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Trafics D'enfants TRAFICS D’ENFANTS : UNE FATALITÉ? DE LA RÉALITÉ DU TERRAIN AUX MEILLEURES PRATIQUES CHILD TRAFFICKING: A FATALITY? FROM FIELD REALITY TO BETTER PRACTICES 2 TRAFICS D’ENFANTS : UNE FATALITÉ? DE LA RÉALITÉ DU TERRAIN AUX MEILLEURES PRATIQUES CHILD TRAFFICKING: A FATALITY? FROM FIELD REALITY TO BETTER PRACTICES 10e Séminaire de l’IDE 19 au 23 octobre 2004 3 Déjà parus dans la même collection IDE : - Une Convention, plusieurs regards. Les Droits de 1’Enfant entre théorie et pratique. Octobre 1997. - Enfants et Travail. Une coexistence acceptable ? L’approche des Droits de l’Enfant. Octobre 1998. - Un Champion à tout prix ? Les droits de l’Enfant dans le sport. Mars 1999. - 100 Ans de Justice Juvénile. Bilan et Perspectives. Avril 2000. - Etrangers, migrants, réfugiés, requérants, clandestins… Et les droits de l’enfant ? Avril 2001. - L’enfant et la guerre. Avril 2002. - Les Droits de l’Enfant : et les Filles ? Avril 2003. - Droits de l’enfant et SIDA : du tabou aux statégies d’intervention. The rights of the child and HIV/AIDS: from taboos to intervention strategies Juin 2004. Ces ouvrages peuvent être obtenus à l’IDE. Mai 2005. Tous droits réservés. Reproduction, même partielle, interdite sous quelque forme ou sur quelque support que ce soit sans l’accord écrit de l’éditeur. Editeur Institut international des Droits de l’Enfant c/o Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch Case postale 4176 - 1950 SION 4 Tél +41 (0) 27 205 73 00 - Fax +41 (0) 27 205 73 02 E-mail : [email protected] - Web: http://www.childsrights.org Comité de rédaction Jean Zermatten, éditeur responsable Paola Riva Geneviève Lévine – Martine Lachat Alexandra Prince Ana Gil - Karin Zurwerra (traductions) 4 INSTITUT INTERNATIONAL DES DROITS DE L’ENFANT www.childsrights.org L’Institut international des Droits de l’Enfant a organisé son 10e séminaire « Trafics d’enfants : une fatalité ? De la réalité du terrain aux meilleures pratiques » du 19 au 23 octobre 2004. Il a bénéficié de l’aide et du soutien de : - La Direction du Développement et de la Coopération (Confédération helvétique) - La Loterie Romande - La Fondation Terre des hommes Il remercie ces institutions de leur contribution. 5 TABLE DES MATIERES Préface Bernard BOËTON Allocutions d’ouverture Jean-René FOURNIER Peter BREY Renate WINTER PREMIÈRE PARTIE PANORAMA GÉNÉRAL Brigitte POLONOVSKI VAUCLAIR Trafic des enfants Andrea ROSSI Building the knowledge: Research on child trafficking Mike DOTTRIDGE Patterns of child trafficking around the word: Challenges in distinguishing between trafficked children, child workers and child migrants Damien VANDERMEERSCH Trafics d’enfants : les enjeux d’une répression nationale et internationale Bernard BOËTON Campagne internationale de Terre des hommes : leçons apprises et défis futurs DEUXIÈME PARTIE PROBLÉMATIQUE Lieve PELLENS Problèmes rencontrés lors des poursuites de trafiquants d’êtres humains Les expériences belges Marlène HOFSTETTER Les adoptions commerciales 6 Bernard BOËTON Trafics d’organes : Y a-t-il quelque chose derrière « la légende urbaine ? » Najla TABET CHAHDA Jeunes filles « exportées » vers des pays à risque TROISIÈME PARTIE DES PISTES… Muireann O BRIAIN Bilateral agreements that seek to combat trafficking in persons, especially children Archana TAMANG Coming Home: Psychosocial aspects of exploitation and “repatriation” children as actors Jean-Paul GLASSON Initiative parlementaire suisse : « la criminalité organisée contre les enfants est un crime contre l’humanité » Vincent TOURNECUILLERT Transnational Action against Child Trafficking (TACT Project) Integrated Approach - Tracks of solutions in Albania Elkane MOOH La question du rapatriement : l’expérience de Save the Children en Afrique de l’Ouest Holta KOTHERJA The NGO Cooperation in child trafficking: the case of Albania Vincent TOURNECUILLERT Comment les médias albanais (et européens) abordent-ils le thème du trafic d’enfants ? Kirsten DI MARTINO A Human Rights approach to Child Trafficking 7 Maia RUSAKOVA Children’s Trafficking in Russia QUATRIEME PARTIE CONCLUSIONS Rapport des ateliers Synthèse finale Thierry WERTS Allocution de clôture Bruno-Marie DUFFE Post-face Jean ZERMATTEN 8 PRÉFACE BERNARD BOËTON Responsable « Droits de l’Enfant », Fondation Terre des hommes, Lausanne La notion de « trafic d’enfants » véhicule spontanément une charge émotionnelle légitime; elle suscite parfois une certaine réserve, tant il est vrai que dans ce monde de communication effrénée, l’effroi et la répulsion que cette notion provoque incitent parfois à la surenchère médiatique. Pourtant, les réalités auxquelles sont confrontées nombre de défenseurs des droits de l’enfant et d’acteurs humanitaires sont indubitables, même s’il est difficile d’identifier un phénomène aux multiples formes, de le définir et de le qualifier juridiquement. Pour ces acteurs de terrain, il est par ailleurs difficile d’intervenir avec pertinence et efficacité entre : - d’une part des autorités publiques qui parfois nient l’existence même du problème, ou sa gravité; - et d’autre part, des réseaux de criminalité transnationale qui par définition agissent dans l’ombre, et dont le mépris des droits de l’enfant n’a parfois d’égal que leur parfaite connaissance des lois et procédures - qu’ils savent parfaitement utiliser et contourner. C’est pourquoi il a paru essentiel à l’Institut International des Droits de l’Enfant (IDE) de choisir ce thème pour le 20ème Séminaire International de Sion, en invitant la Fondation Terre des hommes - ce dont nous le remercions très vivement - à s’associer à son organisation et à son déroulement. Nombre d’experts et d’intervenants ont été conviés pour apporter des éclairages conceptuels et juridiques incontournables, mais aussi - et surtout - pour créer un espace et un moment d’échange de « bonnes pratiques » entre militants et responsables de programmes spécialisés en provenance de plusieurs dizaines de pays différents. Au premier abord, quelques constats peuvent être faits de manière consensuelle : Il n’est pas inutile de rappeler, en premier lieu, que l’enfant est un être humain à part entière, dont la dignité est égale à celle de tous les autres êtres humains, mais qui dispose d’une capacité relative de discernement, d’expression et de défense. Cette définition sert de fondement à l’analyse de toutes les formes d’exploitation de l’enfant, de sa docilité et de la confiance spontanée qu’il accorde aux adultes : mais 9 les trafics d’enfants s’en révèlent la forme la plus grave et la plus inacceptable, assimilable à une « forme contemporaine d’esclavage », dont on peut ici rappeler la définition : « Esclave : être humain considéré et traité comme une marchandise que l’on peut acheter, vendre, posséder » (Dict. Robert). Nul ne conteste que l’aggravation de l’inégalité économique au niveau mondial, comme à l’intérieur de chaque pays, accroît la pression migratoire interne ou transnationale, essentiellement économique, mais sur laquelle se greffent de multiples formes de trafics d’êtres humains, dont les trafics d’enfant. Paradoxalement, la libéralisation de l’économie mondiale, qui facilite la circulation des capitaux et des marchandises, va de pair avec une tendance générale à lutter contre l’immigration, augmentant ainsi les déplacements illégaux, à travers des procédures contraires à toute dignité humaine élémentaire. Nous vivons dans un monde où les capitaux circulent de manière autrement plus libre et sécurisée que les personnes. L’argent est mille fois mieux protégé que les enfants… Nul ne peut contester non plus que la réalité des trafics d’êtres humains en général et des enfants en particulier touche tous les pays du monde. Le problème est « transversal » : même s’il est vrai que les pays riches sont plutôt des pays de destination et les pays pauvres des pays d’origine des victimes de trafics, aucun pays ne peut se prétendre à l’abri de ce fléau. Même si les lois sur les déplacements de population sont généralement nationales, la solution ne réside certainement pas dans la fermeture des frontières - qui ne peut qu’aggraver les déplacements illégaux - mais dans une coopération transnationale : tout le monde sait que face à la criminalité transnationale organisée, il faut utiliser les armes de l’adversaire… Il faut ajouter qu’une des difficultés d’identification des trafics d’enfants réside dans le fait qu’il se « greffent » parfois sur des pratiques et coutumes traditionnelles qui servent de prétexte facile à l’exploitation des enfants. Certains « experts » invoquent la « diversité culturelle », les traditions de travail domestique des enfants, les pratiques coutumières d’initiation sexuelle des adolescents, la nécessité de survivre, etc. Mais une explication n’est pas une justification : aucune société n’a pour tradition culturelle d’acheter des enfants à de familles de paysans pauvres pour les enfermer dans des bordels pour touristes… Soulignons enfin que l’intérêt lucratif est évidemment à la fois le moteur et l’objectif des trafics d’enfants. Que l’objet du trafic soit la délinquance, la mendicité, la prostitution ou l’exploitation par le travail, il ne s’agit d’ailleurs pas tant de transactions que de générer des revenus à moindre coût. Un trafic de voitures, d’armes ou de drogue génère des revenus par transaction et il faut alimenter les stocks… Un enfant est au contraire, par sa docilité sous la contrainte, physique ou 10 morale, et par sa capacité relative de se défendre, une source régulière et durable de revenus. Il est consternant, devant certaines réalités, de se dire que « l’enfant est la matière première la moins chère du monde ». L’enfant ne coûte rien, rapporte peu, mais de manière durable. Tout le monde sait que les trafiquants d’êtres humains sont aussi trafiquants de marchandises et autres biens matériels divers : mais l’enfant est l’investissement initial le moins coûteux… Et ces mêmes trafiquants manipulent ces enfants en sachant pertinemment qu’en cas d’interpellation par les autorités à l’occasion d’actes délictueux, ils bénéficieront de mesures éducatives ou de placement, privatives de liberté ou non, mais nettement moins sévères et contraignantes que si ces actes avaient été commis par des adultes.
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