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Physical Oceanography of the New Zealand Fiords
ISSN 0083-7903, 88 (Print) ISSN 2538-1016; 88 (Online) Physical Oceanography of the New Zealand Fiords by B. R. STANTON and G. L. PICKARD New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 88 1981 NEW ZEALAND DEPARTMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH Physical Oceanography of the New Zealand Fiords by B. R. STANTON and G. L. PICKARD New Zealand Oceanographic Institute Memoir 88 1981 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ ISSN 0083-7903 Received for publication: January 1980 © Crown Copyright 1981 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/ CONTENTS Page LIST OF FIGURES 4 LIST OF TABLES 4 ABSTRACT 5 11''TRODUCTION 5 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 6 Inlet depth profiles 6 Freshwater inflow 9 Tides... 13 Internalwaves... 13 OCEANOGRAPHIC OBSERVATIONS DURING THE FIORDS 77 SURVEY 17 Salinity in the shallow zone 18 Temperature in the shallow zone . 23 Salinity in the deep zone 24 Temperature in the deep zone 25 Temperature-Salinity relationships 27 Transverse temperature and salinity variations 27 Off shore oceanographic conditions 27 Density 27 Dissolved oxygen 28 Deep-water exchange 29 COMPARISON OF FIORDS 77 DATA WITH PREVIOUS WORK 31 Milford Sound... 31 Caswell and Nancy Sounds 32 Doubtful Sound 32 Dusky Sound and Wet Jacket Arm 33 DEEP-WATER RENEWAL IN THE NEW ZEALAND FIORDS 33 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 35 LITERATURE CITED 35 APPENDIX 1: MEAN FRESHWATER INFLOW AT MILFORD SOUND 36 APPENDIX 2: FRESHWATER INFLOW TO DoUBTFUI.fI'HOMPSON SOUNDS IN 1977 37 3 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported License. -
Eradication of Stoats (Mustela Erminea) from Secretary Island, New Zealand
McMurtrie, P.; K-A. Edge, D. Crouchley, D. Gleeson, M.J. Willans, and A.J. Veale. Eradication of stoats (Mustela erminea) from Secretary Island, New Zealand Eradication of stoats (Mustela erminea) from Secretary Island, New Zealand P. McMurtrie1, K-A. Edge1, D. Crouchley1, D. Gleeson2, M. J. Willans3, and A. J. Veale4 1Department of Conservation, Te Anau Area Office, PO Box 29, Lakefront Drive, Te Anau 0640, New Zealand. <[email protected]>. 2Landcare Research, PB 92170, Auckland, NZ. 3The Wilderness, RD Te Anau-Mossburn Highway, Te Anau, NZ. 4School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland 1142, NZ. Abstract Stoats (Mustelia erminea) are known to be good swimmers. Following their liberation into New Zealand, stoats reached many of the remote coastal islands of Fiordland after six years. Stoats probably reached Secretary Island (8140 ha) in the late 1800s. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) are the only other mammalian pest present on Secretary Island; surprisingly, rodents have never established. The significant ecological values of Secretary Island have made it an ideal target for restoration. The eradication of stoats from Secretary Island commenced in 2005. Nine-hundred-and-forty-five stoat trap tunnels, each containing two kill traps, were laid out along tracks at a density of 1 tunnel per 8.6 ha. Traps were also put in place on the adjacent mainland and stepping-stone islands to reduce the probability of recolonisation. Pre-baiting was undertaken twice, first in June and then in early July 2005. In late July, the traps were baited, set and cleared twice over 10 days. -
Stoat Eradication
Resolution Island Operational Plan Stoat Eradication SOUTHLAND CONSERVANCY 2008 Resolution Island Operational Plan Stoat Eradication Pete Mc Murtrie, Kerri-Anne Edge, Dave Crouchley and Murray Willans 2008 Published by Department of Conservation PO Box 743 Invercargill, New Zealand Publ.info. Cover: Mount Clerke Bivvy, Resolution Island, Fiordland National Park Photo: Pete Kirkman, DOC © Copyright 2008, New Zealand Department of Conservation ISBN 978-0-478-14433-8 (hardcopy) ISBN 978-0-478-14434-5 (web PDF) Te Anau Area Office Internal Report In the interest of forest conservation we support paperless electronic publishing. When printing, recycled paper is used wherever possible. CONTENTS 1.0 Executive Summary 5 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Island description 6 2.2 Threat status 7 2.3 Island classification 7 2.4 Treasury funding for Secretary and Resolution Islands 8 2.5 Key learning points from previous stoat eradication programmes 8 2.6 Programme objectives 9 2.7 Operational objectives 10 3.0 Set-up Phase 11 3.1 Trap lines 11 3.2 Bivvies 14 3.3 Communications 14 3.4 Transportation 14 3.5 Trap design and layout 14 3.5.1 Trap choice 14 3.5.2 Tunnels 15 3.5.3 Tunnel placement 18 4.0 Knockdown Phase 20 4.1 Timing of knockdown 20 4.2 Pre-baiting 20 4.3 Bait type 20 4.4 Trapping 21 4.5 Data collection during knock-down 22 5.0 Maintenance Phase 23 5.1 Managing re-invasion 23 5.2 Timing of trap checks 25 6.0 Monitoring and Programme Evaluation 26 6.1 Result monitoring 26 6.2 Outcome Monitoring 27 7.0 Quarantine Management 28 8.0 Milestones 30 9.0 References 32 10.0 Internal Department of Conservation documents 34 Appendix 1 35 Appendix 2 36 Appendix 3 37 Appendix 4 38 Appendix 5 40 Appendix 6 43 Appendix 7 44 4 Resolution Island Operational Plan: Stoat Eradication 1.0 Executive Summary Resolution Island, including Five Fingers Peninsula, is the largest of the islands on the Fiordland coast, covering 20 860 hectares and rising to 1 069 m and above sea level. -
New Locality Records for Two Species of Protected Weevils, Anagotus Fairburni
Tuhinga 29: 20–34 Copyright © Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa (2018) New locality records for two species of protected weevils, Anagotus fairburni (Brookes, 1932) and Hadramphus stilbocarpae Kuschel, 1971 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), from southern Fiordland, New Zealand Colin M. Miskelly,* Alan J.D. Tennyson** and Colin R. Bishop*** * Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand ([email protected]) ** Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington 6140, New Zealand *** Department of Conservation, PO Box 29, Te Anau 9600, New Zealand ABSTRACT: The flax weevil Anagotus fairburni (Brookes, 1932) and knobbled weevil Hadramphus stilbocarpae Kuschel, 1971 were among the first New Zealand insects to be granted legal protection. Both are large flightless species with narrow host–plant requirements. Their disjunct distributions are probably the result of predation by introduced rodents, with populations of both having apparently been extirpated by ship rats (Rattus rattus) at one documented site (Taukihepa/Big South Cape Island). Within Fiordland, flax weevils were previously known from a single small island in Breaksea Sound, and knobbled weevils had been reported from five outer islands, from Secretary Island south to Resolution Island. We report the presence of both species in Dusky Sound, and flax weevils in Chalky and Preservation Inlets, based on surveys of 134 islands in 2016 and 2017. Signs of flax weevil feeding were recorded on 56 widely scattered islands, with live or dead animals found on seven of these during the limited search time available. A single knobbled weevil was found at night on a small island in the Seal Islands, southwest of Anchor Island. -
4 Days Queenstown Return
Doubtful Sound Cruise Package ITINERARY Day 1: Queenstown—Te Anau 3 nights/ 4 days Collect your rental car from Queenstown Airport and drive to Te Anau—Enjoy an afternoon Glow Worm Queenstown return Cave experience. Overnight Te Anau. Departures from Oct 2020—Apr 2021 Day 2: Te Anau - Manapouri - Doubtful Sound Some dates have limited availability Drive to Manapouri for your midday boat transfer across the lake to connect with a coach transfer over The Wilmot Pass to Deep Cove. Embark Fiordland From NZ$1099 per person, share twin Navigator for your overnight cruise. (B, D) Single Supplement: From NZ$549 pp Day 3: Doubtful Sound Discover the breath-taking, pristine wilderness scenery of Doubtful Morning onboard Fiordland Navigator. Return transfer to Manapouri, and drive to Queenstown. Sound deep in the heart of Fiordland National Park. Reconnect with Gondola and Skyline dinner. Overnight in Queens- nature, beautiful in any weather, and feel the silence. The fiord is long town (B,L,D) and wide and an overnight cruise is a great way to experience some of New Zealand’s most stunning scenery. Day 4: Te Anau - Queenstown Check out of the hotel drop off car at the Airport. (B) PACKAGE INCLUSIONS: • Car rental – Queenstown return, 4 days, unlimited kilometres, standard insurance • 1-nights accommodation Te Anau with cooked breakfast • Te Anau Glow Worm Caves excursion • Complimentary car parking at Manapouri. • Boat & Coach transfer—Lake Manapouri and Wilmot Pass • Doubtful Sound Overnight cruise aboard Fiordland Navigator: Private cabin with ensuite bathroom facilities Buffet Breakfast, lunch and 3 course dinner onboard cruise. -
Beneath the Reflections
Beneath the Reflections A user’s guide to the Fiordland (Te Moana o Atawhenua) Marine Area Acknowledgements This guide was prepared by the Fiordland Marine Guardians, the Ministry for the Environment, the Ministry for Primary Industries (formerly the Ministry of Fisheries and MAF Biosecurity New Zealand), the Department of Conservation, and Environment Southland. This guide would not have been possible without the assistance of a great many people who provided information, advice and photos. To each and everyone one of you we offer our sincere gratitude. We formally acknowledge Fiordland Cinema for the scenes from the film Ata Whenua and Land Information New Zealand for supplying navigational charts for generating anchorage maps. Cover photo kindly provided by Destination Fiordland. Credit: J. Vale Disclaimer While reasonable endeavours have been made to ensure this information is accurate and up to date, the New Zealand Government makes no warranty, express or implied, nor assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, correctness, completeness or use of any information that is available or referred to in this publication. The contents of this guide should not be construed as authoritative in any way and may be subject to change without notice. Those using the guide should seek specific and up to date information from an authoritative source in relation to: fishing, navigation, moorings, anchorages and radio communications in and around the fiords. Each page in this guide must be read in conjunction with this disclaimer and any other disclaimer that forms part of it. Those who ignore this disclaimer do so at their own risk. -
Re-Establishing North Island Kākā (Nestor Meridionalis Septentrionalis
Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. Re-establishing North Island kākā (Nestor meridionalis septentrionalis) in New Zealand A thesis presented in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Conservation Biology Massey University Auckland, New Zealand Tineke Joustra 2018 ii For Orlando, Aurora and Nayeli “I don’t want my children to follow in my footsteps, I want them to take the path next to me and go further than I could have ever dreamt possible” Anonymous iii iv Abstract Recently there has been a global increase in concern over the unprecedented loss of biodiversity and how the sixth mass extinction event is mainly due to human activities. Countries such as New Zealand have unique ecosystems which led to the evolution of many endemic species. One such New Zealand species is the kākā (Nestor meridionalis). Historically, kākā abundance has been affected by human activities (kākā were an important food source for Māori and Europeans). Today, introduced mammalian predators are one of the main threats to wild kākā populations. Although widespread and common throughout New Zealand until the 1800’s, kākā populations on the mainland now heavily rely on active conservation management. The main methods of kākā management include pest control and re-establishments. This thesis evaluated current and past commitments to New Zealand species restoration, as well as an analysis of global Psittacine re-establishment efforts. -
Scenic & Nature
FIORDLAND DISCOVERY 7-DAY FIORDLAND / TE WAHIPOUNAMU EXPEDITIONS SCENIC & NATURE The massive glaciers that tore the landscape Seals apart 15,000 years ago left 14 fascinating fiords, Fiordland is home to the New Zealand fur seal the northernmost being the famous Milford Sound, (kekeno). Although almost hunted to extinction in with its narrow valley and steep cliffs, and the the 1800s, New Zealand now boasts approximately southernmost being Dusky Sound, and Chalky and 80,000 fur seals, with a large population found in Preservation Inlets. Dusky Sound. Strictly speaking, a “sound” is formed by a river, Dolphins are frequently seen in the sounds and, on rare occasions, pilot, humpback and Southern Right while a “fiord” is a glacier-formed valley. Fiordland’s whales. Orca have been spotted along the coast and southern fiords are much larger than its northern it is always a special privilege to see these incredible fiords, with mountains and hills complementing their animals. islands and coves. The remote islands in particular have been a real opportunity to establish bird Underwater sanctuaries, such as Anchor Island, which is now Fiordland is home to ten marine reserves. Depending home to the likes of the kakapo and saddleback. on the weather, we may use the ROV to view the Five Fingers Peninsula and Wet Jacket Arm reserves Fiordland receives about 6500mm of rainfall each in Dusky Sound and the Long Sound Reserve at the year, the perfect catalyst for beautiful waterfalls head of the Preservation Inlet. and lush podocarp forest, both abundant in Dusky Sound. This rainfall also creates a freshwater layer The extreme amount of rainfall in the fiords results in a freshwater surface layer that can be as deep on top of the fiords, resulting in a unique marine as seven metres. -
Taxon Plan for Northern and Southern Fiordland Tokoeka (Apteryx Australis Australis)
Taxon plan for northern and southern Fiordland tokoeka (Apteryx australis australis) Strategic plan for the recovery of northern and southern Fiordland tokoeka, for the period 2015–2025 and beyond Hannah Edmonds Cover: Fiordland tokoeka, Apteryx australis. Photo: James T. Reardon ISBN 978–0–478–15040–7 (web PDF) © Copyright June 2015, New Zealand Department of Conservation. This report may be cited as: Edmonds, H. 2015: Taxon plan for northern and southern Fiordland tokoeka (Apteryx australis australis): strategic plan for the recovery of northern and southern Fiordland tokoeka, for the period 2015–2025 and beyond. Department of Conservation, Te Anau. 25 p. In the interest of forest conservation, we support paperless electronic publishing. CONTENTS Preface 2 Executive summary 3 1. Introduction 3 2. Plan term and review date 4 3. Context 4 3.1 Taxonomy 4 3.2 Biology and ecology 5 3.3 Past and present distribution, and population trends 5 3.4 Threat status 6 3.5 Agents of decline and current threats 6 3.6 Past and current management 7 3.6.1 Productivity and chick survival 7 3.6.2 Distribution 8 3.6.3 Offshore islands 8 3.7 Cultural importance 9 3.8 Public awareness, key stakeholders and associates 9 3.9 Preferred option for recovery and recovery principles 9 4. Goals 10 4.1 Long-term recovery goal 10 4.2 Goals for the term of this taxon plan 10 4.2.1 Management 10 4.2.2 Community relations and engagement 10 4.2.3 Research and innovation 10 5. Implementation 11 5.1 Management 11 5.1.1 Topic 1: Taxon plans 11 5.1.2 Topic 2: Best practice 12 -
The Ministry for the Environment Does Not Support Or Endorse the Contents of This Publication in Any Way
The Ministry for the Environment does not support or endorse the contents of this publication in any way. Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy Te Kaupapa Atawhai o Te Moana o Atawhenua Published by: Guardians of Fiordlands’s Fisheries & Marine Environment Inc Tautiaki Ika O Atawhenua Principal Author: Laurel Teirney Citation: Guardians of Fiordlands’s Fisheries & Marine Environment Inc. 2003: Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy (138 Pages) Page 2 Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy June 2003 Published by Guardians of Fiordland’s Fisheries & Marine Environment Inc. www.fiordland-guardians.org.nz June 2003 ISBN 0-478-11904-6 This work is copyright. The copying, adaptation or issuing of this work to the public on a non-profit basis is welcomed. No other use of this work is permitted without the prior consent of the copyright holder. Page 4 Fiordland Marine Conservation Strategy June 2003 Foreword New Zealand and the Southland community have become increasing aware of the issues facing the Fiordland marine environment and the fisheries that exist within that unique ecosystem. The Guardians’ project has provided a multi-interest forum where those involved in the environment and fisheries management of the fiords and surrounding coast have worked together across agency and sector boundaries. The result is amazing both in the output (the various publications including this strategy) and in the strong relationships that will endure into the implementation phase and beyond. There has been a spirit of goodwill and co-operation between tangata whenua, commercial and recreational fishers, tourism operators, environment and community interests. The Ministry of Fisheries, the Department of Conservation, our Council, the Ministry for the Environment including the Sustainable Management Fund, have together provided significant support and encouragement for the Guardians. -
(RMA) in the MATTER Appeal
Court File Reference: ENV-2018-CHC-38 BEFORE THE ENVIRONMENT COURT I MUA I TE KOOTI TAIAO O AOTEAROA UNDER The Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA) IN THE MATTER Appeals under clause 14(1) of the First Schedule of the Act in relation to the Proposed Southland Water and Land Plan BETWEEN MERIDIAN ENERGY LIMITED Appellants AND SOUTHLAND REGIONAL COUNCIL Respondent STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE OF ANDREW BAZEL CONRAD FEIERABEND FOR MERIDIAN ENERGY LIMITED 15 February 2019 Judicial Officers: Judge Borthwick and Judge Hassan Solicitor acting: Counsel acting: Humphrey Tapper Stephen Christensen In-house counsel Project Barrister 287–293 Durham St North PO Box 1251, Dunedin Metro 9054 Christchurch Central P 027 448 2325 Christchurch 8013 [email protected] [email protected] STATEMENT OF EVIDENCE FONTERRA CO-OPERATIVE LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-27) HORTICULTURE NEW ZEALAND (ENV-2018-CHC-28) ARATIATIA LIVESTOCK LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-29) WILKINS FARMING CO (ENV-2018-CHC-30) GORE AND SOUTHLAND DISTRICT COUNCILS, INVERCARGILL CITY COUNCIL (ENV-2018-CHC-31) DAIRYNZ LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-32) H W RICHARDSON GROUP LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-33) BEEF + LAMB NEW ZEALAND (ENV-2018-CHC-34 AND 35) DIRECTOR-GENERAL OF CONSERVATION (ENV-2018-CHC-36) SOUTHLAND FISH & GAME COUNCIL (ENV-2018-CHC-37) MERIDIAN ENERGY LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-38) ALLIANCE GROUP LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-39) FEDERATED FARMERS OF NEW ZEALAND (ENV-2018-CHC-40) HERITAGE NEW ZEALAND POHERE TAONGA (ENV-2018-CHC-41) STONEY CREEK STATION LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-42) THE TERRACES LTD (ENV-2018-CHC-43) CAMPBELL’S BLOCK -
Coleoptera: Curculionidae1
Pacific Insects Monograph 27: 225-259 10 November 1971 ENTOMOLOGY OF THE AUCKLANDS AND OTHER ISLANDS SOUTH OF NEW ZEALAND: COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE1 By G. Kuschel2 Abstract: This is a supplementary report to that published on the Curculionidae from Auckland, Campbell, Antipodes, and Snares Islands (no species are known from Bounty or Macquarie) and is based on some 2000 additional specimens collected during further trips to the islands. The native fauna now contains 17 genera and 35 species belonging to 9 subfamilies; 4 genera (23.53%) and 21 species (60.0%) being endemic. All genera and species have their closest relatives in the New Zealand mainland. A significant fact is that none of the true wood borers, flower dwellers, or leaf miners is endemic, and that the larvae of all the endemic species live either in the soil (76.33%) or in decaying plants (23.67%). Further discussions on the composition of the fauna are presented. The fauna is also compared with that of other cold-temperate areas of the southern hemisphere. Apart from a general key to the genera, separate keys to the species are given for the Aucklands, Campbell, and the Snares. A few nomenclatural changes were necessary after an examination of some type material previously not available. INTRODUCTION Since the last paper on the subantarctic weevil fauna was published (Kuschel 1964) further parties to several islands have obtained some 2000 additional specimens which included four new species. I had the opportunity of participating in trips to Adams I, South of Auckland I, Campbell I, and Antipodes I. My primaiy object was to find out a little more about the environmental con ditions and feeding habits of each species as well as to gather large amounts of leaf litter, swards, mats, and cushion plants for the extraction of the ground and soil fauna, and some wood samples for rearing the wood borers and their associates.