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Measurements and Data Analysis in Relation to the “Ionospektroskop©”

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Measurements and Data Analysis in Relation to the “Ionospektroskop©” Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt, Institut für Geodäsie und Geoinformationstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin Measurements and Data Analysis in Relation to the “Ionospektroskop©” vorgelegt von M.Sc. Hui Tang aus Kashgar (Xinjiang, VR China) von der Fakultät VI – Planen Bauen Umwelt der Technischen Universität Berlin zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktorin der Ingenieurwissenschaften - Dr.-Ing. - genehmigte Dissertation Promotionsausschuss: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank Neitzel Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Harald Schuh Gutachter: Prof. Dr. rer. nat Erwin Sedlmayr (FK II) Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Stahl (RWTH Aachen) Tag der wissenschaftlichen Aussprache: 10. December 2014 Berlin 2015 D 83 Declaration by Candidate Declaration I hereby declare that this dissertation is my original work and effort and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration with others. Where other sources of information have been used, they have been mentioned in the text. Hiermit erkläre ich an Eides statt, dass ich die Dissertation selbständig verfasst habe; die von mir benutzten Hilfsmittel und Quellen sind aufgeführt und die Arbeit ist nicht in Zusammenarbeit mit anderen Wissenschaftlern oder Wissenschaftlerinnen erstellt worden. Signature: Date: ............................................... ................................................ 2 Table of contents Table of contents Abstract Acknowledgement List of Figures List of Tables 1 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 Motivation ................................................................................................................ 11 1.2 Research Objectives ................................................................................................. 13 1.3 Scope and Structure of the Present Work................................................................. 15 2 Fundamentals .................................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Upper Atmosphere of the Earth ............................................................................... 20 2.1.1 Atmosphere of the Earth in General..................................................................... 20 2.1.2 Ionosphere as a Plasma ........................................................................................ 22 2.1.3 Magnetosphere ..................................................................................................... 33 2.2 Fundamentals of Signal Analysis............................................................................. 36 2.2.1 Signals and its characteristics............................................................................... 36 2.2.2 Signal in Time Domain and Frequency Domain.................................................. 40 2.2.3 Signal Analysis Basics ......................................................................................... 40 3 Data Analysis Concept...................................................................................................... 47 3.1 Data and Its Properties ............................................................................................. 47 3.2 Data Analysis Considered as a Process.................................................................... 48 3.3 Consideration for the Experimental Design............................................................. 51 4 Experiments based on Ionospektroskop............................................................................ 53 4.1 Ionospektroskop ....................................................................................................... 53 4.1.1 Ionosphere in view of our Experiments ............................................................... 53 4.1.2 Structural Example of the Ionospektroskop......................................................... 54 4.2 Associated Considerations for Measurements and Data Analysis........................... 57 4.2.1 Principal Arrangement of Measuring System ...................................................... 57 4.2.2 Laboratory safety.................................................................................................. 58 4.2.3 General Consideration for the Process of the Measurements .............................. 59 4.2.4 Data Collection in this Work................................................................................ 61 4.2.5 General Consideration of the Data Analysis Method........................................... 62 4.3 Performed Experiments using Ionospektroskop ...................................................... 65 4.3.1 Overview of Performed Experiments in this Work.............................................. 65 4.3.2 Experiment: Plasma Generation........................................................................... 66 4.3.3 Experiment: Checking Experimental Environment ............................................. 74 4.3.4 Experiment: Floating Potential Measurements .................................................... 84 4.3.5 Experiment: Rogowski based Coil Measurements............................................. 111 4.3.6 Reviewing Understanding from the Measuring Results .................................... 125 5 Trial Measurement: Bounce Motion Measurement ........................................................ 132 5.1 Objective ................................................................................................................ 132 3 5.2 Background of the Bounce Motion ........................................................................ 132 5.2.1 Dipole Magnetic Field........................................................................................ 133 5.2.2 Bounce Motion................................................................................................... 135 5.3 Trial Observation of the Bounce Motion Signals................................................... 137 5.3.1 Technical Background of the New High-inductive Detector............................. 137 5.3.2 Measuring Method “difference spectra” ............................................................ 139 5.3.3 Calibration of the Measuring System................................................................. 140 5.3.4 Selected Devices................................................................................................ 140 5.3.5 Measurement Setup............................................................................................ 141 5.3.6 Measuring Results and Discussion..................................................................... 143 6 Conclusion and Outlook................................................................................................. 152 6.1.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 152 6.1.2 Outlook............................................................................................................... 155 References Appendix I Programs to Display and Compare the Measuring Results Appendix II Pretest for the Clamp-On Ammeter Appendix III Pretest for the Applied Probes 4 Abstract The ionosphere is a part of the atmosphere. Its existence mainly depends on the solar radiation; because of the presence of electrically charged particles in the ionosphere, it gets conductible. The ionosphere contains different ionized regions (D region, E region, F1 and F2 region). Each region has its own properties and shows distinct influence on the entering radio signals. The importance of the ionosphere for our modern society is represented by its utilization for communication systems, such as its meaningful application for our radio communication system. The ionosphere can reflect the radio signals under appropriate conditions. By using repeated ionospheric reflections, this enables radio communication over long distances. In other words, a long-distance signal propagation gets possible through the multiple hops between ionosphere and ground. Furthermore, the effect of the ionosphere on satellite communications and navigation systems is also very noticeable. At the same time, ionosphere has a dynamic and direct response to solar activities. Studying the ionosphere is helpful to better understand the interaction between the Sun and the Earth. For studying the ionosphere, there are different kinds of techniques. They can be mainly categorized into ground-based measurements (such as Ionosonde, incoherent scatter radar, etc.) and spaced-based measurements (such as beacons, in situ experiments, etc.). These measurement techniques provide valuable information about the ionosphere. However, due to the patches of ionization in the ionosphere being irregular, as a consequence, ionosphere is greatly variable and quite random in its effects. The ionosphere could be considered as a very complex system which can be described by means of many interconnected variables or parameters such as temperature, density, chemical composition, currents and so on. Under a reproducible situation, it is possible to closely study and understand more ionospheric properties and behaviors as well as the interaction between the ionospheric parameters. In the present case, a project called “Ionospektroskop” is undertaken. Ionospektroskop itself is thought of as a new measuring arrangement (or system) that provides a laboratory partial simulation of the ionosphere surrounding; it has to handle the
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