ESTTA770852 09/15/2016 in the UNITED STATES PATENT and TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE the TRADEMARK TRIAL and APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 9

Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA770852 Filing date: 09/15/2016 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 91212582 Party Plaintiff Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Correspondence JILL M PIETRINI Address SHEPPARD MULLIN RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS SUITE 1600 LOS ANGELES, CA 90067-6017 UNITED STATES [email protected], [email protected], jpiet- [email protected], [email protected], mdan- [email protected] Submission Plaintiff's Notice of Reliance Filer's Name Paul A. Bost Filer's e-mail [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Signature /Paul A. Bost/ Date 09/15/2016 Attachments Rebuttal Notice of Reliance with Exhibits_reduced.pdf(4770793 bytes ) Docket No. 29WG-192069

IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD

In re Matter of Application No. 85/760,798

for the mark: GNARLY MARLEY’S Opposition No. 91-212582

Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited, OPPOSER FIFTY-SIX HOPE ROAD

MUSIC LIMITED’S REBUTTAL Opposer, NOTICE OF RELIANCE

Sandal Factory, Inc.,

Applicant.

Pursuant to TBMP § 704, et seq., and 37 C.F.R. §§ 2.122, Opposer Fifty-Six Hope Road

Music Limited (“Opposer”) hereby makes of record in connection with this proceeding the following evidence and registrations:

A. Pleadings and Orders in Board Proceedings

Pursuant to TBMP § 704.03(b)(1)(A) and 37 C.F.R. 2.122(e), Opposer hereby makes of record the following pleadings and orders in Board proceedings by attaching true, correct, and current printouts of each such pleading and order from TTABVUE. These documents are relevant to rebut Applicant Sandal Factory, Inc.’s (“Applicant”) purported evidence of third party use.

i. Exhibit #72. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Ltd. v. Marley Lilly, LLC, Opposition No. 91-211709, Docket No. 23, January 23, 2015 – Applicant Marley Lilly, LLC’s Express Abandonment of the MARLEY LILLY Application With Prejudice.

ii. Exhibit #73. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Ltd. v. Marley Lilly, LLC, Opposition No. 91-211709, Docket No. 24, January 23, 2015 – Board Decision Entering Judgment for Opposer, Sustaining the Opposition, and Refusing Registration of the MARLEY LILLY Application.

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iii. Exhibit #74. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Ltd. v. Island Food & Fun, Inc., Cancellation No. 92-057058, Docket No. 30, April 30, 2015 – Registrant Island Food & Fun, Inc.’s Voluntary Surrender of the MARLEY’S A TASTE OF THE CARIBBEAN & Design Registration.

iv. Exhibit #75. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Ltd. v. Island Food & Fun, Inc., Cancellation No. 92-057058, Docket No. 31, May 4, 2015 – Board Decision Entering Judgment for Petitioner, Granting the Petition to Cancel, and Ordering the Cancellation of the MARLEY’S A TASTE OF THE CARIBBEAN & Design Registration.

v. Exhibit #76. Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Ltd. v. Island Food & Fun, Inc., Cancellation No. 92-057,058, Docket No. 32, May 14, 2015 – Commissioner Order Cancelling the MARLEY’S A TASTE OF THE CARIBBEAN & Design Registration.

B. Registrations Owned by Opposer

Pursuant to TBMP § 704.03(b)(1)(A) and 37 C.F.R. 2.122(d), Opposer hereby makes of record the following registrations owned by Opposer by attaching true, correct, and current printouts of each registration’s TSDR page reflecting both the current status of and title to each such registration. Opposer made of record the applications underlying each of these registrations in its initial notice of reliance. (Docket No. 26.)

Exhibit Trademark Class Reg. No. Filing Status No. Date

77 M MARLEY 25 4,867,765 4/29/14 Registered

78 MARLEY ITAL 30 4,905,272 5/31/11 Registered

79 MARLEY 25 4,918,637 12/10/13 Registered

80 BOB MARLEY 41 4,763,717 10/16/14 Registered

81 ONE LOVE! 41 4,859,913 8/18/08 Registered

C. TSDR Documents

Pursuant to TBMP § 704.07 and 37 C.F.R. 2.122(e), Opposer hereby makes of record the

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following documents in certain application files to register trademarks with the U.S. Patent &

Trademark Office (“PTO”) obtained from the PTO’s TSDR database. These documents are relevant to rebut Applicant’s purported evidence of third party use and registration:

i. Exhibit # 82. David Nesta Marley pka Ziggy Marley’s Response to Office Action in Support of Serial No. 77/752,734 (Reg. No. 4,080,446) to register ZIGGY MARLEY, February 26, 2010.

ii. Exhibit #83. David Nesta Marley’s, Stephen Robert Nesta Marley’s, Julian Ricardo Marley’s, Damien Robert Nesta Marley’s, and Ky-Mani Ronald Marley’s Response to Office Action in Support of Serial No. 77/113,202 (Reg. No. 3,535,883) to register THE MARLEY BROTHERS, November 29, 2007.

iii. Exhibit #84. TSDR page for MARLEY, Reg. No. 925,011, reflecting cancellation of registration on March 11, 2016 “because registrant did not file an acceptable declaration under Section 8.”

iv. Exhibit #85. TSDR page for BANANA MARLEY, Reg. No. 3,739,188, reflecting cancellation of registration on August 26, 2016 “because registrant did not file an acceptable declaration under Section 8.”

D. Internet Printouts

Pursuant to TBMP § 704.08(b), Opposer hereby makes of record the following documents obtained from the internet. These documents are relevant to rebut Applicant’s purported evidence of third party use:

i. Exhibit # 86. Banfi Wines description of wines from France, http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/, accessed and printed on September 14, 2016. [Relevant text highlighted.]

ii. Exhibit #87. Results for Google search of “marley dells wisconsin,” https://www.google.com/webhp?hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwik9puLpY_PAhU URmMKHbiXDxEQPAgD#safe=off&hl=en&q=marley+dells+wisconsin, accessed and printed on September 14, 2016. [Relevant text highlighted.]

iii. Exhibit #88. Wisconsin Dells Events article entitled, “Marley’s ‘reinvents’ itself as Bobber’s with family focus,” http://www.wiscnews.com/wisconsindellsevents/news/local/article_473e6665- 68b8-5d78-863f-87b06c90cd34.html, accessed and printed on September 14, 2016.

iv. Exhibit #89. Website for Bobbers Island Grill,

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http://www.bobbersislandgrill.com/, accessed and printed on September 14, 2016.

v. Exhibit #90. WhoIs search results for , https://who.godaddy.com/whoisstd.aspx?domain=marleysclub.com&prog_id=Go Daddy&k=2ivazjYj8KPWYFdLQ0AU1jj94Ae%2fzXKiTKZx3EZ%2flX2CDZ2r do%20oS0hpWLbF6nQE, accessed and printed on September 14, 2016. [Relevant text highlighted.]

E. Printed Publication

Pursuant to TBMP § 704.08(a), Opposer hereby makes of record the following printed publication. This document is relevant to rebut Applicant’s purported evidence of third party use:

i. Exhibit # 91. Terroir: The Role of Geology, Climate and Culture in the Making of French Wines, by James E. Wilson, University of California Press, 1998, pgs. 3, 82, 89, 96, 101, 104, 112, 128, 137, 138, 144, 148, 149, 152, 155, 213, 215, 245, 249, 250, 267, 269, 280, 282, 296, 306, and 322. [Relevant text highlighted.]

Respectfully submitted,

Dated: September 15, 2016 /s/Jill M. Pietrini Jill M. Pietrini Paul A. Bost SHEPPARD MULLIN RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP 1901 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 1600 Los Angeles, California 90067-6017 Telephone: (310) 228-3700 Facsimile: (310) 228-3701

Attorneys for Opposer Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited

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CERTIFICATE OF ELECTRONIC TRANSMISSION

I hereby certify that this correspondence is being transmitted electronically to Commissioner of Trademarks, Attn: Trademark Trial and Appeal Board through ESTTA pursuant to 37 C.F.R. §2.195(a), on this 15th day of September, 2016.

/s/Paul A. Bost Paul A. Bost

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that this correspondence is being deposited with the United States Postal Service, postage prepaid, first class mail, in an envelope addressed to:

Francisco J. Ferreiro Malloy & Malloy, P.L. 2800 S.W. 3rd Avenue Miami, Florida 33129 on this 15th day of September, 2016.

/s/Brenda Smith Brenda Smith

SMRH:479085657.4

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EXHIBIT 72 Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA646219 Filing date: 12/22/2014 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 91211709 Party Defendant Marley Lilly LLC Correspondence MATTHEW A HOMYK Address BLANK ROME LLP ONE LOGAN SQUARE PHILADELPHIA, PA 19103 UNITED STATES [email protected], [email protected] Submission Withdrawal Of Application Filer's Name Matthew A. Homyk Filer's e-mail [email protected] Signature /matthew homyk/ Date 12/22/2014 Attachments 12469729_1.pdf(60757 bytes ) Exhibit A

IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD

In re Matter ofApplioation No. 85n19,910 for the mark: MARLEY LILLY Opposition No. 91-211709 Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited, EXPRESS ABANDONMENT OF APPLICATION WITH PREJUDICE Opposer,

Marley Lilly, LLC,

Applicant.

Commissioner for Trademarks P.O. Box 1451 Alexandria, VA 22313-1451

Dear Madam:

Applicant Marley Lilly, LLC, by and through its undersigned counsel, expressly abandons its application, bearing Serial No. 85/719,910, to register MARLEY LILLY in

Class 35, with prejudice.

Respectfully submitted,

Dated: De.c&mb.er 2.2, 2DIY ｾ＠ Matthew A. Homy BLANK ROME, One Logan Square 130 N. 18th St. Philadelphia, PA 19103-6998

Attorneys for Applicant Marley Lilly, LLC CERTIFICATE OF MAILING

I hereby certify that this correspondence is being deposited with the United States Postal Service as first class mail in an envelope addressed to: Commissioner for Trademarks, P.O. Box 1451, Alexandria, VA 22313-1451 on this22.tiay of P«:&ncW' , 2014. ｱｮｾｾ＠

ｲｮ｣ｴｾＴｖ＠ｾ - ａＮｾ It-

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that this Express Abandonment of Application With Prejudice is being deposited with the United States Postal Service, postage prepaid, first class mail, in an envelope addressed to: Jill M. Pietrini, Sheppard Mullin Richer Hampton, LLP, 1901 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 1600, Los Angeles, CA 90067-6017, on ｴｨｩｾ､｡ｹ of ｾｴｍｗＬＲＰＱＴＮ＠

SMRH:42322 1667,1

EXHIBIT 73

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Trademark Trial and Appeal Board P.O. Box 1451 Alexandria, VA 22313-1451 General Contact Number: 571-272-8500

lg Mailed: January 23, 2015

Opposition No. 91211709

Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited

Marley Lilly LLC

By the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board:

On December 22, 2014, applicant filed an abandonment of its application

Serial No. 85719910 with prejudice.

Trademark Rule 2.135 provides that if, in an inter partes proceeding, the applicant files an abandonment without the written consent of every adverse party to the proceeding, judgment shall be entered against applicant.

In view thereof, and because opposer's written consent to the abandonment is not of record, judgment is hereby entered against applicant, the opposition is sustained and registration to applicant is refused.

EXHIBIT 74 Trademark Trial and Appeal Board Electronic Filing System. http://estta.uspto.gov ESTTA Tracking number: ESTTA669680 Filing date: 04/30/2015 IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD Proceeding 92057058 Party Defendant Island Food & Fun, Inc. Correspondence ELIZABETH T RUSSELL Address LAW OFFICE 6907 UNIVERSITY AVE # 227 MIDDLETON, WI 53562-2767 UNITED STATES [email protected] Submission Voluntary Surrender Of Registration Filer's Name Elizabeth T Russell Filer's e-mail [email protected], [email protected] Signature /elizabeth russell/ Date 04/30/2015 Attachments voluntary surrender.pdf(62870 bytes ) IN THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE BEFORE THE TRADEMARK TRIAL AND APPEAL BOARD

In re Matter of Application Registration No. 3,225,517 for the mark: MARLEY'S A TASTE Cancellation No. 92057058 OF THE CARIBBEAN & Design REGISTRANT ISLAND FOOD & FUN, INC.’S VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OF REGISTRATION

Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited, Petitioner, vs. Island Food & Fun, Inc., Registrant.

Pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1057(e), 37 C.F.R. § 2.134(a), and TBMP § 602.02(a), Registrant

Island Food & Fun, Inc. (“Registrant”), through its undersigned counsel of record, hereby voluntarily surrenders its registration at issue in this proceeding, namely, Reg. No. 3,225,517.

Respectfully submitted,

/elizabeth t russell/

Attorney for Island Food & Fun, Inc.

Dated: April 30, 2015

The above is my electronic signature, personally entered by me in accordance with the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §2.193(c)

Elizabeth T Russell 6907 University Ave., #227 Middleton, WI 53562 Telephone: 608-826-5007

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

I hereby certify that a true and correct copy of the foregoing VOLUNTARY SURRENDER OF REGISTRATION was served on Petitioner by mailing a copy by First Class Mail, postage prepaid, to Petitioner’s counsel at the following address on this 30th day of April, 2015:

Jill M. Pietrini and Paul Bost SHEPPARD MULLEN RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP 1901 Avenue of the Stars, Suite 1600 Los Angeles, CA 90067-6017

/elizabeth t russell/

The above is my electronic signature, personally entered by me in accordance with the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §2.193(c)

Elizabeth T Russell 6907 University Ave., #227 Middleton, WI 53562 Telephone: 608-826-5007

EXHIBIT 75

UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE Trademark Trial and Appeal Board P.O. Box 1451 Alexandria, VA 22313-1451 General Contact Number: 571-272-8500

mt Mailed: May 4, 2015

Cancellation No. 92057058

FIFTY-SIX HOPE ROAD MUSIC LIMITED

ISLAND FOOD & FUN, INC.

By the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board:

On April 30, 2015, respondent filed a voluntary surrender of its Registration No.

3225517 under Section 7(e) of the Trademark Act.

Trademark Rule 2.134(a) provides that if the respondent in a cancellation proceeding applies for cancellation of the involved registration under Section 7(e) of the Trademark Act without the written consent of every adverse party to the proceeding, judgment shall be entered against respondent.

In view thereof, and because petitioner's written consent to the voluntary surrender is not of record, judgment is entered against respondent, the petition to cancel is granted, and Registration No. 3225517 will be cancelled in due course by the Commissioner for Trademarks.

EXHIBIT 76

EXHIBIT 77 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 14:52:10 EDT Mark: M MARLEY

US Serial Number: 86266502 Application Filing Apr. 29, 2014 Date: US Registration 4867765 Registration Date: Dec. 08, 2015 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Trademark Status: Registered. The registration date is used to determine when post-registration maintenance documents are due. Status Date: Dec. 08, 2015 Publication Date: Apr. 21, 2015 Notice of Jun. 16, 2015 Allowance Date:

Mark Information

Mark Literal M MARLEY Elements: Standard Character No Claim: Mark Drawing 3 - AN ILLUSTRATION DRAWING WHICH INCLUDES WORD(S)/ LETTER(S)/NUMBER(S) Type: Description of The mark consists of a three tiered crown with the letter "M" in the middle, over the word "MARLEY". Mark: Color(s) Claimed: Color is not claimed as a feature of the mark. Design Search 24.11.01 - Crowns closed at the top Code(s): 24.11.02 - Crowns open at the top Related Properties Information

Claimed Ownership 2349361, 4394278 of US Registrations: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

Brackets [..] indicate deleted goods/services; Double parenthesis ((..)) identify any goods/services not claimed in a Section 15 affidavit of incontestability; and Asterisks *..* identify additional (new) wording in the goods/services.

For: Clothing, namely, shirts, T-Shirts, tank tops, bottoms, pants, shorts, dresses, skirts, rompers, one-piece garments for children, sweaters, jackets, swimwear, beach cover-ups, sleepwear, underwear, socks, hats, headwear, headbands, ear muffs, mufflers, gaiters, scarves, gloves, mittens, and belts International 025 - Primary Class U.S Class(es): 022, 039 Class(es): Class Status: ACTIVE Basis: 1(a) First Use: Jun. 2014 Use in Commerce: Jun. 2014 Basis Information (Case Level) Filed Use: No Currently Use: Yes Amended Use: No Filed ITU: Yes Currently ITU: No Amended ITU: No Filed 44D: No Currently 44D: No Amended 44D: No Filed 44E: No Currently 44E: No Amended 44E: No Filed 66A: No Currently 66A: No Filed No Basis: No Currently No Basis: No Current Owner(s) Information

Owner Name: Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Owner Address: Aquamarine House, Cable Beach Nassau BAHAMAS Legal Entity Type: international business company State or Country BAHAMAS Where Organized: Attorney/Correspondence Information

Attorney of Record Attorney Name: Jesse Saivar Docket Number: 54742-00001 Attorney Primary [email protected] Attorney Email Yes Email Address: Authorized: Correspondent Correspondent JESSE SAIVAR Name/Address: GREENBERG GLUSKER FIELDS CLAMAN & MACHTINGER LLP 1900 AVENUE OF THE STARS STE 2100 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90067-4502 UNITED STATES Phone: (310) 553-3610 Fax: (310) 553-0687 Correspondent e- [email protected] jsaivar@greenberg Correspondent e- Yes mail: glusker.com [email protected] mail Authorized: Domestic Representative - Not Found Prosecution History

Proceeding Date Description Number Dec. 08, 2015 REGISTERED-PRINCIPAL REGISTER Nov. 04, 2015 NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE OF STATEMENT OF USE E-MAILED Nov. 03, 2015 ALLOWED PRINCIPAL REGISTER - SOU ACCEPTED Oct. 30, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Oct. 30, 2015 NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Oct. 30, 2015 SU - NON-FINAL ACTION - WRITTEN 74676 Oct. 15, 2015 STATEMENT OF USE PROCESSING COMPLETE 71906 Oct. 06, 2015 USE AMENDMENT FILED 71906 Oct. 14, 2015 CASE ASSIGNED TO INTENT TO USE PARALEGAL 71906 Oct. 06, 2015 TEAS STATEMENT OF USE RECEIVED Jun. 16, 2015 NOA E-MAILED - SOU REQUIRED FROM APPLICANT Apr. 21, 2015 OFFICIAL GAZETTE PUBLICATION CONFIRMATION E-MAILED Apr. 21, 2015 PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION Apr. 01, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF NOTICE OF PUBLICATION E-MAILED Mar. 17, 2015 LAW OFFICE PUBLICATION REVIEW COMPLETED 66213 Mar. 14, 2015 ASSIGNED TO LIE 66213 Feb. 21, 2015 APPROVED FOR PUB - PRINCIPAL REGISTER Feb. 21, 2015 TEAS/EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE ENTERED 88889 Feb. 20, 2015 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 88889 Feb. 20, 2015 TEAS RESPONSE TO OFFICE ACTION RECEIVED Aug. 27, 2014 NOTIFICATION OF NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED 6325 Aug. 27, 2014 NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED 6325 Aug. 27, 2014 NON-FINAL ACTION WRITTEN 74676 Aug. 11, 2014 ASSIGNED TO EXAMINER 74676 May 15, 2014 NOTICE OF DESIGN SEARCH CODE E-MAILED May 14, 2014 NEW APPLICATION OFFICE SUPPLIED DATA ENTERED IN TRAM May 02, 2014 NEW APPLICATION ENTERED IN TRAM TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: PUBLICATION AND ISSUE SECTION Date in Location: Nov. 03, 2015

EXHIBIT 78 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 14:52:37 EDT Mark: MARLEY ITAL

US Serial Number: 85334665 Application Filing Jun. 01, 2011 Date: US Registration 4905272 Registration Date: Feb. 23, 2016 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Trademark Status: Registered. The registration date is used to determine when post-registration maintenance documents are due. Status Date: Feb. 23, 2016 Publication Date: Oct. 30, 2012 Notice of Dec. 25, 2012 Allowance Date:

Mark Information

Mark Literal MARLEY ITAL Elements: Standard Character Yes. The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color. Claim: Mark Drawing 4 - STANDARD CHARACTER MARK Type: Disclaimer: "ITAL" Translation: The English translation of the word "ital" in the mark is "pure". Related Properties Information

Claimed Ownership 3692924, 3778736, 3871574 and others of US Registrations: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

For: Coffee; coffee-based beverages; espresso; espresso-based beverages; tea; tea-based beverages; coffee beans; instant coffee; extracts used as flavoring for coffee and artificial coffee; unroasted coffee and tea; and hot chocolate International 030 - Primary Class U.S Class(es): 046 Class(es): Class Status: ACTIVE Basis: 1(a) First Use: Dec. 21, 2015 Use in Commerce: Dec. 21, 2015 Basis Information (Case Level)

Attorney of Record Attorney Name: Jesse Saivar Attorney Primary [email protected] Attorney Email Yes Email Address: Authorized: Correspondent Correspondent Jesse Saivar Name/Address: Greenberg Glusker Fields Claman & Machtinger LLP 1900 Avenue of the Stars Suite 2100 Los Angeles, CALIFORNIA 90067 UNITED STATES Phone: (310) 553-3610 Fax: (310) 553-0687 Correspondent e- [email protected] jsaivar@greenberg Correspondent e- Yes mail: glusker.com [email protected] mail Authorized: Domestic Representative - Not Found Prosecution History

Proceeding Date Description Number Feb. 23, 2016 REGISTERED-PRINCIPAL REGISTER Jan. 22, 2016 NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE OF STATEMENT OF USE E-MAILED Jan. 21, 2016 ALLOWED PRINCIPAL REGISTER - SOU ACCEPTED Jan. 21, 2016 STATEMENT OF USE PROCESSING COMPLETE 70565 Dec. 22, 2015 USE AMENDMENT FILED 70565 Dec. 22, 2015 TEAS STATEMENT OF USE RECEIVED Jun. 05, 2015 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST E-MAILED Jun. 04, 2015 EXTENSION 5 GRANTED 70565 Jun. 01, 2015 EXTENSION 5 FILED 70565 Jun. 01, 2015 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Nov. 14, 2014 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST E-MAILED Nov. 13, 2014 EXTENSION 4 GRANTED 70565 Nov. 07, 2014 EXTENSION 4 FILED 70565 Nov. 07, 2014 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Sep. 19, 2014 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST E-MAILED Sep. 18, 2014 EXTENSION 3 GRANTED 70565 Jun. 03, 2014 EXTENSION 3 FILED 70565 Jul. 11, 2014 CASE ASSIGNED TO INTENT TO USE PARALEGAL 70565 Jun. 05, 2014 PAPER RECEIVED Jun. 03, 2014 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED May 22, 2014 ATTORNEY REVOKED AND/OR APPOINTED May 22, 2014 TEAS REVOKE/APPOINT ATTORNEY RECEIVED Dec. 24, 2013 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST MAILED Dec. 20, 2013 EXTENSION 2 GRANTED 98765 Dec. 20, 2013 EXTENSION 2 FILED 98765 Dec. 20, 2013 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Jun. 26, 2013 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST MAILED Jun. 24, 2013 EXTENSION 1 GRANTED 98765 Jun. 24, 2013 EXTENSION 1 FILED 98765 Jun. 24, 2013 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Dec. 25, 2012 NOA MAILED - SOU REQUIRED FROM APPLICANT Oct. 30, 2012 PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION Oct. 10, 2012 NOTICE OF PUBLICATION Sep. 22, 2012 LAW OFFICE PUBLICATION REVIEW COMPLETED 66213 Sep. 20, 2012 APPROVED FOR PUB - PRINCIPAL REGISTER Sep. 19, 2012 AMENDMENT FROM APPLICANT ENTERED 66213 Sep. 19, 2012 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 66213 Sep. 10, 2012 PAPER RECEIVED May 16, 2012 NON-FINAL ACTION MAILED May 15, 2012 NON-FINAL ACTION WRITTEN 70729 Apr. 26, 2012 AMENDMENT FROM APPLICANT ENTERED 66213 Apr. 26, 2012 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 66213 Apr. 06, 2012 ASSIGNED TO LIE 66213 Mar. 27, 2012 PAPER RECEIVED Jan. 12, 2012 ATTORNEY REVOKED AND/OR APPOINTED Jan. 12, 2012 TEAS REVOKE/APPOINT ATTORNEY RECEIVED Sep. 26, 2011 NON-FINAL ACTION MAILED Sep. 23, 2011 NON-FINAL ACTION WRITTEN 70729 Sep. 17, 2011 ASSIGNED TO EXAMINER 70729 Jun. 09, 2011 TEAS AMENDMENT ENTERED BEFORE ATTORNEY ASSIGNED 88889 Jun. 09, 2011 TEAS VOLUNTARY AMENDMENT RECEIVED Jun. 04, 2011 NEW APPLICATION OFFICE SUPPLIED DATA ENTERED IN TRAM Jun. 04, 2011 NEW APPLICATION ENTERED IN TRAM TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: PUBLICATION AND ISSUE SECTION Date in Location: Jan. 21, 2016 Proceedings

Summary Number of 1 Proceedings: Type of Proceeding: Opposition Proceeding 91228313 Filing Date: Jun 07, 2016 Number: Status: Pending Status Date: Jun 07, 2016 Interlocutory ANDREW P BAXLEY Attorney: Defendant Name: WHISKEY GREEN LLC Correspondent Kristen M. Walsh Address: Nixon Peabody LLP 1300 Clinton Square Rochester NY , 14604 Correspondent e- [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] mail: Associated marks Serial Registration Mark Application Status Number Number MARLEE'S GREEN TEA WHISKEY Opposition Pending 86745684 Plaintiff(s) Name: Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Correspondent Natasha Shabani Address: Greenberg Glusker Fields Claman & Machtinger LLP 1900 Avenue of the StarsSuite 2100 Los Angeles CA , 90067 UNITED STATES Correspondent e- [email protected] mail: Associated marks Serial Registration Mark Application Status Number Number MARLEY ITAL Registered 85334665 4905272 MARLEY'S MELLOW MOOD Registered 85767476 4457615 MARLEY'S MELLOW MOOD Registered 85066981 4659797 MARLEY COFFEE Registered 77466002 4254177 MARLEY COFFEE Registered 77466111 4328523 BOB MARLEY Registered 85050985 4422221 BOB MARLEY Registered 85050984 4422220 BOB MARLEY Registered 85050983 4425858 MARLEY COFFEE Registered 77466142 4187013 MAMA MARLEY Fourth Extension - Granted 77285596 Prosecution History Entry Number History Text Date Due Date 1 FILED AND FEE Jun 07, 2016 2 NOTICE AND TRIAL DATES SENT; ANSWER DUE: Jun 07, 2016 Jul 17, 2016 3 PENDING, INSTITUTED Jun 07, 2016 4 STIP FOR EXT Jul 14, 2016 5 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Jul 14, 2016 6 STIP FOR EXT Aug 15, 2016 7 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Aug 15, 2016

EXHIBIT 79 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 14:52:52 EDT Mark: MARLEY

US Serial Number: 86140185 Application Filing Dec. 10, 2013 Date: US Registration 4918637 Registration Date: Mar. 15, 2016 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Trademark Status: Registered. The registration date is used to determine when post-registration maintenance documents are due. Status Date: Mar. 15, 2016 Publication Date: Nov. 18, 2014 Notice of Jan. 13, 2015 Allowance Date:

Mark Information

Mark Literal MARLEY Elements: Standard Character Yes. The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color. Claim: Mark Drawing 4 - STANDARD CHARACTER MARK Type: Related Properties Information

Claimed Ownership 3871574, 4158045, 4394278 and others of US Registrations: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

For: A full line of clothing; headwear International 025 - Primary Class U.S Class(es): 022, 039 Class(es): Class Status: ACTIVE Basis: 1(a) First Use: Jun. 19, 2014 Use in Commerce: Jun. 19, 2014 Basis Information (Case Level)

Filed Use: No Currently Use: Yes Amended Use: No Filed ITU: Yes Currently ITU: No Amended ITU: No Filed 44D: No Currently 44D: No Amended 44D: No Filed 44E: No Currently 44E: No Amended 44E: No Filed 66A: No Currently 66A: No Filed No Basis: No Currently No Basis: No Current Owner(s) Information Owner Name: Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Owner Address: Aquamarine House, Cable Beach Nassau 0 BAHAMAS Legal Entity Type: international business State or Country BAHAMAS Where Organized: Attorney/Correspondence Information

Proceeding Date Description Number Mar. 15, 2016 REGISTERED-PRINCIPAL REGISTER Feb. 12, 2016 NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE OF STATEMENT OF USE E-MAILED Feb. 11, 2016 ALLOWED PRINCIPAL REGISTER - SOU ACCEPTED Jan. 29, 2016 STATEMENT OF USE PROCESSING COMPLETE 65362 Dec. 15, 2015 USE AMENDMENT FILED 65362 Jan. 26, 2016 CASE ASSIGNED TO INTENT TO USE PARALEGAL 65362 Dec. 15, 2015 TEAS STATEMENT OF USE RECEIVED Jul. 01, 2015 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST E-MAILED Jun. 29, 2015 EXTENSION 1 GRANTED 98765 Jun. 29, 2015 EXTENSION 1 FILED 98765 Jun. 29, 2015 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Jan. 13, 2015 NOA E-MAILED - SOU REQUIRED FROM APPLICANT Nov. 18, 2014 OFFICIAL GAZETTE PUBLICATION CONFIRMATION E-MAILED Nov. 18, 2014 PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION Oct. 29, 2014 NOTIFICATION OF NOTICE OF PUBLICATION E-MAILED Oct. 15, 2014 LAW OFFICE PUBLICATION REVIEW COMPLETED 70884 Oct. 12, 2014 APPROVED FOR PUB - PRINCIPAL REGISTER Sep. 25, 2014 TEAS/EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE ENTERED 70884 Sep. 25, 2014 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 70884 Sep. 18, 2014 TEAS RESPONSE TO OFFICE ACTION RECEIVED Jun. 27, 2014 APPLICANT/CORRESPONDENCE CHANGES (NON-RESPONSIVE) ENTERED 70884 Jun. 16, 2014 ASSIGNED TO LIE 70884 Jun. 05, 2014 PAPER RECEIVED May 22, 2014 ATTORNEY REVOKED AND/OR APPOINTED May 22, 2014 TEAS REVOKE/APPOINT ATTORNEY RECEIVED Mar. 28, 2014 NON-FINAL ACTION MAILED Mar. 27, 2014 NON-FINAL ACTION WRITTEN 75425 Mar. 19, 2014 ASSIGNED TO EXAMINER 75425 Dec. 24, 2013 NEW APPLICATION OFFICE SUPPLIED DATA ENTERED IN TRAM Dec. 13, 2013 NEW APPLICATION ENTERED IN TRAM TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: PUBLICATION AND ISSUE SECTION Date in Location: Feb. 11, 2016

EXHIBIT 80 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 14:53:18 EDT Mark: BOB MARLEY

US Serial Number: 86426277 Application Filing Oct. 16, 2014 Date: US Registration 4763717 Registration Date: Jun. 30, 2015 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Service Mark TM5 Common Status LIVE/REGISTRATION/Issued and Active Descriptor: The trademark application has been registered with the Office.

Status: Registered. The registration date is used to determine when post-registration maintenance documents are due. Status Date: Jun. 30, 2015 Publication Date: Apr. 14, 2015

Mark Information

Mark Literal BOB MARLEY Elements: Standard Character Yes. The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color. Claim: Mark Drawing 4 - STANDARD CHARACTER MARK Type: Name Portrait The name(s), portrait(s), and/or signature(s) shown in the mark does not identify a particular living individual. Consent: Related Properties Information

Claimed Ownership 2349361, 3692924, 3934085 and others of US Registrations: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

For: Entertainment services, namely, providing a website featuring nondownloadable images, nondownloadable videos and information relating to musicians, music tours and live stage events relating thereto; Providing a website featuring nondownloadable video recordings in the fields of music and artistic performances; Organizing and conducting music tours for entertainment purposes; providing online electronic newsletters delivered by email in the field of music, entertainment, food, clothing and audio equipment International 041 - Primary Class U.S Class(es): 100, 101, 107 Class(es): Class Status: ACTIVE Basis: 1(a) First Use: Sep. 06, 1995 Use in Commerce: Sep. 06, 1995 Basis Information (Case Level)

Filed Use: Yes Currently Use: Yes Amended Use: No Filed ITU: No Currently ITU: No Amended ITU: No Filed 44D: No Currently 44D: No Amended 44D: No Filed 44E: No Currently 44E: No Amended 44E: No Filed 66A: No Currently 66A: No Filed No Basis: No Currently No Basis: No Current Owner(s) Information

Attorney of Record Attorney Name: Jesse J. Saivar Docket Number: 28217-00105 Attorney Primary [email protected] Attorney Email Yes Email Address: Authorized: Correspondent Correspondent JESSE J. SAIVAR Name/Address: GREENBERG GLUSKER FIELDS CLAMAN & MACHTINGER LLP 1900 AVENUE OF THE STARS STE 2100 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA UNITED STATES 90067-4502 Phone: (310) 553-3610 Fax: (310) 553-0687 Correspondent e- [email protected] jsaivar@greenberg Correspondent e- Yes mail: glusker.com [email protected] mail Authorized: Domestic Representative - Not Found Prosecution History

Proceeding Date Description Number Jun. 30, 2015 REGISTERED-PRINCIPAL REGISTER Apr. 14, 2015 OFFICIAL GAZETTE PUBLICATION CONFIRMATION E-MAILED Apr. 14, 2015 PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION Mar. 25, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF NOTICE OF PUBLICATION E-MAILED Mar. 07, 2015 LAW OFFICE PUBLICATION REVIEW COMPLETED 70138 Mar. 07, 2015 ASSIGNED TO LIE 70138 Feb. 17, 2015 APPROVED FOR PUB - PRINCIPAL REGISTER Feb. 09, 2015 EXAMINER'S AMENDMENT ENTERED 88888 Feb. 09, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF EXAMINERS AMENDMENT E-MAILED 6328 Feb. 09, 2015 EXAMINERS AMENDMENT E-MAILED 6328 Feb. 09, 2015 EXAMINERS AMENDMENT -WRITTEN 74781 Feb. 04, 2015 ASSIGNED TO EXAMINER 74781 Oct. 23, 2014 NEW APPLICATION OFFICE SUPPLIED DATA ENTERED IN TRAM Oct. 20, 2014 NEW APPLICATION ENTERED IN TRAM TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: PUBLICATION AND ISSUE SECTION Date in Location: Jun. 30, 2015

EXHIBIT 81 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 14:53:36 EDT Mark: ONE LOVE!

US Serial Number: 77549263 Application Filing Aug. 18, 2008 Date: US Registration 4859913 Registration Date: Nov. 24, 2015 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Service Mark Status: Registered. The registration date is used to determine when post-registration maintenance documents are due. Status Date: Nov. 24, 2015 Publication Date: Jan. 11, 2011 Notice of Jul. 01, 2014 Allowance Date:

Mark Information

Mark Literal ONE LOVE! Elements: Standard Character Yes. The mark consists of standard characters without claim to any particular font style, size, or color. Claim: Mark Drawing 4 - STANDARD CHARACTER MARK Type: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

For: Entertainment services in the nature of live musical performances; organizing cultural festivals featuring music, dance, art exhibitions and heritage markets; providing information on a website relating to music, entertainment, and cultural festivals of others; and music publishing services International 041 - Primary Class U.S Class(es): 100, 101, 107 Class(es): Class Status: ACTIVE Basis: 1(a) First Use: Nov. 29, 2014 Use in Commerce: Nov. 29, 2014 Basis Information (Case Level)

Attorney of Record Attorney Name: Jesse Saivar Attorney Primary [email protected] Attorney Email Yes Email Address: Authorized: Correspondent Correspondent JESSE SAIVAR Name/Address: GREENBERG GLUSKER FIELDS CLAMAN & MACHTI 1900 AVENUE OF THE STARS STE 2100 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA 90067-4502 UNITED STATES Phone: (310) 553-3610 Fax: (310) 553-0687 Correspondent e- [email protected] jsaivar@greenberg Correspondent e- Yes mail: glusker.com [email protected] mail Authorized: Domestic Representative - Not Found Prosecution History

Proceeding Date Description Number Nov. 24, 2015 REGISTERED-PRINCIPAL REGISTER Oct. 21, 2015 NOTICE OF ACCEPTANCE OF STATEMENT OF USE E-MAILED Oct. 20, 2015 ALLOWED PRINCIPAL REGISTER - SOU ACCEPTED Oct. 17, 2015 TEAS/EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE ENTERED 74221 Oct. 17, 2015 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 74221 Oct. 09, 2015 TEAS RESPONSE TO OFFICE ACTION RECEIVED Sep. 30, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Sep. 30, 2015 NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Sep. 30, 2015 SU - NON-FINAL ACTION - WRITTEN 68792 Sep. 11, 2015 TEAS/EMAIL CORRESPONDENCE ENTERED 74221 Sep. 11, 2015 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 74221 Sep. 08, 2015 TEAS RESPONSE TO OFFICE ACTION RECEIVED Mar. 30, 2015 NOTIFICATION OF NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Mar. 30, 2015 NON-FINAL ACTION E-MAILED Mar. 30, 2015 SU - NON-FINAL ACTION - WRITTEN 68792 Mar. 09, 2015 STATEMENT OF USE PROCESSING COMPLETE 69302 Jan. 29, 2015 USE AMENDMENT FILED 69302 Mar. 03, 2015 CASE ASSIGNED TO INTENT TO USE PARALEGAL 69302 Jan. 29, 2015 TEAS STATEMENT OF USE RECEIVED Nov. 06, 2014 NOTICE OF APPROVAL OF EXTENSION REQUEST E-MAILED Nov. 04, 2014 EXTENSION 1 GRANTED 98765 Nov. 04, 2014 EXTENSION 1 FILED 98765 Nov. 04, 2014 TEAS EXTENSION RECEIVED Jul. 01, 2014 NOA E-MAILED - SOU REQUIRED FROM APPLICANT Jun. 05, 2014 PAPER RECEIVED May 22, 2014 ATTORNEY REVOKED AND/OR APPOINTED May 22, 2014 TEAS REVOKE/APPOINT ATTORNEY RECEIVED May 21, 2014 TTAB RELEASE CASE TO TRADEMARKS 198552 May 21, 2014 OPPOSITION TERMINATED NO. 999999 198552 May 21, 2014 OPPOSITION DISMISSED NO. 999999 198552 Jan. 12, 2012 ATTORNEY REVOKED AND/OR APPOINTED Jan. 12, 2012 TEAS REVOKE/APPOINT ATTORNEY RECEIVED Feb. 10, 2011 OPPOSITION INSTITUTED NO. 999999 198552 Feb. 09, 2011 OPPOSITION PAPERS RECEIVED AT TTAB Jan. 11, 2011 PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION Dec. 22, 2010 NOTICE OF PUBLICATION Dec. 06, 2010 LAW OFFICE PUBLICATION REVIEW COMPLETED 74221 Dec. 06, 2010 APPROVED FOR PUB - PRINCIPAL REGISTER Dec. 04, 2010 AMENDMENT FROM APPLICANT ENTERED 74221 Dec. 04, 2010 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 74221 Dec. 02, 2010 PAPER RECEIVED Sep. 30, 2010 REPORT COMPLETED SUSPENSION CHECK CASE STILL SUSPENDED 74221 Apr. 02, 2010 NOTICE OF REINSTATEMENT MAILED Mar. 30, 2010 LETTER OF SUSPENSION MAILED Mar. 30, 2010 SUSPENSION LETTER WRITTEN 68792 Mar. 29, 2010 REINSTATEMENT GRANTED - INADVERTENTLY ABANDONED 70458 Mar. 18, 2010 ASSIGNED TO PETITION STAFF 70458 Mar. 15, 2010 PETITION TO REVIVE-RECEIVED Mar. 15, 2010 PAPER RECEIVED Feb. 12, 2010 ABANDONMENT NOTICE MAILED - FAILURE TO RESPOND Feb. 11, 2010 ABANDONMENT - FAILURE TO RESPOND OR LATE RESPONSE Jul. 13, 2009 FINAL REFUSAL MAILED Jul. 13, 2009 FINAL REFUSAL WRITTEN 68792 Jun. 19, 2009 AMENDMENT FROM APPLICANT ENTERED 74221 Jun. 19, 2009 CORRESPONDENCE RECEIVED IN LAW OFFICE 74221 Jun. 01, 2009 PAPER RECEIVED Mar. 23, 2009 APPLICANT/CORRESPONDENCE CHANGES (NON-RESPONSIVE) ENTERED 88888 Mar. 23, 2009 TEAS CHANGE OF OWNER ADDRESS RECEIVED Nov. 26, 2008 NON-FINAL ACTION MAILED Nov. 26, 2008 NON-FINAL ACTION WRITTEN 68792 Nov. 26, 2008 ASSIGNED TO EXAMINER 68792 Sep. 16, 2008 APPLICANT AMENDMENT PRIOR TO EXAMINATION - ENTERED 74221 Sep. 16, 2008 ASSIGNED TO LIE 74221 Sep. 09, 2008 PAPER RECEIVED Aug. 21, 2008 NEW APPLICATION ENTERED IN TRAM TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: PUBLICATION AND ISSUE SECTION Date in Location: Oct. 20, 2015 Proceedings

Summary Number of 2 Proceedings: Type of Proceeding: Opposition Proceeding 91198552 Filing Date: Feb 09, 2011 Number: Status: Terminated Status Date: May 21, 2014 Interlocutory ANDREW P BAXLEY Attorney: Defendant Name: Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Correspondent JILL M PIETRINI Address: SHEPPARD MULLIN RICHTER & HAMPTON LLP 1901 AVENUE OF THE STARS , SUITE 1600 LOS ANGELES CA , 90067-6017 UNITED STATES Correspondent e- [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] mail: om Associated marks Registration Mark Application Status Serial Number Number ONE LOVE Registered 77549263 4859913 Plaintiff(s) Name: Raising Cane's USA, L.L.C. Correspondent S LLOYD SMITH Address: BUCHANAN INGERSOLL & ROONEY PC 1737 KING STREET, SUITE 500 ALEXANDRIA VA , 22314-1404 UNITED STATES Correspondent e- [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] , [email protected] mail: Associated marks Registration Mark Application Status Serial Number Number ONE LOVE Registered 76579348 3033511 Prosecution History Entry Number History Text Date Due Date 1 FILED AND FEE Feb 09, 2011 2 NOTICE AND TRIAL DATES SENT; ANSWER DUE: Feb 10, 2011 Mar 22, 2011 3 PENDING, INSTITUTED Feb 10, 2011 PROCEEDINGS CONSOLIDATED; MOTION TO STRIKE DENIED; TRIAL DATES 4 RESET Mar 24, 2011 5 ANSWER Mar 25, 2011 6 P'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT Aug 19, 2011 7 STIPULATED PROTECTIVE ORDER Aug 19, 2011 8 SUSPENDED PENDING DISP OF OUTSTNDNG MOT Aug 25, 2011 9 D'S OPPOSITION/RESPONSE TO MOTION Sep 23, 2011 10 BOST DECLARATION Sep 23, 2011 11 CRUJEIRAS DECLARATION Sep 26, 2011 12 COPY OF #9 Sep 26, 2011 13 COPY OF #10 PLUS EXHIBIT N Sep 26, 2011 14 P'S REPLY IN SUPPORT OF MOTION Oct 13, 2011 15 D'S SURREPLY Oct 26, 2011 16 D CHANGE OF CORRESPONDENCE Jan 12, 2012 17 MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGEMENT DENIED; MOTION TO COMPEL DENIED Jul 06, 2012 18 STIPULATION FOR AN EXTENSION OF TIME Aug 06, 2012 19 P'S MOTION TO AMEND PLEADING/AMENDED PLEADING Aug 16, 2012 20 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Aug 22, 2012 21 ANSWER TO AMENDED PETITION FOR CANCELLATION Sep 25, 2012 22 STIPULATION FOR AN EXTENSION OF TIME Oct 26, 2012 23 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Oct 26, 2012 24 D'S MOTION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY Nov 29, 2012 25 SUSPENDED PENDING DISP OF OUTSTNDNG MOT Dec 12, 2012 26 P'S MOTION TO COMPEL DISCOVERY Dec 17, 2012 27 P'S OPPOSITION/RESPONSE TO MOTION Dec 19, 2012 28 SUSPENDED PENDING DISP OF OUTSTNDNG MOT Dec 27, 2012 29 D'S REPLY IN SUPPORT MOTION COMPEL Jan 08, 2013 30 PROCEEDINGS RESUMED Jun 17, 2013 31 P MOT FOR EXT W/O CONSENT Aug 20, 2013 32 P CERT OF SERVICE Aug 20, 2013 33 D OPP/RESP TO MOTION Sep 09, 2013 34 TRIAL DATES RESET Sep 19, 2013 35 P MOT FOR EXT W/ CONSENT Oct 17, 2013 36 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Oct 24, 2013 37 P CHANGE OF CORRESP ADDRESS Nov 05, 2013 38 D MOT TO SUSP PEND DISP CIV ACTION Dec 09, 2013 39 P OPP/RESP TO MOTION Dec 26, 2013 40 D REPLY IN SUPPORT OF MOTION Jan 15, 2014 41 SUSP PEND DISP OF CIVIL ACTION Jan 21, 2014 42 W/DRAW OF OPPOSITION May 12, 2014 43 W/DRAW OF CANCELLATION May 12, 2014 44 BD DECISION: DISMISSED W/ PREJ May 21, 2014 45 TERMINATED May 21, 2014 Type of Proceeding: Cancellation Proceeding 92051997 Filing Date: Jan 19, 2010 Number: Status: Terminated Status Date: Nov 19, 2010 Interlocutory ANDREW P BAXLEY Attorney: Defendant Name: Agency Group USA Limited, The Correspondent THE AGENCY GROUP USA LIMITED Address: 142 WESTt 56TH STREET, 6TH FLOOR NEW YORK NY , 10019 UNITED STATES Correspondent e- [email protected] mail: Associated marks Serial Registration Mark Application Status Number Number ONE LOVE Cancelled - Section 18 76370165 2787234 Plaintiff(s) Name: Fifty-Six Hope Road Music Limited Correspondent JILL M. PIETRINI Address: MANATT, PHELPS & PHILLIPS, LLP 11355 W. OLYMPIC BOULEVARD LOS ANGELES CA , 90064-1631 UNITED STATES Correspondent e- [email protected] mail: Associated marks Registration Mark Application Status Serial Number Number ONE LOVE Registered 77549263 4859913 Prosecution History Entry Number History Text Date Due Date 1 FILED AND FEE Jan 19, 2010 2 NOTICE AND TRIAL DATES SENT; ANSWER DUE: Jan 27, 2010 Mar 08, 2010 3 PENDING, INSTITUTED Jan 27, 2010 4 CHANGE OF CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS Mar 02, 2010 5 STIPULATION FOR AN EXTENSION OF TIME Mar 03, 2010 6 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Mar 03, 2010 7 D'S MOTION FOR AN EXTENSION OF TIME Apr 06, 2010 8 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Apr 09, 2010 9 STIPULATION FOR AN EXTENSION OF TIME Jun 04, 2010 10 EXTENSION OF TIME GRANTED Jun 04, 2010 11 NOTICE OF DEFAULT Sep 13, 2010 12 BOARD'S DECISION: GRANTED Nov 09, 2010 13 COMMR'S ORDER CANCELLING REGISTRATION Nov 19, 2010 14 TERMINATED Nov 19, 2010

EXHIBIT 82

EXHIBIT 83 PTO Form 1957 (Rev 9/2005) OMB No. 0651-0050 (Exp. 04/2009) Response to Office Action

The table below presents the data as entered.

Input Field Entered SERIAL NUMBER 77113202 LAW OFFICE ASSIGNED LAW OFFICE 109 MARK SECTION (no change) ARGUMENT(S) This is responsive to Office Action dated June 11, 2007 in connection with the application for publication of the mark, “THE MARLEY BROTHERS” on the Principal Register. Applicant respectfully requests that the Examining Attorney reconsider the refusal to register Applicants’ mark, as set forth below. SURNAME REFUSAL

While the Examining Attorney is correct that the term "MARLEY" is a surname, in this case, the surname is far from being "merely a surname." Applicants are five brothers and the sons of the late musical legend, Bob Marley. Each of the Applicants is an established musical recording and performing artist in his own right, and, collectively, the Applicants carry on the inherited musical traditions of their father. To demonstrate the strength of the surname at issue, well over two decades following his death, Bob Marley's greatest hits album, Legend, sold approximately 285,000 copies in 2006, according to SoundScan. To date, Legend alone has been certified ten times Platinum status (indicating sales in excess of ten million copies in the United States) by the Recording Industry Association of America (the “RIAA”). According to allmusic.com: "Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley, was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international superstardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe…His songs of faith, devotion, and revolution created a legacy that continues to live on not only through the music of his extended family but also through generations of artists the world over touched by his genius." Applicant Damian Marley’s album, Welcome to Jamrock, was recently certified Gold (indicating sales in excess of five hundred thousand copies) by the RIAA, and the albums, Conscious Party and One Bright Day, by Applicant Ziggy Marley and his previous band, The Melody Makers (including co-Applicant Stephen Marley), have been certified Platinum and Gold, respectively, by the RIAA. Collectively, the Applicants have commercially released more than twenty-five full-length albums in the United States, which, according to SoundScan, have sold in excess of 2,700,000 units to date. Clearly the Applicants are known to the public by their surnames. An internet search of the term "Marley" on Yahoo.com reveals that all but two of the first-page entries relate directly to Bob Marley or to Ziggy Marley, Ky-Mani Marley and Damian Marley, each an Applicant of the proposed mark. The first-page entries of a similar search for “Marley Brothers” are solely made up of links to webpages about the Applicants. Certainly, there can be no doubt that the name "Marley" has acquired secondary meaning and is associated with Bob Marley and his family in the minds of the general public, and that the same public associates the phrase “Marley Brothers” with Bob Marley’s sons. SIMILAR MARK PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION

It is noted that Applicants’ other mark, “THE MARLEY BOYS”, serial numbers 77/118040 and 77/118028, was recently approved by the Examining Attorney for publication (and a subsequent Notice of Allowance was issued) in identical classes to the mark at issue. It is also noted that the mark “THE DIAZ BROTHERS”, serial number 78/417006, was approved for publication and subsequently registered, seemingly without evidence of acquired distinctiveness. We do not see a clear distinction between the aforementioned marks, and ask that the same standard that was applied to the published marks be applied to the mark at issue. CONCLUSION

Having responded fully to the cited Office Action, Applicants respectfully request that the application be passed for publication on the Principal Register. SIGNATURE SECTION

RESPONSE SIGNATURE /jaf/

SIGNATORY'S NAME Jason A. Finestone

SIGNATORY'S POSITION Attorney of record

DATE SIGNED 11/29/2007

AUTHORIZED SIGNATORY YES FILING INFORMATION SECTION

SUBMIT DATE Thu Nov 29 15:10:33 EST 2007 USPTO/ROA-XXX.XXX.XXX.XX- 20071129151033546729-7711 TEAS STAMP 3202-4105db9f06943a5662cb 8698b6be45e79ae-N/A-N/A-2 0071129150833399523

PTO Form 1957 (Rev 9/2005) OMB No. 0651-0050 (Exp. 04/2009)

Response to Office Action To the Commissioner for Trademarks:

Application serial no. 77113202 has been amended as follows:

ARGUMENT(S) In response to the substantive refusal(s), please note the following:

This is responsive to Office Action dated June 11, 2007 in connection with the application for publication of the mark, “THE MARLEY BROTHERS” on the Principal Register. Applicant respectfully requests that the Examining Attorney reconsider the refusal to register Applicants’ mark, as set forth below. SURNAME REFUSAL

While the Examining Attorney is correct that the term "MARLEY" is a surname, in this case, the surname is far from being "merely a surname." Applicants are five brothers and the sons of the late musical legend, Bob Marley. Each of the Applicants is an established musical recording and performing artist in his own right, and, collectively, the Applicants carry on the inherited musical traditions of their father. To demonstrate the strength of the surname at issue, well over two decades following his death, Bob Marley's greatest hits album, Legend, sold approximately 285,000 copies in 2006, according to SoundScan. To date, Legend alone has been certified ten times Platinum status (indicating sales in excess of ten million copies in the United States) by the Recording Industry Association of America (the “RIAA”). According to allmusic.com: "Reggae's most transcendent and iconic figure, Bob Marley, was the first Jamaican artist to achieve international superstardom, in the process introducing the music of his native island nation to the far-flung corners of the globe…His songs of faith, devotion, and revolution created a legacy that continues to live on not only through the music of his extended family but also through generations of artists the world over touched by his genius." Applicant Damian Marley’s album, Welcome to Jamrock, was recently certified Gold (indicating sales in excess of five hundred thousand copies) by the RIAA, and the albums, Conscious Party and One Bright Day, by Applicant Ziggy Marley and his previous band, The Melody Makers (including co- Applicant Stephen Marley), have been certified Platinum and Gold, respectively, by the RIAA. Collectively, the Applicants have commercially released more than twenty-five full-length albums in the United States, which, according to SoundScan, have sold in excess of 2,700,000 units to date. Clearly the Applicants are known to the public by their surnames. An internet search of the term "Marley" on Yahoo.com reveals that all but two of the first-page entries relate directly to Bob Marley or to Ziggy Marley, Ky-Mani Marley and Damian Marley, each an Applicant of the proposed mark. The first-page entries of a similar search for “Marley Brothers” are solely made up of links to webpages about the Applicants. Certainly, there can be no doubt that the name "Marley" has acquired secondary meaning and is associated with Bob Marley and his family in the minds of the general public, and that the same public associates the phrase “Marley Brothers” with Bob Marley’s sons. SIMILAR MARK PUBLISHED FOR OPPOSITION

Having responded fully to the cited Office Action, Applicants respectfully request that the application be passed for publication on the Principal Register.

SIGNATURE(S) Response Signature Signature: /jaf/ Date: 11/29/2007 Signatory's Name: Jason A. Finestone Signatory's Position: Attorney of record

The signatory has confirmed that he/she is an attorney who is a member in good standing of the bar of the highest court of a U.S. state, which includes the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and other federal territories and possessions; and he/she is currently the applicant's attorney or an associate thereof; and to the best of his/her knowledge, if prior to his/her appointment another U.S. attorney or a Canadian attorney/agent not currently associated with his/her company/firm previously represented the applicant in this matter: (1) the applicant has filed or is concurrently filing a signed revocation of or substitute power of attorney with the USPTO; (2) the USPTO has granted the request of the prior representative to withdraw; (3) the applicant has filed a power of attorney appointing him/her in this matter; or (4) the applicant's appointed U.S. attorney or Canadian attorney/agent has filed a power of attorney appointing him/her as an associate attorney in this matter.

Serial Number: 77113202 Internet Transmission Date: Thu Nov 29 15:10:33 EST 2007 TEAS Stamp: USPTO/ROA-XXX.XXX.XXX.XX-200711291510335 46729-77113202-4105db9f06943a5662cb8698b 6be45e79ae-N/A-N/A-20071129150833399523

EXHIBIT 84 Generated on: This page was generated by TSDR on 2016-09-12 13:40:19 EDT Mark: MARLEY

US Serial Number: 72313594 Application Filing Dec. 04, 1968 Date: US Registration 925011 Registration Date: Dec. 07, 1971 Number: Register: Principal Mark Type: Trademark Status: Registration cancelled because registrant did not file an acceptable declaration under Section 8. To view all documents in this file, click on the Trademark Document Retrieval link at the top of this page. Status Date: Mar. 11, 2016 Date Cancelled: Mar. 11, 2016

Mark Information

Mark Literal MARLEY Elements: Standard Character No Claim: Mark Drawing 3 - AN ILLUSTRATION DRAWING WHICH INCLUDES WORD(S)/ LETTER(S)/NUMBER(S) Type: Design Search 02.01.02 - Men depicted as shadows or silhouettes of men; Silhouettes of men Code(s): 02.01.33 - Grotesque men formed by letters, numbers, punctuation or geometric shapes; Stick figures 26.11.11 - Rectangles divided twice into three sections 26.11.21 - Rectangles that are completely or partially shaded Foreign Information

Foreign 882340 Foreign Jul. 26, 1965 Registration Registration Date: Number: Foreign GREAT BRITAIN Application/Registration Country:

Foreign 882341 Foreign Jul. 26, 1965 Registration Registration Date: Number: Foreign GREAT BRITAIN Application/Registration Country: Goods and Services

Note: The following symbols indicate that the registrant/owner has amended the goods/services:

For: PLASTIC COVERINGS OF THE SMOOTH SURFACE TYPE FOR FLOORS IN THE FORM OF ROLLS [ , RUGS, ] AND TILES International 027 U.S Class(es): 020 - Primary Class Class(es): Class Status: SECTION 8 - CANCELLED Basis: 44(e) Basis Information (Case Level)

Filed Use: No Currently Use: No Amended Use: No Filed ITU: No Currently ITU: No Amended ITU: No Filed 44D: No Currently 44D: No Amended 44D: No Filed 44E: Yes Currently 44E: Yes Amended 44E: No Filed 66A: No Currently 66A: No Filed No Basis: No Currently No Basis: No Current Owner(s) Information

Owner Name: MARLEY (U.K.) LIMITED Owner Address: 1 SUFFOLK WAY SEVENOAKS, KENT TN13 1SD ENGLAND Legal Entity Type: CORPORATION State or Country UNITED KINGDOM Where Organized: Attorney/Correspondence Information

Attorney of Record Attorney Name: THOMAS J. MOORE Correspondent Correspondent THOMAS J MOORE Name/Address: BACON & THOMAS PLLC 625 SLATERS LN FOURTH FL ALEXANDRIA, VIRGINIA 22314-1176 UNITED STATES Domestic Representative Domestic BACON & THOMAS PLLC Representative Name: Prosecution History

Proceeding Date Description Number Mar. 11, 2016 CANCELLED SEC. 8 (10-YR)/EXPIRED SECTION 9 Sep. 10, 2008 CASE FILE IN TICRS Oct. 19, 2001 REGISTERED AND RENEWED (SECOND RENEWAL - 10 YRS) Oct. 19, 2001 REGISTERED - SEC. 8 (10-YR) ACCEPTED/SEC. 9 GRANTED Jul. 30, 2001 REGISTERED - COMBINED SECTION 8 (10-YR) & SEC. 9 FILED Jun. 16, 1992 REGISTERED AND RENEWED (FIRST RENEWAL - 10 YRS) Mar. 10, 1992 RESPONSE RECEIVED TO POST REG. ACTION Jan. 27, 1992 RESPONSE RECEIVED TO POST REG. ACTION Jan. 15, 1992 POST REGISTRATION ACTION MAILED - SEC. 9 Nov. 22, 1991 REGISTERED - SEC. 9 FILED/CHECK RECORD FOR SEC. 8 Maintenance Filings or Post Registration Information

Affidavit of Section 8 - Accepted Continued Use: Affidavit of Section 15 - Accepted Incontestability: Renewal Filed: Yes Renewal Date: Dec. 07, 1991 TM Staff and Location Information

TM Staff Information - None File Location Current Location: SCANNING ON DEMAND Date in Location: Sep. 10, 2008 Assignment Abstract Of Title Information

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EXHIBIT 86 France | Banfi Wines Page 1 of 20

REGION France

CHOOSE GRAPE — Select —  FRANCE

CHOOSE REGION — Select — 

As the Roman Empire expanded into northern countries, the knowledge of winemaking was fostered by the conquering legions. Today’s France, formerly known as Gaul and inhabited by Celts (wine and mead drinkers) became a wine country after the Roman occupation.

So successful was winemaking that Emperor Domitian ordered half the vines of Gaul to be uprooted, lest they be too competitive with Rome’s production.

Later, the Emperor Probus returned full right to plant and cultivate the vine to the Gauls, thus giving new impetus to France’s viticultural traditions.

Since 1935 the great wines of France have been controlled by a code of law known as “code de legislation des Appellations d’Origine Controlee.” This code has been completed by various other laws

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controlling the “Vin Delimtes de Qualite Superieure” and the “Vins de Pays” and more recently, the Vins de Table.

THE WINE LAWS

The old EEC regulations recognized two categories of wine: “vin de table” and VQPRD (Vins de Qualite’ Produits dans une Region Determinee). In France each of these two categories is itself divided into two sections. Therefore, there are four categories of French wines. The Wine Cellar indicates “`Vin de Table – Wines with this designation are listed as being from France and provide the producers name on the label. Vin de Table, or Table wine are made from any vineyard or grape varietal in France. Wine sold as Vin de Table do not by law, list grape varietals, vintage, regions, appellations or production techniques on the label. There are no restrictions on the grapes, vineyard management or production techniques used to produce Vin de Table wine.

Vins Sans Indication Geographique – VSIG is the new classification for Vin de Table wines. VISG wines are allowed to use the name of the country. but not the specific grape variety, year, appellation or region on the label of Vins Sans Indication Geographique classified wines

Vin de Pays – VDP – Wines using the Vin de Pays designation were produced from a specific, major, wine growing region, they also state the producers name and France. Vin de Pays allows more information to be placed on the label including the area the wine was produced in. There are very few restrictions in the production of wines sold as Vin de Pays.

Vin Delimité de Qualite Superieure – VDQS is seldom encountered today. Less than 1% of all French wines bear the VDQS designation on the label. Vin Delimité de Qualite Superieure is similar, but less restrictive in its rules and regulations for the grape varieties, terroir and production techniques than the more commonly seen AOC classification. VDQS wines are seen as being produced from a recognized area that has not yet been approved as an appellation by the AOC.

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Appellation d’Origine Controlee – AOC, accounts for 53.4% of all wines from France. Currently, more than 450 separate and potentially distinct AOC’s in France are in use today. There are a series of rules and regulations that go along with being classified as an AOC wine. This includes restrictions as to the specific geological area where the fruit is grown and the wine was made; along with the type of allowable grape variety planted in the vineyard. There are also specific, agreed upon production methods, minimum levels of alcohol and maximum levels of yields, vine age and required minimum vineyard planting densities. There are also rules for harvesting and vinification techniques in place along with restrictions on where the cellars must be located. In some cases, exemptions are granted in the case of cellar locations and on occasion some of the other rules. However, it is important to note that every quality grower produces wine from lower yields and higher levels of alcohol than is the minimum standard allowed by AOC law. In fact, most of the standards required for the Appellation d’Origine Controlee classification are surpassed by every serious wine producer.

Beyond the classification of the appellations and vineyards, depending on the specific appellation or AOC, vineyards and chateaux can also be classified. The most famous of these classifications is the 1855 Classification of the Medoc that we discussed earlier. Burgundy has its own vineyard classification system as does St. Emilion.

While Bordeaux is the most heavily classified, wine producing region in France, it is not the only appellation to classify their wines. Burgundy is the second most, wine producing, classified region in France. Fortunately for Burgundy wine lovers, the classification is reasonably simple to understand. The main ideal that differentiates the classifications of Burgundy from that of Bordeaux is that in Bordeaux, with the exception of St. Emilion, it is the chateau or producer that is classified. In Burgundy they classify the terroir.

Grand Cru is the top classified status in Burgundy. Not many vineyards are eligible for Grand Cru status. To give you an idea, about 2% of the Burgundy regions vineyards are classified as Grand Cru. On the label, only the vineyard and classified status is listed. Grand Cru wines are produced from the lowest yields of all classified Burgundy wines.

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Premier Cru is the next highest level of classified status for Burgundy wines. Close to 12% of all Burgundy vineyards are classified with Premier Cru status. Premier Cru classified wines provide the name of the village first, and then the vineyard on the label. If the wine is produced from multiple vineyards from the same village, only the vineyard name will appear on the label.

Village wines, the next level of classification in Burgundy list the appellation when they are produced from multiple villages. This is quite common as many of these wines are produced from a myriad of villages and vineyards. For wines produced from one village and vineyard, that information is placed clearly on the label.

Regional wines are the lowest level of classification in the Burgundy system. The wines are not produced under the same rules and conditions as the higher levels of classified Burgundy wines.

Chablis, even though the appellation is located in Burgundy has its own unique system of classification or its wines. Generally speaking, the Chablis classification is quite close to what is established in Burgundy. However there are a few differences. Chablis has 4 levels of classified status: Grand Cru, Premier Cru, Village Chablis and Petit Chablis.

Beaujolais has their own system of classification, even though they are also in Burgundy. The wines of Beaujolais have the following different levels of classification: Beaujolais AOC/AOP, Beaujolais Villages and Beaujolais Cru.

Champagne has its own, unique system of classification. Interestingly, the classification of Champagne takes the level of quality of the grapes into consideration, along with the terroir and soil. In Champagne the best wines are classified as Grand Cru Champagne, followed by Premier Cru Champagne.

Alsace wines are classified as well. The wines of Alsace have two levels of classification, Grand Cru and Alsace AOC/AOP.

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It’s not just the French that like to classify things. Most, if not all of Europe enjoy classifications. It took long enough, but a new system for the classification of wines from France was created in 2012 to replace the previous, antiquated, classification. The 2012 classification system is much more simple. It relies on three levels of basic classification instead of four. Plus more information is available to the consumer on the new labels attached to wine bottles as allowable by law. However, it should be noted that due to competition on the marketplace, the recent 2012 classification has been ammended as you will see below.

The new categories are of classification in France are:

Vin de France – This new classification, which replaces Vin de Table, allows the consumer to know much more information about the wine. Wines with the Vin de France designation sport wine labels that include the type of grape variety used to produce the wine and the specific vintage. However, other than the country of France, no information is allowed as to where the grapes are from. It’s important that some Vin de France can be quite good, and also expensive. That is because some wines are forced to use the Vin de France classification because they violated appellation law. As an example, they included grapes not allowed in the region, or the vineyard management techniques did not conform to AOC regulations.

Indication Geographique Protegee – IGP will be used instead of Vin de Pays. IGP wines offer growers and producers a myriad of choices as there are no restrictions on grape varieties. Estates are also allowed to blend grapes or wine from multiple appellations.

Appellation d’Origine Protegee – AOP is intended to replace the previously important AOC classification, Appellation d’Origine Controlee. Not much else has changed in this classification, other than the name.

Organic and Biodynamic wines are now certified. To be a producer with the ability to place the words organic on your label, for a minimum of a three year period, the wine maker must use oonly organic farming techniques. Certification be granted from any of the following agencies

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which are regulated by the French Minsitry of Agriculture: Ecocert, Qualite France, ULSAE, Agrocert, Certipaq and ACLAVE. Estates with the right to place the word Organic on their label have two possibilities. Once they are certified as Agriculture Biologique, they can use a logo from either the EU or the official Organic label.

Biodynamic Certification is granted to estates that for a minimum of a three period farm their vineyards utilizing the techniques created by Rudolf Steiner. The same bodies that certify organic producers also certify Biodynamic estates: Ecocert, Qualite France, ULSAE, Agrocert, Certipaq and ACLAVE. An additional or different certification is available, Demeter. Demeter certification is given to estates making wine from biodynamically certified fruit that was produced under the rule and regulations of the Demeter group.

Producers with SIVCBD; Biodyvin on their label are members of The Syndicat International des Vignerons en Culture Bio-Dynamique association.”

ALSACE

The vineyards in the northernmost area of France were originally planted by the Roman legion in their expansion into northern territories. Alsace soon became an important wine-producing region.

The are planted on the lower slopes of the Vosges mountains facing the Rhine.

The wines of Alsace are sold under the names of the grape varieties from which they are made: Chasselas, Sylvaner, Riesling (the most notable), Gewurztraminer, Pinot Blanc, Pinot Gris (Tokay d’Alsace), Muscat d’Alsace and Pinot Noir (Rose’ d’Alsace). The name of the parish where the grapes are grown (Barr, Eguisheim, Riquewihr, Ammerchwihr, Kayserberg, Mittelwirh and Ribeauville) may be added.

A sparkling wine produced here — whether red, white or rose’– is sold under the designation “Cremant d’Alsace.

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BORDEAUX

The Bordeaux vineyards lie in the southwest of France within the department of Gironde.

The vine has been prospering here for a long time. Thanks to the marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine with the King of England, Henry II Plantagenet, to whom she brought Aquitaine as her dowry, the wines of Bordeaux were exported very early (1152) to England.

The region of Bordeaux is arguably the largest “vineyard of fine wines” in the world. The following, renowned growing areas account for its world acclaim.

MEDOC and GRAVES – A narrow strip of land which lies along more than 60 miles of the left bank of the Gironde estuary and the Garonne comprises the Medoc and Graves.

It is where the following appellations are to be found: Medoc, Haut- Medoc, Saint Estephe, Pauillac, Saint-Julien, Moulis, Listrac, Margaux and Graves which are produced with Cabernet and Merlot.

In 1855 at the request of the Bordeaux Chamber of Commerce the wines of Medoc were classified and this classification officially remains, with the exception of Chateau Mouton-Rothschild, which was classified 2nd growth in 1855 but has since been promoted to 1st growth in 1973.

There are now five first growths: Chateau, Lafite-Rothschild, Chateau Latour, Chateaux Margaux, Chateau Mouton-rothschild and Chateau Haut-Brion (Graves).

There are also fourteen second growths, fourteen third, ten fourth and eighteen fifth growths.

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SAINT EMILION – The grape varieties grown in Saint Emilion are Cabernet Franc, Merlot and Malbec, with some Cabernet Sauvignon and Bouchet.

The wines were classified officially in 1954 and again in 1969; they count two 1st growths “A” Chateau Ausone and Chateau Cheval Blanc, ten 1st growths “B” and 72 classified growths.

POMEROL – An important wine district in Bordeaux, located next door to Saint Emilion. Pomerol produces only powerful red wines, dark in color.

BORDEAUX and COTES de BORDEAUX -This appellation represents the largest production in the Gironde area. Red and white wines are marketed under the appellations Bordeaux or Bordeaux Superieur. If made with grapes from the right bank of the Garonne the appellation Premieres Cotes de Bordeaux, or the Cotes de Bourg and Premieres Cotes de Blaye (just opposite the Medoc), Cotes de Castillon (just east of Saint-Emilion), and the Graves de Vayre (southwest of Libourne).

GRAVES, ENTRE-DEUX-MERS, COTES DE BLAYE – White Graves is crisp and has an elegant bouquet. Entre-Deux-Mers between the Garonne and Dordogne rivers produces a delightfully dry white as does the region of the Cotes de Blaye.

SAUTERNES – BARSAC – Sauternes produces some of the most prized sweet wines in the world. The neighboring appellations Cerons,

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Sainte-Croix-du-Mont, Loupiac, Cadillac and Premiers Cotes de Bordeaux also produce sweet wines. These wines are pleasant, but do not have the honey-like intensity of Sauternes and, to a lesser extent, Barsac.

Semillon, Sauvignon and Muscadelle grapes are responsible for these wines They grow in clayish, gravelly soils. Their special feature is that they are attacked in certain vineyards by a fungus called “Botrytis Cinerea”, better known as “noble rot.”

The fungus penetrates the skins of the grapes, and feeds on the juice within each berry. While it does not affect the flavor of the grapes, it causes a rapid evaporation of the water. The result is greater concentration of sugar.

The wine of Sauternes-Barsac is a sweet white, amber in color when young and old gold when it has aged. It has an amazing bouquet of honey and wild flowers.

BURGUNDY

Burgundy was first a kingdom, then a duchy and, finally, a province of France.

Historians tell us that the grape-growing in this area started with the Phoenicians, from the ancient kingdom of Mediterranean sailors and traders. Afterwards, the Romans contributed to the culture of the vine with even greater enthusiasm.

In contrast to many vineyards in Bordeaux, which tend to be single- owned estates, those of Burgundy often are shared by different owners.

Principal grapes grown in Burgundy are the noble Chardonnay and Aligote’, an all-purpose grape for making white wines. Reds acquire their character from Pinot Noir and Gamay.

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The wines of Burgundy are classified according to four categories. The most basic appellation is “Bourgogne.” A step above is “Villages.” The name of the parish, such as Chambolle-Musigny, Nuits-Saint-Georges or Gevrey-Chambertin, must appear on the label, along with the name of the vineyard. The listing, for example, would appear as “Chambolle- Musigny Les Amoureuses,” Nuits-St. Georges Les Poirets.

Then come the “Premier Crus,” and finally, the Grand Crus,” where only the name of the vineyard appears on the labels.

CHABLIS – Chablis covers some 3,600 acres, and, on average, produces some 11,000,000 gallons of dry white wine from the Chardonnay planted in marly chalk soil.

First, there is the Chablis “Grand Cru.” There are seven of these: Vaudesir, Les Preusses, Les Clos, Grenoilles, Bougros, Valmur and Blanchots. Then come the Chablis “Premier Cru” almost as great as the Grand Crus but more numerous. Finally the Chablis itself and of course, the Petit Chablis.

In the region of Chablis white wines from the Aligote and Sauvignon varieties are also produced. In the parish of Saint Bris, the wine from the Sauvignon grape is entitled to the status of VDQS.

The parishes of Saint Bris, Irancy and Coulanges produce excellent red and rose wines from the Pinot Noir, Tressot and Cesar varieties. They are entitled to the appellation Bourgogne.

Winegrowers also produce a sparkling wine according to the Methode Champenoise which is entitled to the appellation Cremant de Bourgogne. The Cremant de Bourgogne is also produced in the Cote d’Or and Saone-et-Loire departments.

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COTE d’OR -From Dijon to Chagny for some 30 miles, the vineyards of the Cote d’Or stretch along the sunny hillsides facing the RN 73. It is divided into two distinct parts, which, although related in a way, are different. They are the vineyards of the Cote de Nuits and that of the Cote de Beaune.

They cover some 15,750 acres and produce a yearly average of some 5,060,0000 gallons of red and white wines.

COTE de NUITS – The Cote de Nuits has a slightly chalky soil with a marl and fuller earth sub-soil. Its primary grape variety is the Pinot Noir, called Noirien, to which is blended a little Chardonnay. The Cote de Nuits produces almost exclusively red wines, the two exceptions being the Clos Blanc de Vougeot and the white Musigny, both very rare wines.

The red wines of the Cote de Nuits such as Chambertin, Musigny, Clos de Vougeot and Romanee-Conti, have contributed to the fame of this exceptional wine-growing area.

COTE DE BEAUNE – The soil is varied containing chalky clay with traces of iron salt, marl, and light marl. The Cote de Beaune is renowned for such reds as Volnay, Pommard, Beaune and Aloxe-Corton. It also produces the most famous white wines of Burgundy, Montrachet, Meursault and Corton-Charlemagne.

MERCUREY and THE COTE CHALONNAISE -Between the red Cote d’Or and the region of Macon lie the vineyards of Mercurey and Givry. Here red wines, with much bouquet and body, are the perfect link between the red wines of the Cote de Beaune and the red wines of Macon. In this region one also finds the vineyards of Rully and Montagny, and the sparkling Burgundies such as Cremant de Bourgogne.

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MACONNAIS -Although usually marly, the soil of the southern part of this region is chalky clay and this is where the white wines are produced.

The most famous wine of the Macon is Pouilly-Fuisse. Other elegant wines whose production is small but excellent are Pouilly-Loche and Pouilly-Vinzelles.

Among the white wines of Macon one must not forget another appellation wine, the Saint Veran.

Macon Blanc sometimes adds the name of the village where it is produced (e.g. Macon-Vire, Macon-Lugny). Macon Villages is always a white wine.

Usually the red and rose’ wines of Macon are produced from the Gamay but it is permitted to use the Pinot Noir. Wines produced from Pinot Noir grapes planted in the Macon are entitled to the “Bourgogne Rouge” appellation. If they are the result of a blend of one-third Pinot Noir and two-thirds Gamay then it is entitled to the appellation “Bourgogne Passe-Tout-Grains.”

All the white wines produced in Burgundy are made from the Chardonnay grapes with the exception of “Bourgogne Aligote'” which takes its name from the grape that produces it, Aligote.

BEAUJOLAIS – This is the largest region of Burgundy and covers some 51,250 acres. “Beaujolais” is almost exclusively a red wine.

The region is divided into two parts the north and the south.

The north is home of the 10 growths of Beaujolais, Brouilly, Chenas, Chiroubles, Cote de Brouilly, Fleurie, Julienas, Morgon, Moulin-a-Vent, Saint-Amour and Regnie.

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“Beaujolais Villages” is a second classification, indicating that the wine is made with grapes grown in the thirty-nine communes. Following in the line of importance comes the plain “Beaujolais.”

CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, a unique sparkling wine, a fit accompaniment to all celebrations, is the most famous of all the wines of France.

The area where Champagne is produced comprises the mountain of Reims,

the valley of the Marne river, the Cote des Blancs (where only white- grape varieties are planted, hence its name), and the regions of Bar-sur- Aube and Bar-sur-Seine in the Aube department.

The soil is almost pure chalk with a layer of arable soil, never deeper than three feet. Chalk imparts to Champagne its pristine feel on the palate.

Champagne is produced from three grape varieties: Pinot, Meunier and Chardonnay. It is produced according to the well-known Methode Champenoise meaning “fermentation in the bottle.”

In the methode champenoise, each bunch of grapes is carefully checked before reaching the winery. Grapes that are either damaged or unripe are removed. The remaining grapes are then pressed in special presses, which insure no contact between the juice and the skins.

After fermentation is completed and the wine is comparatively bright, the still wine is filtered. Wines produced in different villages of

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Champagne are then blended by experienced tasters to make a “cuvee”, the blend of wine particular to each Champagne house. Then a liqueur made of cane sugar, yeasts and wine is added. The wine is then bottled. The bottles are stored in vast chalk underground cellars, where the second fermetnation takes place, as the yeasts react with the sugar in each bottle.

When the second fermentation is completed, the bottles are placed on tilted racks or “pupitre.” They are rotated a quarter of a turn for a certain time to ensure that the yeast deposit, residue of the second fermentation, is gradually brought down around the necks. This is known as “remuage.” The bottles are then stored neck down. Before the final packaging of the bottles they must be “degorged” that is to say, have the deposit removed.

To accomplish this, bottles are placed upside-down in special refrigeration units. These units contain a brine that cools about one inch of wine in the neck, blocking the sediment on the crown cap. Once the cap is removed, the sediment attached to the the ice is removed as well.

After this operation, a special blend of cane sugar diluted in the wine, produced in Champagne is added to each bottle. It is this which determines the degree of sweetness of Champagne: Brut, Extra Dry, Dry or Medium-Dry.

A vintage Champagne must remain in its bottle for at least three years before it can be put on the market.

Blanc de Blancs Champagne is produced solely from white grapes.

There is “Pink Champagne” which is produced by adding red wine produced in Champagne to the blend. This is the only rose’ wine produced in France which is a blend of red and white wine.

Finally “Cremant de Champagne” is one whose pressure is lower than that of normal Champagne (3 atmospheres instead of 5).

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It is not necessary to age Champagne, it is ready for consumption as soon as it is put on the market.

COTEAUX CHAMPENOIS – The area of Champagne also produces still wines which are entitled to the appellation controlee “Coteaux Champenois.” They are either white or red. Among the reds, the wine of Bouzy is reputed for it quality and elegance.

COTE RHONE 223 COTES DU RHONE

The Cotes du Rhone lie along 125 miles on both sides of the river Rhone from Lyon to Avignon. The vineyard covers approximately 97,500 acres divided into two separate sectors.

NORTHERN ZONE – Here the vineyards hang on steep hillsides. The grape varieties used for white wines are Vognier, Roussane and Marsanne, while for the reds only one variety is used, Syrah. It is in this region that lies the smallest appellation vineyard of France, the Chateau- Grillet, covering some 4 acres of terraces, some holding no more an 6 vines. Other whites produced in the zone include Condrieu and Saint- Peray.

Cote Rotie and Cornas produce only powerful red wines.

Saint-Joseph, Hermitage and Crozes-Hermitage produce both red and white wines.

Wines with the Cotes-du-Rhone appellation are pleasant, and can be made with grapes grown in about one hundred communes.

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SOUTHERN AREA – On the right bank of the Rhone River, two growing areas lending their names to two of France’s popular rose’ wines are located: Tavel and Lirac. Made mostly with Grenache and Cinsault, they are delightful, dry and fruity luncheon treats.

On the left bank of the Rhone, just north of Avignon lie the vineyards of Chateauneuf-du-Pape, one of France’s best known red wines. These are big, full-tasting wines, slow to develop. As many as thirteen grape varieties are responsible for this wine. There is also a rare white Chateauneuf-du-Pape produced from about 5% of the crop.

LOIRE VALLEY

The river Loire flows for about six hundred miles through a valley constellated by numerous vineyards and beautiful, enchanting castles. The valley is known as Chateau country

POUILLY-SUR-LOIRE – Located just south of Paris, this town’s vineyards are planted with Sauvignon Blanc (known as Blanc Fume’) and Chasselas grape varieties. A wine, Pouilly Fume’, is made here exclusively with Sauvignon Blanc grapes. Pouilly Fume’ is dry, soft, with a slight smoky quality. It has nothing to do with Pouilly Fuisse’.

SANCERRE – Sancerre is a town located on the other side of the Loire. Its vineyards are also planted with Sauvignon Blanc. Both still and sparkling wines are made here.

http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/ 9/14/2016 France | Banfi Wines Page 17 of 20

VOUVRAY AND SAUMUR – The main grape variety in these wine districts is Chenin Blanc. Both still and sparkling wines are made here.

CHENIN AND BOURQUEIL – Exceptions in Loire, Chenin and Bourqueil make red wines of similar character, mostly with Cabernet Franc grapes. They are pleasant, fairly light reds, best appreciated when served slightly cool.

ANJOU – Both white and rose’ wines are made in this region. The whites, both still and sparkling, are made with Chenin Blanc.

Rose’ d’Anjou, very popular for its fruity, soft taste, is made with Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon and Pinot d’Aunis.

COTEAUX du LAYON – The vineyards, planted with Chenin Blanc, lie along the Layon River, a tributary of the Loire. The Coteaux du Layon produce delightful, sweet wines.

MUSCADET – Where the Loire flows into the Atlantic Ocean, near the city of Nantes, soil and microclimate contribute to the making of Muscadet an excellent growing area for the grape of the same name. Light and dry, this wine is an excellent accompaniment to shellfish dishes.

The appellation “muscat de Sevre-et-Maine” indicated that the grapes were grown in the heart of the area, thus producing a wine of superior quality.

The words “sur lie” on the label indicates that the wine was bottled soon after fermentation, and that it was not racked.

http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/ 9/14/2016 France | Banfi Wines Page 18 of 20

JURA

This small, mountainous wine-producing region near Switzerland produces wines of unique character. The best-known wine is Chateau Chalon, made with the Sauvignon grape picked as late as possible. The wine is kept in casks for a minimum of six years. During this time, a special film is formed, which imparts a particular nutty taste and aroma to the wine. It is known as “Vin Jaune,” or “yellow wine.”

THE SOUTHWEST

The Southwest of France, thanks to vineyards covering some 50,0000 acres, produces wines that are varied and of excellent quality.

Among the appellations is Bergerac, east of Bordeaux, where both red and white wines are made. Perhaps the most famous is Monzabillac, a rich dessert wine. Another growing area is Cahors, responsible for highly tannic, slow-maturing, very dark red wines.

CORSICA

The vine was probably planted in Corsica by the Greeks a long time before the Christian era and today it covers over 70,000 acres.

http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/ 9/14/2016 France | Banfi Wines Page 19 of 20

Principal grape varieties for red and rose wines are Nielluccio, Sciacarello, Grenache, Syrah and Cinsault. Whites use Vermentino (Corsican Malvoisie) and Russula Bianca (Ugni Blanc.)

Delicious sweet wine are produced from Malvoisie or Muscat grapes in the Cap-Corse or Patrimonio.

PROVENCE

The vine-growing region of Provence has the oldest vineyards of France. They were planted by the first Greek colonists, who arrived and settled on the Mediterranean seashore.

Numerous grape varieties are grown: the main ones are: Grenache, Cinsault, Mourvedre, Tibourenc, Carignan, Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah for the reds and Clairette, Rolle, Ugni Blanc and Semillon for the whites.

Cotes de Provence is the largest single appellation controlee in the region, known principally for rose’ wines.

Unparalleled Rose – Coteaux Varois en Provence (AOP) France- Vineyards are located in Coteaux Varois en Provence, France, with soil consisting of clay-limestone rocks. The rocky, gently sloping hills of Southern France and the region’s proximity to the Mediterranean Sea creates ideal growing conditions for rosé wines. We source this cuvée of Syrah and Grenache from a beautiful wine estate in the picturesque massif de la Loube. The wine ferments in concrete tanks at 45˚F to dryness. The winemaking is very natural and hands off. The wine is aged on fine lees for 4 months prior to bottling. The wine is pale pink with an aroma of melon and tangerine. The taste offers fresh flavors of pomegranate and grapefruit.

http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/ 9/14/2016 France | Banfi Wines Page 20 of 20

MIDI

Bordering the Mediterranean, west of Provence, is the largest region of France, the Midi. It is spread throughout four departments, and covers some 1,125,000 acres — about 35% of the total vineyard acreage in the country.

The Midi produces a large percentage of French table wine. The more renowned red wines are Corbieres, Roussillon and Minervois. A sweet wine is also made here, Muscat de Frontignan.

http://www.banfiwines.com/region/france/ 9/14/2016

EXHIBIT 87 marley dells wisconsin - Google Search Page 1 of 2

marley dells wisconsin

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Marley's 'reinvents' itself as Bobber's with family focus | Regional news ... www.wiscnews.com/wisconsindellsevents/.../article_473e6665-68b8-5d78-863f-87b0... Jan 8, 2016 - Marley's A Taste of the Caribbean — which Google Maps calls a ... The Morrises opened Marley's in 2000 at its original Wisconsin Dells ...

Bobbers Island Grill - Wisconsin Dells www.wisdells.com/wisconsin-dells-area/restaurants/bobbers-island-grill.htm Welcome to Bobbers - An island inspired atmosphere, located in the heart of Wisconsin Dells! A See photos place where friends and family gather for good times and ... Permanently closed Marley's, Wisconsin Dells - Menu, Prices & Restaurant Reviews ... www.tripadvisor.com › ... › Wisconsin Dells › Wisconsin Dells Restaurants TripAdvisor Marley's, Wisconsin Dells: See 712 unbiased reviews of Marley's, rated 3.5 of 5, and one of 184 Wisconsin Dells restaurants on TripAdvisor. 2.9 110 Google reviews Family Restaurant The Reef Nightclub Beach-themed eatery with patio seating & a menu span www.thereefnightclub.com/ Mexican & seafood options. When you're looking for Wisconsin Dells most happening place look no further than The Reef. And if Address: 750 Wisconsin Dells Pkwy S, Baraboo, WI 5 you're feeling hungry make sure to check out our dining as ... Vip areas · Contact · Gallery · Specials Phone: (608) 254-1800 Menu: bobbersislandgrill.com Marley's - CLOSED - 50 Photos & 150 Reviews - Caribbean - 750 ... www.yelp.com › Restaurants › Caribbean Yelp Reviews Rating: 2.5 - 150 reviews - Price range: $11-30 (608) 254-1800 · 750 Wisconsin Dells Pkwy S Lake Delton, WI 53940. "Fun atmosphere and good food and service."

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EXHIBIT 88 Marley's 'reinvents' itself as Bobber's with family focus | Regional news | wiscnews.com Page 1 of 5

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Marley's 'reinvents' itself as Bobber's with family focus

Ed Legge [email protected], 608-745-3513 Jan 8, 2016

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A long-time Lake Delton eatery and entertainment venue is trading in its iconic, island- flavored name for something more fun and family friendly — yet still aquatically themed.

Marley’s A Taste of the Caribbean — which Google Maps calls a “beachy joint with an eclectic menu” — officially becomes Bobber’s Island Grill this Friday, opening a new chapter in what so far is a 15-year success story for local restaurateurs Jeff and Marci Morris.

The restaurant and its built-in nightspot The Reef — the latter of which will continue to exist with its present name and function as more of an entertainment venue — have become over the years one of the area’s most popular gathering places, with outdoor dining and entertainment a favorite of tourists and locals alike.

Marley’s also has become a local mainstay for playing host to big community events, ranging from an annual weekend visit by the Milwaukee Brewers’ broadcasting team to the Dells-Delton area’s largest cancer benefit.

The “reinvention” of Marley’s was a long time coming, according to Jeff Morris, and a reaction to changing dining trends as well as customer demographics. (The “bobber” in the new brand’s name refers to the highly recognizable red-and-white fishing bobber that from time immemorial has been used to indicate a nibble on the line.)

“It was a combination of different things,” Morris said this week regarding the change, as across the current Marley’s bar he unveiled an array of Bobber’s tchotchkes and the new restaurant’s planned, signature burger — a three-pound plate of beef, bread and trimmings that customers can attempt to eat within 30 minutes for a place on Bobber’s “Wall of Fame” (or “Shame” if they fail to eat it all).

http://www.wiscnews.com/wisconsindellsevents/news/local/article_473e6665-68b8-5d78-... 9/14/2016 Marley's 'reinvents' itself as Bobber's with family focus | Regional news | wiscnews.com Page 3 of 5

“Out in Vegas, a lot of the restaurants reinvent themselves every five to seven years, and for years we’re been doing menu analysis, and the way people ordered food years ago and they way they do now has changed,” he said. “We’re really excited about it because of all the different things we’re going to be able to do — menu ideas, drink ideas, the ‘Bobber’ characters are going to be fun, menu items are going to be fun.”

In keeping with the new brand’s logo — a red-and-white fishing bobber with a wide- eyed smile on its face — Bobber’s dining experience will come with the “family friendly” in mind.

“The ‘bobber’ thing is going to be so much more kid friendly, so much more family friendly than even Marley’s has been in the past,” he said. “That’s really what we’re trying to get at.”

The bobber theme will give the restaurant more flexibility with such efforts than the Marley’s brand allowed, Morris said, in large part because of that name’s association with reggae legend Bob Marley, his music and the overall Caribbean (especially Jamaican) “flavor” that they connote.

“We’ve got different things that will happen daily, weekly and monthly that are going to make it more interactive between the customer and Bobber’s,” he said.

Those inter-activities will include a contest to name the burger-eating challenge, naming the bobber mascot and a host of daily contests and promotions. All of it will be punctuated with the giveaway items, which range from a coffee cup and lunch cooler to an infant’s “onesy” and miniature Frisbee.

The new name also will make it easier for customers to distinguish between the family-friendly offerings of the restaurant with the potentially more entertainment- themed venue The Reef.

“We’ve been trying to get people to call it ‘The Reef’ for five years,” Jeff Morris said. “I think it will be easier now.”

http://www.wiscnews.com/wisconsindellsevents/news/local/article_473e6665-68b8-5d78-... 9/14/2016 Marley's 'reinvents' itself as Bobber's with family focus | Regional news | wiscnews.com Page 4 of 5

The restaurant is receiving a new color scheme throughout its indoor “island village” motif this week, and the re-branding effort will continue outdoors in the spring as well, he said.

The Morrises opened Marley’s in 2000 at its original Wisconsin Dells Parkway location near Noah’s Ark, then moved the establishment to Highway 12 in 2010, opening The Reef as an entertainment venue at the same time.

Ed Legge

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EXHIBIT 89 Bobbers Island Grill - Family Dining Page 1 of 4

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FREE DELIVERY (608) 254-1800 (TEL:16082541800) (https://www.facebook.com/bobbersislandgrill/?fref=ts)

(https://twitter.com/bobbersisland) + (https://plus.google.com/b/113895430304156939858/+BobbersIslandGrillWisconsinDells/about)

MENU EVENTS SPECIALS (HTTP://WWW.BOBBERSISLANDGRILL.COM/SPECIALS/) SHOP (HTTP://WWW.BOBBERSISLANDGRILL.COM/SHOP/)

BLOG (HTTP://WWW.BOBBERSISLANDGRILL.COM/BLOG/) CONTACT US (HTTP://WWW.THEREEFNIGHTCLUB.COM/)

WELCOME TO BOBBERS ISLAND GRILL

Come in to Bobbers Island Grill for a unique, family dining experience.

The next time you’re in Wisconsin Dells, you’ll get hooked! Enjoy food with a flare, specialty burgers, sandwiches, pizza, entrees and kids menu. Large groups and families are welcome, the kids will love coloring on the tables and bobbing for prizes. We also feature outdoor dining with a kids sand play area. In the fall enjoy our outdoor firepit and speciality cocktails.

Locally owned, midwest home grown. We open daily at 11am. See you at Bobbers!

UPCOMING EVENTS

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SEPTEMBER, 2016 ∠ ∠ 15 16 SEP SEP RIDE WITH STYLE SHOPPING TOUR! RIDE WITH STYLE SHOPPING TOUR! SHOPPING TOUR SHOPPING TOUR

THERE'S NO CATCH, JUST GOOD FOOD AMERICAN CARIBBEAN INSPIRED CUISINE - FAMILY DINING

(http://www.bobbersislandgrill.com/menu/)

(http://www.bobbersislandgrill.com/specials/)

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BOBBERS ISLAND GRILL SPECIAL OFFERS & UPCOMING EVENTS

Email Address SUBMIT

Address 750 Wisconsin Dells Pkwy S. Wisconsin Dells, WI 53965 (https://www.google.com/maps/place/Marley's+A+Taste+of+the+Caribbean/@43.5828468,-89.7810819,15z/data=! 4m2!3m1!1s0x0:0x4b76d41e3d8bea0c?sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXitH8yKnKAhUK7SYKHRuFCoYQ_BIIgAEwCg)

Hours Open Daily @ 11:00 am

Phone (608) 254-1800 (tel:16082541800)

Facebook There's no catch, just great food (https://www.facebook.com/bobbersislandgrill/?fref=ts)

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EXHIBIT 90 WHOIS Lookup | WHOIS Domain Availability Search Database - GoDaddy Page 1 of 2

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WHOIS search results for: Is this your Want to buy this GO GO MARLEYSCLUB.COM domain? domain? (Registered) Add hosting, email and more. Get it with our Domain Buy service.

Domain Name: MARLEYSCLUB.COM Domain already taken? Registry Domain ID: 33905711_DOMAIN_COM-VRSN Registrar WHOIS Server: whois.godaddy.com Registrar URL: http://www.godaddy.com Update Date: 2016-05-20T17:51:10Z Enter Domain Name Search Creation Date: 2000-09-01T21:21:12Z Registrar Registration Expiration Date: 2017-09-01T21:21:12Z Registrar: GoDaddy.com, LLC Registrar IANA ID: 146 Registrar Abuse Contact Email: [email protected] NameMatch Recommendations Registrar Abuse Contact Phone: +1.4806242505 Domain Status: clientTransferProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientTransferProhibited GoDaddy.com NameMatch has found similar domain names related to your search. Domain Status: clientUpdateProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientUpdateProhibited Registering multiple domain names may help protect your online brand and enable you to Domain Status: clientRenewProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientRenewProhibited capture more Web traffic, which you can then direct to your primary domain. Domain Status: clientDeleteProhibited http://www.icann.org/epp#clientDeleteProhibited Registry Registrant ID: Domains available for new registration: Registrant Name: Doreen Crujeiras Alternate domains Registrant Organization: Bob Marley Music Registrant Street: c/o Berdon LLP marleys.club $0.99 Registrant Street: 360 Madison Avenue marleysclubs.com SAVE! $11.99 Registrant City: New York marleysclub.org SAVE! $8.99 Registrant State/Province: New York marleysclub.net SAVE! $11.99 Registrant Postal Code: 10017 Registrant Country: US marleysclub.club $0.99 Registrant Phone: +1.9282211545 marleysclub.us SAVE! $3.99 Registrant Phone Ext: marleysclub.info SAVE! $2.99 Registrant Fax: $7.99 Registrant Fax Ext: marleysclub.co Registrant Email: [email protected] Registry Admin ID: Admin Name: Doreen Crujeiras Admin Organization: Bob Marley Music Admin Street: 360 Madison Avenue Floor 9 Admin City: New York Admin State/Province: NY Learn more about Admin Postal Code: 10017 Admin Country: US Private Registration ? Protected Registration ? Admin Phone: +1.12123203693 Business Registration ? Admin Phone Ext: Admin Fax: Admin Fax Ext: *Plus ICANN fee of $0.18 per domain name year. Admin Email: [email protected] **.CA domain names will be registered through Go Daddy Domains Canada, Inc., a CIRA certified registrar. Registry Tech ID: Tech Name: Doreen Crujeiras Tech Organization: Bob Marley Music Tech Street: 360 Madison Avenue Floor 9 Tech City: New York Tech State/Province: NY Tech Postal Code: 10017 Tech Country: US Tech Phone: +1.12123203693 Tech Phone Ext: Tech Fax: Tech Fax Ext: Tech Email: [email protected] Name Server: NS25.DOMAINCONTROL.COM Name Server: NS26.DOMAINCONTROL.COM DNSSEC: unsigned URL of the ICANN WHOIS Data Problem Reporting System: http://wdprs.internic.net/ >>> Last update of WHOIS database: 2016-09-14T20:00:00Z <<<

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EXHIBIT 91

TERROIR

Terroir (tair-wah1) a French te1m meaning total elements ofthe vineyard

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFO RN IA PRESS BERKELEY · LOS ANGELES · LONDON in association with THE WINE APPRECIATION GUILD

SAN FRANCISCO Th.1.a One

111 11111ｾ＠ｾＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱＱ＠ 4FXQ-466- 950ZCopyrighted material Dedication

To Elloie

Terroir T he Role of Geology, Climate, :ind Culture in the fwfa king of French Wiuts b)' )•me• E. WilS(>n

Cop)•right () Oc:1tipt1s Ｑ＾ｵｨｬｩｾｨｩｮＱＱ＠ ( ;n>ufl 1.ul 19 Publi.hing C.roup Ltd 1998

t\ 11 rights ｲｾＱｶ｣｣ｬ＠ .. o 1>-•rt of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any fo rm or by ｾｮｹ＠ means, clecttc111ic ''' ｭ｣｣ｨｾｮｩ｣ＱＱｬＬ＠ including photocopying, recorrling or by ony informa tion storage and rctricvnl system. wit h<:>ul the prior wrincn pcrmi$sion qf rhc puhliihcr.

While every effort has been mode 10 cOnt'1ct owners of cupy riglu mu.ttrial, the publishers would he plcn«:d to hc:or from anyone who has n0t hccn opproprimcly nckoowledgcd. nnd will bc pleuS<:d to ｭｾｫ｣＠ the correction in future ｣＼ｬｩｲｩｯｮｾ＠

First published in the United States in 1999 by the University of California l'r<$S in ;issociation wi th The Wine Appteciation Cui.kl. Publithc

University of California Prc;s lkrkclcy 3nd LO$ Angeles, Colifornin

University <>fColifornio Pre». Ltd Lnd

The Wine Apprcci•tion Guild 360 Swift Avco11c. Unit .H So. San Francisco. C..:iliforni.1 9-1080 1-650-866-3010

ISBN 0-520-21936-8

9 s 7 6 5 ｾ＠ 3 2

Commi.tSioniflg &lirur; Sue j:unic:sc10 ｅＮｲｾ｡ＱＱｩＱＮｹＭ Ari I':Jiror: Fi<>tm K nu.vie$ &lirar: S1cph•nic l-lomcr Wonip1oecu;,,g a11d 11l4111urrip1 rnrurr:lr: Marguerite Bradford Daig11: Wotcrm>rk Communications l,imit'cd llltttrro11011: LCT C.rophits, Adri:on WndroducYion: Rachd Lynd1 Int/a: Angie Hipkin

Typeset in Cmnjon '111d Frutiger

Printed and bound by Toppan Priming Company in Chinn

Copyrighted material Contents

Foreword by Hugh Johnson 4 Introduction 5

Part One: Elements of the French terroirs

The habitat: wlrnt ｭＮＱｫ｣ｾ＠ uood grnpc\ 8 AhoUI ＺＮｬｯｰＨＮﾷｾ＠ 21 Soil, \Oul of the '111cpl.111t 22

I .incagc of 1hc gr.tpcnnc 42 Th(. p:m 1h.11 m:in ｰｬ｡ｾﾷ｣､＠ 50

Appendices

Terroir; a ｵｮＱｱｵｾ＠ French term 55 Glossary of terms 57

Part Two: Where the wines grow

2 Champagne: chalk GoUntq 64

3 Alsace: granite ｾｬｯｰ･ｾＮ＠ 111;1rh hill' 82

4 Burgundy: para.It of c.1 p· rod, sr,1rp:. 108 5 Aquitaine: .1 ha,11\ lillnl w11h m ｾﾷｲＬＬ＠ gcologv, .111d lmtt•r\ 164 6 Bordeaux: gr:ivd mn11n1k ｬｩｭ｣Ｌｴｯｮｾ＠ plaic.ttl\ 185 7 The Southwest: rl\·cr !t> rr:in·'· slwcis of mnl:i,,t. 214

8 The Loire: cnnnrging ri,crs. chalk hills . .ltl(R 'lll r•Kk\ 227

9 The Kimmeridgian Chain: .1 h:ind ol ch.ilky ''·"I'' 244 10 Auvergne-Bourbonnais: .1 rift ｾｨ｡､ｯｷｮｬ＠ h,· ,.,1c,1nu: ｰ･｡ｫｾ＠ 265 11 The Rhone and the Southeast ｲｯＱＱＱｫﾷｾｳ＠ｭｯｵｮｴ｡ｩｮｾ＠ - ,ftcar ｧｾﾷｮｬＱＱｧ｜＠ 268 12 Languedoc-Roussillon: h.in.-rt·d r11<.:h. rdcntlc·<,., ,un 313

Bibliography 327 Acknowledgments 329 Index 330 Photographic credits 336 I 3 Alsace: granite slopes, marly hills

Alsace is irrevocabl y linked with rh e Rhine. a ri,•er misty with legends, headlined b)' history, tinctun:d with blood and wine. The Rhine of Alsace is not the vine· clad gorge of the Lorelei, buc ｾﾷ＠ wide, stet:p-walled, fiat valley. This is che Rhine gral:x:n, a classic of geologic structures. Graben is German for what it sounds like, a grave-like rrcnch. depicred in Figure 3.1. The valley is rhe result of cwo systems of parallel faul ts with a down-dropped block lx:twccn. It was Alsace's geologic good fortune that an intermediate foulr hlock nn the west formed a piedmont on which developed a patchwork of soils supporting a va riety of grape vines.

Figure 3.1 Generalized geology of AIS

D Tenl3ly and Ouattrnay L-j Sulr""5g1Ml HJls lnasStC. Ji.YasllC. and Teroaty

ｾ＠ J1.YasS1C ｬｩｭ･ｳｴｯｮ･ｾ＠ marls

D Tnassc Upper .m Mddle ｭ｡ｩｾ＠ llOklmites, .v1d •'*" Slone! lol\l?I. sands>.ones and cooglomemes

• l'tm'fan vok.lroc dtlrnus. puddingstones. and sarostores

D Upper Paleozooc: Oeo.mao. ｍｾｾｮＮ＠ Cifbolwft!'OUI, and ｾ＠ - mosVt YOlc.anoG and 91ay.·• .ickl'S D e>e.onoan 9.ltes of Hl#ll/Utlt .nj la-.llUI

EJ ｃｾＱ｡ｬｬｮ･＠ bdsement 9rafll1es, ｾ｡ｮ､＠ｭｴｴ｡ｭｯ＼ｾ＠ sdllla

# ｾｦ｡ｵｬｴｳＮ＠ known and ｾｩ･､＠

®--® ftguce 3 2

82 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material Professor Claude Sirtlcr and Robert Marockc collaborated in an informative study relating gcoloi:,')' to the gra1x:s of Alsace. Sittlcr is professor of geology at the I nstitut de.: Geologic, U ni\•c.: rsitc Louis Pasteur, in Strasbourg, and Marocke was at the time enologist at the Station Agronomique in Colmar. Table 3.1, modified from their report, identifies the soils which the several va rieties of vineplants seem ro favor. With the assistance of Professor Sittler, the terroirs most identified with :1 particular grapc va riety have been added to the original table.

Table 3.1 Soil-vine preferences Vineplant Favored soil type Some noted terroirs* (approx % planting) ｒＱｾｲｮｱ＠ (20) sandv-. K11teile. ｾｴ･ｲｨｦｦｧＮ＠ Rangen Schneckelsbourg, Schoenenbourg. Sporen, Zahnacler

G!'wurztft11TI1ne1 (20) rrnriy, deep and nch :;o.ls w11h Aflenberg, Altenberg (Berqherm), c111erage calc.lreous conient Bollenbefg. Eidiberg, Hengst. K,Jl.'fferkopf, K;inlierlx>fg, Kessler. Kirchberg (Barr). K1tterle, M.lmbourg, Schlossberq, Zahnacke1, Zinnkoeptle

Plnot Gns (5) deep, nch. loamy1arg1l 1111c or Clos des Capuons. Clos St ·lclndebn, volc.1noc sods or sandy, stony sods Kahllc)Cker, Spieqef

Musca1 family (4) loamy. more or ｾ＠ c.ilcareous Clos St ·landehn (Vorbourg), SOii Also sandy, loilmy SOiis Mandelberg. Stemgrublef

P1not No.r (6) sandy, calcareous ｳｯｴｬｾ＠ Clos des Capucrns. Clos St ·landehn

Pinot Blanc 08> loamy, light and fertJle soils. Clos du Strangenberg with fine 1exture

Sylvaner (20) deep, sandy and calcareous soils. Forst ｗｾ｢･ｲｧＮ＠ Zotzenberg nch 1n fine matenal

Auxerrors (4) heavy, marly/arg1l1111c soils No Grands CM (for blending)

Chasselas (3) vanous sods of average fertrhty No Grands CM but with water retention

Notes: • The list does not indude all of the Grands Crus Because of the patchwork of soils, several tel'IOlrs contain IT1()(e than one type of soil and hence more than one variety of grape.

The Riesling is the premier grape of Alsace as it is in Germany, but oddly, it is not authorized in A.0.C. vineyards elsewhere in France. Although h:iilccl as "king" hy the Alsatians, it occupies only 20 pcrccnt of rh c total planting. O ne rc.:ason is that its prcfcn::ncc.: for sunny, sheltered sitings is self-limiting. With planters holding stubbornly to Lhe tradicion of offering several wine varieties, the Riesling has ro share good ground in limited space with other grapes.

ALSACE: GRANITE SLOPES, MARLY HILLS 8 9

Copyrighted material The Grands Crus can be related to the three key geologic terrains I described earlier (see pages 85- 86). The soils of each of these terrains have particular duractcristics, and the cxposurdi arc always southerly.

Terroirs of the sub-Vosgian Hills These are the foulc "bundles" with a great va riety of soils. The scraca involved in this terrain arc of the Tertiary Oligocene, Middle Jurassic. the Lower Jurassic (Liassic), and the Upper, Middle, and Lower Triassic. The Oligocene is represented by a fo cies ca lled the Lactorfi:m, composed of marls and limestone conglomerates derived primarily from erosion of the Jurassic. The Middle Jurassic is made up of marls :md massive limesconcs. The Lower I urassic is composed of fossiliferous marls and limestones with some phosfatc nodules. The Upper and Middle Triassic strata contain dolomites interhedded with anhydrite and gypsifcrous clays. The hard dolomiLes hdp form thc low hills of this terrain. They also conrribute to the pebbly rexcure of Lhe soil. The Lower Triassic is made up of sandstones and shales, with conglomeraces and puddingst.Ones in the lower part. Although there ;1rc some hard byers in the overall stratigraphic scqucncc, few classic cap rock and slope land forms develop, rather the typical fcanircs are low, rounded hills. In addition to the alluvial fons, there was some Quaternaqr sheet wash of pebbles :ind sands from the Vosges mixed wich the calcareous, sandy-clay soils. The C r:incl s Crus and other acknowledged quality vine)'rman1c well-stirred c:1lcarcous, marly, pebhly soils, which arc esscnrially free of loess. WO«! I or hill •Bourg The Ribeau,•illc Fault Bundle opens up southward ac St.-Hippolyte and or · burg ndicates an .incumt wallt!d tOIMI concinucs 10 the Fechc fan ddta at Colmar. The ;irea, vicwecl in panoramic Hi>1m• 1$ home or the perspective in Figure 33 (page 85), contains a large number - more than a third ·place of,' as Wolxhe1m - of the G rands Crus of Alsace. The: detail of the geologic map shown in Color w dS the home or estate of 1he Wol1 famlly Plate 12 covers the same area as the panoramic drawing. the c<1lors bringing out "W1hr" or ·wt1le1• the JXltchwork nature of the faulting. 1nd1cates a small. isolated The cross-section of the sub-Vosgian Hills shown in Figure 3.2 illustrates locality, often with how the step faulring lowers successi,rely younger str:ita into pince coward the d1ff1cult ｡｣･ｾＮ＠ and occurs 1n the names of Rhine fault. The fault blocks are betwcc.:n JOO ;ind 150 ac rcs (40 to 60 ha) in size. Vllldges 1n small ｾ･ｳ＠ Coming through the vivid patchwork. the dominarnt oninge and yellow valleys. such as Riquewihr (Triassic), blue and la\lcnder (Jurassic), and the pink of the Oligocene "colori ze" and Guebwiller. the sequence of the step faulting.

96 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material Photograph 3.3 Southwest from Mont Sigolshelm the Vosges Fault splits on either side of the small Katzenthal Massif. The massif hides from view the vlllage of Nledermorschwihr and the Grand Cru Sommerberg on the slope. The Florimont Grand Cru terroir is on marly soils of Middle Jurassic and Oligocene conglomerates. At the south end of the Rlbeauville fault " bundle", the Kaefferkopf, not a Grand Cru but nonetheless an excellent terroir, Is located on Oligocene conglomerates panially covered by alluvium of the River Weiss

Beginning with the tiny Kanzlerberg 1erroir (16) a1 Bergheim, six Grands Crus arc located in the orange-ydlow T riassic zone: Osterberg (18), Kirchberg (19), Geisbcrg (20), Rosacker (22), and Schoenenbourg (23). Clos Sce.-H une (2 1), al rhough not a Grand C ru, is also on Triassic soils. In the zone of Lower Jurnssic (Liassic) we have the Grnnds C rus Altenbcrg de Bergheim (17) (with some Middle Jurassic), Frochn (2 4), Sporen (26), and F'urstentum (3 1). The Florimont (36), pinpointed in Photograph 3.3, is loc:m:d on Upper and Middle ｊｵｲ｡ｳＮＮｾｩ｣＠ soils. O n the outer zone of the Oligocene Lanorfia n conglomerate complex arc the substantial terroirs of Sonnenglanz (25), Mandelberg (27), Mambourg (32), Marckrain (33), and the Hengst (39). Physiographically, the Ribcauvillc Fault Bundle ends with the Pecht alluvial delta fan on which is located the H arth terroir (38) - which is not 3 Grand Cru. The piedmont structure continues southward into the Rouffach Fault Bundle. South of Wintzcnheim, the Vosges fo ult makes 3 wide indentation into the Vosges, leaving a brgc lens of Triassic Stram bordering the narrow :ivenue of gently undul:1ting sub-Vosgian Hills. The Triassic s:mdstones of this wedge have been eroded into steep ridges rhat delimit vineyard devd opmem much the same way as the granitic Vosges. Nevertheless, about half of che Grands Crus of the Rouffach Fault Bundle are found along the Hanks of this Triassic massif. The marls higher up the steep slopes of che Zinnkocpfl C:: (47) contribute a good clay mix for che sandy soils. Out from the hill on which stand the three castles of Eguisheim, the gentle slopes support the terroir of Pfcrsigberg (42), which has produced wines since the 14rh ccnn1ry. Pfingstbcrg (48) is on more gentle slopes of marls and dolomites of the Middle Triassic. The v

ALSACE: GRANITE SLOPES, MARLY HILLS 101

Copyrighted material Ar the southern end of the Route du Vin is the Rangen (54) at Thann. Facing the town across the Thur is one of rhe most unusual vineyard bedrocks in France. A large pocket of volcanic rocks - ash, lava, and gra ywackc (fragments of granitic material) was ca ught up in the granite intrusion, producing a very hard, complex mass of rock. The soil is thin and the slope is steep (almost 60 degrees). Who would try to grow wine on such terrain? Monks, of course. Monks from the St.• Thiebaut abbey-cathedral. T he wine provt:d to be exceptional, :rnd fame of the powerful "Rangenwein" was spread far

Terroirs of the alluvial fans Alluvial fans constitute a significant area of the viticuhural terrain of Alsace, although the Kaefferkopf (34) is at present the only exce ptional terroir, but not classified G rand C ru. Some good wines arc produced on the fans, but their Aavors an: short-li ved, a characteristic revealed by the Herrenweg Ri esling of our impromptu tasting in the cellar of Leonard and Madame Humbrecht. The Kaeffcrkopf is located on the edge of the Weiss fan, but the all uvium here is thin and the rootings actuall y derive their sustenance from the underlying Oligocene marly conglomerates. The soils of the fans arc somewhat sandy and typically pebbly but they are deep and generall y well-drained. Because there were no carbonate rocks in the granite terrain where the fan material originated, the soil s arc shy of active c.1lcium carbonate. However, appreciable calcium for plant nutrition is provided by the chemical weathering of the feldspa rs and micas or granite wash presenr in the alluvium. Having been fed by the largest of the mountain glac:iers during the kc Age, the swollen streams of the Fccht and Weiss produced fans that coalesced to form the ve ry large, Aat all uvial cone thac extends outward under much of die city of Colmar. The cxpcri1m:nral vineyards of the lnstitut Viticole Oberlin, established in 1895 by Chretien Oberlin, arc situarcd on this fu n. The lnstitut continues ics research on the varieties best suited 10 the va rious soils of Alsace. Production from the Oberlin vineyards g0cs primarily to the city of Colmar for municipal banquets and receptions. Good basic drainage within the alluvial fan and soil s with adequate water retention togc:ther with long, daily sun exposure account for the high quality of the wines of d1e Harth (38), d1e Herrenweg, and od1er rerroirs located on d1is fan. For the most part, chc Riesling and Sylvaner arc grown here, the latter used to produce an all-purpose wine.

Gaining a true appreciation of Alsace wines is greatly aided by some knowledge of its p<>ignant history and diversity of cultural development.

104 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material Figure 4.4 Affect of faulting with minor displacement on Q) Hard limes1one A. An assumed unfaultcd slope outcrops strata sequence mighr Marl-good logicall y erode in such @ vineyard soil a profile as illuslrated.

Marly limestone,..._,...... , - fairly hard

B. Faulting in direction shown plus erosion migl11 result in a slope profile where the subcrop of the marl. Bed 2, is extcmh:d.

(j) C. F:iuhing in

Factors afTccting the shape and bedrock of ll1e slope: I. TI1c sequence of hard and soft lx:ds in me strata package dictates the shape of the slope profile 2. Thickness of certain beds of the strata sequence 3. The up or down direction of the fau lting

There is a scene in Hugh Johnson's excellent television series, Vimage, in which he stands in one of the Core d'Or Grand Cru vineyards and asks, "Why this one," walks across the road and finishes his sentence with "and not this one?" oo extraneous gardens or Some answers may be due to obscured changes in geology such as faulting t)r usel5s greenery, without I depositional changes in the bedrock. ot only C.'l n such changes alter the: art•llO! or adornment it vi ticultural potential berween neighboring vineyards, bur also wirhin a single rises abn..ptly 1n a sea of vineyard itself. vorl!!S, • IS tlie WiJ'I Gaston Roupnl!I, a w1r1t'gr0>.".t?r When the Cistcrcian monks cultivated the C los de Vougeoc vines they at Gt!111ey·Chambl;rt1n undoubtedly recognized a difference in the quality of grapes from different parts and formet Ptofessor of of the slope. Whether they vi ni fic:d grapes from different levels separately as the History at the Unr.el'Slty of D11on, saw 1t That legend would have it is doubtful. Today there are 95 owners in the Clos - the arch1tectur<1I 51!1/efllY and number grows ｹ･ｾＱｲｬｹ＠ - with properties of va ri ous shapes and sizes va rying from 1ncong1uous massi11eness a few rows to several acres. There is no one wine representing the Clos de situng 1n a vineyard simply "Pf'll Burgundy Vougeot. Each ownc:r or n(:gociant ca n make and market his own wine as Grand Cru Clos de Vougeor.

112 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material with marly limestone. The Middle Jurassic is more uniform in rhickncss, and li thology with limestoncs and ooli tes dominates. It seems almost uncanny thitt nature cle\lisc.-d the up and down arching as a devise to get the Upper and Middle Jurassic strata packages into the Cote d'Or \l ineyards. Apparent!)', the "ignerons of long ago recognized the Char

"Seeing through the soil" The thickness and nature of the soil and type of bcdnxk were questions of constanr interest during my study of rhe vineyards of Burgundy and the other wine areas of France. [n petroleum exploration, the secret of success - in addition to an ample helping of luck - is undcrstanding the "habitat of oiJ ," that is, having a "picture" of conditions down where oil or gas may accumulate. Similarly, T felt that "seeing" the habitat down where the vineroots live might help answer why fine wines grow where they do. A backhoe (mechanical digger) would do the job, bur one c m imagine how overjoyed a vineyard owner would be to sec a geologist coming with equipment of this type, bent on finding out why his vineyard was so good. (Thierry Matrot of Meursa ult, concerned to demonstrate ro rnsting experts from around the world the affect of soil and bedrock on the character of his wines, may prove to be the exception - see page 147.)

128 WHERE THE WIN ES GROW

Copyrighted material Figure 4.13 Vosno-RomanCe and dct.ail cross• section based on seismic and 0 200 It electrical ｲ･ｳｩｾｴｬｶｩｴｹ＠ data I (seism1C1geol091c 1nterpretat1on by 0 50m Cathenne Ponsot-Jacqu1nl

Elevation La La Romanee-Conti Romanee St. -Vivant ft m Roma nee Le Richebourg 900 275

I ro..td ｾｾ［ＺＺＺＺＮ［］］］ＭＬＧｾＺｾＬ｟ＬＮＮＬＮＬＬＮＮＮ｟Ｚ＠ 250 Ostrea 800 acuminata I marl Calcaire aentroques , marly limestone 225 ｾｵｮｃＩ＠ 700 lk"i'll' 1ty ' ll):g<'

•\h crn.uc um:rprc t.111011 Topsoil with some rock fragments ｐｲ･ｭ･｡ｵｾ＠ limestone [ Slope wash, sme, or pebble layer Ostrea acuminata marl erosional scarp in Osrrea acuminata marl below Premeaux limestone rather than fault

BURGUNDY: PARADE OF CAP-ROC K SCARPS 137

Copyrighted material The annotated photograph in Figure 4.1 3 gives a good view of the Vosnc• Romance Grands Grus, the location of the shallow-depth seismic profile and the Saone Valley beyond. (The:: famous srone cross of Romanfr-Conci , circled, is just apparent.) Each of the six G rands Crus: le Richebourg, Romance Sr.-Viva nt, la Romance, Romance-Conti, la T ache, and la Grande Rue (the most recently approved) is an individual appellation within the commune. As to the "why" of the high quality of this small area of G rands Crus, the seismic geologic profile illustrates its "potential for greatness." First, we have a near-perfect soil , blended from a blue-ribbon recipe of White Oolitc, Premeaux m:1rly limestone, Calcaire d e111roq11es, :md thickened by the 0,-1rea acumi11a1a marl. Second, the topsoil and pebble layer arc spread at an average thickness of about 4 feet {over a meter) on a gently sloping bedrock disleveled by only very minor faulting. Centuries ago, vignerons knew nothing about soil science or geology, but tl1e plants told them that they liked this pbce very much. As the same geology is projected to underlie each of the Grands Crus, it is the art of the individual winemaker which has the last say. Al though Domaine de la Romance-Conti dominates the marketing scene (owning or managing most of the Grands Crus), there:: are a dozen wirncmakers of the mher G rands Crus, with their own ideas of vinification. The resuh is at let1st that 1n;my distinctive wine ''signatures," subjects for imeresting debate among tascers. "Nuits" in the name Nuits-St.-Georges h:i s nothing to do with "nighnime." According to Pierre Forgeot, these slopes in :incient times were noted for their walnut trees. The I .atin for walnuts, N utium or N uettium, apparently evohred to " uirs." In time::, vi nes replaced the walnuts. Thc "St.-Georges," by then an outstanding vineyard, was added in 1892. o G rands Crus an: produced in the Nuits-S1.-Gcorgcs commune, but in the opinion of several experrs, the Premiers Crus arc of Gr:ind C ru qu:ili ry. The Nuits strata package is still contributing to the soil , hut the slopes narrow rapidly as me Comblanchien cap rock dips closer co vall ey level at this end of the arch of the Cote de 1uits. The Meuzin River divides the Premiers C rus into north and south sectors. Those north of the river arc said to resemble Vosne-Rornanee - wdl-bal;rnced and c;ornplcx - which is perfccrl y logical since the area is contiguous and the geology similar. Ironicall y, the vineyards south of the river, formesr from Vosne-Romanee, arc generally acknowledged ro have the bener wines; certainly they :ire better known. The very st<:ep sca rp back of the narrow vineyards serves as a stone wall , providing a protectivc microclimate. Les St.-Georges, conceded co he the number one terroir of the commune, dates frorn the year 1000. The adjacent Les Vaucrains and Les Cailles are close runners-up to Les St.-Georges. Prcmcaux-Prissey is the last of the communes of the Core de uirs on the south. Its Premiers C rus, being of small volume, arc entitled to be marketed as 1uits-St.-Georges. The ｣ｬｩｦｦＮｾ＠ of Cornblanchicn continue to ac t as a garden wall for a constrained band of vineyards li ttle m ore than JOO yards (90 m) wide. Of these, the long, narrow Clos de la Marcch;ile (24 acres/IO ha). leased to Maison Joseph Faivcley, is perhaps the beuer known. At this point the strata-package of the Cote de N u its has already gone underground in its imicrsion into the Beaune syncline l;ee Figure 4.8).

138 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted materiaJ Figure 4.16 British Isles and onh America. IL has been alleged that thc:re is more: Pommard Seismic.geologic section drunk in the United States than is produced in P<)mmard. This d (><:S not imply of Pommard vineyards that the high rc:putation of a true Pommard is n1Jt othc:rwise wdl-deserved. (seismk/geologic interpretation by Pommarcl has some: of rhc longc:st, gentlest slopes in rhc Core d'Or. The Catherine Ponsot·Jacquon) scismic-gc:ologic cross-section, Figure 4.16, is located between Les Petits Epcnots

x x Commune apptl/ations Premiers Crus En Brescul I Les Noizons Pezerolles Les Petits Epenots Elevation ft m y 1400 Pommard marl ------r 400 fragmentary limestone 1200 350 Dalfe nacree with lenticular marl \' 11lt)':tf(I ro:ul tOOO 300 IJ»I DOiomitic ｆ･ｲｲｾ｟ｩｮｯｵｳ＠ Digonella 800 250 Fault limestone oo rte Fault divioneruis ( marl and B marly coarse-grained limestone 0 500 fl Fault limestone A 0 200m Vc:nK":ll ｣ｸ［ＱｩｾｾｮＺｵｩｯｮ＠ • O

• Premier Cru vineyards I. La Chaniere 2. Les Atvelets 0 O.Skm 3. Gos de Verger 4. Clos de la Comm.ifiline 5. La Refene 6. Clos-Blanc 7. La Pldtiere 8. Les Charmots 9. L'Argilliere 10. Les Gfilnds Eperots 11. Pezerolles 12. Les Petits Epenotl 13. Les Saussilles 14. Les 8oll(herottes 15. Les Chan/ins Bas 16. Les Jarolleres 17. Les Fremieis 18. Les Berlins I9. Les Rugiem Hauts 20. Les Rugiem Bas 2I . Les Chapcmniel'es 22 Les Croix Noires 23. Les Pourvres 24. Qos Micot Cl Commune vineyards ······ Sci1nuc line

Detail of section y.y· above ft m ® Dafle ｮ｡｣ｲ･ｾ＠ with ® Les Petits Epenots 1000 300 'incvord lenticular marl ro.;d Digonella divionensis ｾ＠ vrith marl lenses topsoil with some rock fragments 900 275 ［ ··;ｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾｾ " ··- ｾｾｾｳｬｾｯｰｾ･ｾＱ［ｶ｡ｾｳｾｨＮｾｳ［｣ｲ［･･［ﾷ［ｯｾｲ［ｰ･ｾ｢［｢ｾｬ･ｾｬ｡ｾｹｾ･ｾｲＷＧＷｾｾＧＺｔＡＧｾｾｾｾＧ｜Ｂｉ＼Ｇｾｾ ,ﾷ＠Ｑ ( '1'-' ｾ＠ＱｴＧｾｴｾＧＱＧＧＱｾｊＢﾰＱＱＱｩＮ［ＮｊＮＮｾｾＺ［ＮＮＮｯＮＮＮＮ［ｬＧｬＧｬｾＭｲＧｬ＠ rl,l..J ｬＬＮｬＮｲＬＬＭｔＬＱＮｊｪｾ＠ 1 1 1'1·1··"'•K· ·• t._._I'! •' I . ·,:.· 1:1 ·.·:-:. :::r t!z.:!,,·.o:J:·:;...a.:..,;.'· :.::.;!i ＱｾＺＮｾＧＢｬ［ｌＺＡ＠ 1.:x.;· :.· -i ｲＮｴＮｯＮＺＮＺＮＮＮ｟ｬｩＺＮＺｾﾷｲＮＺｾ［＠ ..·.,!1.1.1.; 1:: ,., .. 1 ••. _. 250 coarse·grained limestone 800 0 100ft

0 Som

144 WHERE TH E WINES GROW

Copyrighted material Le Montrachet

Figure 4.17 Montrachet Grands Crus and 0 100011 section detail based on seismic ._.J and electrlc rMistivlty data 0 250m {seismldgeologlc Interpretation by Catherine Ponsot-Jacquin) • A.O.C. • Grands Cius

Elevation ｾｴｍｯｮｬﾷｩｏ＾･ｶﾷｎｴｴ＠ It m 11/M_ｂｩｾｲ､＠ 1 Bil•rdlllonl· r«Mr lllonr· 150 Monlr.lf0decl I) 11 1 900 l'ulii:n)• ｬｩｾｯｮｴｵｮ､＠ｾｬｵｭｲＮｴｲｨ｣＠ lhin morly I ｾ､ｩｲｩｯｮｬＧｬｬｓｩｳ＠ Nik 800 250 FaultC 700 complex of granular marly limestone fault B Quaternary alluvium Sa6ne Fault? (small) 200 location uncenain Fault A 600

Detail of section Y - v·, based on seismic and electric resistivity data y Bienyenues Batard Montrachei Chevalier Batard Montrachet ---,--- Le Montrachet Montrachet slope wash, scree, topsoil, with or pebble layer rode fragments •Pierre de Cha1sagne• old eiosional 1>11 \ l\l i:ro

148 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material and luit$ strarn packages. T har faulr is labeled "A·· in the cross-section of Figure 4.1 7, with rhe l':uirs strata on rhe right of the line and the Rc.:iune srrata to rhe le ft. Fault:. ·•1r and "C'" arc small :i nd do nor m:itcriall y affect die gcolog)' of the vin C)•ards. All three of the faults are related to the Saonc system and arc more or ｬ｣ｾｳ＠ parallel wirh ir. As the Ｇｵｩｾ＠ package reappears from underground in rhc Cote de Bc;wnc downwarp, we find that the Comblanchicn li mestone has become thinner and less marble-like. The White Oolitc has begun to inrerfi ngcr with a new lime• stone;, rhc Pi c:: rre de Chassagnc;, and a new marl bed, the Pholadomya bellmw has appeared. Thesc are;: the strata that outc rop in Chevalicr-Montrachcr, a stony, fai rl y steep slope of over 15 percent (berween 8 and 9 degrees). The break in the slope between the Chevalicr-Moncrachec and Le Monrrachet wa.s a logical property boundar}'. That break is also the surface trace of geologic Fault "A.'' The seismic profi le, Y- Y' in Figure 4.1 7, reveals the marvelous geologic herirage of Le Monr rachet - rhin, marly limesrones inrerbedded wirh marl s on :in exrremcly gentle slope. T here is widiour a doubt some C hevalier slope wash of the ui ts str:lta in the bloc>dstream of Le Montr:1chet, but it is all royal plasma. It is inr c.:resting th:i t t<1 sting experts note that Chevalier-Montrachet is somewhat "stoni c.:r'" than Le.: Montrachet. Gl'OIOI,,')' says it should he. All of the Batards - Montrachet, Bienvc.nues, and C ri ors - arc within the fauh- block of Le Montrache1. O ur seismic line did nor extend far enough tow;ird the valley ro pick up the Saone fa ult, bur a rapid thickening of the soil in rhe lower part of Barard• Montrachct suggests char the slope may be approaching the major fault zone. Borings in the lower slope of ｂｾｩｴ｡ｲ､＠ found the soils co be somewhat damp, also suggesting that the lower part of the Bara rd soils may be iotcrfi ngering with valley ti ll, which typicall y has a high wa ter rnbl e. Experts note a lessening of vitality of wines from thc lower slope of Bara rd, presumably due to the damp soil which prod uces le:ify plants and watery grapes. Fault" A·· continues northward from the area of the ( ;rands C rus, extending beneath the: Premiers Crus Le Caillerct, with the same geology of Le Montrachc:r, anJ beneath Les Pucclles and Cl:woillon, with that of Biitard-Monm1chet. Vincent Ld laive of Dum aine Lcflai ve, a grower i1i the Premiers C rus, ohse rvcs that although two of his properties have similar slope and sun c::xposures, roots of his Le 0 1iile ret (Le Moncracher extension) do not go as deep as those of Les Pucelles (d1e B:ltard extension). Mr. LeAai ve says die wines of Le Caill cret (the s:1me geology :is l .e Montrachet) are fruitier, more delicate, and mature: soone r th:rn the deepcr-mo1<:d Les Pucdles of the B:1 tard geology. H e suggests drnt the difference between the wines of the: two terroirs may be due co uneven watc:: r feeding below the surface:. Mr. Laflaive's inrerpretation is probably correct. L.:1tcra l and downslope migr:ition of soil water in die slope-wash n:ippes will he different in the relatively shallow pebbly laye r under Le Caill crcc :ind Le Montrachet than under Les Pucclks where the nappes arc thicker, the soil more cl::i)'CY with permeabiliry more rcstrictcd. What is more, the mineral nutrients arc probably more concentrated in the shallow soil s, bur lc..-achcd to some ex tent in the deeper soil s of Les Pucdles.

BU RGUNDY: PARADE OF CAP-ROCK SCARPS 149

Copyrighted material The Region de Mcrcurcy carries rhe name of the winged rnesscnger of the Roman gods. Like the terrain of th·e Eternal C icy, Mercurey's vi neyards are distributed :1round seven (or more) hills. The characteristic knohby terrain is rhe res ull of a patchwork of faulting. The slopes arc mostly Chagn)' inrerbedded wim thin, marly limesroncs. The Chagny is rhc stratigraphic equivalenr to the Pommard marl. There are 111 tiny terroirs clustered around the village, but, oddly, only five are classified Premiers Crus. I say oddly, for geologically, there is nothing rhat distinguishes the first-growth tcrroirs from those classified only A.0.C. As a matter of fact, experts poinr out that some of the commune vineya rds often produce better wines than the Premiers Crus. Ir is the magic name of Mercurey th:n counts more in marketing than tine classification. Mt:rcurey's Pinot Noir red wines dominate production over white wines b)' rwenry lO one. Rully's wiae history goes back to Roman times, but it has had its ups and downs. Mostly downs since 1791, when dcpartcmcms replaced rht: historic.i i provinces, separating Rully from its previous association with the Coile d'Or. Aberting rhc down-turn of Rully was the h::ivoc played by phylloxern, followed by the serious loss of vignerons in the two '..Vorld W:irs. H owever, under rhe leadership of several determined growers, among rhtm Henri Jacqut:sson, Xavier Noel-Bouron, and Aubert de Vi llaine, there has been a rebuilding of Rully's former fine reputation. L'Hermitage and la Fortune arc two showcase terrni rs of the restoration work. Rully's red wines are often ca utiously compared to those of the Monrrachecs. Why not? Rully's gc()logy is <:sscntially the sa me as the Montrachet slopes, less than 5 miles (8 km) across rhe va lle)' of rhe Dheune. Of rhe 50 small vineyards between the villages of Rully and Bouzcron, 19 arc Premiers Crus. Red and white wines are produced in about equal proportions. Unfonunardy for the gro wer, but happily for the consumer, Rully wines suffer something of an identity problem by being in the Chalonnais. (I hesirate co bring this up, for I am enjoying some excell ent Rully at reasonable prices.) G ivry's wine history is of long duration: the labds of its red Premiers Crus make much of rhc report th

15:2 WHERE THE WINES GRO W

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BURGUNDY· PARADE OF CAP-ROCK SCARPS 155

Copyrighted material follows the Charente Ri ver. The Bois Ordinaires and vineya rds to the north arc The champllgne of on the limestone soils of the Jurassic. By and large, the Crer;iceous is 1he drnlkicst the brandy regM>l'I bear5 and ｳｵｰｰｯｲｴｾ＠ the better vineya rds. no relation whatSOeVef to the sparr.lmg wine Across the Charentc Ri ve r northwest of the town of Cognac is ;in enclave of the Retms-Epernay about 8 miles (12 km) in diameter call ed the Borderi es. This is a geologic region The names m."l)' anomaly within the limestone terrain which produces a cognac much in demand be contus1119. bvt the produ<.15 are not. for blending. A thin layer of Tertiary sand covers a bedrock of soft, marly To ｣ｯｮＡｾ＠ furthef, a Cretaceous limestones that was weathered to a friable, dcc1lcified. chalky soil. blend of G1.1mfo and Combined with this soil of sa nd-on-limestone is a microclimate that swirls the !'elite Champagne sea breezes in a special way to prod uce grapes that yield a sweet, full-bodied :ind may be called "fm£> Champagne.· 11 half fu ll-A:worecl hrandy. the blend is Grande The three ''hois": Fins Bois, Bons Bois, and Bois O rdinaires, take their Cham1"19ne. Fm£>" IS names from thc quality of the wood of the trees, which at one time grew a colloqu1c1I expression for any very good brandy exrensivdy in 1he region. This difference in wood quality was most likely 111s a shame 1ha1 ｾｵ｣ｨ＠ rcAecting the nature of the soil which now translates into brandy-wine w ncs. ur11que products could The zones arc quite large, and the vineyards arc well dispcrsed among not be given more original names. woodlands and other crops. You will recall from Parr One char it was the growers of the Charcnte who. at the time of the phylloxera crisis, requested the French governmem to send a mission to the United St::nes to discover which American plants thrived on chalky soils and might therefore be good graft stock fo r their region. It was during this period that a viticultural research station was established in Cognac headed by a very young professor, Louis Ravaz. Although only 26, Rav:1z was a pioneer in scientific viticulture, advocating grafted vines and emphasizing the im portancc of the physical and chemical composition of the soil as relating- to the quality of hrancly. Even the very best of wines produced in the Charente do not make suitable t:1ble wines. A popular tenet holds that the worse the wine, the better the brnndy. Exccp1 for blending the wines of the Borderics, too much Aavor in the wine is not desirable. The cognac-makers prefer to concentrate subtle Aa vors by their distillarion process. The grape that produces 95 p<:rcent of the wine for cognac is the white Ugni Blanc, also known locally for some strange reason as St.-Emilion, even though the grape has no relationship with the red-wine district of St.-Emilion. It is interesting that ampelographers identify the Ugni as the Trebbiano of lraly which is quite parrial to the volcanic soils of the Campania. In addition to its high yield, what makes the Ugni Blanc a favorite in Cognac, is the fact that its acid level remains quite high right up to late harvest. Tcrroir has li ttle :ipplication to the viney:irds of Cognac where individual vineyards have no status other than the classification :t.ones. Where the terrain permits, many growers have turned to mech:1nized, large-scale farming. This is mass production, nor tender, loving c:ire as lavished on a Cote d'O r terroir or Mcdoe chateau. The 7.ones hased initially on soil characteristics translate in10 price. Over the years the zone boundaries have become 1xililicized, especially in the:: outer zones. The large buyers :i nd blenders, however, know the territory well, and 1heir purchasing practices follow their own knowledge of where 1he best brandy grapes grow.

BORDEAUX : GRAVEL MOUNDS. LIMESTONE PLATEAUX 213

Copyrighted material Bergerac The winc:-s of Rcrgerac owe their survival of the Wars of Religion ro l(lbacco. Cyrano de Bergerac w:is a Parisian, brieAy a nmsketecr, but mainly a prophetic philosopher and smirisr. It is J oubtful if ht: 1:ver ser foot in the town of Bergerac. Bergerac and Ste.-Foy were Huguenot towns which were all but destroyed during the Wars of Religion. Much of the population fled and with ir went wincgrowing. Tobacco, a quick "cash crop" requiri1lg less labor 10 grow and prepare for market than wine, saved dle local economy. l'vlany of dle vineyards were eventuall y restored, bur now share the land with tobacco farms. Although the area was Protestant, ironically, it was the Catholic church which had important early-day influence on viticulture. Upstream from Bergerac. the ａ｢ｾｹ＠ l.kaulieu-sur-Dordognc, abandoned during the Wars of Religion, was reactiva ted by the Benedictines in 1663. Just downstream from Bergerac was the Abbey Sr.-Sylva in de la Mongic. The importance of winegrowing in those days is ve rified by Jacques Beauroy whose studies of church records show that most growers paid their tithes in wine. Many of die vineya rds today lll!long to dcscend:mts of those 17th-century growers. In the ckeply incised streams within the terrain of the Pcrigord sands, the C n.:rnceous chalk is exposed. Within the gcnc.:rnl Bergerac :ippell;:ition arc ·everal specific appellations. Tradition and geology h:ive had much to do with die grape varieties grown and the range of wine-styles produced in c<1ch sub-district. On the northeast outskirts of Bergerac town the small area of Pccharm:i nr produces a q uality red wine from the traditional Bordeaux cepagcs: Mcrlot, C:ibanet Sauvignon, :ind Malbec. The sandy uplands and ridges of Pccharmant arc covered with vineyards extending down to the deeply weathered, marl y limestone of the Cretaceous. An 1890 geologic map of rhe area shows die name as two words, ''Pech Charmanr," which, allowing for ca rtographic errors, could be translated "charming or sweet peach." Was it describing the wine or the fruit? Thc vineyards of Rosette, close by Bergerac on me northwest, once all but forgonen, now thrive again. They produce small amounrs of a straw-colored, semi-sweet white wine from me SCmiUoo with a strong flavoring of Muscadelle. West from the outskirts of Bergerac to m e boundary of the St.-Emilion appellation are three sister appellations: Cotes de MontraveJ, Haut-Montravel, and Montravcl (for whites). The first two are characterized by outlying buttes and knoll s capped by Calcaire a asteries overlying Fronsadais molasse. The wines of these two sub-districts range from dry to sweet. The Montravel portion is an area ()f polyculturc on temiccs and slopes along the Dordognc. Tobacco fu rms and orchards arc :ictually more plentiful than vineyards. The geology of Munbazillac ac ross the river is complctd)' different, being lenticubr freshwater limestones intcrbedded with molassic sands and m;irls, see Figure 7.2. The soils of the la)'Cr-ca kc m<>lassc of Monbazillac produce me mosr famous of Bergerac's white wines, both dry :ind sweet. Like Sauternes, Monbazillac wines are from the Scrnillon, Sauvignon Blanc, and Muscadcllc grapes, emplO)• ing "noble rot" and late, selective picking of thc grapes. The lenticul ar molassic straca on which Monbazillac wines grow are marls and clayey sands interbedded with limestones. The limcsmncs form benches and caps of buttes as illustrated by the cross-section in Figure 7.2.

TH E SOU THWE ST: RIVER TERRACES, MOLASSE 215

Copyrighted material The Prench geologist Alcide d'Orbign y, wo rking in southern England in the lhe cap rock of the mid-18th cenrury, named rhc massive Jurassic limesronc on the Isle of Porrland, ｾｭｭ･ｮ､ＹＱ｡ｮ＠ Chain has Dorset, the Pe>nlandia n. The Isle is not in fact a n island hut a pendant-like ｮＱｾｅｮｧｬｍ＠ ped gree. S r Cｨｮｾｯｰｨ･ｦ＠ peninsula whe re limestones have: bec:n quarric:d since the Middlt: Ages. Wren ｾ･ｬ･｣ｴ･､＠ Uir; ｾｴｯｲＢ＠ Further e:1stward along the coast near Swa nage, d'Orbigny named a dark tor London'S St ·Paul's ma rl below the Po rtlandian the Kimmc: ridgian. The ma rl s in this area a n.: ( dlhedr.il, 11 was the perroliferous a nd whe n rhey were set fi re by lig htning or spo m:mc:ous building stone ro: Westm1ns1er Abbey combusrion we re known as the "burning cliffs." 119 the Dorset COdSI. marly limestone containing many lenses or ha nks of sea shells. The fossils a nd tne massive hmesrone loons some of Europe's fr:1gmcnts of frost-shattered Portlandian help aerate the slopes and aid d rain:ige. most spectacular coastal The ma rl y soils develop good structure and w;1ter retentio n char:icterisrics a nd scenery. arc c:isily cultivared (fee Color Plate 38). O ne of the fossils found in abundance is a sma ll , comma-shaped oyster, F.:mg}'ra virgula (fee Color Ph1tc 39); virgule being French for comma. In rhe A ulx: region, the abundance of the oyster in 1he upper Kimmcridgian gives it the namc: "Virg ulien."

The making of the archipelago The C retaceous and Jurassic strata were deposited in widespread seas. Sagging of rhe central Pa ris Basin during rhe larc: Te rtiary :md Q uarc rn:1ry a ll owed erosion to foshio n the conccnrric hands of ri dges and plains ill ustr:i tc:d in rhc C ham pagne chapte r (Fig ure 2.2, page 66). The srre:1m courses of rhe Seine:, Aube, Yonne, and Loire were well cswblished before the Pa ris Basin began to sag. The tilting was sufficiently slow for che rivers robe able ro downcur through rhc: rising ridges, much thc: way a buzz saw .. cats" into a board. The ri vers thus cul the Kirnmeridgian-Po rtla ndian outcrop ba nd into a n a rchipelago nf wine a reas. O ur discussion of the isla nds uf the cha in srn rcs with the A ube and proceeds wc:stward along the arc.

The Aube Unjustl y or not, the Aube bears rhe srigm :i of the de11xieme zone of C hampagne, :i status la rgely brought on by rhe Aube's pe rsistence a1 being included in Clu1111pag11c lliticolc. Thc: conrrovc: rsy goc:s hack lx:fore Wo rld Wa r I whe n delimitation was being devd o pecl. i\hrne C ha mpag ne wa nted to excl ude rhc Aube, saying its soil s were differe nt - which is true. The C hampcnois of rhc Marne also claimed the Aube g rapes did not participate in the development of cham pagne's reputation - which may have been the case. The A ube's contention was based on histo ry, pointing our char Aube was pare of the original county of C hampagne and Troyes its first capita l. A ube is now officiall)' a part of C hampagne, but, philosophic:1lly, not :1s a full partner. We offe r he re the Aube :i home as a charter memhc r of rhc.: Kimmcridgi:in Ch:1 in which is geologicall y where it belongs. The Auhc vineyards arc: on Kimmeridgian slopes of lateral streams of the: A ube and Seine. Thc: principal wine towns arc: Bar-sur-Auhe and Bar-sur-Scinc:. The word "ba r" is thoug hc 10 be of Cchic or Gallo-Roma n origin, meaning a height or promo ntory. Evide ntl y the term indicates the portals o r gateways whc:: rc 1hc: two rivers cut through the: massive Purtlandian limestone:.

KIMMERIDGIAN CHAIN: C HALKY SCARPS 245

Copyrighted material

Chablis grape varieties \>Vi th all th..: ruckus ahour what is :i true C h:ihlis, there is no ｱｭＺＺＮｾｴｩｯｮ＠ :ihout the Chardonnay being the true grape. I c is cJic exclusive, authori zed v:iricry for the C habl is appdlation. Known locally as the Beaunois, the synonym sugges1s thar the vine was pr<>hably brought from the C<">tc d'Or (Bcaune), where it docs so well on the calc:Heous marl y soils of the Jurassic that is somcwhat older than the Kimmcridgian. O ther varieties are permined adjacent to the Petil C hablis :1ppelbtion, hut rh<::y :ire lookc:d upon hy C habl is purists as misbegotten gr:J fK."S. Thc high-producing Sacy (or Tresallicr) varicty in earlier days competed with the noble Chardonnay - indeed almost usurped C h:irdonnay from the C hablis vincy:1rds at rh e bcginninJ!' or the 20th century. Sacy was presumably brought from Italy in the 13th century :i nd adopted its name from a vill:ige south of die main C hablis ar..:a. Because of i1s high acidity, the Sacy is an im p<:>rtanr component in sparkling wine. Whatever the grap<: or geologic formation, the vineyards of the C hablis region must contend with late frosts chat are a constant threat.

KI MMERIDG IAN CHAIN : CHALKY SCARPS 249

Copyrighted material Feuding about the true Chablis Today Chab ｾ＠ｾ＠ the ｾｉ＠ 1m1tated white wme abl'Odd and IS U1e root of controversy at home As early as the 19th century, It became 1mperatrve tor the Chablis grOWi'is to prate 1 a well,.earned reputc1tt0n by dehnmg e)(i}ctly what was ChabltS fcir easier said thdn done The conlhcts and problems on def1n 119 the true Chablis appellaroon read hke feud, over fencmg ,ind water 119h1S on the early Ame11can West rather than ii dassic French\\ oo reg1oi (So far there has bet>n no shoollng l At the I i! h;1rd Portl.imJian r,1p roclo. Gl.'Oloyv became lhe prob P.m wl11>n 11 was discovered th.it som•.' wmes be.ng so d as Ctiab is ..ictually call\4! from marly beds ms.de the Poill.lnd• deposmon Shohmg shorelines create an mtertmqerrng of c11hl'r('nt fdCJCS. Throughout much of tne Kimrneridgldn Chcl111, the contatl is clear-cul between th!! m.iss111 e Porlldlld•an 1mestone and the l\1mme11dqian nwl This holds .Kross most ol Chc1bhs, but appnrently 1here was some 1nMf1nge11ng of depos1t10f\ In a seemingly bnlhdnt .md simple comp1om1se solu11on of th1• "rent>gdde Kirnme11dq1iln problem, ot was ｡ｧｾ＠ to dehm11 Ch.1bhs to tlit' Kimmeridgian outcrop as \WUld il<' definPd bv geology experts. But to e11eryone's ､Ｑｾ｣ｬｖＬ＠ th.· expefts could11 t agree as to 1ust where oo 1he ground to draw the boundary A sucless1011 of comm s;1ons, synd1ca1l'S, 1ribunals, .ind leg1sla1ures p1oposed v ir1ous othei delomtrons and del1m1tc1 11ons 1oc Chablis. bul oil oroved to be def1c ent 1n one way OI another One proposal held that there should ｾ＠ no 119h1 to the name Chobhs unle-ss production had been by "loy,11. cons1am. and local us.1ge • AhhouO fine, unul 11 ｷ｡ｾ＠ pointed out 111C11 some "true• K1mmendq1an vineyards had long been planted with tile S ＱＱＱ｢ｵｮｾｉ＠ introduced thr tc-rm Pelot Ch;1blr; to cover all wine produced from the Chardonncly, but on soil other t110n K1mmend91<1n At f1rs1. this seemed hke an acceptable soluuon, but he1e again. the limits of the Kimme11dg1an were sull in dispute Neither leg1slauon nor decree could ｭ｡ｾﾷ･＠ precise that which was geolog1cally 1mprec1se Nevertheless, there are a su1pr1S1ng number of Petit Chablis vineyards 1dent1f1ed on wme mops A one-man posse" ｳ･･ｾＱｮｧ＠ 10 bong to 1us11ce violators of /es vtats Ct1ablis 1s Wilham Fevre His rallymg cry ts "Kimmendge forever I• In a well-documented pamphlet Mr fevre argues woth felVOr .iboul 1he les via1s \lluel Chablis and les auues (lhe others) Mr Fevre is the largest owner of vines on the Chablis Grand Cru slope. He condemns "abusrve extensions of its !Chablis') 1erroirs and usurpations of its name.• While the problem remains unresolved, entrepreneurs continue to create new sites within the current appellalion that are questtanably suitable as an honest-to-goodness Chablis. For buyl!fS of "Chabhs" from other than the seven cl1mars ol the Grand Cru slope or the Premiers CM, ral't'al emptor.

Chablis, the frost capital For some, not-\

250 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material Historical notes In the Middle Ages, Clermont and Montfetrand were sister ones on the western Side of the L1magne 1n the shadow of the Puy-de-06me Clermont. a maO:etmg town, was also seat of a b1shopoc Its 13th-<:entury cathedra and many of the old houSt"i-are corntructed ot volcanic roc:I On the s.te where the Notre Dame du Port Awergne romanesque churth ,o;as later bu It, Pooe Urban If preached the first crusade 1n 1005 MontfetrcJnd, ｾｴｵ｡ｴ･､＠ 1T101e 111 the valley, was the pol1tJC,1 capital of the county In 1630, :he twO ot•es were combined as Clermont-Ferrand It is now an 1mponant industnal center, unrve1'51ty oty, and carntal of the departement of Puy.

In the earl y part of the Fn:nch Revolution, General Lafo)1cm: (of American Revolutionary fame) came to the area to meet with his friend the Ma rquis de Chateaugay. The two prepared governance reforms along che lines which Lafayette had seen put into practice following che American Revolution. The soils of Chanrurges (4) on che north outskirts of Clermont-Ferrand :ire very like chose of Chateaugay but without the basalt "pepper." Just south of Clermont-Ferrand is the l:wa-capped place.1u of Corcnt (5) with soils of marly• li mesmne and weathered basalt. Some 20 miles (32 km) south ofClcrmont-r erran

AUVERGNE·BOURBONNAIS 267

Copyrighted material Perhaps the mos1 significa nr, but little-known property of rocks is the way they lx:h:wc under the heat and pressure at depth - saEt, anhydrite. and shale lx:comc plastic - even marly limestones become malleable. These properties were determined by oil company research where the heat and pressure of the earrh's dcp1hs were replicated in their labor:itories. The plasticiry of salt and shale is well demonstrated by tine s.1lt domes of rl1e U.S. coast:il plain and under the waters of the Gulfof Mexico, the Hannover Basin of Germany, and the Zagros Mountains of Iran. These salt plugs (diapirs) or blisters penetrate the overlying strata, doming it, and sometimes reaching the surface, creating "islands" e.g. Avery Island in south Louisiana, High Island on the Texas coast. The part that plasticit)' plays in me geology of the southeast region is to provide "breakaway" zones where great slabs or rock units responding ro the horizontal pressure broke away from the underlying sequence and were shoved distances often me:asured in mil es. T he salt or shale of the "breakaway" zone also greased the glide surface - the sole fault. Sometimes the O\lerthrust element broke up, with sub-elements overriding each other - or imbrica ting. As the imbricating clements run our of "push,. and "grease," thC)' "stall-out" in the shape of ski tips, s1:en parricularly in the COtes du Jura. Thick beds of salt in the Triassic and shale i111 the lower Jurassic mea nt that at depth the Alps were surrounded by an exrensi"e breakaway zone. Nature did not overlook rhis unusual opportunity - the Subalpine ranges and the Jura were sheared off from the basement and these "rootless mountains" were moved several miles outward from the epicenter. The ｶｩｮ･ｰｬ｡ｮｴｾ＠ do not feel there is anything apologetic about these "rootless motmtains" or their slopes and soils in the Cores du Jura, Savoie-Bugcy, Diois, Southern Rhone, and Pro\!cnce. Time is the third factor in dcvclopmenr of the landscape - rime for building, time for erosion. As discussed in Parr One, som e geologic processes such as earthquakes and be:ich erosion may happen while we watch; deposition of thick shales and limestones may take millions of )•ears. Mounmin-builcling is a creepy process; movemenlS are by fits and scam. Erosion doesn't wait until the building is done before it starts, but the structures go up fosrer rhan they arc worn down. The mountain-building quakes were. undoubtedly of major magnitude - perhaps greater than any in recorded history. As the Alps began to rise, the erosional sediments were finer grain ed shales and sa nds called Aysch. As upthrusting became more rapid and the ｭｯｵｮｾＱｩｮｳ＠ higher, the sheetwash material became coarser - conglomerates, sands, days, and marls - sediments known as molasse. T he term is borrowed from the French word mollasse, meaning Aabby or without body. These great. aprons of molasse extending from the Alps to the Rhone were. later cur into plateaux or redis1rih11ted in terraces on which numerous vineyard sites are located. A sinuous and kss spectacular cruscal disturbance began a shon tjmc before the Alps. Actually, it was the rejuvenation of an ancient line of deformation known as the H e rcynian rrend. By the beginning of the Triassic, rhis once mag-nificcnt mountain chain composed of Paleozoic strara was worn to a "toothless plain" and co,•ered by Jurassic and C retaceous limestones. This Hercynian trend extends eastward beneath the Mediterranea n from the Pyrenees to the Rhone deh:a where it is intcrruprcd by me Rhone-Saone rift.

TH E SOUTHEAST: ROOTLESS MOUNTAINS 269

Copyrighted material The Alresse ve ry possibly was brought from the island of Cyprus in 1366 by Count Vert, Amc

The wine areas The wine districts of Savoie arc quite scatte red, but can be grouped g-eolo!,rically in eight areas. One is the southern end of take Geneva. which h:is four tcrroirs of note: Ripaille, Marin, Marignan, ;incl Crcpy. The fi rst three arc all J\.O.C. Vins de Savoie; Crcpy is recogni1,cd as an appdlarion in its own right. Ripaille is on the ddrn (alluvial cone) of the Dranse River built into L1ke Geneva. Sands and gravel of the cone have grown to sufficient height to provide a reasonably thick growing zone for roots of the Chassd as well above the w

280 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted materiaJ Burd c.:ring L1kc Rourgc.:r tighdy on th e.: wc.:'t i, ;1 long Jura ricl that nestling in an cmbaymc.: nt on 1h1: wc.:'t ,idt· of thi' ridgt: arc.: .,.,ml' of tht.> most beautiful but seldom seen \•ineprC rt:c.: ll> thin. \int:' arc.: planted in the underlying rock with the help of :t pick hammer. ａｾ＠ And re Comhaz. in his report on Savoie fo r me. ｾｹｳＮ＠ "here :i re.: vi ne.: ' in. nm on tht: ｲｯ｣ｫＬｾ＠ (.;ee Color Plate 46). Tht: norc.:d tcrroiri. on tht: ｾｬｯｰ･ＮＺＧ＠ c.:xtcruling up to c.:lc.:\•ation' of 15lXl feel (450 m) arc Jongicux, Mart:.\tc.:I. :111cl Monthoux. The ｾｬ｡ｲ｣ｾｴ､＠ \ inc.:yard owt:s its name.: to Claude.: Ylarc.:std, ｡､ｶｩｾ＾ｲ＠ to th e.: Duke.: Emm.1nuc.:l-Philhc.:rt in th e.: 16th ce ntury. M:1restc.:I discove red the thin but fa vorable Kimmc.: ridgian soil :. of the arc.:a nnd dcvc.:lupcu the e:1rly-day ｶｩｮ･ｹ｡ｲ､ｾＮ＠ A p:irall c.:1 ridge un the west shields the vineyards from the Wesrcrlic.:s. gi,•ing the.: :m ::i :i fo vornhlc microclim:i te. About half the production of these three.: ｴ･ｲｲｯｩｲｾ＠ is white.: wine from the Altcsse, nl ong with the Jacqucrc nnd Chardonnay. Tht: ro:d ＡＡｲｮｰ｣ｾ＠ nrc 1hc Momlcusc. Pinot "oir. and Cam:i)•. The.: final region, Clusc.: de Chamhcry. ii. a d cc.:p valley ｾｰ｡ｲ｡ｴｩｮｧ＠ the Bauges from the Chartreuse which c.:xt c.:nd 'outhward. Although \ in1:yar

ｮｭｯｲｨｷｾ＠ rounded end of a b:ithtub. Tht: vinc.:)•ard:. grow on :.lope' of morainal m:ucrial founded O\•er a substratum of marl y limestone.:. rn 1OS.I (Carthuwn is Southwestward :icross the clttSe i' Mont G ra nier and the Chartreuse range. a mod1hc;it1011 of the ａ｢ｹｭｾＧｓ＠ rid 1ng of ｣ｨ｡ｲｴｉｾ＠ Located in the shadow of this mnuntnin arc Apremont and de Mya ns Chart! use Is thn un a large.: apron of ruhbl c.: frum Mom c;ranic.: r. In the.: middle uf the.: night on rny\tenous yellow and ovc.: mber 24. 1248, :1 mass on the.: north ｾｩ､｣ＮＺ＠ of Mont (;rnnicr sui vc.: min had name IOI lllill partocular seeped into fractures of a great ｭＺｩｳｾ＠ of ｰｲ｣ＮＺ｣｡ｲｩｮｵｾｬｹ＠ pe rched ｾｬｲ｡ｴ｡Ｌ＠ lubricating 91ecn color potential slide planes. For ti a want of suff1C1cnt Yll\l"farrl $Iles This shroud of 3000 acres (1200 ha) of chaoti c rock matcri:i l was lcfc :i lonc In the Ｈｨ｡ｲｴｴＨｾＬ＠ Wl!le• fo r ｡ｬｭｾｴ＠ fi ve cc.:nturic.:s and Ix-cam e.: o \'c.:rgrown with ｨｲｵｾｨｷｯｯ､Ｎ＠ Lmc in th e.: mal tn!l by the.' ordl'r is 18th century, rh c.: pt.-opl c.: of Chamhcry togc.:tlw r with local inhahitants, decided n<7N carried out tn the ｶｩｬｬ｡ｷＮＺｾ＠ C6te d'Or, the sout/lefn they would honor tht: long-buried if they clc;m.'tl the land and planted Rh/In<> and Bordeam vi neyard:.. Delirnit:itiun of the appdlatiun 1:. that of the.: (;r.1nia rock-i.lide. now .. n rt pl:rntcd with the ＩＳ｣ｱｵｾｲ｣Ｎ＠ Chartreuse, however. The.: Combe de Savoie is a continuation of the.: C lu \C de Charnhery up the are located 1n the RhOne Valley Ise re.: Valle)' toward Albc.:rt vill c.:. (Combe ｩｾ＠ a wur

282 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copynghted matena1 South of 8o llene, located on one of the "islands" of Cretaceous limestone, :i re the Some 20 ｾ｡ｧｯ＠ m ｓｾｯｵｳｳ･＠ the villages of Rochcgudc and Cairanne. This klippe has in large part been ｕｭｶ･ｲｾＱＱ＼Ａ＠ du Vin ..... as wc;Hhered down co a low relief ｾｩｮ､＠ is cQvcred with vi nes. Rochcgude backs on estc\b shed m an okl, to a rcsisiant ridge of limestone of the Rollene ''island" with vineyards sweeping ｯｭｴｾ＠｣ｨｬｬＱｴｾＱｵ＠ but equ ppcd with a modern northward toward Suzc-la-Roussc. In addition to its wine. Rochcgudc is noted l,1bor.1lory and laSI Ilg for its (Xlttcry made from clay dcrivc.:d from the.: dc.:c.:ply wc.::Hhc.:rc.:d rocks. rac1h11cs Tile comculum The fourth area of village appellations is on rhc west hank of rhc Rhilne IS ､ｴｾｮｐ､＠ p11ma11ly CK seasonCJI courses fOt north c,f Lirac: it includes Laudun, Chusclan. and St.-Gerv:1is. As thl'. G:Hrigul'.s growers. restaurateurs. approach the Rhone, the scrubby ridges become placcau-like. and the soils more and MqOCiants. th!'! arabll'.. Thc:sc three villages, as do Tave! and Lirnc, produce primarily roses, but peood following h.lrvest with some red and some white wines. to the sp11119 bemg reserved for growers. Laudun, on the slopes of the Plateau du Camp de Cesar, extends down to the River Ceze. It is aver)' old wine village where amphorae dating 100 ye.irs or more B.C. have been fo und in archeological excavation. In the 18th century, C husclan wines were more widely appr<..'Ciated than eithl'.r T:1vcl or Lirac. The presence of a Benedictine priory assured goocl-qmility wines, while their popularit y was assured by the counts of Grignan who owned the properties. Chusclan·s cast-focing ｶｩｮｬＧＮｹ｡ｲ､ｾ＠ overlook the Rhone. St.-Gcrva is was awarded its appellation in 1974, hut is still not very well known. The terrain is almosr flat, with little protection from rhc

The regional appellations Regional :ind V. D.Q.S. appellations surround the "stnrs" and the spc.:cial -Vi lbges making an almost solid cape of vinqr:mls (.fee Figure 11.6). Unfortunately, large: volumc:s of bulk wine of low quality, eS[)(.'.Cially from the catch-all A.0.C. Cotes du Rhfmc.:, stigmatize thl'. Southern Rhone.:. West of the Rhone, north of Chusclan, ｩｾ＠ the large appdh1tion of Cotes du Viv11ra is. bener known for its trout srreams than irs wines. Most of its red and rose wines arc consumed locall y by the se<1sonal visitors. South of Tave[, additi onal general appellation viney:i rds arc found on terraces of the Gard Ri ver adjoining Langucdcx;. Cotcaux de Tricastin, on the cast side of the Rh one, on a d issccccd pbtcau of Miocene molassc, produces ahout one tenth of rhl'. winl'. of the Southern Rhone. Some vineya rds on thl'. plateau :iltcrn:lle wilh fields of lavender, but there arc bctt c.:r vinl'.ya rds on terraces of the l:itc.: Ice Age composed of gray co yellowish sandy, marly clay with numerous limestone pebbles. T he Cotes du Vcmoux vin e)rards are on alluvia l aprons and terraces around the western front of the large Va 11cluse molassic pl:i teau. The soils are of sandswncs, grl'.enish-gray marls and gravel from thl'. Eocene and Miocene molasse. Overall. wines of rhe Cotes du Vc:nroux arc: of ｲｾｬｳｯｮ｡｢ｬｹ＠ good character, but the variability of the soils and lack of consistency in adaptation of grape to soil. places the area in the bulk wine category. However. some growers have proved that there arc sites capable of producing excellent wine. Vineyards of the l:irgc Cotes du Lubc':ron arc.: scattered in rhc valleys and along the lower slopes of the Cretaceous Montagne du Luberon. This general appellation is sometimes included in Provence, but we h:i vc rakcn the Durance as the a rhir rnry boundary hctwL-cn rhc rwo provinces.

296 WHERE THE WINES GROW

Copyrighted material I / ,.., .' . "...;

Color Plate 45 Jongieux in the Savoie is surrounded by appellation vineyards. with the best parcels entitled to the more precise classification of Roussette de Savoie Marestel. Snow is a frequent visitor in these parts. Color Plate 46 Of more concern to the vigneron, the marly limestones of the Jurassic Kimmeridgian require a pick hammer to loosen the stony so il to get young plants started

306

Copyrighted material The grouping of the small sub-appellations of Muscat de Lunel (3), St.-Christ0ly (4), Vcrargucs (5), and St.-Drczery (6), ｩｾ＠ on a complex of Cretaceous limestones interspersed with Eocene and Oligocene gravel an d clay. The G renachc, Syrah and Mourvedre thrive particularl y on the gravd terraces and ridges in pebbl y, red clay soils. Pic-St.-Loup (7) vi ncy:1rds are on slopes of pebbl>'• red soil deri ved from marly Cretaceous limestone. The Pie is a sharp pyramiJ of Jurassic limestone that was caught up in a confusion of highly buckled C retaceous limestones, see Profile B, Figure 12.2. La Mcjanelle (8) and St.-Ceorges-d'Orques (9) are located on the .. Pli de Montpdlier," where the overthrust nappe above the sole fault was warped into a low, faulted domal fean1re, again see Profile B, Figure 12.2. Vineyard soil s of red clay are mixed w ith limestone scree washed down from the Garrigues. Like most of the Coteaux du Languedoc, this is red (a nd rose) wine country, although one of La Mejanelle's cop producers also makes a white blend of G n;nachc Blanc, Roussrume, and Marsanne. The vineyards of Muscat de Mireval (11) and Muscat de Frontignan (12) are spread around the Aanks of the Montagne de la Gardiole. This Jurassic limestone "island" was buckled into a steep-sided, faulted anticline wirhin rhe nappe itself, see Profile B, Figure 12.2. Soil s are the typical reel clay-li mestone scree mix. The geology of Montpeyroux (I 4), St.-Saturnin (15) (borh for red wines}. Clairctte du Langucdoc (16) (a rather dull white), and Cabricres (17) (good for ｲｯｳｾＩ＠ is similar to the Pie Sr.-Loup section of Profile 8, excepl the vineyards extend into the Paleozoics of the Montagne oire. The principal exposures of these older rocks arc Permian red schists which weather into excell ent soils that seem to suit the Syrah. T he main area of Clairerre du Languedoc is on l\<1iocene calcareous days and lacustrine limestone laced with rivulets of Quaternary basalt. The basalts emerge through a zone of southeast-trending fractures and culminate in a vobrnic plug, the hill of Agde, a coasral headland. (You will recall that basalts weather to exccptionaly good soils .) Picpoul de Pinet (1 3) lies in the angle berween the Hfrauh Ri ver and the Thau Basin, largest of the eumgs along the coast. Picpoul is the alternate spelling for the grape Piquepoul Blanc, and produces a plea ant dq• white. (The name shouJd not be confused with "Piquepoul," the .. lip sringer" grape of Armagnac and Cognac which is the local mune there for the Polle Blanche.) The Picpoul de Pinet grows on relatively Aat Cretaceous limestone and marls on the Pli de Montpellicr. Soils include red and yellow days aod conglomerates of the Eocene and Pliocene. The lower part of the appellation is on terraces of Quaternary gravel from the Montagne Noire along the H crault. Profile C in Figure 12.2 shows that undisturbed late F..ocenc, Miocene, and Pliocene strata cover much of the inner Arc de Sr.-Chinian thrust sheet from &zicrs to just above St.-Chinjan. (The Miocene is a m<1rin <.: molasst: composed of fossiliferous limestones and conglomerates, which rogerher with Eocene marls and conglomerates weather to deep, red-colored soil s.) Faugcrcs ( 18), St.-Chinian (19), and Muscac de St.-Jean-de-Minervois (20) arc on tht:sc Tertiary fo rmations and variegated shales of the Triassic. Vineyards al so extend across the frontal thrust fuult well into the Paleozoics of the Montagne N oire.

322 WHERE THE WINES GROW