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Canyon National Parks Mitchel P RANGELANOS 11(1), February1989 3 Recreational Pack Stock Managementin Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Mitchel P. McClaran HORSES, MULES, BURROS, AND RECENTLYllamas forests to 6,500 ft; lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and goats, are usedto transportvisitors andtheir supp- dominated forests to 9,500 ft; treeline forests of foxtail lies to backcountry and wilderness areas in the west- pine (P. balfouriana); and alpine fell fields above ern United States.These animals were so synonymous 11,000 ft. Over 200 meadows are scattered along with backcountry travel that Aldo Leopold (1921) drainages and stacked behind glacial moraines and defined the minimum size of wilderness area as a con- debris from 6,000-11,000ft (Fig. 2). Variation in spe- tinuous stretch of country big enough to absorb a cies composition and productivity in these meadowsis 2-week trip with pack stock. Although pack stock use due mainly to elevation effects on growing season has declined inthe past 30years, approximately 11% of length and water table depth (Ratliff 1985). all visitors use stock when visiting wilderness areas (Washburne and Cole 1983). Of particular interest to resource managers is the status of pack stock man- agement in these backcountry areas. The history of pack stockuse and managementin Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks provides an excellent case study to evaluate the application of traditional range management principles in a non-traditional, recrea- tion setting. Sequoia National Park was established in 1890 to protectthe magnificent groves of giant Sequoia trees (Sequoiadendron gigantea), and expanded to its cur- rent boundariesin 1926. Initially, Kings Canyon National Park was withdrawn from the publicdomain as part of the Forest Reserve System in 1891, and in 1940 was transferred to the National Park Service. Although legally separate parks, their proximity logically led to joint administration (Fig. 1). Located in the southern Sierra Nevada, the parks encompass over 850,000 of which acres, 85% is part of the National Wilderness 1. Preservation FIg. Location ofSequoia arid Kings CanyonNational Parks, Cali- System. Both parks are also part of the fornia. Dottedlines are main accessroads; there areno roadsthat United Nations Man and the Biosphere Programme's cross east-westthrough the Parks. International Reserve Biosphere network of outstand- Like other federal land management agencies, the ing protected samplesof the world's major ecosystems. National Park Service attempts to satisfy multiple Backcountry elevations rangefrom 2,000 ft to 14,495 Two that to conflictare at goals. goals appear preserva- ft the crest of Mt. Whitney, the highest point in tion of natural resources and providing recreational conterminous United States. Topography varies from opportunities. Enabling legislation directed the Ser- U-shaped glacial valleys with steep, sheer walls, to vice"to conserve the scenery and the natural and his- subalpinetablelands perched above these valleys, and toric objects and the wild life therein and to provide for massive jumbles of house-sized granite boulders and the of the same in such a manner and that enjoyment by jagged spires pierce the passing clouds. Plant such means as will leave them unimpaired for the communities varyfrom oak woodland and chaparral at enjoyment of future generations" (United StatesCon- lower elevations; mixed conifer and giant Sequoia gress 1916). Park Service regulations permit pack stock to at levelsthat do Author Is with the Division of Range Resources,School of Renewable graze backcountry vegetation Natural Resources, Universityof Arizona,Tucson 85721. not significantly alter native animal and plant popula- The author wishesto thank Paul Fodor and hisstaff ofbackcountry rangers atSequoia and Kings Canyon National Parksfor inspiration and assistance, tions or conflict with otherrecreational uses(National and Audrey Goldsmith forconstructive comments onan earlier draft ofthis article. Photograph by Ansel Adams courtesy of the Trustees of the Ansel Park Service 1988). Adams Publishing Rights Trust. All rights reserved. 4 RANGELANDS11(1), February1989 Natural Resource Plans are developedfor each Park last allotment was closed in 1986 followingthe death of to meet the dual objectives of preservation and visita- an original permittee. tion.Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parksrecent- By the 1930's recreational pack stock use in the lyfinished aStock Use and MeadowManagement Plan entire Sierra Nevada increased significantly, and by as a supplementto the Natural ResourcePlan (Sequoia the 1940's 60 pack stations were in operation with over and Kings Canyon National Park 1986).Theobjectives 3,000 horses and mules for hire (Livermore 1947). The of the plan call for pack stock use to continue at cur- historyof packstock use in Sequoiaand Kings Canyon rent levels, while establishing regulations based on can be traced from the evolution of Sierra Club spon- range managementprinciples to keep stock usewithin sored outings since the turn of the century. the carryingcapacity of the basic natural resources. The Sierra Club sponsored their first annual High Trip in 1901. As many as 250 people spent a month in History of Recreational Pack Stock Use the backcountry, moving camp 1-2 times aweek. More Changes in pack stock use have been influenced by than 100 pack and saddle stock and 15-20 packers increased ecological awareness, new backpacking were commissioned from nearby pack stations to equipment, and changing perspectives of visitors and move commissary and 50 lb of each member's dun- administrators. nage to and from the trailhead and between camps. Recreational pack stock use was initially limited by Most members chose to hike, but some opted to ride, low demand and lack of forage due to sheep and cattle especially over steep terrain. HighTrips were the heart grazing before park establishment. Early park staff and soul of the club; old friendships were renewed, spent much of their time pursuing trespass livestock new ones born, and new members recruited while in and lamenting the lack of feed for recreational stock the Sierran backcountry (Fig. 3). The latter was given users prior to the expansion of Sequoia National Park as the most significant reason to continue the High in 1926. In 1910Superintendent E.S. Wrightnoted that Trip in the face of mounting criticism of the distur- "Tourists in the Kern Countryfind scant feed for their bance to meadowand othernatural resources by such stock; a few thousand head of cattle are driven in every large groups (Brower 1948). year from the south..." (National Park Service 1910). To reduce their impacts, the Sierra Club commissi- Four cattleallotments grandfathered into Kings Canyon oned E.L. Sumnerto evaluateand recommendimprove- National Park limitedforage for pack stock, but by the ments in their backcountry pack stock practices.After late 1950's cattle numbers had been reduced and the forty-two High Trips (no trips were held in 1918, Fig. 2. LowerRangerMead- ow at 8,700 ft in Kings CanyonNational Park isa populardestination for pri- vate pack stock parties. Photographby Michael J. Neuman. RANGELANDS11(1), February1989 5 Fig. 3. A typicalpack stock train crossing BlackRock Passin Sequoiaand Kings CanyonNational Parks. Thisphotograph entitled "High Sierra Pass"was taken byAnsel Adams In 1934. Mr. Adamswas a frequentmember ofearly Sierra Club High Trips. 1942-45),efforts were madeto minimizethe impacts of 1954, and only 10trips were offered in the Sierra Nev- the High Trip by limitingthe trip to 125 peopleand 30lb ada in 1967. By 1981, 20 trips were sponsored, and the of personal dunnage in 1947. Pack animal impact to name was changed to Backpack trips. Thirty-eight the meadowswas alsoreduced by pushing stock into backpack trips were offered in the Sierra Nevada in seldom used areas duringlayovers and using wrangler 1988. horsesto gather the animals when needed. In addition, Currently, over 670 miles of maintained trails pro- a relay system of portage was employed; only neces- vide both the backpacker and pack stock user with sary commissary and personal supplies were trans- excellent opportunities to explore the Sequoia and ported on moving days, and the rest was brought later. Kings Canyon backcountry. Most backcountry travel Groupsize was reduced to 100 in 1967,50 in 1969, and occurs between spring snowmelt and early winter 25 in 1973 beforethe High Tripwas abandonedin 1974. snowfalls.Backpackers greatly outnumberstock users, In 1958, the Sierra Club began offering High Light but this is a recent phenomenon (Fig. 4). Over 10,000 trips that were limited to 15-25 people and 20 lb of recreational pack stocknights per year were recorded dunnage per person. Also, hiking trips with a maxi- in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Park since 1977 mum of 20 burros per party were started in 1938. These (Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks 1986). types of outingsare still sponsored by the Sierra Club. Forty-three percent of these were from 17 commercial In addition, from 1939—1 983, a total of sixteen 2-week pack stations servicing ridingand spot trips (dropping Saddle Trips wereoffered for a maximum of 25 riding supplies to base camps), 28% were private groups enthusiasts per trip. using their own animals, and National Park Service As pack stock trips were being reduced, knapsack trail crews and backcountry rangersaccounted forthe and later backpacking trips without pack stock in- remainder. Currently, less than 5% of all backcountry creased in popularity. Knapsacktrips were initiated in 6 RANGELANDS11(1), February1989 visitors use recreational stock in the parks. facilitate better animal distribution and compliance Freeze-dried food, plastic gear, goose down sleep- with regulations. These improvements included drift ing bags, vibram sole boots, and the aluminum pack fences with trail bars and new trails, signs, maps, and frame enabled backcountry visitors to shun the once guides to lesser known meadows.He also suggested necessarypack animal. However,stock use remainsas closure of some representative meadowsto evaluate a regular backcountry travel method despite the popu- the effects of grazing on meadowvegetation. Unfortu- larity of backpacking (Fig.
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