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Corso Di Laurea Magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Corso di Laurea magistrale in Relazioni Internazionali Comparate Tesi di Laurea Il genocidio armeno e la reazione dell’intelligencija russa e armena nel 1915-1916 Relatore Ch. Prof. Aldo Ferrari Correlatore Ch. Prof. Antonio Trampus Laureanda Federica Porcini Matricola 855675 Anno Accademico 2018 / 2019 INDICE INTRODUCTION 2 CAPITOLO PRIMO La storia delle relazioni armeno-russe (dalla Rus’ kieviana al genocidio armeno) 1. Dalla Rus’ kieviana al XVIII secolo 6 2. L’era di Pietro il Grande e Caterina II 11 3. Il XIX secolo e la conquista russa della Transcaucasia 22 4. La rivoluzione russa del 1905 e il conflitto armeno-tataro 38 5. La condizione degli armeni durante il governo dei Giovani Turchi e la Guerra dei Balcani 44 6. Escalation di violenza: la Prima guerra mondiale e il genocidio armeno 47 CAPITOLO SECONDO Il genocidio armeno e la reazione dell’intelligencija russa ed armena in Russia 1. Il genocidio armeno – cenni storici 50 2. Il genocidio armeno e la diplomazia russa 56 3. L’intelligencija russa e il genocidio armeno – La poesia 61 4. L’intelligencija russa e il genocidio armeno – La stampa 99 5. Il genocidio armeno e l’intelligencija armena in Russia 107 CAPITOLO TERZO I rapporti armeno-russi dal genocidio armeno ai giorni nostri 1. Lа Questione armena nella politica russa (1915-17) 130 2. Le rivoluzioni russe del 1917 e il crollo dell’Impero zarista 136 3. L’epoca sovietica e il cambio di rotta nei confronti del genocidio armeno e della Questione armena 140 4. 24 aprile 1965 – il 50° anniversario del genocidio armeno 161 5. La fine dell’Unione Sovietica e il riconoscimento del genocidio armeno da parte della Federazione russa (1995) 165 6. 24 aprile 2015 – il 100° anniversario del genocidio armeno 169 CONCLUSIONI 174 RIFERIMENTI BIBLIOGRAFICI 177 SITOGRAFIA 184 1 INTRODUCTION The Metz Yeghern (“The Great Calamity”, as Armenians call the Armenian Genocide) eradicated and encroached upon the three-thousand-year-old Armenian culture in the Ottoman Empire. The disappearance of Armenians from Anatolia also led to the extinction of their settlements, churches, schools, libraries, and monasteries. The eastern area of the current territory of the Republic of Turkey is part of Armenians’ ancestral homeland. The Turkish perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide, along with the annihilation of 1.5 million human lives, scattered the survivors all over the world, deprived the Armenians of nine tenths of their historical homeland, and in the end caused enormous damages to the Armenian culture and architecture. Thousands and thousands of monasteries and churches were turned into mosques and stables, or demolished; ancient and unique manuscripts were destroyed during the robberies and fires that followed the deportation of the Armenians. Turkey feared and still does, the silent witness of the masterpieces of the Armenian population, one of the greatest Christian minorities (included Greeks). It represented a threat in eastern Anatolia, the land that Turkish nationalism placed at the center of its identity battle. This is the background of the thesis Il genocidio armeno e la reazione dell’intelligencija russa e armena nel 1915-1916. This work aims to deepen the study of one of the darkest period in Armenian history – the Armenian genocide of 1915 – using an unprecedented point of view in Italy: the resonance that this tragic event had in the Russian press and literature in the biennium 1915- 1916. The history of Armenian-Russian relations began at the time of the Kievan Rus’ (882-1240) when the destinies of Russia and Armenia inevitably crossed. In the first chapter, Russian-Armenian cultural relation is explored. It began to develop more clearly after the recognition of Christianity as the state religion of the Rus’, by Prince Vladimir Svjatoslavič (960-1015) in 988. Several centuries later, during the reigns of Peter I the Great (1672-1725) and Catherine II (1729- 1796), Armenian politics came to the fore and was elevated to the status of Russian state policy. In fact, since the time of Peter the Great, Armenians became Russia’s allies in the fight against the Turkish Sultan and the Persian Shah. It was only during the reign of the Empress Catherine II, who ascended the throne in 1762, that Russia returned to look at Transcaucasia with interest. The Russian-Turkish wars and the consequent defeats of the Ottoman Empire, allowed the Tsarist Empire to acquire vast territories 2 and gave Armenians the hope (often disappointed) to be freed from the Turkish yoke with the help of Russia, patron of the Christians. After the sudden death of the tsarina in November 1796, the interest in Armenia and the Armenians greatly decreased, so that the following year Russian soldiers abandoned the South Caucasus. In 1826, Russian foreign policy changed. With the new Russian-Persian war, which ended with the treaty of Turkmenčai on the 10th of February 1828, the former Persian khanates of Erewan and Nachičevan’ and the region of Ordubad were annexed to Russia. Thus, Persia was definitively expelled from Transcaucasia. These events allowed the annexation of eastern Armenia to the Russian Empire in 1828 with the edict of tsar Nicholas I and the establishment of the ephemeral Armenian Region (Armjanskaja oblast’), which ceased its existence in 1840. At the end of the nineteenth century, tsarist Russia considered the rising Armenian revolutionary movements in Transcaucasia to be fatal, explicitly declaring their will to free the Armenians of the Ottoman Empire from the Turkish yoke. Therefore, Russian authorities acquired very harsh positions towards the Armenian situation starting from the last two decades of the century. Armenia was divided into two parts: an eastern part incorporated into the Russian empire and a western part that languished under the yoke of sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1908).This division determined the diversity of the socio-economic and political life of the fragmented Armenian population. While the Armenians of Cilicia and eastern Armenia enjoyed economic prosperity, the situation in western Armenia was not easy, as Armenians suffered violence by Kurds, Circassians and the Turks themselves. Between 1894 and 1896 alone, around 300,000 Armenians died during the Hamidian massacres. In 1908, the Ottoman organisation Commitee of Union and progress (CUP), founded in1889 in Istanbul, whose members – known as the Young Turks – rebelled, ousted Abdul Hamid II. People of the Ottoman Empire supported the Young Turks, hoping for a new democratic government in the country. Soon, the Turkish government immediately led a policy of assimilation of other peoples: pan-Turkism and pan-Islam became the official policy. Having met resistance to their plans, the Young Turks began to act violently. The Adana massacres (in Cilicia) in 1909 were the test bench of the idea of eliminating the Armenian population, and resulted in the 1915 genocide, fuelled by a political vision of an ethnic- nationalist redefinition of the State. The second chapter, the heart of the thesis, after some brief historical references to the dynamics of the genocide development, deals with the main theme of our study: the resonance that genocide had in the Russian press and poetry. During the years of the genocide and the First World War (1914- 1918), Russian writers investigated the situation of Turkish Armenians, visited western Armenia, 3 collected material on their difficult social and political situation, and with their publications brought society and the Russian authorities closer to the Armenians. The tragic events of 1915 caused a large wave of protests and indignation from the progressive intelligencija in many countries. In particular, Russian and Armenian writers, scholars, literary critics, and representatives of the socio- political thought of the time raised in support of the Armenian population. The analysed materials start from the diplomatic documents that Sergej Dmitrievič Sazonov (1860- 1927) – Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia from 1910 to 1916 – sent to the Russian ambassadors in London and Paris. Furthermore, we translated and analysed operas of several Russian poets, witnesses of the tragedy of the Armenian population, specifically the poet-general Kulebjakin, the poet-correspondent Gorodeckij, some minor poets and finally two of the most important exponents of the Russian intelligencija of the time, Maksim Gor’kij and Valerij Brjusov. This page, deeply unexplored until today, constitutes a scientific study and more broadly emphasizes the tragedy of the Armenian people between the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. The study mainly focuses on articles of the Russian press that brought the difficult situation of the western Armenians to the attention of the international community. Specifically, it deals with: the formation of Russian public opinion regarding the Armenian question and genocide due to pro- Armenian speeches in the Russian Duma, the responsibility of the Young Turks and the connivance of Germany, the refutation of the “betrayal” thesis by the Armenians for their “Russophilia”, the demonstration of annihilation mechanisms, the fate of Armenian refugees and orphans. The last paragraph of the chapter concerns the reaction of the Armenian intelligencija in Russia. Thanks to their testimonies and their spiritual and material support, they brought the terrible situation of the Armenian people in the Ottoman Empire to the attention of Russian public opinion. Finally, the third chapter is dedicated to the Armenian-Russian relations in the twentieth century, and to the role of Russian politics towards the Armenian question, with particular attention to the years of the two Russian revolutions of 1917, the February Revolution and the establishment of the Provisional Government on the 2nd (15th) March and its position towards the Armenians and their situation and the October Revolution which involved upheavals within Russian society, the abdication of Nicholas II and the consequent collapse of the Tsarist Empire. Subsequently, the thesis analyses the development of Russian-Armenian relations during the Soviet Union and the change of course towards the Armenian genocide and the Armenian question.
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