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American History X filmhandledning American History X American History X beskriver längtan efter att tillhöra en ge- menskap, vikten av förebilder och fadersgestalter och den smärtsamma insikten att den enskilde individens handlingar får konsekvenser. Och att man i stor utsträckning har ett person- ligt val. Rekommenderad från åk 9 och gymnasiet En filmhandledning av Louise Lagerström American History X är berättelsen om hur två bröder i Los Angeles dras in i ett nazistiskt skinheadgäng och hur den äldste av dem efter att ha avtjänat ett fängelsestraff för mord bestämmer sig för att dra sig ur. Edward Norton gör en komplicerad rolltolkning av Derek, en nazist som bryter med Genom deras berättelse träder bil- sitt tidigare liv. den av ett nutida USA fram, präglat till hela händelsen blir Danny som de ledsagar oss sedan med tillbaka- av uppgivenhet, vilsenhet och frustra- maktlös åsett sin bror förvandlas till blickar i svartvitt. I en komplicerad tion vilket tar sig uttryck i rasmotsätt- en mördare. berättarstruktur, där vi ser verkning- ningar och våldsamheter. Ett samhälle I nästa scen befinner vi oss i nutid. arna före orsakerna, läggs pusselbit där det förgångna gör sig påmint i Det är dagen för Dereks frisläppande. till pusselbit och bilden klarnar efter- form av ett nedärvt hat. Danny har just gjort sin engelsklärare hand om vad som egentligen hände Murray upprörd genom att skriva om och varför. Hitlers ”Mein Kampf” när uppgiften Vi får veta att Dereks och Dannys Filmens handling gällde att beskriva en hjälte som käm- far, en brandman, blivit mördad när American History X är uppbyggd pade för mänskliga rättigheter. han släckte en brand i en stadsdel som en gåta som söker sitt svar Han kallas in till skolans svarte befolkad av afroamerikaner. Derek genom återblickar. Handlingen är rektor, Dr Bob Sweeney, som tidigare vänder i sin förtvivlan allt sitt hat mot därför uppbruten i sitt berättande. varit Dereks lärare. Han är beredd att de svarta och alla andra minoriteter Orsaker och verkan bildar en väv av ge Danny en ny chans men ställer som han anser har fördärvat både lager som ett efter ett lyfts bort och som villkor att Danny gör en analyse- hans kvarter och hela det amerikan- blottlägger en förklaring. Filmen är i rande uppsats om sin storebror. Han ska samhället. färg, men de avsnitt som beskriver det skall försöka förstå, tolka och beskri- Derek blir snart ett lätt byte för den förgångna är gjorda i svartvitt. va de händelser och mekanismer som äldre nazisten Cameron Alexander, Derek är en intelligent ung man lett fram till att Derek anslutit sig till spindeln i nätet för den lokala White med nazistiska sympatier som blivit nazisterna och slutligen begått de bru- Power-rörelsen. Han behöver en ledare för ett skinheadgäng i Venice tala morden. Vad har format honom karismatisk yngling som kan föra de Beach, Kalifornien. En natt kommer till den människa han blivit? Titeln på nazistiska idéerna vidare och i Venice några svarta unga män för att stjäla uppsatsen skall vara ”American His- Beach, med växande etniska gängbild- Dereks bil, som vedergällning för ett tory X” och Danny har en dag på sig ningar finns den perfekta grogrunden. tidigare bråk om revirgränser. Dereks att skriva den. En basketmatch som förloras av de lillebror Danny är den som upptäcker När Danny efter mötet med rektorn svarta blir avgörande för den fortsatta vad som håller på att hända och var- befinner sig på skolans toalett hotas utvecklingen när de, förnedrade, nar sin bror. Derek tar sin pistol, han av ”Little Henry”, en svart skol- tvingas lämna det som de vita nu kal- springer ut, skjuter en av pojkarna till kamrat i samma ålder. Hotet blir en lar sitt territorium. Derek framstår döds och skadeskjuter den andre för förvarning, en ”plantering” för vad som en hjälte vilket Cameron inte är att sedan (i en osannolikt grym scen) som kommer att hända i slutet av fil- sen att utnyttja. Han sänder iväg krossa hans skalle mot trottoarkan- men. Derek till ett gäng frustrerade skinhe- ten. Polisen kommer, Derek arresteras Dannys uppsatsskrivande/berättan- ads som han eldar upp med ett tal om och döms till tre års fängelse. Vittne Filmhandledning utgiven av Svenska Filminstitutet/Zoom 1/99 Tel: 08-665 11 00 hur landet håller på tas över av ”im- skall göra en sista insats och lugna ling. Efter sin vistelse i fängelset är migrerade parasiter” – svarta, ”hispa- ner skinheadsen eftersom man tror att han en ny människa. Genom vänska- nics” och asiater. Tillsammans går de svarta gäng ligger bakom. Man fruk- pen och förtroendet för en svart med- till attack mot en matvarubutik ägd tar att ett gängkrig skall bryta ut. fånge ställs alla hans tidigare idéer på av koreaner. De vandaliserar butiken Motvilligt lovar han att hjälpa till. ända. och misshandlar personalen samtidigt Danny går till skolan för att lämna in I filmen tacklar de vuxna det upp- som de videofilmar sina handlingar. sin uppsats ”American History X”. komna problemet på olika sätt. Ung- Senare, vid en diskussion runt mid- Inne på skolans toalett skjuts han ner domarnas mor Doris är förtvivlad dagsbordet diskuterar familjen Vin- av ”Little Henry” som en hämnd för och förstår inte hur hon har kunnat yard och läraren Murray, som är god morden. föda sådana barn. Familjen vän, eng- vän till familjen, de olika upplopp elskläraren Murray, påpekar för hen- som utförts av svarta mot svarta. Vad formar en människa? ne att hon inte vet vilken verklighet Samtalet spårar ur och slutar med att American History X inleds med bil- hennes barn lever i. Han ser hur hatet Derek slår sin syster Davina (som har der av vågor som slår mot stranden, går från generation till generation och ”liberala idéer”), kör ut Murray (som en sinnebild för evigheten. Dessa enligt honom är situationen tröstlös. är jude) ur huset och blir sedan själv vågor återkommer i slutet av filmen Rektorn Sweeney vägrar däremot att förvisad från hemmet av sin mor. när Danny skjutits och pojkarnas ge upp. I en tidig scen tar han parti Samma kväll blir Derek en mördare. berättelse är slut. Vi hör Dannys röst för de båda bröderna gentemot När Derek kommer ut ur fängelset som talar till oss som från ovan. Han Murray. Enligt hans mening är Danny är han förändrad och vi förstår att delger oss slutsatsen i sin uppsats. förvirrad och bär på en massa sjuka något har hänt. Han visar upp en mer ”Hate is baggage. Life is to short to idéer men är värd en chans till. Har vuxen och tolerantare sida. Han vill be pissed of all the time. It’s just not han kunnat lära sig sådant nonsens också bryta med skinheadgänget och worth it.”och avslutar med ett citat kan han likaväl göra sig av med det. deras idéer, något som inte uppskat- av president Abraham Lincoln. ”We Danny blir i slutet skjuten som en tas av varken flickvännen Stacey, Ca- are not enemies, but friends. We must vedergällning för ett brott som hans meron eller Danny. Särskilt angelägen not be enemies. Though passion may bror begått trots att Derek i det läget är han att Danny inte skall beblanda have strained, it must not break our har försökt bryta med sitt gamla liv. sig med nazisterna. Han förbjuder bounds of affection. The mystic honom att gå på den fest som anord- chords of memory will swell when ★ Fundera kring hur vi som publik nas av Cameron eftersom Derek tän- again touched as surely they will be uppfattar Dereks förvandling. Känns ker gå dit och göra upp med by the better angels of our nature.” den trovärdig? Vilka förklaringar får Cameron, en uppgörelse som slutar American History X är en film som vi till hans ”omvändelse”. Är de till- med att han nästan misshandlar vill försöka ge en möjlig förklaring räckliga? Har vi sympati för honom honom till döds. till varför en ung människa dras till trots det han gjort? Som publik svävar vi länge i oviss- nazismen. Är hat och ondska något Diskutera kring hur ni tolkar slutet het om vad som förändrat Derek och människan föds med, något som finns och hur ni tänker er Dereks fortsatta det är först i slutet av filmen som nedärvt i ”psykosociala gener”, eller tillvaro. Kommer han orka tro på för- Derek avslöjar för Danny vad som är det omständigheterna som bygger låtelse och försoning, eller är allt han egentligen hände i fängelset. upp en persons karaktär? byggt upp raserat och det enda som Tidigt under fängelsevistelsen blir Danny får i uppgift av sin rektor återstår hämnd? Derek upptagen av ett gäng vita na- att skriva en uppsats om sin bror, att Vad förväntar sig Sweeney att zister som skyddar honom från de söka efter de bakomliggande orsaker- Danny skall komma fram till med svarta och spanska gängen som är ute na till att brodern blivit en så hatisk uppsatsen? Vilka iakttagelser gör efter hämnd. Men när han börjar kri- person och till varför han anslöt sig Danny – vilka möjliga svar kommer tisera sina kamrater för att de köper till de nazistiska gängen. Samtidigt han i kontakt med? droger av ”hispanics” går han över skall han tolka hur dessa händelser På många ställen i världen till en osynlig gräns och som straff våld- påverkat hans familj och honom själv exempel på Balkan och i Mellanös- tas han brutalt i duschen. och hur han genom dessa uppfattar tern pågår konflikter som förts vidare Skolans rektor Sweeney söker upp situationen i dagens Amerika. Som från generation till generation. Vad Derek i fängelsets sjukavdelning och han riktigt påpekar ”Folk tittar på skapar detta för människor? Vad kan berättar för honom att Danny är på mig men ser min bror”.
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