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The Logic of Violence in Civil War Has Much Less to Do with Collective Emotions, Ideologies, Cultures, Or “Greed and Grievance” Than Currently Believed
P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 This page intentionally left blank ii P1: KAE 0521854091pre CUNY324B/Kalyvas 0 521 85409 1 March 27, 2006 20:2 TheLogic of Violence in Civil War By analytically decoupling war and violence, this book explores the causes and dynamics of violence in civil war. Against prevailing views that such violence is either the product of impenetrable madness or a simple way to achieve strategic objectives, the book demonstrates that the logic of violence in civil war has much less to do with collective emotions, ideologies, cultures, or “greed and grievance” than currently believed. Stathis Kalyvas distinguishes between indis- criminate and selective violence and specifies a novel theory of selective violence: it is jointly produced by political actors seeking information and indi- vidual noncombatants trying to avoid the worst but also grabbing what oppor- tunities their predicament affords them. Violence is not a simple reflection of the optimal strategy of its users; its profoundly interactive character defeats sim- ple maximization logics while producing surprising outcomes, such as relative nonviolence in the “frontlines” of civil war. Civil war offers irresistible opportu- nities to those who are not naturally bloodthirsty and abhor direct involvement in violence. The manipulation of political organizations by local actors wishing to harm their rivals signals a process of privatization of political violence rather than the more commonly thought politicization of private life. Seen from this perspective, violence is a process taking place because of human aversion rather than a predisposition toward homicidal violence, which helps explain the para- dox of the explosion of violence in social contexts characterized by high levels of interpersonal contact, exchange, and even trust. -
Rule by the Few in the Federalist Papers: an Examination of the Aristocratic Preference of Publius
Br. J. Am. Leg. Studies 10(2) (2021), DOI: 10.2478/bjals-2020-0020 Rule by the Few in the Federalist Papers: An Examination of the Aristocratic Preference of Publius Carl M. Felice IV.* ABSTRACT The Federalist Papers are a set of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay during the founding era of the United States, with the purpose of persuading the states to adopt the Constitution as the replacement for the Articles of Confederation. The Papers were some of the most impressive political writings of the time, and are still cited frequently today by the United States Supreme Court. The arguments set forth in the Papers attempted to defend the Constitution’s aristocratic characteristics against its opponents, the Anti-Federalists, while also attempting to normalize an anti-democratic, representative form of government in the minds of the American people. The clever advocacy and skillful rhetoric employed by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay led to the eventual ratification of the Constitution, and consequently the creation of the most powerful and prosperous nation on the planet. This paper examines the differences between the traditional forms of government, the political philosophies of the Papers’ authors, the anti-democratic, aristocratic nature of the government proposed by the Constitution, and the arguments for and against its adoption, as articulated in the Papers and various other writings. KEYWORDS Federalist Papers, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, Aristocracy, Constitution CONTENTS I. Introduction .....................................................................................219 II. Classic Conceptions of Government ............................................219 A. Government as Conceived by Aristotle ........................................219 B. Government as Conceived by Montesquieu .................................222 III. -
Political Corruption and Intellectual Activism in Henrik Ibsen's an Enemy of the People
Political Corruption and Intellectual Activism in Henrik Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People Paméssou WALLA∗ University of Lomé, Togo Résumé – Le présent article traite des problèmes liés à la corruption politique et de l’engagement de l’élite intellectuele en matière de la politique. La politique étant définie comme la gestion des affaires de la cité n’est pas toujours sans reproche pour ceux qui l’exercent. La politique loin d’être une lutte pour la cause commune se veut une guerre d’intérêts souvent égoïstes. L’homme politique pour la plupart du temps veut satisfaire ses propres egos au lieu du bien être commun. Pour cela, il met tous les moyens en place pour aboutir ; parmi les stratégies dont il fait usage l’on peut noter la manipulation de la presse, de la conscience des masses et l’exercice de l’opportunisme, c’est-à-dire profiter des failles, exploiter des occasions inattendues à ses propres fins. Par conséquent, cet article vise à montrer comment un intellectuel engagé dans la politique, peut inverser la tendance en jouant un rôle déterminant dans la gestion saine des affaires de la cité victime de manipulation politique. Key Words: politics, corruption, opportunism, manipulation and intellectual activism. 1. Introduction Politics as the science of government is critically fundamental to all human societies. However, it important to know that there are both good and bad politics. Bad politics is concerned with politics based on individual welfare whereas good politics aims at boosting the public life standards. Good politics leads to good governance and the advantages entitled to it are not to be overlooked. -
The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey Has Noted
The Price of Revolution 13 The Price of Revolution Alison Patrick As Patrice Gueniffey has noted, interest in the Terror as a French revolutionary phenomenon has waxed and waned, but has never disappeared, though focus and emphasis have changed from time to time. In preparation for the French 1789 bicentennial, Mitterand decided that France, unlike the United States, would not treat its revolutionary decade as a serial story, but would celebrate national liberation in a lump, with Chinese students wheeling empty bicycles at the head of the Bastille Day procession as a reminder that some countries had not yet caught up. This decision made it possible to avoid divisive areas, freeing the heirs of the Revolution to commemorate whatever they chose, but outside Paris, foreign visitors might find themselves puzzled by the range of local traditions which presumably shaped the festivities. (Exactly why did the Arles school children produce an exhibition of émigré biographies?) It would at least seem from the size and complexity of Gueniffey’s book that re-visits to the Terror are likely to continue.1 One realizes with surprise that one part of the story has still not had much attention. The normal focus has been on the development of Terror as an instrument of government policy, on the numbers and character of those affected by it, and on the crisis of Thermidor and its sequel. Gueniffey has a good deal about the political maneuvers that culminated in the events of Prairial, placing Robespierre in the centre of the stage, and the Thermidorians naturally get their share of notice. -
French Revolution Political Freedom!
French Revolution Part 2: Political Freedom! Part 2: Political Freedom! Objective: Understand what political freedom is. Determine what the right balance is between security and freedom. Assessment Goals: (Learning Target 1,2,3,6,7): Identify the changes in government and rights of people throughout the revolution. Determine when you believe people were the most free. Explain and defend using primary and secondary source evidence. ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ A: Initial Revolutionary Movements _____________________________________________ Estates General Tennis Court Oath Storming of the Bastille http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/french-revolution/source-2/ ‘The London Gazette’ – Saturday 18 July – Tuesday 21 July, 1789 (ZJ 1/85 Transcript In the Evening a Detachment with Two Pieces of Cannon went to the Bastile, to demand the Ammunition deposited there. A Flag of Truce had been sent before them, which was answered from within; But nevertheless, the Governor (the Marquis de Launay) ordered the Guard to fire, and several were killed. The Populace, enraged at this Proceeding, rushed forward to the Assault, when the Governor agreed to admit a certain Number, on Condition that they should not commit any Violence. A Detachment of about Forty accordingly passed the Drawbridge, which was instantly drawn up, and the whole Party massacred. This Breach of Faith, aggravated by so glaring an instance of Inhumanity, naturally excited a Spirit of revenge and Tumult not to be appeased. A Breach was soon made in the Gate, and the Fortress surrendered. The Governor, the principal Gunner, the Jailer, and Two old Invalids, who had been noticed as being more active than the Rest, were seized, and carried before the Council assembled at the Hotel de Ville, by whom the Marquis de Launay was sentenced to be beheaded, which was accordingly put in Execution at the Place de Grêve, and the other Prisoners were also put to Death. -
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Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 543 Proceedings of the 2021 6th International Conference on Social Sciences and Economic Development (ICSSED 2021) From Glory to Darkness-the Tragedy Faith of the French Revolution The Book Review of The Gods Will Have Blood Peixia Yu China agriculture university Beijing, China [email protected] ABSTRACT Through the text analysis of Anatole France's "terror of the French Revolution" and the novel the gods will have blood, as well as the concrete performance of terror of the French Revolution, this paper studies the historical, economic, social and accidental factors that lead to the historical tragedy. Keywords: French Revolution, factors, historical 1. INTRODUCTION express the fatalism of the Terror of the French Revolution, he used a creepy cyclic structure. It seems Anatole France’s historical novel The Gods Will that after Robespierre's death, the sun light returned to Have Blood is a very good example to study the history this country. However, with the development of the last and the silhouette of social life during the period after the two chapters, an atmosphere similar to that of the France Revolution. In fact, the corruption of the French previous chapter quietly enveloped the article. Whether it Revolution from 1792 was not only an incident but also a is the "happy and excited" crowd watching the execution, fate. It was a trial-and-error approach to the ultimate the modified critical painting in the window of the print ideals of the French revolution, led astray by the shop, or the cry "Down with the Marat [2]" in the theater, remnants of centuries of monarchy and the over-radical the sunny Paris is drawn into the shadow of the Paris of Jacobins. -
One in Search of a Lost Archipelago
Copyrighted Material ONE in search of a Lost Archipelago C’est sortir de l’humanité que de sortir du milieu; la grandeur de l’âme humaine consiste à savoir s’y tenir. —Pascal The Many Faces of Moderation Almost three centuries ago, Montesquieu claimed that human beings tend to accommodate themselves better to middles than to extremities.1 Remember- ing the twentieth-century Gulag and the other concentration camps would be enough, however, to make us question the power and influence of mod- eration over human passions. If anything, the last century has confirmed John Adams’ warning that, “without the great political virtues of humility, patience, and moderation . every man in power becomes a ravenous beast of prey.”2 Nonetheless, it is difficult to be passionate about moderation, a complex and difficult virtue, with a discreet and sometimes obsolete charm, which is unlikely to appeal to everyone. It is, moreover, equally hard to act like a moderate, for moderates are often marginalized, derided, ignored, or simply forgotten, while moderation itself is “stigmatized as the virtue of cowards and compromise as the prudence of traitors.”3 As such, moderation is bound to be a contested concept reflecting the ambiguity of our moral and political vocabulary. “With a subject of this sort,” Harry Clor has recently remarked, “one does not prove things, yet one can make arguments more or less rationally defensible in light of perva- sive experiences. This is an arena in which moral absolutes are very hard to come by.”4 The difficulty of agreeing on a definition of moderation is re- flected in the wide range of views on its ethical, institutional, and political dimensions, as well as in the fact that moderation may not be suitable to all circumstances. -
Fair Shares for All
FAIR SHARES FOR ALL JACOBIN EGALITARIANISM IN PRACT ICE JEAN-PIERRE GROSS This study explores the egalitarian policies pursued in the provinces during the radical phase of the French Revolution, but moves away from the habit of looking at such issues in terms of the Terror alone. It challenges revisionist readings of Jacobinism that dwell on its totalitarian potential or portray it as dangerously Utopian. The mainstream Jacobin agenda held out the promise of 'fair shares' and equal opportunities for all in a private-ownership market economy. It sought to achieve social justice without jeopardising human rights and tended thus to complement, rather than undermine, the liberal, individualist programme of the Revolution. The book stresses the relevance of the 'Enlightenment legacy', the close affinities between Girondins and Montagnards, the key role played by many lesser-known figures and the moral ascendancy of Robespierre. It reassesses the basic social and economic issues at stake in the Revolution, which cannot be adequately understood solely in terms of political discourse. Past and Present Publications Fair shares for all Past and Present Publications General Editor: JOANNA INNES, Somerville College, Oxford Past and Present Publications comprise books similar in character to the articles in the journal Past and Present. Whether the volumes in the series are collections of essays - some previously published, others new studies - or mono- graphs, they encompass a wide variety of scholarly and original works primarily concerned with social, economic and cultural changes, and their causes and consequences. They will appeal to both specialists and non-specialists and will endeavour to communicate the results of historical and allied research in readable and lively form. -
English Language and Literature (ENGL) 1 English Language and Literature (ENGL)
English Language and Literature (ENGL) 1 English Language and Literature (ENGL) * ENGL 005b / AFAM 013b, Counterarchives: Black Historical Fictions Elleza Kelley While historical records have long been the source from which we draw our picture of the past, it is with literature and art that we attempt to speculatively work out that which falls between the cracks of conventional archival documentation, that which cannot be contained by historical record—emotion, gesture, the sensory, the sonic, the inner life, the aerlife, the neglected and erased. This course examines how contemporary black writers have imagined and attempted to represent black life from the late 17th to the early 20th centuries, asking what fiction can tell us about history. Reading these works as alternative archives, or “counterarchives,” which index the excess and fugitive material of black histories in the Americas, we probe the uses, limits, and revelations of historical fictions, from the experimental and realist novel, to works of poetry and drama. Drawing on the work of various interdisciplinary scholars, we use these historical fictions to explore and enter into urgent and ongoing conversations around black life & death, African-American history & memory, black aesthetics, and the problem of “The Archive.” Enrollment limited to first-year students. Preregistration required; see under First-Year Seminar Program. HU * ENGL 006a / AFAM 017a, Black Nature: African American Nature Writing Jonathan Howard What stories do we tell about nature? How are the stories we are able to tell about nature informed by race? And how do these stories shape our understanding of what it means to be human? In contrast to a largely white tradition of nature writing that assumes a superior position outside of Nature, this course undertakes a broad survey of African American nature writing. -
Reign of Terror Lesson Plan Central Historical Question
Reign of Terror Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Was the main goal of the Committee of Public Safety to “protect the Revolution from its enemies”? Materials: • Copies of Timeline – Key Events of the French Revolution • Copies of Reign of Terror Textbook Excerpt • Copies of Documents A and B • Copies of Reign of Terror Guiding Questions Plan of Instruction: [NOTE: This lesson focuses on the Reign of Terror, the radical phase of the French Revolution that began in 1793. Students should be familiar with the general events of the French Revolution before participating in this lesson.] 1. Introduction: Hand out French Revolution Timeline. Read the paragraph on top together as a class. Use the timeline to review key events of the French Revolution leading up to the Reign of Terror. As you review these key events, you may want to emphasize the following: [Note: The timeline attempts to illustrate the increasing radicalization of the revolution between 1789 and 1792 by depicting the various governments that preceded the Committee of Public Safety. The main takeaway for students is that many people vied for power during the revolution; it was not a single, monolithic effort. The timeline does NOT attempt to tell the story of the Revolution, and in fact, does not include key events, such as the September Massacres, the king’s attempt to flee, etc.]. o The French Revolution began in 1789 (students should be familiar with the grievances of the Third Estate, storming of the Bastille, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen). o Students should understand that the first phase of the French Revolution abolished the system of feudalism. -
HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848
University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Syllabi Course Syllabi Summer 6-2016 HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848 Linda S. Frey University of Montana - Missoula, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Frey, Linda S., "HSTR 352.01: French Revolution 1789-1848" (2016). Syllabi. 4242. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/syllabi/4242 This Syllabus is brought to you for free and open access by the Course Syllabi at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Syllabi by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Summer 2016 Prof. Frey FRENCH REVOLUTION Required Reading Wright, France in Modern Times Tocqueville, The Old Regime and the French Revolution Palmer, Twelve Who Ruled Rowe, “Civilians and Warfare during the French Revolutionary Wars.” (reserve) Holtman, The Napoleonic Revolution Walter, Diary of a Napoleonic Soldier Supplementary readings are available at the reserve desk at the Mansfield Library. Exams This class is only offered for a traditional grade. Midterm (tentative date June 8) will cover Wright pp. 3-56, Tocqueville, Rowe, Palmer, and readings on reserve. Final will cover Wright, pp. 57-122, Holtman, and Walter, and readings on reserve. Papers are due June 13 at the beginning of the class hour. No electronic submissions will be accepted. LATE PAPERS WILL NOT BE ACCEPTED. Length: 5-7 pages double spaced. Style: Chicago Manual of Style, Footnotes. All papers should be submitted with the usual scholarly apparatus, that is, title page, footnotes, and bibliography. -
Ibsen's an Enemy of the People
Scandinavica Vol 56 No 2 2017 Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People: An Inter-sociocultural Perspective Mitsuya Mori Professor Emeritus, Seijo University Abstract Ibsen’s An Enemy of the People is frequently performed worldwide today. Its popularity must be due to the relevance of the problems depicted therein to the current global context, such as extreme individualism, democracy vs. mobocracy, environmental pollution, manipulation of information, and the conservative education system. An Enemy of the People was the first Ibsen play to be staged in Japan, although it was adapted for the Japanese setting. At the time of its staging, it reflected the then much-debated issue of copper mine pollution in central Japan. Norway and Japan underwent similar processes of modernization in the second half of the nineteenth century, although with a certain time lag. Therefore, in order to properly appreciate An Enemy of the People today, this article examines the play from an inter-sociocultural perspective. Adopting this perspective allows us to demonstrate the continued relevance of Ibsen to our post-modern world. Keywords Ibsen, An Enemy of the People, Ibsen in Japan, environmental pollution, inter-sociocultural perspective 26 Scandinavica Vol 56 No 2 2017 An Enemy of the People is one of the least performed plays of Henrik Ibsen’s mature œuvre (Andersen 1995: 150), most likely because, after The Pillars of Society, it is the least regarded of Ibsen’s realistic plays. In contrast to his other plays, there is no complex psycho- logical investigation of characters or their relationships, nor is there any demonstration of complicated conflicts between characters.