelis, De Elizabeth is sweeping rearrangement of values, ideas and worldviews that followed the the followed that worldviews and ideas values, of rearrangement sweeping a aeils ad reali and materialist 51 . A History of Modern Yoga: Patanjali and Western Esotericism Patanjali and Yoga: Modern of History A st nooy n hc scaim a peie. Therefore, premised. was socialism which on ontology 133 . 220 (A&C Black, Black, (A&C CEU eTD Collection yoga anactive into interested practitioner. in and develop regime. the by promoted remedies therapeutic general the in practices spiritual these of integration the or circles specialized of creation the books, of publication the through regime, the by enabled, least at or encouraged, actively fact in were practices these of some more, is What outlawed. even or underground be to ceased they position, marginal a occupiedstill they though Even tolerated. as appeared practices other many and yoga traditions, pagan Electric Guitars]Electric Doru, Ionescu, Ionescu Doru producer ofTV is the book 1980s 222 221 rock-and-roll naturism, rituals, religious orthodox Nudism, open. the into burst practices these 1968, global the of impact distant the and itself regime the of liberalization general between, a with along 1960s, the far with beginning and few were they therefore spiritual and of censored severely display was public manifestations the communism, Romanian of decade first the in While regimeDecemberthe communist 1989. in his from transfer forced whose Tokes, Laszlo pastor protestant the notably most country, the of leadership the against spoke priests of host a when decade, 1980s the of revivalism religious the to reaction a perhaps was education. political of pillars main its one as atheism launched re- regime political the 1980s, late in that noting worth also is It Party. the from radiating Meditation Affaire] Meditation 223 Dobrescu. One of the most well documented sources describing the musicsce the describing sources documented well most Oneofthe Dobrescu. p.286-300. Burakowski, Doina Jela, Catalin Strat and Mihai Albu, Albu, Mihai and Catalin Strat Jela, Doina 223 Ti rsrec cetd h peie fr rgra Bvlr t become to Bivolaru Gregorian for premises the created resurgence This (Bucure ti: Humanitas, 2006). Humanitas, ti: (Bucure (Bucure ti: Humanitas, 2004). Humanitas, ti: (Bucure Afacerea Meditatia Transcendentala [The Transcendental Transcendental [The Transcendentala Meditatia Afacerea 222 and its associated life-style, pre-Christian and pre-Christian life-style, associated its and 134 parish in Timi oara sparked the toppling the sparked Timi oara in parish Timpul Chitarelor Electrice [ Time of the the of Time [ Electrice Chitarelor Timpul 221 This atheistic offensive atheistic This ne during the 1970s and and 1970s nethe during of CEU eTD Collection in Cold-War East Germany East Cold-War in Sve “lwr hlrn. 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Eastern former the across all phenomenon similar to pointing increasingly is socialism under youth life everyday on or culture scholarship recent more fact, In roots. original and inspiration of search in East Far the to traveled many and philosophy Eastern in interest an developed also They music. with concerned more life hedonistic a in engaged some and alternatives political other and socialist about books read Yugoslavs young when counter-culture 1960s the milleranist in a Slovenia in Age New the of roots the traced She kin. close them made which ideology, shared projects socialist the and Age New the both that argued Potrata present. neoliberal the to transition the in as well as Romanian past socialist the isolated in movement an not was Age New Slovenian the this of roots post-socialist that the traced Potrata Barbara fact phenomenon. the by complicated is aspect This 224 otaa Braa ‘e Ae Scaim n Ohr ilnaim Afrig and Affirming Millennarism: Other and Socialism Age, ‘New Barbara, Portrata, mna wi, “reo fr ihai” r Fedm o Hpis? Nationalism, Hippies”? for “Freedom or Lithuania” for ‘“Freedom Swain, Amanda Religion, State and Society and State Religion, , 40 (2005), 565 (2005), 40 , (New York: Berghahn Books, 2009). Books, Berghahn York: (New pe ad h Yuh Counter- Youth the and ppies – 84 .Mark Fenemore, Fenemore, .Mark , 32 (2004). (2004). 32 , 225 I te oain ae a wl a i other in as well as case, Romanian the In 135 ania’ [accessed 3 August 2014]. August 3 [accessed Picture 12 Gregorian Bivolaru in lotus pose. in Bivolaru lotus Gregorian 12 Picture Sex, Thugs and Rock ‘N’ Roll: Teenage Rebels Teenage Roll: ‘N’ Rock and Thugs Sex, Horvath Sandor, ‘Myths of the Great Tree Tree Great the of ‘Myths Sandor, Horvath utr i 1 s L’viv’, 0s 19 in Culture William Jay Risch, Risch, Jay William Struggling with with Struggling ora of Journal Youth Youth 224 CEU eTD Collection pp. ), 200 Ltd., Publishing, Ashgate New (London ; York: Herbert World Urban Contemporary a in Change and in Community Budapest’, Identity, Socialist in Culture Youth and Spaces Urban Constructing Gang: practice the of objective a The yoga. is Astanga as Sutra described often Yoga aphorisms, of collection The CE. 500 and 300 between sometimes written works of body a beliefs. metaphysical Sutras, yoga Patanjali’s in codified being as understood own is yoga of tradition philosophical their by used maintaining been while also Sikhs have Jains, yoga Buddhists, of techniques the historically Hindu, as of thought usually Although world. modern the in yoga of web contextual and historical vast the unravel to begun have scholars Recently, practices. these of meaning the about ideas of diversity a and practices embodied of range vast a of consists yoga transnational Modern Socialist Westernto Yoga:From Imperialism repression order their effects. tolimit in intervene to power determining subversive, quite instances many in and autonomous became they short, In contain. longer no could power the that surplus a produced and own their of directionality a acquired quickly practices these practices, spiritual revived regime the though even power, of nature the of interpretation performative a Following beingableabroad totravel and material. bring back informational therefore administration, Party the or State themselves the within or position ranking cadres high occupying party to connected closely were philosophy inspired age new the of proponents the of some more, is What period. interwar the in foothold strong a had revivalism Age New the of most Block, Eastern the of phenomenon cultural alternative 227 226 Michelis. 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Press, University (2009), 986 (2009), Mark Singleton, Singleton, Mark Suzanne Newcombe, ‘The Development of Modern Yoga: A Survey of the Field Aofthe Survey Yoga: Modern of Development ‘The SuzanneNewcombe, – 1002. 1002. Yoga Body: The Origins of Modern Posture Practice Posture Modern of Origins Body: The Yoga th etr. ay coas epaie o yg ws reconfigured was yoga how emphasize scholars’ Many Century. argued, the notion of Patanjali’s Yoga Sutras as Sutras Yoga Patanjali’s of notion the argued, 137 228 What we call yoga today is a product of a of product a is todayyoga call we What (Oxford ; New York: Oxford Oxford NewYork: (Oxford ; . 229 ’, Religion Compass Religion th th and 18 and Century , 3 3 , th CEU eTD Collection 230 aligned easily more was tradition Advaita The yoga. of version his ground to divinity of nature the of understandings non-dualist or Advaita, used Vivekanada individualism. and equali charity, rationality, about ideas European as well as Patanjali of yoga classical the dualistic more the from to Vedanta Advaita ranging from Buddhism, and texts Tantrism to Gita Hindu Bhagavad traditional various of mix eclectic an reflected yoga of presentation his in Vivekananda by initially used ideas of combination particular The mediation. its through place take only can capitalism of effects the counter to supposed was that tradition ancient of revival very the spiritual opposed, thoroughly seem of two the While and exchange. accumulation capital of logic the between overlap uncanny the also but plenty, material of burden the under spirit its atone to need in western activity these class a middle as In yoga of audience. basis fundamental the speaking only not English inscribed find western, we presentations a among circulate to texts Indian acclaimed much and worldwide reprinted yoga. Raja book, his in paths four in tradition yoga Vedic of plurality the synthetized Vivekananda in richer was yoga.material pay terms, for wouldsimply cash learning which West, the return, In being. well spiritual achieve to people help 232 231 23 Michelis, Sarah Strauss, Strauss, Sarah - Swami Sivananda and Sivananda (Swami.), (Swami.), Sivananda and Sivananda Swami 53 . 232 Chapter III Vivekananda and The Emergence of the NeoVedantic Occultism theNeoVedantic of Emergence The and Vivekananda III Chapter 231 Hs rc, aa yg, ulse i 19, icltd iey n i still is and widely circulated 1896, in published yoga, Rajah tract, His Positioning Yoga : Balancing Acts across Cultures across Acts Balancing Yoga : Positioning Raja Yoga Raja . Vivekanada’s teachings of yoga were the first first the were yoga of teachings Vivekanada’s . 138 (Divine Life Society, 1986). Society, Life (Divine 230 (Oxford / New York: Berg, 2005), p. p. 2005), Berg, NewYork: , p.91- , 123. ty ty CEU eTD Collection 234 233 sympathies. wing right- his of spite in intellectual appreciated mostly much a and (indeed works) fictional his author of because read widely a was Eliade religion. of historians and scholars among abroad and elite intellectual Romanian the in home, at in both period interwar studies. religious academic considered still is Freedom” and Immortality practices these in interested got that scholar Romanian a Eliade, Mircea by globally magnified further was audiences western modern of practice the for Vivekanada by initiated doctrine yoga The non-Indian his to familiar traditions monotheistic audiences. other and Christianity with 235 1968. global the during culture mainstream the to alternatives seeking Romanians young of generation new a of proportion large a informed and books These liberalization recuperation. of national sign grand a as houses printing official by reprinted 1968 after then and samizdat, and traders book petty among circulating first at libraries, Romanian Mircea Nonetheless libraries. public from purged been had books his of most while war the after exile into forced was he movement, fascist the to adherence his to Due religion. of history on department a establishing Chicago of University at career academic his of part last his spent who religions of comparativist Humanitas, 2008). 2008). Humanitas, Mircea Eliade, Eliade, Mircea Michelis, p.40- urcan, Florin, urcan,Florin, 233 60. Yoga: Immortality and Freedom and Immortality Yoga: Mircea Eliade, Prizonierul Istoriei [Mircea Eliade, the Prisoner of History] of Prisoner the Eliade, [Mircea Istoriei Prizonierul Eliade, Mircea through the mediating figure of his master, Sivananda. Eliade’s “Yoga: Eliade’s Sivananda. master, his of figure mediating the through 235 Eid ws n o te ines f tdig retl eiin, a religions, oriental studying of pioneers the of one was Eliade 234 Mircea Eliade’s work had work Eliade’s Mircea (Princeton University Press, 2009). 2009). Press, University (Princeton 139 the classic analysis of yoga in the history of of history the in yoga of analysis classic an important impact during the during impact important an Eliade’s ok r-mre in re-emerged books (Bucure ti: ti: (Bucure CEU eTD Collection Europe) and the embodied (alternative medicine). (alternative embodied the and Europe) in missionaries Indian and (Vivekandada dialogue religious the (theosophy), occult the literature), and philosophy of aid the (with path intellectual the paths: four on Europe to traveled philosophy Indian that France in yoga of study her in showed Ceccomori Silvia In Romania, yoga Romania, In fields,yoga. significantly and and appeal the popularity ofeastern magnified spiritualties academi established as Indology, especially and religions, of history the of development Christianity. and cohabitation and peaceful yoga a between for compatibility allowed which tradition spiritual ancient an with yoga’sasso bycredible appealingand renderedevermore were features two These wellbeing. and health of terms in benefits practical yoga’s was avenue second The yoga. of reception the in strand one was happiness and energy harmony, of science secret The phenomena. esoteric in interested 20 readership western a by the read widely was yoga of modern part first the For fascism. with flirting more and more was that West, the in yoga of reception modern the in shift significant a capture to enough precise masses working the or students to taught were meditation and postures where clubs Yoga Ceau when pursuit intellectual of form 238 237 his around developed mythBivolaru the of part assumption, unconfirmed 236 formative influencehis development. ofEliade over definitive the acknowledge later would Bivolaru Gregorian them, Among Strauss, p.45. p.45. Strauss, Hulin, Michel and Ceccomori Silvia farit rem but so Eliade with Mircea have corresponded to claims Bivolaru Gregorian re -emerged as a legitimate form of bodily training and an established established an and training bodily of form legitimate a as -emerged Cent ans de yoga en France yoga de ans Cent escu took power, around the end of the 1960s. 1960s. the of end the around power, took escu 236 140 238 237 This categorization is useful but not but useful is categorization This Drn te newr uoe the Europe, interwar the During (Paris: Edidit, 2001), p.23- 2001), Edidit, (Paris: persona. persona. ains only an an only ains th 30 Century, . . ciation c CEU eTD Collection Nicolae Stoian in Paris. The couple began to practice MT and, allegedly came to to came allegedly and, MT practice to began couple The Paris. in Stoian meditation, Nicolae transcendental in instructor an and citizen, Romanian-French a with met a wife, his and Paris in embassy Romanian the at attaches economic the of one 1979, In hadhappened? 1950s. What 239 so the was time the of case notorious most The practices. such on down clamp severely and liberalism initial its on backtrack to had regime the revivalism, spiritual this by activities, these by produced outcomes the Given for. stood regime the everything to counter run that routine everyday and spirituality practice, bodily of forms enabled yoga However, practice. the on hooked got who and society) scarcity a in possible was it as much (as lifestyle yoga a with identified who Bivolaru Gregorian character, our like much people medicine alternative and spiritualties oriental of enthusiasts by and instructors trained self- by taught were Classes profession. medical the by recommended even and times past- legitimate as institutions state-funded other and Culture of Houses in up sprung ies, ruh it Rmna y sis ad epe en t hr te country. the harm to meant “ people and “spies” by Romania into brought disease, imperialist Western a as depicted was Meditation Transcendental The mysticism. obscure through Transcendental duties their from people the distracting and fooling sect, dangerous described a as Meditation article the language, inflammatory In men. educated Patrie Pentru In February 1982, an article an 1982, February In oeg sis iprait interests imperialist spies, Foreign Monica Lovinescu, Lovinescu, Monica - called “Afacerea Transcendentala” Meditatia Meditation). (hereafter, Transcendental decried a new conspiracy affecting the body and minds of the most most the of minds and body the affecting conspiracy new a decried Posteritatea Contemporană Contemporană Posteritatea in the official magazine of the Ministry of Internal Affairs Internal of Ministry the of magazine official the ” ? 239 Ti lnug hd o be had ic the since heard been not had language This - Unde ScurteIII Unde - 141 (Bucure ti: Humanitas, 1994). ti: Humanitas, (Bucure , CEU eTD Collection such millieus. millieus. such pl the of aim The ups. set Ceau escu’s Nicolae intellig monitored collar white influential closely the attracting for quite bait good otherwise a actually was to Stoian Nicolae access wide their and scene Bucharest the 242 241 Ceausescu’s. ofthe rivals ofpotential credibility and theindependence 240 medical and students for culture of houses owned personnel. state in used palliative be medical to as or therapy curricula activity) recreational a (as school popular of part The time. Stoian’s a at people 15 than more gather not did and homes private in held usually were groups informal humanist The experimenting. in and interested intellectuals or artists technical respected the of part just were others Party, Communist Romanian the with linked comfortably some friends intelligentsia, These police. the the or in working military were others members, party of members where whom of some TM, into Bucharest in back people other several initiated teacher, MT an also Murielle wife, his with together Stoian Nicolae 1980, and 1979 in Romania in visits several Following Research. wa areas these into research The healing. and capacity brain improving of methods as relaxation of forms other and hypnosis breathing, deep meditation, towards veered 1970s the throughout work improve to concentration. role and capacity its of convinced Romania in back meditation transcendental introduce to plans made Stoian Nicolae with together couple The benefits. its appreciate ceos f h pry i odr o omly crdt rncnetl eiain s an as Meditation Transcendental accredit formally to order in party, the of echelons Jela, Strat and Albu, p.50. Another hypothesis around the sudden app sudden the around hypothesis Another p.50. Albu, and Strat Jela, Albu. and Strat Jela, meditation Transcendental that emphasizes story the of version different A also managed to elicit support for introducing their technique formally, either as as either formally, technique their introducing for support elicit to managed also 241 242 u ee tog te Stoian the though even But s conducted at the Romanian’s Academy Institute for Psychological for Institute Academy Romanian’s the at conducted s 240 This was nothing exotic. The official study of psychology of study official The exotic. nothing was This ot was to compromise any potential opposition from within within from opposition potential any compromise to was ot ’ 142 ad hi crls ee once t higher to connected were circles their and s earance of the Stoian spouse onto onto spouse Stoian the of earance affair was a set-up to destroy destroy to set-up a was affair spaces claims that the the that claims spaces entsia into one of one into entsia CEU eTD Collection 244 243 Securitate. the of scripts the by recorded as people, 371 of audience an to technique their introduce could Stoians the where experiments of evenings two organized Institute the Consequently, approval. of seal official the obtain to attempt another was there later months report, this Despite rules. its of any violating was it because not regime, the of developments the behind lagging was it because inappropriate deemedIt was done. being already researchthe to comparednew no unique, neither considered was Meditation Transcendental denied. was accreditation the officials, state among consultations of series a After technique. the of accreditation official the for asking Republic, Socialist Romanian the of Council Research National the of head the to TranscendentalMeditation of benefits the about letter a wrote therefore They request. official an submit to had nonetheless they practice, recognized officially Institute the at organized committee the of report the again yet that especially longer much for it about thought one no 1981, of spring the in concluded were experiments two The others. to technique the divulge not would s/he that agreement signed a of exchange in mediate to how instructed and mantra the told be would s/he where apples drape a two behind the took participant Each secret. mantra personal their keep to vow fully to and masters the to apples two bring to supposed wereparticipants the ritual, the of part As meditate. him/her help to mantra a given was participant each manner, ritualized a practices. yoga and studies oriental in interested people regular also but writers, artists, intellectuals, Ovidiu Maitec, poet Marin Sorescu. Sorescu. Marin poet Maitec, Ovidiu Fu Documentary Archive, CNSAS Some of the most well known names on the lists of participants were art h wereart ofparticipants lists the nameson wellmostknown Someofthe 244 The experiments consisted of sessions of initiation of those present. In present. those of initiation of sessions of consisted experiments The 243 A tee xeiet ms o te atcpns were participants the of most experiments these At nd [Fond Documentar], ‘D ’ ‘D Documentar], [Fond nd 143 , Vol. 2, p.48. p.48. 2, Vol. , istorian Andrei Ple u, sculptor sculptor Ple u, Andrei istorian of of r CEU eTD Collection the events. years somethree for intothe jobs th of worker.Most factory and personnel, worker,cleaning textile as unskilled r former by the to the party proposed newjobs Amongthe city. an at inBucharest best jobs, unskilled Researchinto ofPsychological theInstitute 245 in production. work with Party the by sanctioned severely and off laid were members its disbanded;was Research Psychological for Institute Academy National entire The regime. conspiracy the against organized an of sign clear a as this interpreted regime the of officials the the in secret, mantra their keep to pledging document a participants sign to had experiments aforementioned the of all Because treason. and conspiracy alleged for trail under even and investigation under put reprimanded, demoted, were people other many and officers police secret personnel, army enterprises, of of managers Research, mister and Education the to up members Party echelon top intellectuals, of series A bloody. less albeit 1950s, the of trials mock the unlike not purges, of series a organized regime the of, consisted they denunciations the and articles these Following later. year a more once things stirred above quoted language inflammatory with articles the until up only lasted we the of fashions simply and and fads the inconsequential expressing gone, long affair an like seemed it many For private. in some with participants down, quieted frenzy TM the experiments, unsuccessful rather the After training,Romania therefieldalready a where in werea specialists. number of autogenic mystical less the to similar quite technique the found research Psychology Jela, Strat and Albu, p.120-150. In simple terms, the sanctions sent a sent sanctions the Insimple terms, Albu, and Strat p.120-150. Jela, completely unconvinced while other perhaps using their mantra’s to meditate to mantra’s their using perhaps other while unconvinced completely 245 144 ll -off at the time. But the calm athmosphere athmosphere calm the But time. the at -off esearchers at the Academy weresuch some Academy theat esearchers ll of the researchers working with working the researchers ll of e researchers were forced wereforced researchers e d at worse outside ofthe outside worse at d CEU eTD Collection 246 he father, - step drunkard his by abused Constantly conflicts. with ripe atmosphere an in mother single a by raised and Bucharest of outskirts the on born was Bivolaru Gregorian Bivolaru Guru of Making The Sade 2. Socialist A socialist contexts. post- and socialist the in practices these of rejection ultimate and fascination paradoxes, ambi the expresses perfectly biography entire his fact, In guru. spiritual and yoga local the Bivolaru, Gregorian the of biography of the politics in encapsulated official best is the regime socialist vis-à-vis practices oriental the of status the in shift This Meditation offered precisely for that. theperfect pretext Transcendental the and prosecuted, and erased be to had they such, As threat. a became useful practices spiritual oriental From the 1970s, and legacy. 1960s the in Christian activities healthy and its therapeutic and traditions ancestral its to nation, the of body the to threat a the anti-Romanian, even to or out non- foreign, lose appeared They to frenzy. nationalist started practices Oriental the 1980s mid Romanian by the short, of In origins population. millennial the of arguments pseudo-historical the as such regime. the by endorsed place legitimate a had preoccupations these which in discipline official the as psychology of disappearance the and civilizations, and languages Eastern Far of study the arts, martial exercises, mystical oriental meditation, the yoga, all to of connected marginalization practices subsequent the was purges these of outcomes the of One Jela, Strat and Albu, p.211. p.211. Albu, and Strat Jela, 246 In their stead, more nationalistic arguments and practices took center stage,center took practices and arguments nationalistic more stead, Intheir 145 guities, CEU eTD Collection 247 the with communication of means few the of one is that system, mail the of functioning the with himself familiarize to possibility the offered job this Bivolaru for addition, In at the price their de-politicization. of even citizens, its of all for catering state a of that frominseparable thus wasbohemian the and marginal the of figure The contestation. of works their on focus to able were artists and intellectuals the profit, and productivity of concerns the from Removed subversive activities. their pursue to resources and time underground creative the allowed jobs of kind this how describes Yurchak Generation, Soviet Last The In socialism. state of nature welfare the from inseparable was and bloc eastern former the around widespread was scene underground socialist the of members for jobs menial getting of strategy This passions. his pursue to him allowed that income of source decent a him offered step This master. post- as job paid low a chose he university, the to going of Instead peers. generational knowledgeAftergraduation,Bivolaru tookadifferentcompared and tohis practice. route at classes yoga postural attended he Meanwhile, healing. of therapies folk and traditions folkloric in interested also was Bivolaru addition, In idol. his of became soon Librarywho Eliade Mircea Municipal of books the the Bucharest in studying carefully by interests these pursued Bivolaru man communist young a for unsuitable rather and uncommon quite practices, therapeutic ancient and telepathy para-psychology, yoga, in refuge took 248 CNSAS Archive,Inform CNSAS Alexei Yurchak, p.80. Yurchak, Alexei ative Stacks [Fond Informativ], ‘I 168 Gregorian’. Bivolaru ‘I 168 Informativ], [Fond Stacks ative Casa Sindicatelor Medicale Sindicatelor Casa 248 146 , mixing together theoretical theoretical together mixing , 247 Satn i 1971, in Starting . CEU eTD Collection 250 249 the was investigators the for stranger even seemed what However, population. orthodox the of majority the of prozeltism religious tolerated the beyond going as well as state socialist the of atheism scientific the to counter be to perceived was world the of view His professing. was Bivolaru interpretations mystical the were investigators the worried what pursuit, legal a was yoga though even time, the At philosophy. Indian for appetite an with intellectuals and scholars traders, book illegal artists, young as such strata social sensitive numerous to access had yoga, and philosophy oriental in versed man, young widely quite already were known. occult the in interests his because and neighborhood his case murder a in place taken into had murder the as Grig young to investigation up lead mystics, of group a to connected police a when nineteen, at 1971, in surveillance a of opening Bi on file Securitate the preoccupations, unorthodox and trajectory atypical this of light In around theworld. believers of community like-minded a a of creation and transmission the played in role significant mail the how showed similarly India, modern in yoga of dissemination the photos and literature erotic and materials yoga country the into smuggle to means a as post-office the used he Furthermore, press. and organizations yoga friends, disciples, foreign with correspondence vast a develop to order in censorship, and scrutinytight under state, the serviceof postal the effectively use years, following the In Romania. Ceausescu’s during world “outside” CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 Biv I Informativ], Stacks [Fond Informative Archive, CNSAS p.40. Strauss, 250 While the original suspicion was dropped, the investigators found out that the that out found investigators the dropped, was suspicion original the While 249 volaru’s name was inevitable. Bivolaru become a target of Securitate of target a become Bivolaru inevitable. was name volaru’s – 147 illegal stuff at the time. Strauss, who studied studied who Strauss, time. the at stuff illegal olaru Gregorian . . Gregorian olaru Bivolaru learnt to learnt Bivolaru CEU eTD Collection 252 Gregorian. Bivolaru 1687 I Informativ], [Fond Stacks 251 best it believe I encapsulatesBivolaru’s as efforts thedriving aswell force behind archive. police secret the in file his from retrieved and Bivolaru by sent letter such one full of in reproduce I Below, lack youth. the of the needs the for understanding and regime Romanian the of prudishness the decried he File, Securitate his in preserved now mail, outgoing his of most In him. contact would parties interested that the hope the least with interests at his and or address his brochures announcing notes yoga short of or publication materials erotic either demanded he letters, his UK. the and Finland Sweden, Germany, West and DDR in individuals and libraries societies, education sex magazines, to writing was Bivolaru nineteen, At internationally. and domestically both established man young the that correspondence extensive already CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 Bivolaru Bivolaru 1687 I Informativ], [Fond Stacks Archive,Informative CNSAS A CNSAS Securitate. by the preserved and intercepted been have letters Numerous y drs Bvlr Geoin Cst Psaa 0, fcu Psa Bcrsi 1 Bucuresti Postal Oficiul 309, Postala Casuta Gregorian, Rumaniein Bivolaru address My Gregorian yours, Sincerely e closed a in catalogue your ha and health me good people your and you letter washing my finish I discretion. send to Please you. with touch in get to intention my is it and articles sexy the much very like I me! answer to much very accept?). Please you (Do letter registered USD. DM or regarding in articles this of cost price the and magazines by films, sexy sexy photos, VERSAND SPEZIAL payment of catalogue the the me you send to send please to Eventually can I pr you USD. do what or me to write DM to Please USD. or DM in articles sexy the pay to can I YEARS. SPEZIAL from articles sexy buy to interested am very I magazines. the sexy and very admire I country. th slides, sexy the photos, your sexy the much very like I in sex. the towards frankness sexuality the of an joke acceptance joyeaus uninhibited the the of extraordinary giving really is It Germany. in sexuality the of comp emancipated the see to can I photos sexy your From articles. sexy not are a have I old. there Rumanien years unhappiness, From articles. erotic theGerman like I and 19 people German am I Romania, from man young a am I Friends Dear 252 , , 148 ra smah fr the for sympathy great Gregorian, p.223. p.223. Gregorian, his initial quests: quests: initial his nvelope with nvelope rchive, Informative rchive, ppiness. ppiness. e sexy films sexy e uh your much rehension rehension the sexy the efer d 251 In CEU eTD Collection character, sophisticated more much awas Sade course of While practices. sadistic his and understand to way One SadeBivolaruand from far letter, dim this the expressing writing In sex. of dimension non-reproductive non-utilitairan, aesthetic, the of point, the to more even and, freedom sexual of celebration a as letter this at look should we suggest I materials), explicit sexually and pornography access to youth the forbidding was (which state the of dimension repressive the on focusing of Instead letter? a such writing behind motivation the was what ask to useful perhaps is it stance, moralizing a to subscribing uncritically of instead But women. naked of images arousing and explicit sexually for is demand his Indeed, do. to keen was police secret pornographyfordemand asrequesthis dismiss easyto Itis sexuality. freer a demanding itself regime the to writing fact in was letter this writing in Bivolaru police and trouble? landhimin secret the by intercepted be likely most will letter state his that of well full politics knowing socialism, sexual the criticizing of risk the taking he is Why Romania? of and DDR the of politics sexual the of awareness political encapsulating smartly a time same the at but desire, sexual exasperated post-adolescent a time same very the at denoting demands, such making person this is Who images? pornographic to amounts basically what for asking recipients faceless some to English approximate in letter a such write to drive irrepressible that is What questions. of series a raises immediately letter This glorying sex as such, for its inner beauty. glorying as innerits such,for beauty. sex ension of the “pervert adult” Foucault wrote about, Bivolaru was Bivolaru about, wrote Foucault adult” “pervert the of ension Bivolaru’s acts is to draw a comparison with the Marquis de Sade Sade de Marquis the with comparison a draw to is acts Bivolaru’s 149 – something that the the that something in in CEU eTD Collection 253 usually deriving followers, its on figure initiation of act the dominating through enjoyment inflicting a from pleasure as him describe indeed do available reports different the However, him. indict to willing police secret the from come accounts the of most of enlightenment spiritual promise the lure a as using women underage of seduction the been had defendant a Bivolaru with sexual case criminal a for basis a unlawful as highlighted often issue andkey The practices. immoral/unethical in engaging of police routinely secret was the he by nonetheless accused though acts Sadistic such in engage not did Bivolaru Enjoyment power. subordination tolaw and as comes atotal itself. law the to abiding from derived is pleasure how showed Lacan Sade”, avec “Kant In Real. the encounter to desire the from drive, death the from then emerges Pleasure principle. pleasure the to counter runs that activity consuming a from pleasure taking as jouissance. of principle the point, the to more enjoymentand, myst the fully not explain does awareness historical this bedchamber, the in status former its to cling tryin aristocracy declining the of sign ultimate the as practices Sade’s of emergence the of historicization thorough a for argued Beauvoir de Simone While death. and life of prin driving the to elevated principle, ethic an was sexuality Sade, For event. erotic inter-subjective an as freedom in belief the Sade de Marquis the with shared Bivolaru 254 charged with statutory rape. withrape. statutory charged 255 102 pp. 2003), Press, University Cambridge Simone De Beauvoir, Beauvoir, De Simone Accusations foretelling of what was to come two decades later, when indeed Gr indeed when later, decades two come to was what of foretelling Accusations Nestor Braunstein, ‘Lacan and Philosophy’, in in Philosophy’, and ‘Lacan Braunstein, Nestor ros hrce o Sd’ piooh, i picpe f inflicting of principle his philosophy, Sade’s of character erious Must We Burn De Sade? De Burn We Must 255 . It is difficult to assess the truthfulness of these reports since reports these of truthfulness the assess to difficult is It . – 116. 1St Edition edition (Peter Nevill). Nevill). Edition(Peter 1St edition 150 h Cmrde opno t Lacan to Companion Cambridge The 254 253 Lacan defined jouissanceLacan defined egorian Bivolaru was was Bivolaru egorian (Cambridge: (Cambridge: ciple g to g s s CEU eTD Collection 256 seminal orgasms: non- his develop to him enabling while photos, the in depicted women the with connect to him allowed images the that argued he tantrism, in interest his of basis the on officers, police secret of front in pornography in interest and collection his defended Bivolaru se ual Bivolaru’s philosoph site ofinscription ofhis desiresof and the Bivolaru for represented women young of body the Sade, in like Just women. young allopathymedicine.and alternative diet, of teachings prosaic more with together Eliade Mircea Augustin, St Vivekanada, Shankara, Adi Bhagavad-Gita, from drawn ideas of mélange a pastiche, post-modern of kind a was philosophy His sources. of array enormous an from drawn ideas occult and religious of compilation synthetic ingenious an was philosophy early Bivolaru’s 257 CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 Bivolaru Bivolaru 1687 I Informativ], [Fond Stacks Archive,Informative CNSAS CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 Biv I Informativ], Stacks [Fond Informative Archive, CNSAS References taken from a list of books found at Bivolaru’s premises Bivolaru’s at found books of fromlist a taken References f hge pae f osiuns. n hs a I a cnet o h univers the to connect can I way this In consciousness. of love. source of thatnever-ending a ismostly humanity of consciousness plane higher a of achievemen the towards energy sexual my rechanneled and pictures the at look to able endea this in yoga; Tantra practice to women of representation nude the use “I 257 scientia sexualis scientia 151 . at one of the police searches, searches, police ofthe one at olaru Gregorian olaru Gregorian ” 256 p.312 p.36 vor I am I vor . . . al t CEU eTD Collection interest in yoga: in interest his explained he 1972, in authorities state with encounter first his to back dating police, secret the at declarations his of one In communion. universal and empathy sex, ritualized as understood was Bivolaru, for Love, tantrism. of body subtle the constituent, spiritual psycho- a to closer and physicality, from distinct entity an as body the of understanding an love, universal of principal the was philosophy Bivolaru’s of elements key the of One ofB one at List confiscated books of 13. Picture “What drew me towards this mysterious science, was the fact that it has it that fact the was science, mysterious this towards me drew ivolaru’s house searches. Source: CNSAS Archive. CNSAS Source: housesearches. ivolaru’s 152 CEU eTD Collection 258 was sexuality ritualized of use the Evola, Julius and Eliade Mircea of works the through contexts. Victorian in undercurrent an as springing literature licentious sexually and pornography of such market as booming and the practice into sexual integrated of variety particular a to subsumed simply was Tantra 19 the in mutation further aoverlapsuffered rituals. This sexual medieval were practices to these back dating legacy own when their superimposed and Orientalists undertones European by discovered magical and sexualized with infused was It boundaries. of transgression and enlightenment with more and liberation, sexual and abandon sensual with do to little had that tradition esoteric highly a was Tantra Initially, tobeingwas limited for adepts. a partner male role ritual their and males to were subordinated womenpart, most Forthe words).(sacred mantras any to access no and ceremonies Vedic any to right no have women practices; ritual the in tools as seen were Women Brahmins. male the of status social and authority ritual the reasserted ultimately which tradition, conservative a was Tantra time same spelled Securitate the as Sacti (or Shakti or power awesome the harnessing and awakening of means a as employed be can laws class of violation in intercourse sexual cases, some in and, wine meat, of consumption ritual The transgression. ritual of forms explicit involve do practice Tantric of forms Many openswhich of the the unconscious” unknown places the pathtowards love universal of idea the preaching instincts, of annihilation total a goal, ultimate an as 259 of California Press, 2003). 2003). Press, ofCalifornia CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 Biv I Informativ], Stacks [Fond Informative Archive, CNSAS Hugh B. Urban, Urban, Hugh B. Tantra: Sex, Secrecy, Politics, and Power in the Study of Religion of Study Powerthe in and Politics, Secrecy, Sex, Tantra: 153 it) , that flows through all things. Yet at the at Yet things. all through flows that , 259 I te newr reinterpretations, interwar the In olaru Gregorian olaru . (Berkeley: University (Berkeley: University 258 , p. 28 28 p. , th Century when . . CEU eTD Collection Bivolaru Gregorian. Gregorian. Bivolaru Archive,Informativ CNSAS groupsactivities. the for women young hean stress that report officer’s women,the meeting certain he which is highlight the issue, the guru’s testimonies often include long paragrap long include often testimonies guru’s the issue, highlight the 260 patriarchal horizon. remainedultimately heterosexist still its it within and regime, the to relation in features transgressive had Bivolaru by developed tantrism the while practices, these in women of subordination the Given relations. these into inscribed fundamentally hierarchy the to point from benefited guru the women young of supply constant the partners, both of sexuality the free to supposed were mechanisms initiating the While jouissance. his for and desires his for vehicles simply were women practices, his in Bivolaru, For women. of subordination initial the reproduced nonetheless it states, alternative and behavior transgressive experimentations, of forms various for allowing while sex, Tantric tradition. convoluted this of result the himself was Bivolaru Gregorian annihilate theforcesand self. a ofmodernity return pre-modern to to order in destruction of form the take to had transgression contexts: and spaces defile and purge to order in acts sex ritualized accompanies violence that idea the by doubled happened development spiritual his importantly, Most archives. state special in keyunder been 1960s mid the until up had who books from often Bucharest, around libraries public from yoga on materials gather to strived guru young the hand, other the On knowledge. esoteric the of the parcel and part to as tradition western here the in philosophy referring Hindu of reception was He himself. knowing by universe the know to one allows that science secret this towards him drove what was mystery of aura the admission own his to According science”. “mysterious a as yoga of conceived Bivolaru Furthermore, The Securitate records contain many references to Bivolaru’s relationship with w with relationship Bivolaru’s to manycontain references records Securitate The 154 e Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 I Informativ], [Fond Stacks e hs the about d his group attempt to “recruit” to attempt group his d circumstances under circumstances omen. Informer notes Informer omen. 260 CEU eTD Collection 263 262 1 December to months(October only but served three period anundetermined in wasinterned he judicially in1989 headquarters; Police Secret the tryingescaping sentence of16 jail a heserved occasions; least 3 at on detained been had he 1989; 261 yogis ofstatecontrol security. always the under of community the for identity collective of sense a reproduced and ensured rituals and communication. actual the of scheduling the to prior connection affective an established having upon well as meditation prior through act communicational the envisioned for prepared be Bivolaru to had receiver the other. and sender The phenomenon. each active an as telepathy with engage freely not could communication, of means of scarcity and distancesurveillance, police to due who, people, like-minded those providingthought be in community ofpeculiar transfer usefulness a seemed of to to sense of scheme This communion. sexual of that parallels communication remote of possibility powered between energy existed two. the sexual that through of channels the be could communication this that two and sex between opposing the disposition of affective usually partners, an upon premised was communication of form him of a that claimed Bivolaru followers. examples his with communication remote in engage numerous to claiming are there Securitate the by collected letters the Among day,this as objects powerful inscribing them ofdesire. to materials MISA over and philosophy guru’s the over looms conspiracy and secrecy yoga. surrounding secrecy of aura the upon built further which arrests, and searches house police, secret the with interviews constant alongside CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 Biv I Informativ], Stacks [Fond Informative Archive, CNSAS way jail. out his meditated he once tha claimed Bivolaru in occasions different 9 on Securitate theby interviewed was Bivolaru Gregorian 155 261 olaru Gregorian . . Gregorian olaru This feature of suspicion, of suspicion, of feature This 989). 989). 262 months in 1984 after months1984 in between 1971 and and 1971 between To some extent the Tosomeextent a mental institution for for institution mental a 263 These rites These CEU eTD Collection 264 by labeled was what of nature suspicious the confirmed only antecedents prior His scandal. ensuing the in caught himself found accidentally thus sessionswas and Academy Romanian the meditation by organized transcendental the in part took also had he because investigated was he time This police. Secret the of offices the at detained again once is Grig Guru 1982, in later, years three then Less sexuality. his over details compromising for hunting Securi the that feeling the has one documents the through Reading women. with relationship his and citizens foreign with contacts his to refers documents the throughout running theme key One re-written). and (written declarations numerous in again over and over country. the fleeing in interest his declare openly to and yoga about books copy to and translate to work-time his using for co-workers his of one by reported been had he home, youth a in pedagogue a as working time, This surveillance. police secret under again was Bivolaru 1979 By Costine followers yearly during of collective ceremonies two meditation. Romanian his to messages his send to telepathy uses allegedly Sweden, in refugee a now Bivolaru, day, best this To the transfer. thought for is channels the clear to spiral, practice a as shaped design human a in arranged meditation followers collective with in a usually that concluded Bivolaru Yoga. of brand his of trade-marks the of one it making issue this on brochures of number a published and communication collapsed, regime Ceausescu’s After CNSAS Archive, Documentary Fund [Fond Documentar], D 3, p.4- 3, D Documentar], [Fond Fund Documentary Archive, CNSAS tate officers did not take seriously, the guru’s interest in yoga, yet they were were they yet yoga, in interest guru’s the seriously, take not did officers tate ș ti -anotherhide-waynudism for yoga and h Scrtt a “ as Securitate the During his detention, he is asked to provide details about his “hobby”his about details provide to asked is he detention, his During oeg rlgos grouping religious foreign Gregorian Bivolaru perfected his ideas of telepathic telepathic of ideas his perfected Bivolaru Gregorian 156 5. ” 264 te Transcendental the ; , CEU eTD Collection imply imply fro or guru with the from them prevent engaging to inaction order 266 265 and video an depositing were followers closeposters manuscripts, translation copies, Xerox brochures, books, of collection impressive his with together Bivolaru where apartment room one a location, secret a identified also police secret the investigation, the of course the During illegal. and banned now activity an homes, private in yoga of classes giving of act the in him catching around time this again, once Guru the tracked Police Secret the 1984, In business. unlawful and risky a increasingly time the at was yoga, namely whereBucharest atpoint asHis lifefound anunskilled the choice, laborer a he Metro. job the to underground, the the into escape deeper went to Bivolaru Securitate, Trying the of search. eye omnipresent house a during confiscated been had materials yoga his investigation the during side-effect a as yet Guru the like someone deeply affected or target necessarily not did sanctions ensuing the and scandal TranscendentalMeditation The Politics. few Party Communist with with connections character less even marginal and ambitions a professional already was Grig Guru However, sect. Meditation bythe also enabled own, their produce to begun members MISA therefore by, get to hard were depictions sexual imports, all on down crack the Since materials. erotic producing and procuring network, the around photocopying through them distributing importing materials, and translating yoga, teaching to time their dedicated members Its MISA. group underground organized fairly a of head the as status this of acknowledgment the Grig”, “Guru became instead and figure solitary a be to ceased Bivolaru time this By By 1984, the Secret police identifies 20 people close to Bivolaru and also delinates a f a delinates Bivolaru also to and close people identifies 20 police the Secret By 1984, CNSAS Archive, Informative Stacks [Fond Informativ], I 1687 1687 Biv I Informativ], Stacks [Fond Informative Archive, CNSAS s connected with yoga, sexuality practices,connected with occult course pornography. and of 157 m practicing yoga. These measures yoga.These m practicing olaru Gregorian. f 113. f113. Gregorian. olaru urther course of course urther 266 265 – CEU eTD Collection spiritually and with encouraged was Sex partners multiple sex. and talks spiral, a as arranged meditation, were group the of activities main The group. the within infiltrate to prone less be would they them, on eye an keep would police secret the while that ensured place a such strategically, sun; the of effects therapeutic the with and strategic. bodies the and of connection direct spiritual the to linked both was it Spiritually, was beach nudist the for choice The Sea. Black the on Costine in stretch remote a in convened MISA time, summer During only imagine the carried charge representations sexual these 1989. before one point: the exactly is it here But Ceausescu. of fall the after MISA by produced materials the of many like just laughter, provoke they fact, In erotic. but anything appear moviesthe gaze, today’sloadedwith course,seen Of spiritualism. and romanticism level: deep-seated two the discern best can one There identification. emotional and bodily of formparticular a stimulate to rather but porn, regular with case the is it as viewer, the in arousal generate to seek not do movies the nature, in explicit Sexually today. of existing sex tantric socialist example only the perhaps is It in. engaged it initiations, sexual collective and sex do- group including a practices, sexual widespread the and bygroup the of growth the dovetailed or austerity by motivated solely not was activity this However, onwards. 1980s mid the from technology VHS of distribution widespread ro o ts f h wsenzto o te ati taiin a ter ot schematic most their at tradition, tantric the of westernization the of 158 mo tivated in the activity of the group, the of activity the in tivated it -yourself mentality. It It mentality. -yourself ti, a popular resort popular a ti, can CEU eTD Collection what But time. prison of year a serving Code), Penal (art.325 pornography of spread the for and teacher, yoga a of that namely Code), Penal 281 (art credentials adequate without profession practicingaLaw3/1974),for from mystical literature94 spread(artof the with ar its effects and ofBivolaru philosophy sexual the over discussion However,und 1989. to prior activities Bivolaru’s of underpinning 267 regular the by over taken was case, Grig’s Guru Police, Secret the From sentence. prison a Bivolaru bring did hideout secret the of discovery The power, of gaze the espousing for pervert core.its material arousing as functioned only they such, As limited. quite was potential subversive and political its Therefore, whispers. by around carried and mystery in wrapped rumor, and mythology in clouded were activities Its audience. underground and wider a bounded to practices and rather message its spreading a of potential little was very with collectivity, MISA since case the was sexual subversive This a practice. as externalized secret, dark own its jouissance, and excitement of forms own its producing was power the them, allowing By interactions. such from pleasure taking was itself regime the that more is explanation The producing material. arousing sexually for used largely were they also but cultivate, to trying was the regimes mores the contradicted directly practices these that only Not place? take to them for allow police secret the did why is here arises that question the group, the of economy spiritual the in practices sexual collective these of role the understand to easy is it While overtly by curiousofficers. (and fascinated) details lavish with police, secret the of archive the in recorded also while The author Gabriel Andreescu remains restrained if not silent in his assertions assertions his innot silent if restrained remains Andreescu authorGabriel The 267 159 eniably the evidence for engaging in a engaging for in the evidence eniably e there. See Andreescu, Chapter 1. 1. Chapter Andreescu, See there. e milita, charged and sentenced sentenced and charged regarding the sexual the regarding CEU eTD Collection 268 linked this and repressed remain to continued explorations In sexual and sexuality constellation, morals. and rules beliefs, Orthodox of revival powerful one a only form: took predominant quickly socialism, during practices spiritual the of diversity rich The of enclosures. forms various fact in entailed reality the opening, promised the of instead But practices. spiritual and activities sexual regarding inhibitions, imposed previously shred to able being of sense discovered a and freedom of promise a with came 1989 of days last The The body 3. ofnation threat under institution. psychiatric a into interned forcefully was guru the when 1989, of fall the in came group and monitoring Police. the Secret was the by so organized schemes rise, intimidation the on was students of groups among popularity prisoner. political a himself nest considering country, to the continued escaping of Grig thoughts Guru time the of society the of rest the like Just meditation. remote and letters through disciples his with again once reconnected and yoga preaching teachingand to returned Grig, Guru release, his Upon trial. new this with myth guru’s the to add and strength in grow only would mission, personal and freedom inner of sense the life chosen clear a namely arrest, Bivolaru’s with contain to wanted authorities the during the the 1980s]during 269 Vol.2. Gregorian, Bivolaru 1687 Archive,Informative CNSAS archive. Securitate former in the preserved and Gabriel Andreescu, Gabriel I’ve developed this portrait by putting together information information by together putting portrait this I’vedeveloped (Iasi: Polirom, 2008). Polirom, 2008). (Iasi: Reprimarea Miscarii Yoga in Anii ’80 [ The Repression of the Yoga Movement Yoga Movement the of Repression [The ’80 Anii in Miscarii Yoga Reprimarea 160 from the letters and conversations recorded recorded conversations and fromthe letters 269 h fnl c o Gr Grig’s Guru of act final The Stacks [Fond Informativ], I I Informativ], [Fond Stacks 268 Wie his While -style, -style, CEU eTD Collection 270 – 1968 global the recuperating vicariously movement “hippie” indigenous an quests of formation spiritual various of re-activation the of to freedom led especially that freedom, imagination, of degree wider a experienced people when 1990s early the in moment brief initial an After role. their played had also factors Economic practice,wave andrules. ledtoa ofdogmatism it new In legacy. that overcome was to Orthodoxy meant atheistthe revival and of anti-religious, considered was regime former the Since anti-communism. prevailing the with linked powerfully religiosity, with imbued was space public The workings. Devil’s the with direction, also it took adistinctly expanded softpornbusiness. Orthodox its it while therefore and pressures, social wider the outside remain to unable was too MISA But sexuality. of terms in goes anything where place a as imagination popular the now Costine movements. kin international with powerfully linking and strata social across expanding organization, large a quite into grew MISA them, Among changes. these amid persisted quests spiritual some Surely, of realism anddown- sense renewed a them with and prevailed interests and concerns Material quests. spiritual aloof ofdreams and idealism the placefor little hadexistingaround opportunities all grab Studies the social realities creped in. Pragmatism, the quest for a better job and the pressures to pressures the and job better a for quest the Pragmatism, in. creped realities social the Stan, Lavinia and Turcescu, Lucian, ‘Religion, Politics and Sexuality in Roma inSexuality and Politics ‘Religion, Lucian, Turcescu, Laviniaand Stan, , 57 291 (2005), 57 , – 310. to -earth ideology. ti remained their summer meeting place, attracting place, meeting summer their remained ti 161 270 nia’, nia’, Europe - Asia Asia - Europe – edn t the to leading CEU eTD Collection Se Teme de Misa’ de Teme Se tabloid press] - Numarul 215- press] tabloid n Case does Bivolaru [ The Scandal de Presa Doar Intereseaza Nu Bivolaru Gregorian 271 it. protect to need the elicit to order in nation of body the to threat constant a imagine to has simply that divide, 1989 the across took it forms political nominal the of irrespective itself, power the in something is there that clear renders continuity this Therefore, 1989. of rupture the despite continuity a to fact in point power of actions These acceptability. and decency of borders the violating and morals its corrupting nation, of body the to 1989, threat to a deemed was MISA regime, prior old the during like life Just afterwards. apace continued his characterized that interrogations police and yoga practicing between overlap the Bivolaru, For and place. took searched never 1989 routinely them for police, if as the interrogated, of scrutiny constant the under were they years, In and trafficking human potentially terrorism. trafficking, drug of network widespread a into investigation an as depicted operation, entire the live reported which intrusion media by doubled was brutality Police evidence. with filled were trucks police twenty than more and custody in taken were suspects the night the of end the By searched. thoroughly were premises the while floors the on down lye to them forced point, gun at beds their of out people 90 over to pulled They units neighborhood. Bucharest anti-terror a in from buildings 16 ranging stormed prosecutors, agents, enforcement law 300 over 2004, March 19 of evening the On 1989. after reformed slightly only police, secret the of gaze the attract to continued it that meant in, engaged it practices sexual alternative the and This, Andreescu, Andreescu, fact it was the disbanding of MISA and the arrest of Gregorian Bivolaru. For several several For Bivolaru. Gregorian of arrest the and MISA of disbanding the was it fact Misa: Radiografia Unei Represiuni [ Misa: The X-Ray of a Repression Case Repression of a The Misa: X-Ray [ Represiuni Unei Radiografia Misa: [ Who's Afraid ofMisa] Afraid Who's [ 271 216 --Aprilie , Revista 22, anul anul XIV 22, Revista 2004 - Arhiva - - -Arhiva 162 Observatorcultural.ro’.Rodica Culcer, ‘Cine ‘Cine Culcer, Observatorcultural.ro’.Rodica , 5 April 2004. April 2004. 5 , ot only interest the onlyinterest ot ] . ‘Cazul MISA - CEU eTD Collection telepathy, through orgies MISA the at present is Bivolaru that suggested Others Paris. in location secret a in him to brought are who women young neophyte with meetings secret has he that claimed reports Some MISA. of life the in present still is Bivolaru that idea the accredited have origins, dubious of mostly years, recent the in reports press Several new European one. the in or Romania communist old the in either him for place no was There communism. during case the was it as just asylum), (through purged or jail) into (thrown repressed the was country, the eitherbe to had he nation, bodyof partthe beof not could he factthat the of actualization from flee physical his asylum, Bivolaru’s country. European civilized a as status its claiming thus and accession, EU the finalizing of moments final its during Romania shaming internationally scandal, ultimate the was This beliefs. his for he persecution claiming Sweden in asylum rape, political granted was and underagedemanded nonetheless including charges for arrest his Upon himself. Bivolaru of figure trickster the in perceptible is transgression and power between consubstantiality This protect the “normality” the citizens. rest of ofthe and stage could power society, the of shadows the in exist to practices sexual Bivolaru’s g and power assertsmechanism itself through which case transgression that highlighting worth of is it power, to relation trajectoryin MISA historical entire the Given power. of exception” intervention of direct “state the the demanding justify could that point external convenient the was MISA – is not external to power, it’s not a form of overriding power, but precisely the the precisely but power, overriding of form a not it’s power, to external not is 163 ains reality. By allowingainsBy and reality. MISA’s –just like in Sade’s in like –just CEU eTD Collection play at process complicated more even an was there chapter, this in suggest to tried I as But, Bivolaru. of case the also was This abnormal. and anti-national both heteronormativity of dimensions “normal” its Sinceexcluded. andinseparable nation is reproductive from productive sexuality (with all or rejected be sexual to needs that Other a an from threat is under comes times, at there that, “normality” as far so in only exists nation the of logic the connotations: sexual with imbued is itself nation the of idea the how to point also figure Bivolaru’s Moreover, nature. Sadistic its exposing while time same the at regime re- the of and power the subverting enforcing Sade, socialist the indeed, was Grig Guru or Bivolaru Gregorian cogently fact in ofpower,expressed the before after dual various both Bivolaru inits and nature articulations 1989. threat, constant a was it which for nation of body the into integrate to impossible utterly seemingly While power. of logic productive and dialectic enc Bivolaruperfectly reason, same the exactly for encouraged andpractices his for marginalized regime, the by repressed and enabled Both imagination. public this of phantasies very the to and imagination public the on Bivolaru of influence lasting long the to both testify reports Such participants. the of bodies the in materializing directly ytr ad controversy. and in wrapped mystery and unclassifiable remains figure his trickster, a as Precisely 1989. after and before both Bivolaru, guru of character trickster the enforced only which dialectical state of creation wassocialism ambivalent, andits contradictory paradoxical relationship policies. The and specific quite a also was Bivolaru was), undoubtedly he (as whole a as nation the threatening regime, socialist the of Other ultimate the only being simply 164 and monogamy), all alternative forms are forms alternative all monogamy), and apsulates the the apsulates : a from far CEU eTD Collection Epistemology of the Closet the of Epistemology 272 zone the the by inhabited is it, calls Butler as “unlivability”, of zone This subject. sexed socialist the being into bring to order in forcefully repudiated be to need that bodies abject repressed, it at process, this of shadows the in remains what at look I chapter, this In power. of that functioning the transgression by drawn “acceptability” and “normality” and of domain the within subversion emerged of forms explored I chapters two previous the In nraiy – “normality” norm the to relation subject in abject homosexual as emerged the which in way the for also but socialism, state of imperative heteronormativite the by abjection of zone a as constructed was homosexuality which in way the for only not exemplary are narratives The state-socialism. duringRomanian lives their recounting men, homosexual of narratives three around revolves study case My by excluded imperative. the heteronormative this through precisely It power. of front in abjection their verbalize to authorities, state the to confession a offer to themselves, of account an give constantly to upon called are IV. IV. My reading of the three narratives is very much influenced by the much influenced very narratives is three My ofthe reading Je est un autre un Je est through practices of forced confession and policing. and confession forced of practices through LG BT (University of California Press, 1990). 1990). Press, California (Universityof subjects : ho ose ualit , co fessio a d the politics politics the a d co fessio ho ose ualit , : – of abnormality abnormality of ht s toe ujcs ht r a oc poue and produced once at are that subjects those is, that 165 – the necessary outside giving consistency to to consistency giving outside necessary the work of Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, Sedgwick, Kosofsky Eve workof 272 Hmsxa men Homosexual s CEU eTD Collection 273 the with collaborate to men homosexual especially blackmail or coerce compromise, to tool political a as well as men homosexual of persecution the of instrument blunt a as used was 200 Article community. close their of stigmatization the as well as line party on and work at sanctions times often prison, in years four to up faced article this under condemned People abrogated. finally was it upheaval societal amid when 2000, until the through acts penal as 1968. in adoptedcode Penal the of (in)famousarticle200 inscribed were relations sex same Romania, socialist In anti-hegemonic effects. and destabilizing produce to segments disempowered most the even it. queer and disrupt potentially to order, that haunt to back come they things, of order the from bodies abnormal the excluding By dis-identification. importantly, most and, transgression of power the it confers what is externality its power, to relation in vulnerability Its own. its of power enormous holds power, of exercise the by nation of body normal the to and external abnormal as inscription its through precisely homosexual, the of body abnormal of source a danger, possible a threat, a also represents homosexual the of body abject the abject, as inscribed Being andisolated from nation. theabject thebody bodies are of reinforced constantly are abjection and normality between boundaries the verbalization 274 Fertig,1985). (Howard Romania]’. George L. Mosse, L. Mosse, George ‘Co dul Penal Al Republicii Socialiste România [The Penal Code of The Socialist Republic of Republic Socialist ofThe Code Penal [The România Socialiste Republicii Al dul Penal This, to remain in Butler’s theoretical horizon, is precisely what empowers empowers what precisely is horizon, theoretical Butler’s in remain to This, Nationalism and Sexuality: Respectability and Abnormal Sexuality in Modern Europe in Modern Sexuality Abnormal and Respectability Sexuality: and Nationalism anxiety given the “gender trouble” it might create. The The create. might it trouble” “gender the given anxiety 166 274 273 The article remained in vigorin articleremained The CEU eTD Collection History of the Securitate in Documents 1949-1989] Documents in Securitate the of History 275 for means a as instrumentalized often was and socialism state during repressed severely was Homosexuality enough. not is repression police of level this to attending simply But truth ofoneself inthe making ofthe asinthereality isasmuch subject. ofpolitics the where sexuality, of politics the of understanding our enriches only homosexuality usage of This double repress bodies. undesirable subdue to and effects,content meant and work their unfulfilling homosexuality. currency, and obligations foreign of possession illegal stealing, offenses: four for accusations fabricated under arrested be would regime, the for uncomfortable politically deemed were those example, for 1980s the During opponents. political against articles sodomy anti of usage the as well as homosexuals the of plight the exacerbated de- the over consent oflack The rightviolation. human a as homosexualsof imprisonment the or sodomy laws regarded violations rights human monitoring or working organizations international the of none time, the at that fact the by facilitated further were 200 Article under abuses The deployed control. totighten social same anti an both was dissenters. vocal tackle to order in petty crimes) vice for (for especially and crimes law-suits criminal stage to decided instead and persecution political open state late of control political of strategy new a in role key a played article infamous The collaborators. or informers as police secret 276 Deletant, Oprea, Oprea, Banalitatea Raului. O Istorie a Securitatii in Documente 1949-1989. [ The The Bana [ 1949-1989. Documente in Securitatii O a Istorie Raului. Banalitatea Ceauşescu and the the Securitate and Ceauşescu rmnlzto fhmsxaiyi “etr”dmcais further democracies “western” in homosexuality of criminalization – sex piece of legislation as well as a very successful instrument successful very a as well as legislation of piece sex 276 . . Al hs cie hd n at pwru political powerful a fact in had crimes these All . 167 – socialism which refrained from out in the the in out from refrained which socialism 275 lity of Evil. A A Evil. lity of Article 200 Article CEU eTD Collection 278 Government 277 illustratesRomanian context better: point this the from record One not. is who and gay is who determined that confession and spying revealing, of practice the through especially police, the was it socialism: during answer question Sedgewick’s front during ofthe police socialism. power in themselves of account an giving themselves of account an give to again, out come to need the felt Theyexperiences.present and past articulatetheir could voicesgay different society, homophobic still a amid timidly, when, 1989 after this visible was of subject different “autre”, this of account an give to need nonetheless This process. that dual this subject from emerges a interpellation, and creation performative direct this than autonomy. “Je of gave toaspace homosexuals rise the of bodies abject the over action violent and repression police this precisely However, dangerous ofthisdouble because overlap, double threat this posed. it more even was homosexual The desirable. and normal considered were practices sexual those which for that regime political the of boundaries very the police to hand, other the on regimes; sexual official the to conform not did that practices sexual of forms those all police to hand one the on purpose: dual a served thus It dissidents. political repressing Sedgwick. Sedgwick. Johnson, K. David My friend’s flat mate took off and we took our clothes off jumped in separate beds beds separate in jumped off clothes our took we and off took mate flat friend’s My some had and We heterosexual both magazines porn guy. evening the in later us showed another friend with flat a sharing was who man a mine, of I stay. short a for Bucharest to come I 26, was I when 1988, In , Reprint edition (Chicago: University Of Chicago Press, 2004). 2004). Press, Chicago Of University (Chicago: Reprint edition , The Lavender Scare: The Cold War Persecution of Gays and Lesbians in the Federal Federal the Lesbians in and Gays of War Cold Persecution The Scare: Lavender The hw os n ral ko i gay? is know really one does how - 168 est un autre”– est un was staying with a friend a with staying was 278 - and vr precise very a gained - the subject that is more more that is the subject 277 drinks and my and drinks homosexual. homosexual. with CEU eTD Collection 280 279 Negoi Ion dispositions. bodily and regimes sexual present and past challenged directly so doing in and homosexuals 1989 as past after socialist that their confronted figures public very three of diaries written the analyze I end that To history homosexual, sexuality ofsocialist of the from theperspective a propose I Romania, socialist in practices homosexual of history repressed a unearthing simply of agency Therefore, instead power. the of anof outcome as precisely and through subject the of other the asserting of form a but power, of agency the to resistance of form asimply not then is agency.This political into reworked is abjection which processin the this of outcome upon the is of premised aware becomes account subject the that an otherness this Precisely give otherness. to need the own prompts its turn of awareness in an which gain otherness, subject the does How being? into come it does how and Subject the of Other this is Who surplus. its and power of productivity the affirms that autre” un est “je mysterious this chapter: this of focus the then is This one’s sexual identity, inscribes and it according judges owninterests. it toits determines which that is Police nature. what of and place taken has intercourse sexual certain a whether and when decides law the of citation the on based police, the then is It homosexuality. homosexuality. lov of his one thecountry, left he had before just return; never to decided in 197 left Romania he marriedtimes, three critic, literary highlyrespected a was p.24. Buhuceanu, Florin from Example Ion Negoi escu ( nicknamed Nego) – Nego) nicknamed ( Negoi escu Ion sex, which we hadn’t at that point. I was sentenced for 2 years and my fr my 2 for years and sentenced was I point. that at wehadn’t which sex, confess sign to forced and up beaten and police the to taken were We ar for arrested were we night the of middle the In hands. our in magazines the b.10th of August 1921, Cluj August 1921, ofb.10th 169 – d. 6th of February 1993, Munich 1993, February d. 6thof ers turned him in denouncing his his denouncing himin turned ers escu ions saying we had we saying ions 9 with a fellowship and withand fellowship a 9 iend got three got iend 280 “ , Petre Sirin Petre , abject ticle 200. 200. ticle concomitantly ” subject. subject. . 279 281 , and, – CEU eTD Collection 1941 284 1949 283 the country in 1977 and from 1980s worked for Radio Free Europ Free Radio for worked from and 1980s 1977 in thecountry 282 illustrator. 281 Sirin Petre of diary the through part, sexual second of the form In one experimentation. pleasure, bodily and quest of form one just was homosexuality IonNegoitescu searches hedonisticof bodily the and Iexplore part firstIn the socialism. homosexuality which in ways three present I fact, In chapter. this organized I which under headings the represent three articulated, which which tensionwas all express this way adifferent in They bodies. abject and subjects as trajectory their defines what is tension This Romania. socialist in politics sexual of formation the and formation sexual dialectics of politics the the between discern to possibility the offer different they that the is and authors, the differences of their personalities despite common, in have diaries three all What abject bodies. disavowed its and sexuality repressed its with confront openly to public the forced they and scandals the amid gaze: 1989 the returned fact in they doing, so in But after archives. these from emerging revelations files police secret the of opening the following Munteanu Constantin Nicole the prompts that of form a is here Homosexuality suicide. commit to pressure, identificationpolice heavy under subject, monstrous a as curse, a as homosexuality opposite: Sirin, Petre, Sirin,Petre, Nicolae Constantin Munteanu (b. 16 (b. Munteanu Constantin Nicolae Bucharest Sirin(b.1926, Petre Negoi escu, Ion, Ion, Negoi escu, ] -1959 (Bucure ti: Humanitas). (Bucure (Bucure ti: Humanitas, 201 ). 201 ti: Humanitas, (Bucure Castele În Spania: Cronică de Familie (1949 Familie(1949 de Cronică Spania: În Castele – Straja Dragonilor; Memorii 1921-1941 [The Guard of the Dragons:Memoirs 19 theDragons:Memoirs of Guard [The 1921-1941 Memorii Dragonilor; Straja as a “deviant”, “abnormal” practice was lived through politically during politically through lived was practice “abnormal” “deviant”, a as – d.2003 Bucharest), a prolific documentary film maker, painter and and maker,painter film documentary prolific a Bucharest), d.2003 282 th wr cmeld o ie n con o them-selves of account an give to compelled were of November 1941, Pufesti 1941, ofNovember 170 -1959) [ Castles in Spain A Family Chronical Family A Chronical Spain Castles in [ -1959) e – Romanian division. Romanian division. – lives in Germany), journalist; fled journalist; Germany), in lives 284 I xlr its explore I 283 in which in 21- CEU eTD Collection Securitate] the of Files the in Journalist A Home: at Years Seven 285 different periods three also present therefore, diaries, three The socialism. during dissidence ofpoliticalform own can his/her mount whichvery one on bases the butalso by state, the exerted violence political for prelude a is homosexuality case, this In others. of violence and mockery the despite it, with live to compelled is therefore One hunchback”. “his as Munteanu. Constantin He toit infirmity ahomosexuality refers a an handicap. disorder, or as bodily isperceived Nicolae of diary the through dissidence political and homosexuality between relationship the explores section last the Finally, death. through erased be only can that guilt and shame of source irrepressible an burden, 286 the at gap this formulate to ability and of awareness the from precisely comes Pleasure it? reaffirm and it guard to police deploy to need the then Why it? reinforce culturally very the th why expose “natural” is to heterosexuality if manages power: of desire inconsistency Same-sex reinforcement. constant of need in danger, in frail, always are normality Pleasure heterosexual and order subjectivity. that knowing from spectral derives a of aspect disruptive potentially the by given power the above: described power the from derives that pleasure a is It abnormal. body and abject a deems that power of iteration very the from it deriving a pleasure, masochistic evade to having from comes “ power, that normalizing pleasure the about wrote Foucault Michael of history the of conceptualization socialism, adifferent frame time inwhichthe abject central. absent bodies become historical different a offer might they such As Munteanu, Nicolae Constantin, Constantin, Nicolae Munteanu, Foucault, – despite their partial temporal overlap temporal partial their despite The History of Sexuality of History The le rm t fo i o taet it travesty or it fool it, from flee Ultimii apte Ani de Acasă: Un Ziarist ]n Dosarele Securității [The Last Last [The Securității Dosarele Ziarist Un Acasă: ]n de Ani Ultimii apte . . 171 – of being homosexual during socialism. socialism. during homosexual being of (Bucure ti: Curtea Veche, 200 ). 200 Veche, Curtea ti: (Bucure ”. 286 Bt hs s o sml a simply not is this But n h cntn ne to need constant the en 285 Fr Munteanu, For CEU eTD Collection 287 belo not could simply They claims. reparatory and acts remembering collective any from regime, former the of victims of list any from violence, of memory any from erased were they after: and state-socialism during homosexuals the for case the precisely was This sight. from away vanishes simply that materiality pure body, a just is therefore body abject The order. and law of domain the from excluded already is it since mourning to entitled not is who subject the ungrievablesubject, an is power,bodyabject the this despiteHowever, into abjection “reworking political agency” Butler’s formula toinvoke of possibilities the explore I chapter this in differently, it police the between put To generates. power of display brutal this power the dialectics and homosexuality of repression the discussing by this context out socialist trace the will I in chapter mechanism this In power. of functioning the which into by bursts process abjection the performed, be can effect scandalizing this which on stage the becomeselicits power confession ofact very resisting.The scandalizingand showingoff, from takes it pleasure the in itself reassesses sexuality of form excluded the body, abject The heteronormativity. of matrix the to inherent fear this out play to power, of heart very socialist in homosexuality of history entire The suicide. the out: one-way only had abject deemed subjects the violence, to Subjected world). the of parts many in today still is it (as experience violent tremendously a was after) (and socialism state during abject as interpellated being of and gay being of experience the chapter, this throughout show will I As realm. this of outside simply is body abject the and norm, a law, a of functioning the Butler, Butler, Bodies That Matter That Bodies ng to the category of “victims” since vict since “victims” of category the to ng . 21. 21. . 172 . 287 imhood was established in relation to relation in established was imhood CEU eTD Collection 288 In chaotic by space, butoneinfused very normality. of the dispositions a never is It itself. abnormality of realm the structures also it so, the doing in of but normal, domain the only organize not does matrix heteronormative and phallocentric the that fact the to points aspect This people. transgendered and women lesbian of those especially irretraceable, forever story their and shadows, the in still remain past the of other post-socialism), during acquired acceptability certain a by (enabled power normative the to relation in plight their and men homosexual of records some are there are while show, will there chapter this As subjects hidden. remain but and definitory are that bodies hierarchies abject the of category the within even more, is What wonder issuch history. a deep-buried No suicide. by followed usually suffering, solitary silent, of history a fact in is Romania more revelations. and confessions and more for need the eliciting character, performative a has it fulfilled; actually never pervert curiosity this is But sexuality. drive, confession, this publicly their expressing into into people force to sought always police secret the context, socialist the in Similarly, gaze. the of purview the into sexuality bring to desire the know, to desire this of effect an also is out” “coming of process The sexuality. of secret the out bring and reveal to know, to desire the triggers This closeted. being of virtue by in wrapped is sexuality gay Sedgwick, p. 40. 40. p. Sedgwick, The epistemology of the closet the of epistemology The Eve Sedgewick wrote about the mystery and secrecy secrecy and mystery the about wrote Sedgewick Eve 173 “ abject ” bodies 288 CEU eTD Collection after published he which memoirs his wrote also and studies literary of works major his produced he There Munich. in settled and Romania fled Negoitescu1979 persecutions,in these of consequence a As sexuality. his for jail in terms two served he Nonetheless, 289 major the for editor journals literary an Romanian as worked and Circle Literary Sibiu the of member noted a was He period. interwar the during Transylvania in family Romanian a background, class (1921 Negoiţescu Ion 1. one’s sexual identity, inscribes and it acc judges it determines which that is Police nature. what of and place taken has intercourse sexual certain a whether and when decides law the of citation the on based police, the then is It of case the in thus evident that, byhomosexuals regime. the to very the fact oftheir sexuality,already were inimical were more even punish was this and below show Discipline will I punishment. As indistinguishable. for means the and subject guilty the both created verbalization very This them. assume fully and narrativize to crimes, system. penal the of part was narrativization V Cristina as context, socialist the in But dispositions. bodily and regimes gender of boundaries the constructs turn in which identity, sexual a and practice sexual a sex, a to consistency gives fixates, what is secret “dirty” the Espousing identity. homosexual creates what then is out” “coming This University Press, 2010). 2010). Press, University Cristina Vatulescu, Vatulescu, Cristina Becoming homosexual homosexual Becoming Police Aesthetics: Literature, Film, and the Secret Police in Soviet Times Soviet in Police Secret the and Film, Literature, Aesthetics: Police -1993) was a well-known literary critic. He hailed from a middle a from hailed He critic. literary well-known a was -1993) L uceafărul ă tulescu showed, the practice of confession, of of confession, of practice the showed, tulescu (1965-1967) and (1965-1967) 174 289 The accused was required to confess its confess to required was accused The ording to its own interests. ording owninterests. toits Viaţa Românească Viaţa (1968-1971). (Stanford (Stanford CEU eTD Collection against thestate socialist expected morality. and within develop could practices sexual and bodily alternative how of point in case socialism. state of stringencies and policies the vis-à-vis position particular their and practices the between difference obvious the despite practitioners yoga the nudists, the with link the warrants which self, the of care and and lifestyle sexual particular a bodily, in incorporated of experiences, sensuous form the took homosexuality of experience the contrary, the On state. socialist the of policies harsh the given impossible almost been have would it example for west the in happened it as recognition for quest political a of form the take not did homosexuality how show to order in point this emphasize to like would I acts. sexual and sexuality of notion very the expand to seeks Instead recognition. demanding 1941-2000] Literature Contemporary 290 lab the reject actively to is concern great His sexuality. his of development the details great in and lengths great at examines he youth, and childhood his covering largely memoir, his In as gay. out come openly to author published Romanian first the became Negoitescu memoirs his 1989. intense and exploratory sexuality. Basically, his memoir is a deconstruction of the the of deconstruction gender. and sex of a categories is memoir his Basically, sexuality. exploratory and intense Stefanescu, Alex., Stefanescu, 290 While his homosexuality was widely known in the literary circles, by publishing by literarycircles, the in known widely washomosexuality his While l f hmsxaiy ad fim nta a oyopos wide polymorphous, a instead affirm and “homosexuality” of el Istoria Literaturii Române Contemporane 1941-2000 [The History of Romanina Romanina of History [The 1941-2000 Contemporane Române Literaturii Istoria eotsus xml, ut ie asa’ ad uu ioaus i a is Bivolaru’s, guru and Cassian’s like just example, Negoitescu’s He . is writing again writing is 175 st the identity of “homosexual” without “homosexual” of identity the st -ranging, – CEU eTD Collection 291 Negoi such, as homosexuality of notion the rejecting By intimate intimate of exchange mutual a in penis, his fondling and caressing encouraged soldier The him. fa his gameswith lengthy sexual in engaged Negoitescu adolescent, an As by. went years as amplified was attitude This act itself. in bodily the an behavior distance, sexual erotic trespassing societal for becomes rules of the itself. transgression of act the in lies eroticism that Bataille again once reminding entail, acts such transgression necessary the by enhanced is pleasure This interaction. of forms various their to and around bodies the to sensible and open was that world the in being a of way a interaction, of becomes form particular Sexuality penetration. from especially itself, intercourse sexual the from divorced was it like just interaction, of form particular to restricted be to ceased sexuality Therefore, pleasure. sexual with charged were sensations and glance touches, furtive penis”. his with him “feeling and schoolmate a with fa little a with (his a arms soldier of the cold in stream river a door,bathing in Hungarian livinggirl next doctor playing cake, forbidden a eating aunt, old an of neck the kissing interactions: and touches gestures, of variety a from joy sexual deriving and pleasure 292 rules of anonymous, fleeing male bonding. But these escapades quickly generated generated quickly escapades these But bonding. male fleeing anonymous, of rules unwritten the understanding already thus up, picked boy the whom strangers with theatre hrs riac) pesn hs hg aant i desk his against thigh his pressing ordinance), ther’s Bataille. Bataille. Negoi escu, Ion. Negoi escu, touches. Moreover, young Negoi young Moreover, touches. ther’s servant soldier, perhaps just a few years older than years older few a just perhaps soldier, servant ther’s 176 escu enjoyed sexual encounters in the movie the in encounters sexual enjoyed escu 292 291 The very subversion of expected of subversion very The mt o hdn i a ak closet dark a in hiding or -mate Al hs sal etrs these gestures, small these All escu therefore recalls taking taking recalls therefore escu ’s observation observation CEU eTD Collection 293 father. the of figure commanding the through the and norm heterosexual the schoolboy father the on impose to attempt the the precisely is schoolteacher between interaction banal apparently this in encounter we What behavior. eccentric this determining home, at wrong something was there whether know behaved to and wanted unsuspecting, teacher, looked The schoolmates. other Negoitescu the from different generated, completely they anxiety and pleasure of mixture the and escapades sexual his of because and teacher his by school to summoned was father his day One Negoitescu. by narrated episodes the of one in visible is aspect This intervening pleasure. thelaw and toimpose curtail inorder Father disciplining the of specter the castration, of fear the is course of This exposed. phallus the phallus the for desire and of discovery boy young the First, psychoanalysis. Freudian in formation sexual of stages basic the discern can we Here nonetheless. him engulfed which referent, direct or object without dark a harboring secret. of boy young the of awareness the fear, unexplainable of feelings and order of affirmation the is againstdiscipline thefloatingcharacter and the haphazard discoveries. son’ssexual of It society. the of rules structuring basic the Father, the of law the fact in invokes teacher the world), the in everywhere procedure standard 294 Negoi escu, Ion. Negoi escu, Negoi escu, Ion. Negoi escu, 293 s Negoi As – and then, the fear of castration, of loosing the phallus should the secret be be secret the should phallus the loosing of castration, of fear the then, and su u i, e ie wt te nus o a uflild uy guilt duty, unfulfilled an of anguish the with lived he it, put escu – a literal fixation with the penis as a stand-in for for stand-in a as penis the with fixation literal a 177 294 B clig h fte t sho (a school to father the calling By CEU eTD Collection 295 innuendos of a ofa maninfront category shopwindow,this forcefully. itself imposes sexual the with faced But, diagnosis. medical a like sounded it since category the rejected he one, as himself of thought never He homosexual. “real” a meets finally he women, and men with escapades sexual random by dominated high-school, of end the Towards clarity. stunning with point this expresses Negoitescu well. as matrix homosexual the imposing in work at operation similar a is there principle, in But, categories. gender and sexual certain into subject the interpellating sexuality, childhood of “flux” the to end and disco feminist the in Usually, important. so interesting is work Butler’s why is an which overlooked, usually paradox, is this And “homosexual”. the of figure the through but Father, the of Negoitesc in paradox The integratedfullyform It intoasexual identity. a theimperative of becoming is getting of form, bounded a assuming of imperative the is, that Father, the of law carrythe does confronts author the man homosexual the sense, a In sexuality. exploratory fleeting, flux the of end the repugnant, is itself category The category. sexual a of rejection a It isman itself. the a towards disgust experiences notnecessarily is author The the disgust Negoi escu, Ion. Negoi escu, my life and it was such a repugnant feeling repugnant a such it was life and my fo soon „homosexual” a met had as I sick. get away to going was I get if as felt to I streets. wanted I righ disgusted, pudor my disturbing felt be to me to I seemed who person but this from possible me with talk small to tried He a sense you when as shiver, interior an felt p I someone Suddenly, white trousers, gentlemen. a ironed some and un tramp there and if tie as crocked a looked with he him, over convict, all ex spread an poverty, or age old in Wilde ...A al pl mn bg n a i fdd wt wal si, rse i bak a black, in dressed skin, woably with faded, bit a and big man, pale tall, urse, the heteronormative matrix is that which “fixates” identities and puts and identities “fixates” which that is matrix heteronormative the urse, u’s case is that the law does not impose impose not does law the that is case u’s 178 . 295 itself through the figure the through itself r the first time in in time first the r in between a a between in t there in the in there t danger. n Oscar Oscar n owder owder ed as as subject. subject. of of CEU eTD Collection hs set beca aspect This a matrix, this of category ofcreated subject by forms constitution. its effect an as appears then deems itself matrix homosexuality heteronormative But the homosexuality. as subject abject an as even order, symbolic the enter will subject the another, or way One interpellation. subject called Althusser what of formation, subject of unavoidability the precisely is case this in note to important is What of power. this performativity years, the again, yet fact, in dovetailing identity, fixed teenage a into crystalized practice his of life provincial the a against of directed part different, provocation being conscious of celebration and quests sexual of life-style wider a into subjectivi his of basis the then becomes Self-hatred himself. hate to begun he gesture, anti-narcisistic an in and against theregime. withof other a onpar crimes lengthy jailsentence, equivalent the was it significance: political direct took homosexual as someone labeling below, show I as trials, show 1950s the During exclusion. of Othering, of category a was It them. purge to order in subjects on homosexuality of notion the enforce and create socialism State socialism. Basically, in the figure of the homo the of figure the in Basically, Negoi man homosexual The e vn oe ogat o Negoi for poignant more even me ty. While previously, for Negoi for previously, While ty. – just like any state in general, one might add add might one general, in state any like just escu reject escu eul Negoi sexual, ed so violently is precisely the the precisely is violently so 179 escu recognized himself as a subject a as himself recognized escu escu homosexuality was integrated was homosexuality escu su ih h esig f state of ensuing the with escu “autre”, the the “autre”, – was keen to keen was Other . CEU eTD Collection 297 1941-2000] Literature Contemporary 296 wa what to seeking brigade, decide to able this was brigade vice This behavior. sexual their for people punish ofand identify target prime a was prostitution, as such acts penal other like Homosexuality, brigade. vice the political morals: deviant the punishing and controlling with other the among out him prisoners. singled scene, literary 1950s the throughout notorious affairs, homosexual his but regime, the with by collaboration undesirable deemed for intellectuals 1964 and 1961 between imprisoned was himself Negoitescu yogaBivolaru’s as practices well. of and nudists the of case the in traced already see, and know to desire and imagination pervert its onlyexposed that possibilities sexual and phantasies sexual of series a to voice giving fact in was professors, law the through power, perversion, of realm the codify to attempt its in So, hands. holding even a and men intwo by masturbation sex mutual cinema, oral cases: borderline the decide to trying when emerged difficulty the But regime. prudish and conservative heteronormative, a for level this at surprising nothing socialism. of ideology the to according act sexual legitimate offer law socialist of professors reputed There, University. Bucharest the of theoretical Law of Faculty on the in founded developed principles was code, penal the The grounded which structural. time, but the arbitrary, of not legislation were brigade vice the by made decisions the But respectability society. inthe communist Dongoroz, Vasile, Dongoroz, Alex., Stefanescu, s “abnormal” and what what and “abnormal” s 296 After the Penal Code of 1968, there was a special police brigade in charge in brigade police special a was there 1968, of Code Penal the After Istoria Literaturii Române Contemporane 1941-2000 [The History of Romanina Romanina of History [The 1941-2000 Contemporane Române Literaturii Istoria Articol Despre Pederastrie Despre Articol . ed eiiin i ter raie o wa cnttts a constitutes what of treatises their in definitions was legitimate, establishing the boundaries of of boundaries the establishing legitimate, was , 1970. 1970. , 180 297 O cus, hr was there course, Of CEU eTD Collection 298 soul. of prisoner the is body the that wrote Foucault Michael necessary? measure this was Why time. jail through “vices” the of transgression, sexual the of punishment the in visible was power of core violent pervert, real the But also but betterment, moral a towards simply not aims punishment of form prison the body, the (just) not subject the object its as taking by that is here noted be to point The twice. arrested was Negoitescu when part first its during especially well, as socialism in case the wasas prison, the of part integral an just violenceis physical when combined,be subject. the latter the body, the object immediate its as took former The panopticon. the and prison of age the through and beheading, out even or meted whipping beatings, was punishment where gatherings public spectacular of age the in showed Foucault as But reforming. of form a betterment, moral achieve to is body the on punishment a exerting of premise The disease. of form a as body the onto effectivelyanchored thus is corruption Moralcontagion. avoid to order in nation, the of body “healthy” the of rest the from subject “rotten” the isolating as well as purpose, this served imprisonment through Punishment subjects. abnormal the of body the a on effects corrective instill and coercive to its exercised power Man, morality, socialist new the model to attempt the in well: as case socialist the to to apply seems observation similar A assertion. direct power’s of punishment, of locus the was and to subjected was body the power, of imperatives the to accordance in subject the 299 Foucault, Foucault, Discipline and punish and Discipline Discipline and punish and Discipline . . . . Discipline and Punish and Discipline 181 298 In the attempt to shape the soul of soul the shape to attempt the In , there is a break between between break a is there , 299 Surely, the two can two the Surely, CEU eTD Collection were also arrested, all known for belonging to the sexual group formed around around formed group sexual the to belonging for known all arrested, also were people other 30 him, with connection In homosexuality. his for 200, article infamous the on based also, but stance, political his for only not But arrested. immediately was Constantin Nicolae discuss will I when I below upon something elaborate repression, power of solitude the escaping and attention Romania. attracting in anti rights the embracing human fully of dissidence, one’s disregard Politicizing to the letter to Goma’s attention Paul drew which for Ceausescu, support his offered Negoitescu harassments, constant part and non-conformism ingrained his of out partly 1977, In point. psychological pressure and intimidate harass, constantly could regime re- the that his subjects vulnerable for of creation the explanations socialism: of life the literary the into of integration one be might fact, in This, suicide. attempt to critic the led which authorities, the by destroyed was novels his of one of circulation entire the example, for 1971 In regime. the by monitored and harassed constantly was he However, time. the of magazines cultural central most the of some in publish to right the regained nonetheles he but known, widely were affairs homosexual present and past His critic. literary respected a became and life public to back came Negoitescu jail, in time Afterhis functions. its will fulfill time prison fails, interpelation through formation subject When formation. subject of form violent a was It reconstitution. its by followed subject, the of deconstruction the towards 182 -regime stance was a way of of way a was stance -regime Munteanu’s c Munteanu’s ly as a result of these these of result a as ly to the breaking the to ase. Negoitescu ase. s CEU eTD Collection 300 lover, Petru Romosan, thena 19-year-old student. own Negoitescu’s was arrests these to leading source main the that seems it inconclusive, archive police secret the and unclear still are circumstances the though Even Negoitescu. mess a in left and Securitate, aptly Stefanescu Alex truthfulness. of moment only the life, his of work important only the himself author the by considered diary, his writing to dedicated being life his of part last the Munich, in later years ten gathered died voices there. He dissident circle of the part of as Europe Radio Free a jobat up took he where 1983 in Germany West to immigrate managedto he 1979, in departure quick his After regime. the by him on imposed marriage forced the by attested fact a time the at practice used widely a homosexuality, his for hospital mental a in internment is, -that worst the Fearing Goma. pressures. international following released was pleasure sadistic their of object the destroy and torturers my again: once suicide contemplated Negoitescu arrest, his During eo su ae Do case. Negoi escu Contemporary Literature 1941-2000] Literature Contemporary 302 301 - Securitate? La Turnător Romo an Petru Fost ‘A Homosexuali’ Cu role Securitate instrumental the with document collaboration a signed briefly having his Romos B with interview in as confessional a house included it publishing well and elaborate of and prolongued as director the now police is Romosanu Secret As Negoitescu. the with collaboration Romoseanu’s Observatorcultural.ro’ Observatorcultural.ro’ Stefanescu, Alex., Stefanescu, Stefanescu, Alex., ‘Negoitescu’, ‘Negoitescu’, Alex., Stefanescu, For much of the summer of 2009, the cultural and literary world of world literary and cultural the 2009, of summer the of much For Istoria Literaturii Române Contemporane 1941-2000 [The History of Romanina Romanina of History [The 1941-2000 Contemporane Române Literaturii Istoria uet fo te omr euiae rhv wr md pbi rvaig Petru revealing public made were archive Securitate former the from cuments oprd eotsus ok ih “ with work Negoitescu’s compared ” Romania Literara Romania . 302 . One can extend this definition to his entire life. While life. entire his to definition this extend can One – Negoitescu returned to the “normality” of socialism, of “normality” the to returned Negoitescu 183 . . He 300 lo a t rtat i spot for support his retract to had also ‘Petru Romo an. Drama Unei Turnătorii Turnătorii Unei Drama an. Romo ‘Petru - Numarul 486 - August - August - 486 Numarul - Bucharest debated the Romo anu/ Romo anu/ the debated Bucharest ” ucharest the scandal was quite quite was scandal the ucharest a room searched by the the by searched room a . “ 301 I wanted to 'pull one' onone' 'pull to wanted I eanu where he admitted of of admitted he where eanu However, Negoitescu However, in denouncing denouncing in 2009 - Arhiva - CEU eTD Collection 303 trials. conjoined in sentenced and trialed also were men homosexual of series a trial, said time. the of undesirableintellectuals the all jail in put that 1950s the of end the at trial famous a trial, Noica-Pillat the in arrested was Radulescu Mihai erasure. an reveals basically it one: theoretical a is text this with engagement of level first The a as homosexuality with category.monstrous confrontation constant and despair loneliness, isolation, fear, about tale a also is It socialism. during relationship homosexual a on take subjective lover, lost the of very a offers It relation. love lost the of and memoryentries, diary and letters his with interspersed the to testament a is diary The 1959. in custody in while suicide committed and homosexuality for arrested was Negoitescu, with affair love a hadalso who Radulescu,musicologist. a Radulescu, Mihai his lover but centralcharacter, the not is he that is Negoitescu’s from diary Sirin’s differentiates What suicides. of wave a and incarceration repression, trails, facing community, gay the of fate the and 1959) (1949- socialism Romanian of decade first the of fresco subjective a is Spain] in [Castles central gay Romanian the the of of characters one documentary also was Romanian He socialism. important during reputation most his the making filmmakers, of one was (1926-2003) Sirin Petre 2. the brink ofsuicide. on and turmoil in ended it discoveries, sexual of pleasures the with started adventure his Tănase Stelian, Tănase On homosexual love love On homosexual Anatomia Mistificării [ The Anatomy of Mistification]of Anatomy The [ Mistificării Anatomia community at that time. His diary “ diary His time. that at community 184 (Bucure ti: Humanitas, 200 ). 200 ti: Humanitas, (Bucure Castele in Spania in Castele 303 Linked with theLinkedwith ” CEU eTD Collection trials. anti-gay biggest the of one in sentence prison small a served had and men homosexual other 40 with together 1955 in trialed and accused been had Sirin Petre example, For elaborated itself. power by the framework discursive a in place take not does narrativization their if them, obliterating of hidden, experiences these keeping of imperative opposite the is there hand, other the On confession. (forced) of level the were, it as is, This subject. homosexual the closet the of out and light to bring know, to injunction profound the is there hand one the on subject: power. of legibility of rules “normal” the to conform not of do who abnormal, one deemed subjects over is violence of forms here extended point the Rather, history. writing of matrix practices heterosexual the the infuses how profoundly notice to or ungrievable, others certain and deems grivable that subjects matrix heterosexual the here note to just enough be not would It secrecy. in suffering and pain repressed of years many so after lover, his grieve publicly diary Sirin’s not entitled tomourning. subjects, ungreivable and unspeakable the remained They regime. the of fall the during stigmatized both after even reparation or recognition post-factum from remained benefited never also and socialism homosexuality for trialed during group careers their the to socialism, return could they rehabilitation that through and 1964 after But while most of “straight” intellectuals “straight” of most while But reads very much like an elegy, an attempt to break this silence and to to and silence this break to attempt an elegy, an like much very reads This dialectics defines the life of the homosexual homosexual the of life the defines dialectics This 185 and political dissenters were rehabilitated were dissenters political and CEU eTD Collection 305 304 power’s the by elicited being without publicly expressed be can memory and confession which field discursive a creates it because but experiences, denied and history repressed a to nec not respect this in important is diary Sirin’s Therefore, seek medical treatment for his disease: seek medical hisdisease: treatment for to it, as far as went even He power. by produced stigma the of internalization by an dovetailing obsessed utterly was Radulescu Mihai lover, his Nonetheless category. sexual Negoi st such suicide of specter the and gay being of “monstruosity” the with struggles constant the by given is diary the of engagement of level second The account ofit. past my have of diary:his in point one at it archive puts author the power.As official the in inscribed account official the from different is that account we Here, self-hatred. fuelling freak, a monster, a as him marks sexuality his Radulescu, For adolescence. his during described those least at sexuality, of celebrations his and app turmoil Radulescu’s Mihai Sirin, Petre, p120. p120. Sirin,Petre, p.65. Sirin,Petre, es i “odto” n hw h od a cud’ hl hm bt encourag bit, a him help hi about couldn’t him man congratulating old the how and “condition” his homosexua a was he he when time that the about moments); those had certitude hadn’t of moments despairing the about adolescence, … ovne isl ta h ws o a ose, snuaiy n te aot meeting about then and singularity a monster, a not others. was he that himself convince pervert desire to know. It is a form of form a is It know. to desire pervert cu, Sirin rejected the notion of homosexuality and refused to identify with this with identify to refused and homosexuality of notion the rejected Sirin cu, he used to confess to me a lot…about his childhood, about the uncertainties of of uncertainties the about childhood, his lot…about a me to confess to used he 305 ”. 304 Ti ps bcms sbetv rsuc fr rtn ad iig an giving and writing for resource subjective a becomes past This ears in stark contrast to Negoi to contrast stark in ears vrlt… e od e about me told He virility… s 186 re -narrativizing the subject by giving an giving by subject the -narrativizing went to visit professor Parhon about about Parhon professor visit to went “…if I don’t have a future, at least Ileast at future, a havedon’t I “…if hs taeis e a sd to used had he strategies his essarily because it gives voice voice gives it because essarily escu’s sexual explorations explorations sexual escu’s uge eti. ut like Just entail. ruggles n hm and him ing (I l his his in CEU eTD Collection to able be to subject function. the for screen phantasmatic a provide could that supplement necessary the was It monsters. abject as not subjects could “normal” as friends themselves homosexual imagine the kings, Spanish of fiction this Staging function. could interaction their which on based supplement fictional necessary the fact in represented authorities, the deceive to aimed which disguise, this manner.But coded a safely,in other each with correspond could they that so kings group Spanish the various of of names Members the assumed authorities. the from lives sex their hide to order in devised a actually is Spain” in “Castles book the of title The and suicide.of love and through death death towards one opposite an tension unbearable the between suspended fact in is Sirin and of diary entire The destruction. pleasure more and more towards drive a effects: opposing seemingly two has monstrosity the symbolizing of impossibility This the Real, the this of however, shocking, ofa dimension monstrous Other. complete part remained Radulescu, homosexuality For and order. impossible, was symbolic symbolization the into integration and subject a as formation his formation, mirror-stage the of equivalent the represented window shop hi how case Negoitescu’s in noticed a I Symbolic. the of realm the is into integrate to impossible other, “autre”different radically the but autre” un est “je of awareness the of example another encounter s encounter with the homosexual older man in front of the the of front in man older homosexual the with encounter s 187 cover that Sirin and Radulescu Radulescu and Sirin that cover CEU eTD Collection 306 af and arrest his during made Sirin, of entry diary following the in visible is aspect This e. n ay as te pns cut und tef no prle uies wee me where universe parallel a into itself turned court Spanish the ways, many In sex. me would men young The bourgeoisie. pre-communist the to connected all and Bucharest in living all educated, well quite all men, young eight of kings Spanish of group The affirmation. erotic and positive a to monstrosity and abnormality of realm the from homosexuality transposing of way a was It itself. circle the within interactions more sexual the perhaps importantly, and also, but world, the of rest the with symbolization and the interaction only not possible made kings Spanish the of screen phantasmatic the were, it As carrie also it but “normality” the from alienation this only not registers also entry the But society. the from subject the now separates gap clear A “mudded”. appears assemblage social entire the disappears, rested subject the which on supplement fictional the screen, fictional the Once people. subjective for possibility other with interactions “normal” the the in participating of possibility the of for symbolization, collapse the is registers entry this what Basically, ter the whole Spanish disguise was revealed and curtailed: wholerevealedter Spanishcurtailed: disguise the and was Sir et up, live together for periods of time, spend holidays together, fall in love and have have and love in fall together, holidays spend time, of periods for together live up, et in, Petre, p.201. p.201. in,Petre, ends now and we will get out of this business alive, we will never be able to reg to able be us! for died happiness years, thepast of harmony never will we alive, business this of out get will we and now ends if Even vain! in all It’s still! and silent rest I mud, thick this of but because them lives their ca I down; and cut are connections themselvesour All them. to about talk cannot I know somehow themselves they then more everything, see ta they me, by pass They people. see can I that mud this through also it and heavy and thick is mud The it. into me engulfs closely that swamp a like is Loneliness s the melancholy of the interaction in the homosexual circle. homosexual the in interaction the of melancholy the s 188 306 nnot get closer to closer get nnot lk, they laugh… I laugh… they lk, everything everything ain the ain n CEU eTD Collection a tensionand that the life. an maincharacters would expectation alsoend own his up building community castle Spanish the of life entire the through ran thoughts Suicidal pressure. police to doublyvulnerable him regime,made the of non-grata persona aNoica, hang and arrested Constantin with connection close was his and homosexuality His trial. awaiting while himself He partners. former their of one by police be the would to Radulescu denounced later Months arrangement. living new a began and again close 1959 in decade, the of end the By lovers. different found partners both as 1950s the of half second the in down broke Radulescu Sirin feelings. own his echo also community their of others the that the of foretelling ways many in desperation of sense a is There court. Spanish the of members with has himself Petre from transpires what relationship non-monogamous of harmony apparent this despite But friends inneed. out help to affiliation this by offered infrastructure the using usually and families their of midst the in but other each with isolation in living not were they since surprising more even is This monogamy. heterosexual of principles the disregarded it ways many in but own li their chose and phantasies own their act and in build would margins the on otherwise Radulescu and feels abandoned amid amid abandoned feels and Radulescu ii’ day s n fact in is diary Sirin’s fe -styles. Their life-style (and sex) was not only a violation of heteronormativity heteronormativity of violation a only not was sex) (and life-style Their -styles. sad denouement, the lover’s suicide. However, the diarist notes diarist the However, suicide. lover’s the denouement, sad naies ih hs ragmn. e s n oe with love in is He arrangement. this with uneasiness his lover’s his and very close to Radulescu’s suicide, Radulescu’s to close very and 189 affairs and other sexual interactions he he interactions sexual other and affairs re ainhp with lationship they go they t CEU eTD Collection 307 other the to contrast In production. their of circumstances historical the about interview an and exposed content the of value truth the about editor his and Munteanu between then are excerpts These file. surveillance Munteanu’s is former’s the that Munteanu Constantin Nicolae between difference noticeable The 3. power. by subdued entirely practice, cultural even and personal a largely articulation, subject and searching soul of form a remained homosexuality themselves, people the For above. political explicit generate could mentioned as state, the that for category political a was it obviously, though, even contention, category a said, better or category, political a not was It themselves. actors the by politicized itself in not was homosexuality trials, political from inseparable were homosexuality for trials the though even But decade. socialist first the in together knitted closely were investigations police and suicide Love, survived. force being before eating not by himself kill to attempted 1955, in custody police in while himself, author The suicide. attempted kings, Spanish the of part friend, close another year, following The inquiry. vice view) his (in shameful a evade to order in himself killed friend one 1951, In that. at attempts or suicides of recordings with interspersed are affairs love the diary, the Throughout 308 Sirin, Petre, p114- Sirin,Petre, Munteanu, Nicolae Constantin. Constantin. Nicolae Munteanu, Queeringstate socialism 307 116. in fact a collection of secret police excerpts ammased from from ammased excerpts police secret of collection a fact in fed by the police in the prison’s the in police the by fed 190 followed by a lengthy discussion discussion lengthy a by followed ’s diary ’s 308 and Sirin’s Sirin’s and hospital and hospital is CEU eTD Collection pce o yt nte lte t so rah h ofcs f ai Fe Erp, hs time this Europe, Free Radio of offices the reach soon to letter another yet of specter the with faced also but resistance, his to reaction In homosexuality. his of disclosure with blackmail and beatings of spite in beliefs, his and statements his retract to refused he jail, citizenship. Romanian con He France. to family his himand expulsed and hisredrewcitizenship h For . ’ ofCharter Chapter Romanian ofa opening the announced ofhuman wherethe lack hedecried Europe Free Radio to letter smugglea 197 novels. In of series a writing began and Bucharest to he returned 1964, forced into moved then and imprisoned was he his for and acts ofB the occupation protested Goma student,a Paul While novelist. a dissident and 309 were intentions Munteanu’s embassy. US the in infiltrated officer, police secret a fact in be to out turned ambassador, US the of representative a was thought he person the planning, careful of spite in But, Paul Goma. to sendRadio Free of inspiredEurope, by and insupport Ceau denouncing letter a down wrote Munteanu movement, cultural ’ the Charter the for in letter support Goma’s noticeable Paul of hearing nothing upon However, landscape. presence his and others then popular more less in magazine no were articles popularhis day, the in Back culture. popular and cinema about mostlyBucharest, a for journalist a as worked Munteanu 1977, in emigration his Before West). the from broadcasted news real (the news evening of feature recognizible Ceau of decade last the during was Romania today’s in journalist popular highly and visible highly a remains Munteanu Constantin Nicolae terms homosexuality, his butwe with directly plunge politics. instead into to coming his author, the of turmoil subjective the about little very out find we diaries Paul Goma (b. 3r of October 1935 in Bessarabia in Bessarabia 1935 3r of October (b. Goma Paul . Nonetheless his present popularity amounts to a lot less then what it what then less lot a to amounts popularity present his Nonetheless . thus unmasked and he was immediately arrested. While i While arrested. immediately was he and unmasked thus su hn i vie n ai Fe Erp ws a was Europe Free Radio on voice his when escu 191 – lives in Paris) is a Romanian anti-communist Romaniananti-communist is a lives inParis) domicile in the south of Romania. After Romania. ofsouth domicilethe in is deed, the Romanian government government the Romanian isdeed, tinues to live there without without live there to tinues escu rights in Romania and and Romania rightsin 7, the author managed to the author 7, ’s abuses and attempted attempted and abuses ’s udapest by Soviet troops bytroops Soviet udapest 309 n CEU eTD Collection his as homosexuality his 310 to referred He identity. of being poles and twin his informer were an homosexual being Munteanu, a For actually truth. was closeted he double fact A the and homosexual. This, guard. to had he secret tremendous a information. created of piece insignificant some officers the give to have would he when meetings coerced less or more Securitate,the with interactions recalls Munteanu scrutiny, clear more upon indeed and 1970 in sometime placed is event The evasion. attempted of son step his accusing forces Securitate the with denounce a made Thestepfather Romania. leaving for set mind his has man young the that hearing after reaction narrative Munteanu’s Now, book and settling publicly. account his writing for energies young the triggered smart fact in the and homosexual) of the and that man promising mirroring informer and victim of personality double (the himself recognizing not of point the to Munteanu confused files two the of mystery The content: Munteanu the filenot avictim ofthesecret is inwhich aninformer. police, but dissident. the surprising more a with file Munteanu, another yet hold police secret Constantin the of archive the in However, Nicolae of covers the within rests story This anti- famous most the of one voicescommunist ofRadioFree Europe. as career successful highly a begun where Munich in settled and country the fled passport, a granted soon was He emigrate. to Munteanu allow to except case, hopeless a such with do to much nothing was there that decided bysmuggled the over border Munteanu’s Munteanu, Nicolae Constantin, p.54. p.54. Constantin, Nicolae Munteanu, dniis hs eod ie n oncin o i stepfathe his to connection in file second this identifies lover, a foreign a theSecuritate officers diplomat, lover, 192 310 Bt this But r’ r’ CEU eTD Collection 312 311 d case the of charge in officer the men, homosexual well-known other of company the in him described reports the While at. hinted just is homosexuality his files police secret the In representedtime, theonly ofactuallyway secret. double breaking thespell ofthe prison facing and homosexual as exposure his risking even regime, the facing directly and political Becoming country. the leave to desire his of point triggering the then was express it time same very “ how is reader a to surprising is What information. further and investigation further needing ititself, in eroticizied quicklybecame activity, this course, of But, know. to will and gaze surveillance of job their him study to terms my on triedI and life solitary this and him by intrigued was I anyone, to suspicious seemed have would figure female any to connections clear no with and himself by living activity sexual Costica’s monitor carefully to began and gaze, the returned Munteanu two. the between animosity clear a was there that fact the of now was displeasing totally and dull and about truth the out finding sexuality. of Munteanu’s aim the with tasked was Munteanu of relative close hunchback Munteanu, Nicolae Constantin, p.62. p.62. Constantin, Nicolae Munteanu, p.71. Constantin, Nicolae Munteanu, the Secret police decided to investigate Munteanu’s private life. private Munteanu’s investigate to decided police Secret the id not explicitly refer to him as homosexual. homosexual. as him to refer explicitly not ” ” 311 . 312 , which invokes the image of bodily deformity, of abnormality, but at the at but abnormality, of deformity, bodily of image the invokes which , At a first level one can only imagine that the two cousins were doing were cousins two the that imagine only can one level first a At Cousin Costica, a mid-level secret police officer, somewhat slow somewhat officer, police secret mid-level a Costica, Cousin , of monitoring the other as simple instruments of the power’s power’s the of instruments simple as other the monitoring of , es the awareness of a burden. For Munteanu this double burden burden double this Munteanu For burden. a of awareness the spying on his cousin’s sexual activities sexual cousin’s his on spying 193 Munteanu’s sexuality was only a lead lead a only was sexuality Munteanu’s too : “ : 5 years older then myself, then older years 5 None other then a then other None in spite in CEU eTD Collection treasured. Costica cousin Following that photos such of dozens the through looked Securitate the and tie family accidental an from apart common in nothing with men, Both cousin. his of excitement the at amazed somewhat Munteanu recalls caverns some of mouths open the like threatening, and monstrous look vaginas the made procedure photographic Coast women German nude with magazines porn soft over experience bonding male some for prepared somewhat was Munteanu photos. of collection secret a Munteanu with impart to decided Costica cousin guards, their kept parties both where meetings Munteanu, and Costica cousin between meeting routine one After analysis. my of support in out stands Munteanu by recalled episode particular One activityand itself a tofindtraces form ofhomosexual in pleasure. oferotic became know to desire The content. sexual actual the without relation homoerotic a almost was eul “ sexual that out turned It cousin. his of life the in episode hidden other one reveal to managed eahr t dsrb hs ooeult. is a I etoe aoe h ivks the invokes he above, mentioned I as two First fact homosexuality. in his describe uses to Munteanu metaphors diary, his in that note to interesting is it context, this In onedevelop except with relationships ofhisaunts. sexual to unable being while homosexuality of clues find to order in life sex his on peeking was Costic Cousin making. baby and marriage in was he than woman, married and older an aunts, his of one in interested more much was Costica cousin that out Itturned Securitate. – n ised e a fcd ih lw-p mgs f oe vgns This vaginas. women of images blown-up with faced was he instead and perversion hs psd, Munteanu’s episode, this ” a as faue i te osns ie a odry ar o the of cadre orderly an life, cousin’s the in featured also was detective curiosity only grew in intensity and and intensity in grew only curiosity detective 194 – so fashionable at the time on the Black Sea Sea Black the on time the at fashionable so ă CEU eTD Collection a was It category. this fitting people those repress then and define, first to order in state of the by nature designed ambiguous category a the was Homosexuality is socialism. state reveal during homosexuality chapter this in discussed cases three the What the secret police. of pressures the beyond homosexuality to him introduced who person the sense a in was It hunchback. his of rid get to Munteanu for way the paved and border the across Europe Free Radio for letter a smuggled who person the is night the in stranger The him. called addressed and personal fin reminiscences Munteanu’s of part final territory,the this all Afterclearing the stepfather: brutal authority the expressed denunciation. the inhis that is, police, of homosexuality identity,sexual ofincluding kind any of but matrix, heterosexual a of imposition the entail necessarily not does mentioned, Father the of law the of Instead quest. fruitless constant his by generated labyrinth, the homosexuality, his and had, never he father the for nostalgia with homosexuality his linked Munteanu however, Interestingly, power. of gaze and discourse establish be to impossible simply was level subjective this Previously, subject. speaking the for quest and confrontation personal a preoccupation, subjective a as emerged homosexuality activities, closeted and interlinked were spying police secret and homosexuality which 313 as homosexuality about talked “ hunchback Munteanu, Nicolae Constantin, p.71. p.71. Constantin, Nicolae Munteanu, ed since homosexuality was inseparable from its construction as deviant by the the by deviant as construction its from inseparable was homosexuality since ” as a sign of deformity and handicap. Then, after he left the country, he he country, the left he after Then, handicap. and deformity of sign a as his relationship with his lover, the “ the lover, his with relationship his “ labyrinth ” 195 313 Teeoe atr saig h cnet in context the escaping after Therefore, . – he received the simulacra of the law of law the of receivedsimulacra hethe stranger in the night the in stranger – that, as I have have I as that, ally become as ” as he he as ” being CEU eTD Collection whyIis This everydaytheir life. about go waysto find to and label the avoid struggledto People character. productive-repressive its and a state the was to this connected largely East, category socialist the In affirmatively. themselves activists the by used was homosexuality of category the when west, the in took it track emancipatory ta politically not could homosexuality why is (li This police cases). secret Negoi escu’s the and of Munteanu’s pressures the through or case) Sirin’s (like trial a through either to state: the by driven had process interpelating an they of end the when at was it and assume label this rejected people that surprise no is it context this In given characterregime the of nationalistic the especially inthe late 1980s. inevitable was it homosexuals, the to cause) moral the (or support moral the offering West the with nationalistically, colored also was threat this times, at That, Other. the of aberration and perversion the other, the of figure ultimate the socialism: state during a particularrole andplayed clearvery homosexualathe Thus, device. politicallyrepressive as it employ then and nation and purity order, of expectations heteronormative the with it load category, this create to had state the contrary, the On regime. the of visibility the from them erasing and homosexuals the repressing simply not was state the that was police secret the and hospital mental the prison, the as such institutions penal such with linked was and arrests for pretext a used was Homosexuality things. of “order” the defending and nation of body the “pure” keeping at aimed was political clear had that ideologies and practices institutions, of assemblage an in whichinscribed was and purposes category, scapegoating nation. of a body the ultimately to was threat the Homosexuality of nature the rejecting then and defining of form 196 . Therefore, my point, again, again, point, my Therefore, e n N.C. in ke ke the the ke CEU eTD Collection un n h nx chapter. next the in turn legacysecretits especially functioning, Toits and to police. the by exemplified knowledge total and power of fantasy ultimate the was however, it, to Central core. phantasmatic its and power socialist state of workings inner the apparent the with non-identity their made homosexuals the practitioners, yoga the and nudists was the like just also But, majority. identity social their one, negative a was role They excellence. par non-subjects the subject, non-grievable were homosexuals the contrast, By culture. official state’s the of interstices the in developing both community, yoga this From category. the or purging nudists the than threatening a politically more much was as position their perspective, non-human, as politically labeled is it which in context a in human remain can person a how of testament a are diaries Their remarkable. police secret the of shadow the by and jail of possibility the by haunted always quests and doubts their uncertainties, their lives, love their business, their about go Munteanu Constantin Nicolae and Sirin Negoitescu, way The hospital. mental or prison from away step a just being always while existence meaningful a life, everyday political meaningful a grand have to struggles the some express cases these socialism, state express against resistance not do they while fascinating: are cases these believe 197 – thesecret archiv police – while being while – is truly is e – I CEU eTD Collection 314 In 315 be would discussion this But reality. the aimed constructing and operations registering at of simultaneously modes and strategies surveillance devices, recording its of and mechanism this in police secret the of various role the noted also I subjection. and empowerment in citizens socialist the of of bodies strategies and forces opposing contradictions, of series a by the shaped and circumstances and state the relationship of complex gaze the the around between revolved discussion my chapters previous the In thoroughly of thischapter. thepurpose embodied Thisis perspective. on re-conceptualize to a from archive the and history writing between relationship the possibilitybases theoretical different the offers researcher the of body the and archive the between link this importantly, more But one. Derridean the lungs. than meaning the different affects following it because fever category to leads special archive the of a as illnesses dust the inhaling literal: relationship this professionaltake should we that suggested industrialization, of appearance the of research her on based observation compelling more a makes Steedman, Carolyn History. and history between gap the bridging on working when from suffered Michelet migraines ill. him made that and history ate actually Michelet archive: the incorporating of process University Press, 2002). 2002). Press, University Roland Barthes, Barthes, Roland Carolyn Steedman, Steedman, Carolyn 314 ihlt a lui-meme par Michelet O cus, o Brhs hs a a eahrcl xrsin rig o xli the explain to trying expression metaphorical a was this Barthes for course, Of V. From textual pleasures to the erotic of the archive ofthearchive erotic tothe pleasures From textual V. Michelet Du st: The Archive and Cultural History Cultural and Archive The st: (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992). 1992). Press, California of University (Berkeley: Rln Brhs ugse ta w cud icr a different a discern could we that suggested Barthes Roland , 198 , Encounters (New Brunswick, N. J: RutgersJ: N. Brunswick, (New Encounters , 315 Acia fvr ae a takes fever Archival CEU eTD Collection 316 317 the is context this in feature salient The focus. my hand, other the on and research, my of context particular the hand one the on is, investigation my in different is What topics. robust enoughcovers these and properly is institution generis sui a as archive the of theory critical current The writing. historical of character political the on especially focusing before, raised been have concerns Such retracing toencapsulate becoming theand preserve? historical of purports it i is in how boxed and spatialized archived, only becoming not historical is is how chapter theoretical: this also but in methodological contribution my consequence, In numbers. and tables space and time in bodies bodies of transformation the namely, overlooked: often political is that mechanism particular a out point to need the by motivated is reflexivity in exercise My ideological and institutional discursive, of set ap the clarify to and inquiry own my of foundations epistemological the discuss to is chapter this in do to seek I what words, context. anti-socialist and non- a in not if context, post-socialist a in produced analyses the in forgotten often is what For, write. I which from standpoint very the include to not were I if incomplete Poenaru, Florin, ‘Contesting Illusions: History and Intellectual Class Struggle in Struggle Class Intellectual and History Illusions: ‘Contesting Florin, Poenaru, Vatulescu. Vatulescu. paratuses thatenabledme tocarry inthe previous chapters. outthe discussion Romania’ (Central European University, 201 ) 201 University, European (Central Romania’ to – the archive? How this archive in turn may or may not allow a allow not may or may turn in archive this How archive? the into bodies of archive, into bundles of papers, files, registers, files, papers, of bundles into archive, of bodies into of “actually existing socialism” is that these analyses are analyses these that is socialism” existing “actually of 199 . 317 Post -Communist -Communist – real, moving moving real, 316 In other In t CEU eTD Collection ownwayincorporationin his prefigured. thatMichelet of form new a towards archive the and historian the between relationship emotional and love discover to need we conquering), and desire of object external an as archive presupposes (that archive the of love the of instead that suggest I chapter this of section final the in background, this On archive. this with today working historians the by replicated was secrets out find to and see to know, regime previous the of logic voyeuristic the desire, of object irrepressible an to hatred of object an from transformation mystical this in that argue I mysteries. its penetrate to and secrets its explore to content, its know to desire passionate 318 for love genuine a engendered archive police secret the of secrecy and hiddenness the institution, hated very a being despite how show I chapter this of part second the In Romania buteverywhere inthe Eastern former else bloc. in only years,not transition the of questions difficult most the of one posed and remained archive the regime, the unlike But disappeared. it built that regime and the when 1989, after official time same the invisible quite at also but minds, people’s in was present clandestine, It there. contained information of magnitude mostly constructed was archive and purpose police content, its of unaware remained largely who secret people on spying undercover, The data. of sources as by historians used archives state other to relation in archive police secret the of nature peculiar A similar observation is made by Verdery, Verdery, by made is observation A similar in the archive, that is, we need to rethink the bodily, sensuous bodily, the rethink to need we is, that archive, the Secrets and Truths and Secrets 200 . . wa . 318 s maintained. Its desire to Itsdesire maintained. It became visible only visible became It it , a , CEU eTD Collection 319 various in incorporated were therefore and past T historiographies. the retrace to possibility the the inscribing By its so, more even nature,intimate period. rendered these files appealing thepost-communist during and, muster, to managed police secret the information of amount vast the precisely However, norm. social socialist the the from out deviant singling considered of people aim the had and work information police of the result the since is files archive its ordinary in contained no is Securitate former the of archive The communism post archive in Police the withSecret dealing Inside: Monster 1. The xeine, rm h ms tai o te al yas f omns, o h most the to communism, of years past “Good commercial, early its the with of listen tragic to most willing the everyone from bore experiences, to ready past, its of details minute most the on fixation fetishistic a to succumb to seemed East the for, strived it future the melancholia. deep-seated a by affected really be to seemed East post-communist the while a for that extent the to past, communist the th and studies memory of burst the noted have observers many Surely, post-communism. of reconfiguration programsthe West. of studies historical research and in cultural certain a matching East the in memory in boom the listen, to willing there out people e seemingly infinite number of diaries, memoires, recollections, reminiscences about about reminiscences recollections, memoires, diaries, of number infinite seemingly e Boym. Boym. se he files as sources of data about the past, the files were endowed with with endowed were files the past, the about data of sources as files - opening of these archives in fact led to what I call the graphomania the call I what to led fact in archives these of opening y Lenin” bye sye eiicne. n, n at tee ee many were there fact, in And, reminiscences. -style 201 319 Unable to get rid of the past and focus on focus and past the of getrid to Unable - 320 CEU eTD Collection regular a unlike However biography. a reconstruct to attempt an itself was it rather but crime, concrete a of or incident an of other documentation the unliketo limited not file, was records, police secret The subject. split the of image proper the Stranger, a as representedor it one confronting memorialization, unbearable momentof traumatic the confession a than More state. the of purview the by confiscated persona, one’s of again, hold, getting of biographization, of process a to led files police secret the of reading and habitual the beyond inquiry, opening the archivalFor, material.with dealingwhen expressed methodologicalconcerns historical of sources as documents these of status the former the of further even complicates it plans because important is aspect This or intellectuals. and dissidents intentions abstract the beyond well had, post-communism in archives these opening of effects societal broader actual the captures literature This to themselves, explain to account, own their torebut claimscontextualize, ortomake counterclaims. their own give to need the felt who narrative first the by affected directly people those of narratives the were there Second, followed. this of necessarily that narrative reconsiderations and a revelations content, produce its of to light then the in and experience files police secret their read to able were who people of narratives were there First, forms. main two took It files. police secret the openin of result a as produced was that literature of type particular the designate to seek I phenomenon, this By graphomania. about talk I when mind in have I genre particular here convey can I that important more East was boom this undoubtedlyWhile phenomena inthe a post-communist major – 202 t hud o b esl oelpe wt the with overlapped easily be not should it – much g CEU eTD Collection as subjects all interpellated files these of opening the regime, the with interaction the by unscathed it of out come to and socialism during live to impossible almost was it Since forgiveness. for ask to are and sins people past their confess past: to themselves, about communist talk to the solicited to relation in context post-communist the in work Foucault. Michael by identified subjection of mechanism two the are confession by guilt acknowledge to and subject the about truth the find To 321 where the Other. isre-enforcedtruth about it for bythe quest the context post-communist survives inthe secret police by the file the of shaping themaking inherently self one’s narrativizing of confession, of logic The Other. Big societal the of that compelling: equally but power, tangible less a of front in him/herself of account an give to write, to compelled again feels subject The file. the reading and opening of act very bythe prolonged logicwas this Inpost-communism, biography. narratinghis/her least at or actions, his/her explaining authorities, the to give to compelled is subject the him/herself. about deposition subject’s the by things, other among formed, were police secret the of archives the noted, Vatulescu Cristina As of files. its dimension interlinked this police secret the by ignoring behind left debris the from byself the recreating of biographization, read be cannot files these Therefore, alter to power enormous an had they biography, 322 p.13. 2010), Press, University 324 323 Foucault, p.185 Poenaru, Florin Cristina Vatulescu, Cristina Vatulescu, Foucault, Foucault, The History of Sexuality of History The The History of Sexuality History of The Police Aesthetics: Literature, Film, and the Secret Police in Soviet Times in Soviet Police Secret the and Literature, Film, Aesthetics: Police . . . 203 322 th lf ta i ws recording. was it that life e In all files, there is a testimony a is there files, all In 324 A iia mcaim s at is mechanism similar A 323 (Stanford (Stanford in in 321 CEU eTD Collection making 1989 before both it by generated sphere emotional the and files the of content the between separate neatly to mistake a be would it were, it As files. the of content the filtered that amnesias and hopes expectations, strategic anxieties, fears, memories, desires, interests, personal emotions, with tied deeply was police formersecret the of archive the of opening the that fact the highlight to order in point this emphasize I competition ofguiltiness. 325 to led which guilt, particular his/her explain to had one therefore, distributed, equally not was guilt the that was important more even was what But guilty. research my for read I element. heteroglossic rather but narrative single a in united never and completed never was it that is file police secret the about note to thing first the Vatulescu and Verdery Following of suchobjects. neatly delineated collection organized the than more nothing is archive the and archive the of unit smallest work: archival the in assumption common-place another to attention draw to seek I file, a is what asking By object. this of status ontological the to paid been has attention little itself, file the of content the out find to eager been have researchers most While meditations? theoretical and fears desires, responses, emotional of sort all elicits that object strange this is What file? police secret a is then exactly What Verdery, – and after 1989 and Secrets and Truths, p 40 p Truths, and Secrets 325 – are files that did not seek to indict the target of the surveillance, surveillance, the of target the indict to seek not did that files are Most of the files in the secret police archive police secret the in files the of Most – during itsopeningand reading. theprocess of .Vatulescu, p. 20- .Vatulescu,p. 204 30. namely, that “the file” is the the is file” “the that namely, – during the process of its its of process the during – including the ones the including it a worked as a as worked nation-wide CEU eTD Collection 327 326 contains file the Surely,threads. various together bring could who officerssuperior the of structure. (narrative) no has it feature: important another bears file the infinite, potentially and incomplete Because was file the metaphor, Borgessian supposed tocoverreality folders. the its within entirely,everything toretain a plan, like house Just their letters. of manuscripts, drawings of to photocopies shoe-sizes, to routine, daily to tastes, literary to neighbors, surrounding the of profiles to acquaintances, target’s the of photos to receipts, real no were there Since intimate conversations, of to guidelines from everything: usually meant transcriptions this collecting. worth considered superiors their and officers secret the that anything contain could they also and infinite potentially were files these such, As one. apparent an not least at reason, particular no with and sight in purpose real any without target, the about data accumulate endlessly to but them, for scope other no was there Basically, informative]. urmarire de [dosare surveillance informative of “files the solving with do to anything have not do that reasons for interrupted was surveillance The document. final a never were files the Moreover later themonitoringdismissed, continued unabashed. ofthe person was it if even and reviewed rarely is motive initial this fact in Bivolaru, of case the in murder ritual a in participating of suspicion or Cassian, Nina of case the in beliefs there While punitive. Zionist isastated a purpose the of openingfor file, of like suspicion then rather preventive was Securitate the of mandate The it. monitor constantly to but Vatulescu, p.50- Vatulescu, 181-2007. p Florin, Poenaru, 55 . . 327 In itself the file amounts to nothing, without the expert eye expert the without nothing, to amounts file the In itself 205 “case”. These files were called called were files These “case”. 326 CEU eTD Collection available fully be to content its for order In incomprehensible. is itself file the such, As archive. institution paper traces. file the file the Therefore,deciphered. are knowledge systemof this of codes the when only such as available is and knowledge of system a of historic product the itself is but knowledge, historical generate will that information of piece a knowledge, of source a simply not then is file the that fact the to us alert should This remain incomprehensible. an object, opaque would it it, Without knowledge. additional extra, this from inseparable is file the were, it As historians. professional or lay the of language natural the to police secret the of 328 echelons upper the of eye the in only consistency acquired file the fragmented and infinite potentially incomplete, being By byarchive’s employees, scattered others the are around still fragmentation intheir initial together reunited were files some 1989, After entirety. its in file the read could officers the superior Only of target. the of transcripts following undercover the the of notes as the or such tapes surveillance divisions, other of in bits and files crucial other other in But are informers. information the of depositions regular or officer, case the by conducted activities the of summaries regular as such elements, common basic, some Verdery, – is not an object but a relation, a dense network of knowledge, meanings and meanings knowledge, of network dense a relation, a but object an not is – Secrets and Truths and Secrets to, literally, make sense make literally, to, – 328 and, after 1989, through the expert mediation of the custodians of the the of custodians the of mediation expert the through 1989, after and, ; Poenaru, Florin. Florin. Poenaru, ; – it requires translation from the institutional jargon jargon institutional the from translation requires it – mastering the language and the codes of the the of codes the and language the mastering 206 – and even more so the content of content the so more even and . . 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Bonnie As truth. naked the reveal to order gegazemore historian’s the of nature masculine thoroughly the level this at discern can we fact, In are indistinguishable. plac first the in file the wrote who officer police secret the of that and files the reading and historian the selfof gaze the perspective, social this From police. secret the their of files the in of recorded naked stripped were bodies and beings human actual when moment the is, that itself: textualization of process the fantasyof the is behind lurks what pleasure textual of form the in manifest is this Surely, discretion. at so do to power the having from and bodies naked at looking from attempt blackmailing a in or research a in useful its instrumental for simply not therefore is secrets archive, hidden the for desire The others. of bodies and lives naked the to unfettered gaze to able be to power, the of that as viewpoint same the have to gaze, powerful the with identify to desire the is it post-communism: in files these reading of experience the marks undeniably that desire a born, is archive the for desire the how is believe, I This, I draw here again on Ginzburg insights into the working of the of working the into insights Ginzburg on again heredraw I nerally since its aim is to “penetrate” the hidden secrets and to lift the veilinthe lift to secretsand hidden “penetrate”to the aim is its since nerally 329 (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992 Press, (JohnsUniversity Hopkins 208 – the pleasure of reading the file the reading of pleasure the – – but an overall erotic feeling derived derived feeling erotic overall an but a piece of information that could be could that information of piece a Inquisition archive, Carlo Ginzburg, Ginzburg, Carlo archive, Inquisition ). s – but e CEU eTD Collection 330 archive the of role the scholarship, of field distinct a as historiography the of development the In scholarship. female of legacy the against beginningthe from out set were modernity in writinghistory 331 1998). Press, University Harvard documents ofthehistory from memory. the realm tothat of of sources alternative the move to temptation the resisting time same the at while craft, historian’s the for data sourcesofarchives officialas with fixation the contest managesto it because important, is Greece in archives and memories sources, historiographical of nature the on work Papailias sense, this In discipline. a as history doing of understanding and standard perspective particular a importantly, more also, but the representations, historiographical in included were histories women’s only not when broken, be to began canon previous the that 1960s late the in only was it fact, In historian. amateur as women of that with contrasted be to centuries, two past the in historian the of image standard the represent to came archive the in reading historian male the of figure the Therefore, silences. and inclusion selection, of matrix own its with archive imperial an of very reliance the by possible made fantasies being universality and objectivism both the writing, of universality and objectivism the of to pretense the legitimacy with offered together narrative, what historical is documents its on relying archive, the Mastering 332 1995). 2005). 2005). Bonnie G. Smith, G. Bonnie Penelope Papailias, Papailias, Penelope Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Trouillot, Michel-Rolph – n t b mr peie te ainl n ipra archive imperial and national the precise, more be to and 330 The Gender of History: Men, Women, and Historical Practice Historical and Women, Men, History: of Gender The Genres of Recollection: Archival Poetics and Modern Greece Modern Poetics and Archival Recollection: of Genres Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History of Production the and Power Past: the Silencing 209 332 (Cambridge, Mass: (Cambridge, (Palgrave Macmillan, (PalgraveMacmillan, Press (Beacon – was salient. salient. was , 331 CEU eTD Collection 334 their 333 prove research, their of scope the define intention, their detail must Applicants process. lengthy very a is sometimes which itself, institution the from permit special a needs one files, its access to able be to order In CNSAS. with case the poignantly is This non- the non-professionals, fromhistorians therealm ofwriting thehistory. the away keep to meant is referentiality self-enforcing This credential. academic his on based archive, the access can historian a only time same the at but archive, the of mastery his is what historian the of relationship: status professional circular the defines a discern we here So qualifications. and permits certain requires it all: for free not is archive the to access that, of Because representatives. state the of power the state. by such as marked is archive the apparatus: state the of institution central a as position its precisely is archive qua status its archive the gives What archive. the of institution official the from inseparable is history of writing official the Therefore, according betweena toSmith, and historian woman a amateur. male and charlatan, a and professional a between differentiates what narrative, historical a to legitimacy offers what is it of mastery the and archive the Basically, archive. the of that was to unreliabilitycompared preciselybecauseits feminine,of ofthe domain the relegatedto memory the men, of domain the was historiography While memory. and proper history between also but amateur, an and professional a between only not distinction a made archive the of centrality The discipline. the in history long a has temptation This edition 1998 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998). 1998). Press, Chicago of (Chicago: University 1998 edition Jacques Derrida, Derrida, Jacques Smith. 334 An archive has the status of an official institution only through the seal of the of seal the through only institution official an of status the has archive An Archive Fever: A Freudian Impression Freudian Fever:A Archive 210 , Religion and Postmodernism, Paperback Paperback Postmodernism, Religion , and 333 CEU eTD Collection theofficialout in introduction: historical The spelled already degree, files. large a to also, is the documents these of out created from is that narrative read be to topics main the are repression and control of means and dissidence opposition, resistance, terror, of of lines mechanisms main Thus the research. are opposition the of crackdown the to related documents as well as system the oppose to attempts regarding documents the Securitate, criminal former The of nature foundation. legal its in out spelled already is institution the of mission the as poignant more ever is case the CNSAS With investigation. of topics sanctioned officially around and interpretations official receive only can archive official the were, it As failing. surely was institution the files police secret on based scandals media the all With Securitate. the by targeted those of lives intimate the protect to also was CNSAS of duties the of one explained, was I As institution. the by condoned objectives research the into fall not do topics such that told immediately was I socialism, state under sexuality approach I When positioning. academic of but interpretation of matter a only not is it Moreover, interpretations these files and readings of type the tremendously restricts also it but material, coveted very a to access privileged having by work their enhance can who itself, archive the by employed historians the favors only not This access. such denied be likely most will credentials, institutional no with researcher, independent An verdict. a for wait and qualifications established. The archive consists of relevant documents pertaining to actions oppos actions to pertaining documents relevant of consists archive The established. needs Securitate Former the of archive of use historical the and administration the and society Romanian for priority a represents past recent the of Knowledge ed the institution with my research that studies issues connected to intimacy and and intimacy to connected issues studies that research my with institution the can receive. receive. 211 this is why is this to be to ing CEU eTD Collection 335 336 2008). Nr.182, F Securitate Former to Access ofMa no.24/10th Ordinance Securitatii.[Emergency Si Desconspirarea Dosar Propriul th with the documentscapitalism. Moreover, the working inevitablyprofessionals live under to specific so accumulation, endless of logic the encapsulates perfectly state, socialist a of that even archive, The archive. an in recordable it makes something of existence very The itself. object the of pastness the of virtue by value of is everything historian the from comes value the for objects), other from it differentiates (that object collected the offeature distinctive collector, the for While possible. if everything, incorporate to seeksdesire archival the contrast, By collection. of worthy deemed ones the favorof in out categories certain leave to needs necessarily that categorization certain a distinction, of form certain a presupposes always collection a since desire, collector’s standard the simply not is this such, As everything. know to everything, cover to is aim The enough. never is it accessed, or present already documents of number the of irrespective desire: archive. the in is it that everything to, access have to seeks itself researcher the secondly, reality; social of bit every archive to wanted police secret former the noted, Vatulescu Cristina as first, ways: both goes This data. and documents of accumulation endless the towards penetration fever and desire archival the of constitutive is What is Vatulescu. Vatulescu. Romanian Government, ‘Ordonanta de Urgenta a Guvernului nr.24/10 Martie 200 Martie nr.24/10 Guvernului a Urgenta de ‘Ordonanta RomanianGovernment, in stitutional spellandaccumulation. are logic the same of by and shaped preservation these abuses will contribute to a better understanding of our present and a more more a and present our of understanding better a society to Romanian futureof the of projection adequate contribute will abuses these knowledg public The Romania. European a in necessary is facts these of Knowledge action such of repression the to refrences as well as regime totalitarian communist the – s o ol a rv twrs erc ad etitd ces bt lo one also but access, restricted and secrecy towards drive a only not is ile and the Deconspiration of the Former Securitate’ Former ofthe the Deconspiration and ile 336 Ti i wa I al h istaiiy f archival of insatiability the call I what is This 212 335 – eul eahr o a at of act an of metaphors sexual ] (Monitorul Oficial (Monitorul ] everything 8 Privind Accesul LaAccesul 8 Privind rch 2008 Regarding 2008 rch e of e , to record to , s. to read to CEU eTD Collection atn ahlr aty oe ta oc w bgn o hn i te pc o te small the of space dimensions the in think to begin we once that noted aptly Bachelard Gaston 338 337 his In itself. infinity the for in stand can it inside the from outside, the from fragment a as only appears What researcher. the for infinitum an as itself in acts a fragment this But only totality. of pretense definition and vastness its by despite fragment, is archive every above, mentioned I as paradox: following the is further noted be to needs What desire. that of satisfaction very the impossible makes it numbers) huge in everything accumulating of logic its (with existence very its of because precisely but desire a creates archive the Basically, very desire. this the fulfill by to impossibility accompanied dialectically is noted, Foucault as archive, modern the of formation the underpins that knowledge complete total, for desire inherent the Therefore, things remain thatwill unread, undiscovered, unveiled. the all for archive, the in accessed be never will what for longing of issue an becomes it melancholia: and loss of sense deep a it with and ensues, Frustration quantity. its master fascination. of to able be object never will researcher individual her the archive, the of of vastness the company to Compared the in time of amount limited a has always researcher the since researcher the for anxiety profound to leads archive, the of infinity seeming the archive, the of totality the explore to desire the out, pointed also Steedman proportions. Publications). Publications). Gaston Bachelard, GastonBachelard, Steedman. 338 – the interior of a point as he puts it it puts he as point a of interior the The process at work here is the following: it is the acknowledgment that acknowledgment the is it following: the is here work at process The Earth and Reveries of Repose: An Essay on Images of Interiority of Images Essay on An Repose: of Reveries and Earth 213 – hs ml bet aqie cosmic acquire objects small these Earth and the Reveries of Repose of Reveries the and Earth 337 (Dallas Institute (Dallas , CEU eTD Collection of role The disorder. and chaos staging ritually by stability and order social achieving of preciselythat is carnival the of role the observedthat White, and Stallybrassfilth? its into past communist the of legacy the by infested and corrupt as body social the of cleansing the is how practice: in achieved this then is How inspected first. and confronted be to has it repudiated, be can it Before filth. for fascination a and for desire a dovetail archive these read and open to desire the Therefore, sphere. public daily into up brought be to had past the of impurities the all cleansing, of process very this through hand other the on past; the of remains unwanted the of body social the cleanse danger” and “purity of binaries the within framed perception dualistic a is It body. social post-communist and communist the ofcertainimage a of projection enablesthe archives etc.),this confessions forced reports, (police content its given that namely, post-communism: in police former secret the of archive the for love the of shape the offering in salient is believe I that feature third a add should we desires two this To distinct. nonetheless but related are two truth the know to desire the and know to desire The secret. and hidden was what know light to bring to to Other, the desire about truth general the know to the desire particular the far: and everything so discussed desires two the of overlapping the is post-communism in police secret the of archive the to specificity offers what Therefore, the like thearchive toknoweverything. desire appears preciselyof infinite because Something desire. the of projection a but dimension, spatial a not is infinity . On one hand the opening of the archives was supposed to purify and and purify to supposed wasarchives the of opening the hand one On . 214 – realized through immersing immersing throughrealized – imagined – the CEU eTD Collection 339 symbolic efficacy. their lose would they open, the in were they once sphere: public the in influence their of “normalization” of sort filth a as the operate also on but files, police dwelling secret the for in accumulated justification a offer would This apology. and confession their offer to asked and shaming for light public into brought police, secret former the of collaborators as identified were people different intervals, regular At society. civil the by and state the by place in put was purification and lustration of carnival the files, police post- during files police secret the of opening the in play at was mechanism similar a glance, first a At usual. as business to back go simply can self real the carnival, the After Other. unknown mad, a by done being is transgression the that so self, real the with break a as operates mask order. the of transgression ritualistic this in involved get fully not does self real and masks of the that reminding of use but self, real the disguising of the much so not is role Their by costumes. inscribed symbolically is “game” a moment, a only temporary is this that marker the down, upside turned seems world the and carnival, the during permitted is everything While edifice. social the affecting really without normal to back go could things it, of end the at that, so off” “steam the letting of that is carnival the of role the differently, it put To efficiency. its annul and power its erode to order in anfashion organized being in repressed what light is ofbringing outto the carnival that is Stallybrass and White. White. and Stallybrass communism. In order to “let the stem off” of the hidden secrets of the secret the of secrets hidden the of off” stem the “let to order In communism. 215 339 The CEU eTD Collection A certain A something toberead public, ofsomething thatwas forbidden. outin supposed not the with dealing reading of pleasure and the offer files police secret justice the reading of ritual historical the past, communist of mask this up putting By archive. police historic duty. But is there a way out of this relationship? Is there a way of reading these reading of way a there Is relationship? this of out way a there is But duty. historic undignified and filthy deemed otherwise is what from – jouissanceand transgression fordesireone’s satisfy to possibility this also then signifies post-communism in archives of love The freely pleasures.enjoy forbidden most the a to out society the of carrying rest the enables this of sacrificed, is party pretense “guilty” the While the punishment. under sexuality, of enjoyment collective a is fact in achieved is what gatherings, large of front in especially confession, of kind this eliciting By narration. of act the in precisely pleasure take respectively, inquisitor the and priest the witchcraft), with associated (also practices sexual guilty the of detail full a eliciting By here. invoked aptly be can trials witchcraft the of investigation Ginzburg’s Carlo with acceptable socially becomes it which through medium constructed the are They order. social reproduce to trying elite nefarious a of machinations the about nor nation, the of purification the about neither are carnivals these were, it As goal. noble more bigger, a pretenseof the under archive police secret the of filth the with dealing of pleasure the fact in enabled dangers, and impurities past its of body social the cleansing of aim stated their with carnivals, periodic These aall ih ihe Foucault’ Michael with parallel – even mandatory even s description of the confessional practices, or or practices, confessional the of description s 216 and to be more precise, for takingpleasure precise, formorebe to and – to enjoy the dirty details of the secret the of details dirty the enjoy to – under the mask of performing a a performing of mask the under CEU eTD Collection 340 fact aoneselfin factfor desire as is difference. in it Other, the for quest the be to supposed was archive the of opening the theoretically while So, different. nonetheless but oneself, to related something oneself, about more something contains it fact the in resides archive the its of love-value imparting the Basically, of secrets. way by Other) the or I (the subject the about provide can they extra bit little that for loved are they themselves: in value intrinsic have not do files) (the love of object the as insofar love narcissistic a is this archive the for love the of case the in enhancement. its but desire, the of quenching the result a as have not does realization this observed, already Freud as But jouissance. of moment the for provides archive the were, it As love. returningis love of object the love, of situations other unlike that, is archive the for love post-communist the of case the in noted be to thing first The up ou give I u less ou, love . I ca ’t that waved myresearch. into I elaborateconcerns section.will onthese inthenext undertones emotional profound with ones, ethical and theoretical genuinely but concerns, methodological simple not became They chapters. previous the in summoned I investigation my of subjects the of files police secret the reading while archive, fated ill- this in work own my during questions these by haunted was I carnival? the of fantasy collective the in participate not to and researcher, a as archives these with love in fall to not way a there Is offer? they enjoyment and desire the to succumbing without archives Salecl, Renata and Zizek, Slavoj (Durham: Duke University Press, 2000), pp 2000), Press, University Duke (Durham: Zizek,Slavoj and Renata Salecl, 341 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010). 2010). Press, University Princeton NJ: (Princeton, Ann Laura Stoler, Stoler, Laura Ann Salecl, Renata, ‘I Can’t Love You Unless I Give You Up’, in in Up’, You Give I Unless You Love ‘I Can’t Renata, Salecl, Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense Common Colonial and Anxieties Epistemic Grain: Archival the Along 217 340 Gaze and Voice as Love Objects Love as Voice and Gaze . . 179 – 208. 341 Of course, Of , ed. by ed. , CEU eTD Collection political and ideological respective and assumptions interests. their by guided files, police secret Romanian it. in recorded people the of standpoint the from archive the see and perspective counter-hegemonic a take to try to producers their of point view grain their against or along read to is them reading On to unmask or indict someone. is aim the when precisely, or even, escape to hard very is which erotic, the of and archive the of space the 342 in shifts the t recognize what for communism Ceausescu’s to able capabilities intellectual authentic with person a also a woman, independent an only not but be trickster-experimentalist reading),mya personalin least (at poet wonderfully talented to proven had She story. amazing her and Cassian Nina with love in fell quickly I research my doing when example, For archive. the love machineof the fallinto to impossiblenot is archiveit the directly in not involved hereasfunction don’t Objectsoneself.of love the for opportunity an as serves themselves files the for love positivistic and fetishistic almost the conflated: are two the archive, police secret the of case the In objects. for love the others, for love the oneself: of love the for barrier one only is there that wrote Freud 343 p.245. 6, NinaVolume Cassian, ArchiveI256690 transcribed and recorded conversation private a in was expressed opinion This (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010), Chapter 2 The Pulse 2 Chapter The 2010), Press, University Princeton NJ: (Princeton, Ann Laura Stoler, Stoler, Laura Ann The characterization of Ceausescu’s epoch as anti epoch ofCeausescu’s characterization The e of the longstanding debates in the archival studies is whether the best strategy of of strategy best the whether is studies archival the in debates longstanding the of e Along the Archival Grain: Epistemic Anxieties and Colonial Common Sense Common Colonial and Anxieties Epistemic Grain: the Archival Along – being a space of desire desire of space a being 343 – Bt vrat hv be peet n h oeig f the of opening the in present been have variants Both and thus look at how institutions of power functioned functioned power of institutions how at look thus and hey were hey 218 -communist and antifascist belongs to Nina Cassian. Nina Cassian. to belongs antifascist and -communist – barriers but as mediums. Even when one is Evenonewhen mediums. as but barriers anticommunist and fascist. and anticommunist – – necessarily becomes a space of love love of space a becomes necessarily that is, in short, whether to take the the take to whether short, in is, that of the Archive. Archive. ofthe by the Securitate,CNSAS bySecuritate,CNSAS the 342 As it were, it As – or CEU eTD Collection and itself. theentire structured and institution that logic heteronormative macho the not could I were, it As file. the reading when officer police secret the of gaze the assuming fully time hard a had I processes, bodily and body on research my on focus materialist the and allegiance feminist my given Furthermore, worse. for or sense a in were officers, bad for secret former than the field my knew about more Idisappointing.already notes their expectations, was my informants exceeding my sometimes to and paid police staggering secret the attention the while time, same the At different approach, or havingwhen different research interests. a for relevant hardly arethey police, secret the ofphilosophy and historythe with dealing when value historical have might mistakes these go While granted. otherwise for taken would or unnoticed that files police secret the of in sources mistakes various spot had could I I since information already, mentioned I As such. as data of sources of to make chapter clear inthis value theoretical potential enormous hold files these believe I While opening. their surrounding circle emotional the given extra especially source, an peculiar as a appeared opportunity, files The narrative. my and inquiry my guiding sources prime song publishing, for meant never novels of manuscripts gardens, Californian and Bucharest in conversations and interviews and photos, emotional as such un-institutionalized, embodied personal, materials: archival used of and interviews forms conducted different I initially after research, my into late police secret came the archive from documents of use my First, path. different a took I However, – I am not sure they necessarily have a value I similar necessarily interms they have am sure not 219 s, not etc. These were my my were These etc. see the perversion the see – as I tried tried I as CEU eTD Collection textual into body the transforms that archive the by operated full abstraction the doing, so In a is it imagination: body. as status its phantasmatic of and archive the of nature fragmentary the both of acknowledgement this renounce to precisely means archive the in love Finding infinity. (imagined) its in archive whole the grasp to seeks that love a with dealing are we archive the of love the of case the In well. as police secret 344 Other. the of body the of part a enjoy renounces love sublime true the partner, the of Other, the of Whole the enjoy to strives love romantic while that wrote Salecl Renata explicitly brought the space into inquiry. of and analysis of object an become should performance this that thought I reading), the of end the at narrative a producing content, its on based judgments moral making it, reading file, the (finding archive the for love the of performance phantasmatic this continuing generally, more instead Toputit of epistemologicala their condition. critical reflection of favorof in up” Ithem “gave them, with love in falling granted,and for objects takingthis of instead Therefore, interrogated. carefully be to need that objects alienated strange, themselves files the view my In archive. of love the to specific one the from approach my separates markedly This them making of one strange,as strangeat themselves. looking them in objects was files these towards strategy of my theory the Therefore, in estrangement. as estrangement, and distance of sort with some only with also not but them suspicion read I important, doubtlessly were files these while Therefore, Salecl, Renata. Renata. Salecl, – and of course their content and history of making of history and content their course of and 344 This is my point regarding the archive of the of archive the regarding point my is This 220 it , since it is well aware that we can only only can we that aware well is it since , – romantic romantic become become CEU eTD Collection matter. do Bodies body”. “giving with preoccupied literature critical preoccupie been has literature (feminist) critical the of much While archive. the of body abstract the over body living the of power the re-assert to was aim My documents. of body the of favor in body actual the of obliteration the disembodiment, archive: the of functions actual the of one is this For, stage. central bodies the offer to space, in and history in bodies actual of dynamics the capture to well: as dissertation this throughout intention my was This documents. of bodies the within bodies moving living, the retracing entails also archive the in Love and ahistory interaction. is with it sexed bodiesinmotion of comes that desire attendant the and archive the of history the meaning: literal a on take – archive” of “bodies that means It did. thought post-modern the as fragmentation, recognizing just mean not does a this grasped But neatly archived. be can reality that idea phantasmatic the archive, totality the impossible) by (an offered of renunciation the presupposes simply archive the in Love focus. its as corporality and materiality takes that view a towards annulled is abstraction wt “iig oc” i i pras ie o eeo a develop to time perhaps is it voice”, “giving with d 221 the fragments comprising the archive the comprising fragments the nd – CEU eTD Collection 345 discuss to where venue ideal the then be would then locus salient This embodied perspective. and bodily a from history its write to fact in experience, socialist state the of center the at body the bring to sought I scene, literary Romanian idealist the in unique qui it makes which project, literary overall Craciun’s like Just socialism. state of case particular the in especially ways, various in together linked inextricably are pleasure and repression how out point to but circumstances, all in inevitable and possible is resistance that suggest simplyto not well: as dissertation this in similar something convey to tried I both aspects relationship.goodmutual constitutive on andontheir joboffocusing a does novel The sleep. to going before bed her in seaside, the on sun-tanning while bath, a taking while “others”: of company the eludes she whenever contexts solitary intimate, in it re-eroticize and body her in pleasure take to manages nevertheless she demeaning experiences, various these despite But institutions. and men between exchange sexual constant of object the be to fact in appears protagonist the of name the Guran, Leontina her. upon forced others consensual, some apparatchiks, party with encounters sexual wome a to belonging of rules the informal to male beatings, father’s the her to manner, from sexual overt experiences: an in sexual her touching and schoolmaster bodily her details novel the specifically, death. premature her until childhood her from socialism, during woman young Gheorghe Cr Crăciun, Gheorghe, Gheorghe, Crăciun, ăciun, Pupa Russa Pupa a Romanian author, described in his novel the Russa inhis Pupa author, ordealsa a described Romanian of (Bucure ti: Art, 200 ). Art,200 ti: (Bucure Conclusion Conclusion n’s basketball team and to the untold number of number untold the to and team basketball n’s 222 345 More te CEU eTD Collection oe ad eitne Te oy perd o e h lcs f xriig oh power’s both exercising of locus the be to appeared body The resistance. and power polices pro-natalist Ceausescu of harshness present was it when But socialism. state of histories from entirely absent was body the that this by suggest to mean not do I evident their also but socialism, differences,been thecommon without theme lost ofthe wouldhave body. within situation common particular Their men. homosexual and practitioners yoga the nudists, the like people of histories personal and more dovetail experiences forth bring to able was I body the they on focusing by Thirdly, relations. complex fact in when policy socialist of realm the to relegated simply be otherwise would that deviant or normal either socialism, duringbodies of constitution the body example phenomena, for topicsand connected of series ina metobring allowed central it the making by Secondly, experiences. embodied and lived towards economics ideology, with discussions from abstract) history the(rather and politics state socialism of the re-grounded it First, openings. theoretical three offer my to to me central enabled body investigation the Making central. is body the which in one socialism, state at looking of way new a open to sought dissertation my level, general more a at Therefore, to describe socialism. to well-known the accompanied necessarily circumscribedthat paradigm simply when insignificant rendered or marginal quite are they fact In socialism. state of histories of part usually not are that sensations and emotions pleasure, gender, sexuality, of issues ways informing mutually in together – as it was the case in studies of Romania given the the given Romania of studies in case the was it as 223 – it was integrated into a familiar story of of story familiar a into integrated was it “totalitarian” paradigm employed“totalitarian” paradigm h “resistance” the CEU eTD Collection structural its reveal to paradoxes, internal and workings inner its show to but power state from retreat to not was one socialism state in that functioned dissidence which argue in way important to me enabled this Therefore, men. homosexual of and practitioners the which in fe resistance of type particular for allowed then These and character. sadistic pervert voyeuristic, its power: state of aspects important showed also analyzed I studies case three the regime, the by imposed normality the to resistance of instances dovetailing simply from Far situations. contextual particular, in redefined and defined always were categories these how but ideal, the from diverged studies case three the how show to aim not did body I so doing In and Man. new the normality of project the order, by encapsulated regimes of ideals regime’s the of background the on cases three these of discussion the placed I difference. and convergence of points show and together them discuss to me enabled This power. of character repressive and productive the both Romanian the once at revealing state of the by enabled and engendered dispositions phenomena were They socialism. bodily and regime social the within place particular their is together cases three the unites What men. homosexual the and practitioners yoga the nudists, the dissertation: this of studies case three the with argument this illustrated I of manifestations besimply that ofresistance. cannot acts as boxed series a manifest generate power its of beyond outcomes unexpected reactions and unintended and Such intentions. relations of set unintended an contain, cannot it surplus a creates that power of character productive the noting by dichotomy simple this beyond go to wanted I possibilities. resistance developing for site the and effects atures of power were revealed in the constitution of communities of nudists, the yoga the nudists, of communities of constitution the in revealed were power of atures 224 CEU eTD Collection could inits beilluminated entirety. state the and body the between imbrication the doing, so in Only category. archival an to experience lived from body, the of status ontological the reconsider also to but archive the of role the rethink to me enabled text of bodies to bodies from transformation This dissertation. my of bodies lived actual, the of discussion the complementing right, own its in problematique a thus became police secret the by behind left archives of body The anthreeI is avenue this here. But I discussed ofresearch future. plantopursue inthe the alongside study case fourth a been have should officers police secret the perhaps, that, realized I sudden the of All employees. state of category certain a using and logic special a by characterized institution, concrete very a of functioning the grasp to allowed it since abstract less power state about discussion the made also police secret The after 1989. research for opened archive this through data of source a and investigation, my of object an and subject a simultaneously was police secret The edifice. power and state socialist the of functioning the to central police, secret the of working the picture the out take cannot I that realized I when meaning of layer different a took investigation my But ortime retrospectively. the at either developed themselves had interviewed I people interpretation the from far to striding however, without, psychoanalysis, on take instrumental an with investigation historical detailed combined I Methodologically, phantasies. repressed and antagonisms 225 CEU eTD Collection practices dissident bodily and embodied of form such believeI confronted. effectively be cold power where place the thus was This formation. and constitution subject of level the action, power’s of place ultimate the was this because so was This body. the through and body the was expression of form main whose people but obviously), too, that were them of (some works samizdat and pamphlets writing dissidents regular not were subjects my socialism: state during resistance of discussions other from studies case my individuates also This target. ultimate the was body The body. the towards directed was or assassination, rape beatings, incarceration, through either punishment, state exercised: was state and the of power the movements which on locus their ultimate the always restricting was body the Also, control, interactions. and surveillance under bodies keeping at aimed which police, secret the of presence overall the by enhanced was aspect This everyday.and quite focused on the material quite then were quests spiritual These status. phenomenological its and body the regi the of rejection a being simply of Instead seriously. body the took one, official the with odds at was that self the of care specific a into integrated and spiritual albeit practices, such and that, than more was it that suggested I it. resisting or socialism been escaping with have concerns into now integrated until which socialism, during practices spiritual to related topics on sensuous the embodied an from socialism state at perspective looking of way particular this that believe I – – which naturally elicits issues connected to gender regimes, sexuality and sexuality regimes, gender to connected issues elicits naturally which are long overdue. Similarly such an approach can through a different light different a through can approach an such Similarly overdue. long are me’s materialism, they embarked on a path of rediscovering of path a on embarked they materialism, me’s 226 CEU eTD Collection 346 could ethos initial their But society. the transform to had they as just themselves invent rulers party to Romanian communist had proletarians, nor formation. peasants the Neither of milieu and background semi-urban or rural a with linked significantly still was party communist the the of elite the In that fact the was outcomes. this for reasons unintended the of one case, and Romanian unexpected had it and forms contextual various took it such, As uprooting. and violence significant entailed it and linear or smooth peasant not backward was process of This party. the of transformation leadership the under proletarians quick urban into populations the was specifically, more Romania in and generally, more Europe Eastern in modernity, socialist the for salient was What the integralan socialist body partbe ofit. would of history The paradigm. repressive and totalitarian the beyond governmentality yetits analysesofsignificant no modernity, thereare but capitalist western the reactionto modernity. western the of ensuing bodies of government the to approach different a entailed which governmentality in transformations noted, Foucault Michael As dissertation. this in upon touch briefly only could I issue an governmentality, its and modernity socialist the about discussion a up open can this such as But project. socialist the to relation in studies case my discussing when connection this made I and constitution subject about discussion a elicits body the on focus the way, this in Framed extreme (murdered etc.) forms, were when that is thebodies dissidents, annihilated physically in except socialism, state of discussions in due their given entirely not were Michel Foucault. MichelFoucault. – including a particular care of the self the of care particular a including 346 Sae oils ws priua vrin f and of version particular a was socialism State 227 – was specific to the to specific was CEU eTD Collection These features were the harbinger or Romanian communism communism Romanian or harbinger the were features These despitethan a theofficial ofatheistOrthodox, outlook theregime. shade and more with and heteronormative, monogamist, patriarchal, markedly were These relations. regimes gender behavior, sexual practices, bodily of regimes certain them, with policy leaders local Romanian the mutation), commitmen their as well as communists international of education cosmopolitan the both lacking and urbanized less household and be the sole breadwinners of the family, especially in mono-industrial mono-industrial in especially family, the of the breadwinners do sole to the be continued and ax) household the facing (also women while self-esteem) (and jobs their losing usually were men albeit society, of re-patriarchialization a to led transformations political and socio-economic profound the by determined upheaval societal The fact. in worse things made only pressures, transition chaotic its with 1990s, The level. societal the at untouched remained legacy their stage, central from disappeared leaders echelon top its and party the while differently, Put outlawed. was which party, communist the of to bethein theexacerbated society markand since features dissolved ceased these simply 1980s Vladimir contempt of Tismaneanu type the or party, the of echelons top the against forward put group her and Cassian Nina critiques staunching the in visible was fact This USSR. the by imposed realism socialist the alongside doctrine, national official the of part became habitus their of elements major fact in and power assuming after erased entirely be not – – were able to codify as national culture their own tastes, mores and values, and and values, and mores tastes, own their culture national as codify to able were but they did not disappear after 1989 either. To some extent they were were they extent some To either. 1989 after disappear not did they but – son of a illegalist family illegalist a of son t to communism as such (not to its Stalinist developmental developmental Stalinist its to (not such as communism to – had for the local apparatchiks. Less educated, Less apparatchiks. local the for had epcal drn Cassus independence Ceausescu’s during –especially 228 – accentuated during the the during accentuated CEU eTD Collection moment ofbodily liberation and after emotional each revolution. love free and poetry music, quests, of spiritual frenzy sex, a including was activities, It denied. communism experiences the of search in people young) so not and (young for destinations as exploded Costinesti, also but Veche, Vama and Mai 2 when is This 1968. Romanian unacknowledged and belated the was It possible. seemed everything when outburst sudden of moment this was there cohorts, younger the for especially so, or 1994 around and 1990 Between surreal. as memories people’s many in engraved still moment a 1989, after immediately exploration of moments brief very for except turn, conservative a general in entailed transition background, this On clan-likeconservative family. roleextended, ofthe the fostered only interactions Such trophies. just are things, other many which like in women, men, of world a is it Ultimately, conspicuously. this show and rest the and outsmart and out-compete to able is transition the of person ideal The society. Romanian the of feature important very a today until remain would which 1990s, the of novelty perhapsthe wasThis values. martial)explicit(and macho public space with the colonized also it but cynicism, and individualism of sense exacerbated an only not created society, new the in spot better a for and resources for competition overall the time, same the At economic situation. unpredictable and dire more in just 1980s, the of continuation the just extent, large a to was, 1990s the patterns, these alter will migration work when 2000s, the Before cities. 229 – ht transient that CEU eTD Collection 347 of handful a for regulars except right, extreme the of wrath the constituting not are parades 2000s. and 1990s late the during activists of handful a by battles local long in resulted and organizations through western financed and be to had and marriage sex same- rights, sexual for campaigns the 2001, until outlawed Still either. men homosexual the for better get not did Things the soft-core whichattracted porn business alsothe ofthe participants but eye more state. amplifying commercialism, towards veered MISA like organizations Even at recuperation. attempts commercial) largely (and feeble some as well as in set quickly Nostalgia places. these of gentrification of wave the by history made all were community of sense a and interactions intimate quests, spiritual Nudism, point. in case a is prices inflated with venues family mainstream to resorts cultural and remote from Costinesti and Mai Vama transformation 2 of Veche, The consumption. earlyconspicuous dramatic 2000sby the by replaced and displaced were 1990s early the of dreams spiritualist and the enthusiastic and in, set commercialization such, As prices. inflated the with keeping a in making living start and transition the of realities new the embrace to had they migration, without even and, suit followed too Others Veche. Vama and Mai 2 of population main the specialists, humanist technicaland especiallythe jobs, better for migration forced into were 1990 the of enthusiasts the of lot A of in. set dream difficulties rosy economic and the betterment be to ceased transition the 1996, by Already commercialization. and enclosure economic pressures: interlinked two to due last, not could it course Of Yet? Let’sMadonna! Ask Yet? Perspectives Shannon Woodcock, ‘A Short History of the Queer Time Queer ‘A of Historythe Short Woodcock, Shannon – (Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2012), pp. 63 pp. 2012), Ltd., Publishing, (Ashgate u te omlzto ses bracai oe maig ht t i not did it that meaning one, bureaucratic a seems normalization the but , in , De 347 -Centering Western Sexualities: Central and Eastern European European Eastern and Central Sexualities: Western -Centering Tdy h stain em t b normalized be to seems situation the Today 230 – 84. of Post-Socialist Romania, or Are We There There We Are or Romania, Post-Socialist of – a pride gay CEU eTD Collection gone. long are socialism during men homosexual and yogis the nudists, the of explorations bodily The situations. economic dire increasing in survival economic ensuring for tool turn in affectedrole confronting the ofthea body the locusof isnow body: state the from power, which socialism of pressures political the replaced thus pressures Economic groups order expectation in tothis conform tosurvive. must both and commodities, sealable produce to pressure similar a in caught are groups both different, be might logic their While market. project neoliberal a of core the at working activists, NGO among and survival,for economy the of interstices the in working groups, artistic marginal among place takes imagined) or (real activity dissident some of places only the and negative appears answer The capitalism? during possible still activists), sex (meaning homosexuals the and practitioners yoga the such nudists, the Are like groups, dissident 1989. after movements contrarian and dissident of fate the the raises about This question feasible. is commodities of production the only practice in put now, permitted is everything theory, In commodification. of logic a with replace its and gaze really What population, especially and inaclimate pro-family orthodoxy ofrecrudescent policies. intellectuals Cluj and Bucharest in activists of handful expectations. a for sexual Except and norms gender with confrontation societal more a engender seems to be a novelty is the disappearance of the socialist state’s overarching overarching state’s socialist the of disappearance the is novelty a be to seems – uh sus r sil ao ad t et vie fr h ms o the of mass the for avoided best at and taboo still are issues such 231 – n a iy rcin f leftist of fraction tiny a and CEU eTD Collection Sofia Oprescu, 2 Mai memories, Sofia Oprescu, memories, 2Mai TaniaFormer 2Mai California,Dani Angeles). N, in 2011(Los and Nudists N, Nina Cassian, ofCommunism, The Utopia Vera my in Cîmpeanu, 2Mai 20s, Informative Archive,Informativ]CNSAS Stack [Fond I. Primary Sources Sources: Primary and Bibliography Marina Spallas, 2 Mai and its Artists, Marina Artists, its Spallas,2Mai and Dragos Escaping Vama S, from Veche Austria, into this (usedin Interviews II. dissertation) Archive,CNSAS Penal ‘FP Stacks Penal], [Fond 66142Ursu Gheorghe Emil’ CNSAS Archive,CNSAS Documentary ‘D [Fond Documentar], ’ Fund CNSAS Archives Archives CNSAS Vol.I,II. Vol.I,II. Archive,InformativeInformativ], ‘I Stacks [Fond Gregorian’ 168Bivolaru author’s interview, author’s interviewauthor’s author’s interview 232 author’s interview 2008 (Bucharest) 2008(Bucharest) author’s interview 2008 (Bucharest). 2008(Bucharest). ‘I 256690Nina Cassian’ 2008 (Bucharest). 2008(Bucharest). 2009 (New York). York). (New 2009 , Vol I-X. I-X. , Vol 2007 (Vienna). 2007 , Vol. I,II. , Vol. , Vol I-XI. I-XI. , Vol , CEU eTD Collection ‘Codul Penal Al Republicii Socialiste România [ ‘Codul Penal Socialiste România AlRepublicii [ The Penal Socialist ofThe Code Legislation and III. Laws ———, ‘DecretDin 8Octombrie Dispozi ii 1966Pentru nr.9 Modificarea Unor deStat alRomâniei,Consiliul ‘Codul Familiei Partidului Statutul [TheComunist Romanian Român Party Communist Statute]’ Steve Barnoschi, Bucharest 2Mai(1970s), and bohemians ‘Ordonanta de Urgenta a Guvernului nr.24/10 Martie 2008 Privind Accesul La‘Ordonanta Guvernului Accesul 2008 Privind a Urgenta nr.24/10Martie de Propriul no.4/195 ’ (Bucure ti: Consiliul deStat,no.4/195 ’(Bucure ti: 1985) Consiliul (Bucharest) Republic (Bucure ti: ofRomania]’ Editura 1968) Politică, Legale Privitoare LaLegale [Decree Privitoarefrom Divor 9 (Bucuresti Editura 1965 Politica, Former Oficial (Monitorul Nr.182, 2008) Securitate’ 2008 Regarding Formerand theFile Access the Deconspiration to Securitate of OrdinanceDosarSecuritatii.[Emergency ofMarch Desconspirarea Si no.24/10th octombrie 1966,1966) LegalChanges onDivorce]’ (Buletinul Oficial Provisions of Nr.64 din8 233 - Legea nr.4/1953 [Family Code - Law-Legea [Family-Code nr.4/1953 8th ofOctober8th 1966Regarding author’s interview 2010 CEU eTD Collection Adam Burakowsk ———, Reprimarea Yoga The ’80 Miscarii Repression [ inAnii Yoga of Movement the ofaAndreescu, Misa: The Gabriel, Radiografia X-Ray Misa: [ Represiuni Unei Louis,Althusser, PhilosophyLeninand and Essays OtherBooks,(Aakar 2006) YogaIndia: S., Alter, Modern between Joseph Body and The in Philosophy Science Agamben, (StanfordPress, Giorgio, 2011) University Nudities TurnătorLa‘A Fost an Romo Petru Securitate? 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Giustino, J.Books, pp. Plum, 2013), Ideology ed. by Cathleen inEasternandRoutine Everyday 1945-1989, Europe, People’s Republic ofRomania’, Escapes: inSocialist Breaking from Away Press, 1972) Society (London: 1989) EMSharpe, Curtea Veche, 2005) Irina,‘From thePartyBeach tothe inthe Party:nudism andArtistic Expression – 42 an Fascism’, 2(201),Fascist ofComparative Journal 205– Studies, Biserica Ortodoxă Română În RomânăOrtodoxă Biserica Deceniu (Bucure Primul Comunist ti: 239 72 72 VI (Ia i: Polirom, 2012) Polirom, VI (Ia i: România România Contemporary 33 CEU eTD Collection Dobo Corina, Jinga, LucianaDobo Corina,Jinga,Florin Politica S, M,and Soare, Pronatalistă a Regimului Derrida,Impression,ArchiveFreudian Fever: Religion Jacques, A andPostmodernism, ———, Hitler’sIon Forgotten Ally: HisRegime,1940 and Antonescu Romania ——— Deletant, and escu theSecuritate: Dennis, 1965 Romania, Ceau Coercion in andDissent NudityCunningham, Jim, Ind.;& Christianity (Bloomington, Keynes, U. K.: Milton Culcer, Rodica,Teme de ‘Cine22, anul Se XIV, Misa’, Revista 5April 2004 ——— LeisureLuxuryand Crowley,Socialism: E.Reid,Pleasures intheDavid, andSusan in Crossely‘The Foucault ofthe Nick, Gaze: Politics Between and Merleau York: Palgrave 2006) Macmillan, 2010) Ceau sescu,InvestigareInstitutul (Ia i:a de Crimelor Comunismului Polirom, Paperbackedition Chicago 1998(Chicago: University Press, of 1998) Studies, 16(1993),Studies, 399 1989 (M.E. 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