Indian Journal of Geo Marine Sciences Vol. 49 (05), May 2020, pp. 774-789

Supplementary Data

Trophic network and food web characteristics in a tropical monsoonal estuary: A comparison with other estuarine systems

G B Sreekanth*,a, S K Chakrabortyb, A K Jaiswarb, P U Zachariac, K S Mohamedc & P Francourd aICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research Institute, Old Goa, Goa – 403 402, India bICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, Maharashtra – 400 061, India cICAR-Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, Kerala – 682 018, India dUniversité Côte d'Azur, CNRS, ECOMERS – 06108, France *[E-mail: [email protected]]

Sr. No Contents Page No. 1 Table S1 — The taxonomic information of fish and shellfish species caught from Zuari estuary and their ii corresponding ecological groups 2 Table S2 — Pedigree index estimates of Zuari model vi 3 Table S3 — The information on other production (t km-2 year-1) for various ecological groups (IM: immigration, vi EM: emigration and BA: biomass accumulation) 4 Table S4 — Possible values for ecosystem indices represent the maturity status of an ecosystem vii 5 Table S5 — Estimates of total ascendency (A/C: t km-2 year-1), system overhead (SO: t km-2 year-1) vii

ii INDIAN J GEO-MAR SCI, VOL 49, NO 05, MAY 2020

Table S1 — The taxonomic information of fish and shellfish species caught from Zuari estuary and their corresponding ecological groups Group Family Species Ecological group Golden anchovies Engraulidae Coilia dussumieri Clupeids and anchovies Whitebaits Engraulidae Encrasicholina devisi Clupeids and anchovies Whitebaits Engraulidae Stolephorus indicus Clupeids and anchovies Whitebaits Engraulidae S. commersonii Clupeids and anchovies Gobies Gobiidae Acentrogobius nebulosus Benthic omnivores Gobies Gobiidae Istigobius diadema Benthic omnivores Gobies Gobiidae Trypauchen vaginalis Benthic omnivores Soles Paralichthyidae Pseudorhombhus arsius Benthic omnivores Soles Paralichthyidae P. triocellatus Benthic omnivores Soles Soleidae Brachirus orientalis Benthic omnivores Soles Soleidae Solea stanalandi Benthic omnivores Soles Soleidae Synaptura commersonnii Benthic omnivores Tongue soles Cynoglossidae Cynoglossus dispar Benthic omnivores Tongue soles Cynoglossidae C. puncticeps Benthic omnivores Tongue soles Cynoglossidae C. macrolepidotus Benthic omnivores Tongue soles Cynoglossidae Paraplagusia bilineata Benthic omnivores Cephalopods Loliginidae Loliolus hardwickeii Cephalopods Cephalopods Loliginidae Uroteuthis duvaucelli Cephalopods Cephalopods Octopodidae Octopus dolfusi Cephalopods Cephalopods Sepiidae Sepiella inermis Cephalopods Bony breams Clupeidae Anodontostoma chacunda Clupeids and anchovies Bony breams Clupeidae Nematalosa nasus Clupeids and anchovies Long finned herring Pristigasteridae Opisthopterus tardoore Clupeids and anchovies Moustached anchovies Engraulidae Thryssa hamiltonii Clupeids and anchovies Moustached anchovies Engraulidae T. mystax Clupeids and anchovies Moustached anchovies Engraulidae T. setirostris Clupeids and anchovies Moustached anchovies Engraulidae T malabarica Clupeids and anchovies Rainbow sardine Dussumieriidae Dussumieria acuta Clupeids and anchovies Sardines Clupeidae Sardinella gibbosa Clupeids and anchovies Sardines Clupeidae S. longiceps Clupeids and anchovies Sardines Clupeidae S. albella Clupeids and anchovies Shads Clupeidae Tenualosa toli Clupeids and anchovies Shads Pristigasteridae Ilisha megaloptera Clupeids and anchovies Shads Pristigasteridae I. melastoma Clupeids and anchovies Shads Pristigasteridae I. filigera Clupeids and anchovies Shads Pristigasteridae Pellona sp. Clupeids and anchovies White sardine Clupeidae Escualosa thoracata Clupeids and anchovies Crabs Matutidae Matuta lunaris Crabs Crabs Portunidae Charybdis feriatus Crabs Crabs Portunidae C. lucifera Crabs Crabs Portunidae C. natator Crabs Crabs Portunidae Portunus pelagicus Crabs Crabs Portunidae P. sanguinolentus Crabs Crabs Portunidae Scylla tranquebarica Crabs Crabs Portunidae S. serrata Crabs Bivalves Arcidae Anadara formosa Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Arcidae Scapharca pilula Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Arcidae Tegillarca granosa Heterotrophic benthos SREEKANTH et al.: TROPHIC MODEL FOR INDIAN MONSOONAL ESTUARY iii

Bivalves Cardiidae Cardium asiaticum Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Corbiculidae Villorita cyprinoides Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Donacidae Donax scortum Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Donacidae D. variabilis Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Mactridae Spisula voyi Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Mytilidae Perna viridis Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Ostreidae Crassostrea madrasensis Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Ostreidae Saccostrea cuculata Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Placunidae Placuna placenta Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Tellinidae Serratina capsoides Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae Dosinia prostrate Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae Marcia opima Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae Meretrix casta Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae M. metretrix Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae Paphia malabarica Heterotrophic benthos Bivalves Veneridae P. textile Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Babyloniidae Babylonia spirata Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Bursidae Bursa tuberculata Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Melongenidae Hemifusus pugilinus Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Nassariidae Nassarius stolatus Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Naticidae Natica picta Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Naticidae Natica sp. Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Neritidae Nerita crepidularia Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Potamididae Cerithideopsilla cingulata Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Potamididae Telescopium telescopium Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Rostellariidae Tibia curta Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Trochidae Trochusradiatus Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Trochidae Umboniumvestiarium Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Turbinidae Turbo brunneus Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Turritellidae Turritella duplicata Heterotrophic benthos Gastropods Turritellidae T. terebra Heterotrophic benthos Asian seabass Latidae Lates calcarfier Large benthic carnivores Groupers Serranidae Epinephelus areolatus Large benthic carnivores Groupers Serranidae E. coioides Large benthic carnivores Groupers Serranidae E. diacanthus Large benthic carnivores Groupers Serranidae E. tauvina Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae Lutjanus argentimaculatus Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. indicus Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. ehrenbergii Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. fulvus Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. johni Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. quinquelineatus Large benthic carnivores Snappers Lutjanidae L. russelli Large benthic carnivores Threadfins Polynemidae Eleutheronemate tradactylum Large benthic carnivores Threadfins Polynemidae Leptomelanosoma indicum Large benthic carnivores Threadfins Polynemidae Polynemus heptadactylus Large benthic carnivores Horse mackerel Carangidae Megalaspys cordyla Benthopelagics Ribbonfishes Trichiuridae Lepturacanthus savala Benthopelagics Ribbonfishes Trichiuridae Trichiurus lepturus Benthopelagics Barracudas Sphyraenidae Sphyraena obtusata Large pelagics Barracudas Sphyraenidae S. jello Large pelagics iv INDIAN J GEO-MAR SCI, VOL 49, NO 05, MAY 2020

Seerfishes Scombridae Scomberomorus guttatus Large pelagics Seerfishes Scombridae S. commerson Large pelagics Mackerel Scombridae Rastrelliger kanagurta Mackerel Bamboo sharks Hemiscyllidae Chilloscyllium griseum Medium benthic carnivores Bannerfish Chaetodontidae Heniochus acuminatus Medium benthic carnivores Breams Sparidae Acanthopagrus berda Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae Arius jella Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. maculatus Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. platystomus Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. subrostratus Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. thalassinus Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. venosus Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae A. arius Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae Nemapteryx caelata Medium benthic carnivores Catfishes Ariidae Plicofollis dussumieri Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Dendrophysa russelli Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Johnius belangerii Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae J. dussumieri Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae J. macropterus Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae J. macrorhynus Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Johnieopsborneensis Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae J. sina Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Nibea maculata Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae N. albida Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae N. sp. Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Otolithes argenteus Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae O. cuvieri Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae O. ruber Medium benthic carnivores Croakers Sciaenidae Paranibea semiluctuosa Medium benthic carnivores Dragonet Callionymidae Callionymus erythraeus Medium benthic carnivores Drift fishes Drepanidae Drepane longimana Medium benthic carnivores Drift fishes Drepanidae D. punctata Medium benthic carnivores Eels Muraenesocidae M. cinereus Medium benthic carnivores Eels Muraenesocidae Muraenesox bagio Medium benthic carnivores Eels Muraenesocidae Congresox talabon Medium benthic carnivores Flatheads Platycephalidae Platycephalus indicus Medium benthic carnivores Flatheads Platycephalidae Rogadius pristiger Medium benthic carnivores Grunts Haemulidae Plectorhinchus chubbi Medium benthic carnivores Grunts Haemulidae P. gibbosus Medium benthic carnivores Grunts Haemulidae Pomadasys guoraca Medium benthic carnivores Lizardfish Synodontidae Saurida tumbil Medium benthic carnivores Sand whiting Sillaginidae Sillago sihama Medium benthic carnivores Scat Scatophagidae Scatophagus argus Medium benthic carnivores Tiger perches Terapontidae Pelates quadrilineatus Medium benthic carnivores Tiger perches Terapontidae Terapon Puta Medium benthic carnivores Tiger perches Terapontidae T. theraps Medium benthic carnivores Tiger perches Terapontidae T. jarbua Medium benthic carnivores Wrasse Labridae Halichoeres nigrescens Medium benthic carnivores Full beaks Belonidae Strongylura strongylura Piscivores Halfbeaks Hemiramphidae Hyporamphus dussumieri Piscivores Halfbeaks Hemiramphidae H. limbatus Piscivores SREEKANTH et al.: TROPHIC MODEL FOR INDIAN MONSOONAL ESTUARY v

Halfbeaks Hemiramphidae Hemiramphus lutkei Piscivores Mullets Mugilidae Liza parsia Benthic omnivores Mullets Mugilidae L. tade Benthic omnivores Mullets Mugilidae L. macrolepis Benthic omnivores Mullets Mugilidae Mugil cephalus Benthic omnivores Mullets Mugilidae Moolgarda cunnesius Benthic omnivores Guitarfish Rhinobatidae Glaucostegus granulatus Rays and skates Rays Dasyatidae Himantura fluviatilis Rays and skates Rays Dasyatidae H. imbricata Rays and skates Rays Dasyatidae H. uarnak Rays and skates Rays Myliobatidae Aetobates narinari Rays and skates Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae Fenneropenaeus indicus Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae Marsupenaeus japonicus Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae Metapenaeus dobsonii Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae M. monoceros Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae M. affinis Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae M. brevicornis Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae Parapenaeopsis cornuta Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae P. hardwickii Shrimps Penaeid shrimps Penaeidae P. stylifera Shrimps Stomatopods Squillidae Lysiosquilla sp. Shrimps Stomatopods Squillidae Oratosquilla nepa Shrimps False trevally Lactariidae Lactarius lactarius Small benthic carnivores Glassy perchlets Ambassidae Ambassis urotaenia Small benthic carnivores Glassy perchlets Ambassidae A. gymnocephalus Small benthic carnivores Glassy perchlets Ambassidae A. ambassis Small benthic carnivores Pufferfishes Tetraodontidae Lagocephalus inermis Small benthic carnivores Pufferfishes Tetraodontidae L. wheeleri Small benthic carnivores Pufferfishes Tetraodontidae Tetraodon fluviatilis Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Gazza achlamys Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Gazza minuta Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Leiognathus brevirostris Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae L. daura Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae L. equulus Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae L. splendens Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae L. dussumieri Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Nuchequula blochii Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Photopectoralis bindus Small benthic carnivores Silverbellies Leiognathidae Secutor insidiator Small benthic carnivores Silverbiddies Gerreidae Gerres limbatus Small benthic carnivores Silverbiddies Gerreidae G. longirostris Small benthic carnivores Silverbiddies Gerreidae G. oyena Small benthic carnivores Silverbiddies Gerreidae G. setifer Small benthic carnivores Silverbiddies Gerreidae G. filamentosus Small benthic carnivores Carangids Carangidae Alectis indicus Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae A. ciliaris Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Alepes kalla Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae A. melanoptera Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae A. kleinii Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Atropusa tropos Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Atule mate Benthopelagics vi INDIAN J GEO-MAR SCI, VOL 49, NO 05, MAY 2020

Carangids Carangidae Carangoides praeustus Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Scomberoides commersonianus Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae S. tol Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae S. lysan Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Trachinotus mookalee Benthopelagics Carangids Carangidae Gnathanodon speciosus Benthopelagics Jelllyfish Pelagiidae Chrysaora calliparea Jellyfish Jellyfish Pelagiidae C. budjenkii Jellyfish

Table S2. Pedigree index estimates of Zuari model Parameter Pedigree fixed Index Default CI (+/-%) Biomass Approximate or indirect method 0.5 50 P/B Same group/species, same system 0.6 20 Q/B Empirical relationship 0.5 40 Diet composition Quantitative diet composition 0.6 30 Catches Catch data from landing sites 0.6 20 Ecopath Pedigree Index 0.59 Measure of fit (t*) 3.76

Table S3 — The information on other production (t km-2 year-1) for various ecological groups (IM: immigration, EM: emigration and BA: biomass accumulation). SN Group name IM EM BA 1 BPR 50 50 0 2 SBC 0.12 0.09 0 3 JF 0.5 0.4 0 4 BD 0.0005 0.0005 0 5 DO 0.001 0.001 0 6 LP 0.005 0.003 0 7 RS 0.001 0.001 0 8 CEP 0.2 0.2 0 9 BP 0.1 0.08 0 10 LBC 0.05 0.03 0 11 MBC 0.15 0.09 0 12 PS 0.04 0.06 0 13 MA 0.08 0.06 0 14 CA 0.8 0.8 0 15 CR 0.1 0.05 0 16 SR 0.5 0.3 0 17 BO 0.02 0.01 0 18 HB 2.5 0.5 0 19 SBC 3 0.5 0 20 ZP 2.2 2.2 0 21 PP 20.5 20.5 0 22 DET 150 50 0

SREEKANTH et al.: TROPHIC MODEL FOR INDIAN MONSOONAL ESTUARY vii

Table S4 — Possible values for ecosystem indices represent the maturity status of an ecosystem Parameter Status of ecosystem Early developing Matured Net system production (t km-2 year-1) > 5000 < 5000 Finn's cycling index < 5.0 > 5.0 Mean path length > 5.0 < 5.0 PPR/R > 1 < 1 System omnivory index < 0.5 > 0.5 System overhead > 50% < 50% Relative ascendency (A/C) < 50% > 50%

Table S5 — Estimates of total ascendency (A/C: t km-2 year-1), system overhead (SO: t km-2 year-1) Source A/C AS(%) SO SO (%) Import 181.4 0.3 911.4 1.4 Internal flow 11077 16.9 32244 49.2 Export 10680 16.3 1991 3 Respiration 4202.2 6.4 4137.1 6.3 Total 26141 39.9 39284 60.1