CENSUS OF , 1961

VOLU~1E XI

MYSORE

PART VI

VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPHS

No. 26 VILLAGE SURVEY MONOGRAPH ON

Editnr

K. BAL\SUBRA\\['\'NYA~r

fit Ihl' II/dian Admillislratii'e Sl'rl'iCl', SUjJerintnzdent 0ICmsus UPfrotioJls, /lfysore 7 .

,. MAP OF MYSORE (Showing Villages selected Fo,.

".

16·

·r.:'.... · ":'~~>:- .. :;:~:~ . DIU

IS' 15·

ARABIAN SEA

i8tr;ct .. a/uk tL 7 S' 7 8· ~retJared by. K.V.LAXMINARA9'",HA FOREWORD

hUIIl "\ bric[ accolillt of the tests of selection will help ,\pan !hv0) in this sub-continent, a hundrcd years of the Indian to explain. :\ minimulll of thirty-five villages was to CenslIs has also produced 'elaborate and scholarly be chosen with gTeat care to represent adequately accollnts of the yariegated phenomena of Indian life__:_ geographical, occupational and even ethnic diversity. sometimes with no statistics attached, but usually Of this minimulll of thirty-five, the distribution was "'ith just enough statistics to give empirical ullder­ to be as follows: pirllling to their conclusions'. In a country, largely illiterate, where statistical or Ilumerical comprehen­ (II) ,\t least eight village, WCle to be so selected sion of elen snch a simple thing as age was liable to that cach of them '\'QuId contain one dominant COllllllllllity ,\·ith Olle predominating occupa­ he inaccurate, all ultderstanding of the s()< ial slruc­ t JOIl, e.g. {i,hClllllll. fore,it "'ollero;, .ihum cult tun: \I"a, esselltial. It \ras mOle II('CCS,;1r\ to attain a broad understauding of what was happ~u ing' arou ud \:111)1" ]>()Itt'l" \I (';1 I'l'b , ~;t1(-lllakers, quarT ,,·orl..('I'o;. etc .\ \ illage should have a miuiIIlUI: olleself than to wrap oneself up in 'statistical ill~(,­ popliLII inll oj 'WO, the oplimulll being betweel nllit~' or 'rn;ltlrclllatical lIIanipuLiti()Il' .. rhis explaim ;)0(1 ,mel ,00. \\'11\ the Indian (:eIlSLlS GlIllC to be interested ill 'many bypaths' and 'neady clcry branch of sdlOlar­ (b) ,\t h:,\''[ :-,cYt:n villages wcre to be of numeri­ ship' from 'anthropologv and 'iociolog\ to gcography cally prolllillent .'idledulecl Tribes of the State. and religion'. Each village could lepre,elH ;l particular tribe. The III ill il1llllll population should be 400. III the last few decadcs the CeI1SW, has inCleas­ nle opt imlllll bcing bet\\'Cell 500 and 700. ingly turned its efforts to the presentation of village (c) The third group o( yillages should each be statistics. This suits the temper of the times as well I)f lair SilC. of all old and ,ettl('d character and as our political and ecollomic structure. For even as contaill varieg'ated occupations and be, if "'C have it ~reat deal of ccntralization 011 the one hand possihle, lllulti-ethllic in composition. By fair alld dccelltralisatioll 011 the other, Illy colleagues ,i/e 11';1-; 1llC;1I1t a populatioll of 500-700 persons thought it would be a welcome continuation of the or more. The village should mainly depend CellSUS tradition to tr\, to invest the drY hones of vil­ 011 agricultllre and be sufficiently away from lage statistics with f1esh-auel-blood accouuts of social the lllajor sources of modern cOIlllllunication stlllctme aud social change. It \\'as accordingly deci­ such ;I'i the district administratiye headquar­ ded to select a f<.:"- yillages ill ner} State for special ter, and bmincss cClltres. It should be roughly study, ",hele personal observation would be brought a day's journey from the abm'e places. The to bear on the interpretation of statistics to find out yillages were to be selected with an eye to how much of a village was static and yet changing yariation in terms of size, proximity to city and and how fast the winds of challge were blo"'ing and other means of modern communication, near­ from where. ness to hills, jungles and major rivers. Thus there was to be a regional distribution through­ Randomness of selection was, therefore, eschewed. ont the State of this category of villages. If, There was no intention to build up a picture for the howe\er, a particular district contained signi­ "'hole State in quantitati\'e terms on the basis of ficant ecological variations within its area, I illages selected statistically at rando1ll. The selection more than Olle yillage in the district might be was pellil1~ alld how fast to them. t!to,e villages which had fewer reaSOllS to choose challge alld 1ll0le to remain lodged ill the past as It is :1 Ulli(lUC feature of lhe~c village surveys that to elisco\cl" how the more 'normal' types of villages thvy Llpidly olltgre,1' their original tcrms of re£eren­ were changing. They were to be primarily type stu­ fe. ;IS J1lY colleagne's ,\'armed up to their work. This dies \rliich, bv virtue of their number and distribu­ pn),cd for the III an absOlbing yoyagc of discovery tion, ,,-ould also give the reader a 'feel' of what ,,-as and their infectious enthusiasm compelled me to en­ gO'lllg on and some kind of a map of the country. large the inquiry's scope again and again. It was just (iii) as well cautiow,ly to fee1 one's way abollt at first of well-deyiscd statistical tables ,,,as once again re­ and then venture further afield, and although it cognised. This itself presupposed a fresh survey of accounts to sOllle extent [or a {cHaiu unevellness ill \ilhgcs aheady done; but it was 'I"Orlh the trouble the quality and coverage of the motlographs, it served ill view of the possibilities that a dose rtllalysi::: of sta­ to compensate the purely honorary and extra-lllural tistics olfcred, alld also because the 'com

0:EW DELHI ASHOR MITRA July 30, 1964 Registrar Grneral, India

(iv) PREFACE

An interesting' feature of the 1961 Census is the pl'CfJaration of monographs on selccled villages. Registrar General, India, has in his foreword, very cleady explained the aim'; and objectives of the Village Surveys and has also p(Jinte

2, Sinrar in H..iehur district is a fair! y big village cilf))cn tt) lTj)l'c")':nl lhe '''.fllllgctbhadra; t:Otton-jowar­ bajra-oil secds and pulse~" sub-regioll of thc .i\'orthcrtl :\laidali region. It 1m'; a l'Pll1plex ctlllllC as wd! as c,'I)fwrnic composlllOll. The regioll is characterised by large expall;'cs (Ii' plaills alnlOst berdt of t rec gTowt l!. :dJllTlciallt rich black soil, large sized holdings alld a high proportiolls of landless agricultural la.bourers. It i, now Oil the threshold of a majl)r change in th~ agricultural economy as it had jnst })('gllfl il) receive ill{; bendit" of (':111al irl'i:';'dtioll !i'l)tn the Tungabhadra Project. The present study senT, as a bUllell mark fin futlll'C' SUI'\I·Y;;.

3. The field vV€lrk was c4lrried out by Sri Uunlmj. Illvestigator durillg .\Luclt aud (JCIO!JCL 1~)t.J2 Limier the supervision of Sri K.L. Suryanarayallan, Dcputy SUp(Tillt'~lldC\)l or CCl1SU,; Operations (Special Surveys). The Investigator who worked with zeal and interest prepared the iirst draft also. The ph(ltngraph~ illcluded ill the mono­ graph were taken by Sri S. Ramachandran, Senior Technical Assistant, Handicrafts Survey. The final report is the outcome of the sincere and painstaking efforts of Sri C,l\1. Chandawarkar, Deputy Superintendent of Census Operations who has prepared it.

K. J3.\LASUBRA~L:\NIYAM, SUjH:rilitclldcnl of Census Operations, ..:i1ysore.

(v)

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I - THE VILLAGE

Introducing the village-Location-Physical A~pects-Flora-Fauna-Size and residential pattern-Communication­ Important public places-Crematorium and burial grounds-Sources of water-Welfare and Administrative Institutions­ l\farket-History and Legend-History of Settlement 1 to ~

CHAPTER II - THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ,UIPMENTS Ethnic composition and brief notes on important communities-Houses and Housetypes--Dress and other body deco­ rations-Ornaments--Household good~-Food and drinks-Beliefs and practices connected with Birth, Marriage and Death 7 to 20 CHAPTER III • ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE

A. Economic resources: Land, Livestock and other resources. B. Factors influencing economic life: Land tenures, Land improvement, Industrialisation, improyements in communication, Extension of marketing facilities, Expansion of sources of finance, Infiltration of urban influence-C. Economic activities and nautre of changes: Livelihood classes, Workers and Non­ workers, Ownership of economic resources, Primary and Secondary Occnpations, Changes from the traditional occupation­ De!cription of different occupations: practices connected with agriculture: Kharif crops, Rabi crops, Nature of produce and yield per acre, Farming practices, Technique, Organisation of man-power, Wage rates, Expenditure in connection with various agricultural operations and sources of finance, Utilisation of produce, Storage of produce, l\1arketing, Other probletns-Practices connected with animal husbandry:-Breed of cattle, Grazing and feeding facilities, Utilisation of produce, :Marketing-Practices connected with village industries :-Changes in the nature and number of industrial establishments, Nature of Produce-Practices connected with other occupations--Indebtedness-Co-operation-Income and Expenditure. 21 to 47

CHAPTER IV - SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE Population trends; Population by age and sex; Birth and death; Marital Status; Public Health and Medical facilities; Literacy and education; Types of family: Composition of house-holds-Intra family reiati01L~Ilip-Inheritance of property­ Leisure and recreation-Festi\-als-Fairs-Religious Institutions-Household deities-Caste or Community Panchayat-Statutory Panchayat-Voluntary Organisation-National Extension Service-Family Planning-Removal of Untouchability. -409 to 59

CHAPTER V - CONCLUSION 61 to 63

(vii) LIST OF TABLES

Sl.. Table .Ail . .Yo. I. I .\rea, houses and population (i7 2. I I Popula tion by age-groups (;7 3. III Sizte and Composit ion of households 67 4. I\ HOllseholds classified l.,y rt"iigiolls, (astes and 31.1 h-(""tC's 5. \' Scheduled C'IS!('S and Sclw,llllp,] Trill ... , nYl .. G. \'[ \ge anel ::\Lnita1 Statm 70 7. VII 1:,lllcation 71 8, VIII \\'orkprs and "oIl-w(}rkers by sex and hroad age-~roups 72 9. IX \\'orhrs classified hy s~x, hro'lc] age-groups and OCCIlP:ltioIlS 72-73 10. X \\'orkers c1a"ifi"d by sex, broad age-groups and ilHlustrv, husiof'sS 'llld cllltiv"tion belonging to the households 73 I I. XI :\'on-\';orker, by sex, bro"d age-groups and nature of"ctil'ities 73 12. XII 1 [ouseholds 1,,- llumber of rooms and by nurnbcr of perSOllS (J('cupyillg . H 13. XIII 1 [llus"holc\-; engagecl in cnltivalion, industry, hmine" ,mel (}ther oCl'llpations 7,,-76 H. Xl\' Type of i11(1\1.,tn' run by the household, 77 15. XV Type of business rUn by til{' households 77 10. XVI Traditional industries by the number of hou,ehol(1s in (~ach 78 17. :;\YII Diet 78-79 18. xnn Staple diet ant! food habits of communities 79-80 19. XIX Distribution of households by occupations, income and number of persons 81 20. XX ,\Yerage annual income per household by occupation, . 82 21. XXI .\\erage monthly expenditure p"r household hy income groups and occupations 83-85 27. XXII Households and De\'c!opment acti\·ities 8G 23. XXIII J ndebteclness by income-groups. flG 2·1. XXIIIA lnclehteclne" bv causes 8G-37 25. XXIIIB Sources of credit 37 26. XXI\' Agricultural produce of cuIti\'alioll run by the households ami their disposal 87 27. XXV Households owning or possessing lalld or h,l\ e gi\'en out bl1l1 to others for cuI ti\'atioll 88 23. ; XXVA Ownership of land in Sirwar \"i1!age bv its J ,·.,i,k!lh 39 29. XXVB Land OWTIl,d outside the \·ill,lgc. 90·91 :~O. XX\'T (;el1er,,1 92 31. CastC'iTl'ibe or communitv and nature of faInt;\, 92 32. 2 Association of' deity or special object of wors1.i p 93 33. 3 Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act 94- 3+. ,1· Contravention of l\larriage Rules 9:; 3'i. 4:\ P{~rmissibjlity of intercaste marriage 9:) ~G. .'i .\wa1'ene5S or changes in Hindu Laws of Sucl'c."ioll and Adoption. 9.'i :i7, .r,. \. Inheritance of property as in practi((' 96 38. :,II Share of' prop',rl \' for (Ii ffcrent ("!ttego!"ies of Rphti\'es-sons 97 3!J. (; Reciprocal :lid in 'agricllltlll'al pmclirps 97 ·10. 7 Liv("lock stari,tics including [j,lwry 93-100 41. i: \'illa",' Illclush'i('s·····Protlllcts 101 ·12. 'I Land reclamation and de\,(']npnwnt 102 '.1;1. In co-op,>ratino Society 102 41. Ii Habit of' taking Sligar :1' correlate,1 In incoTlw 103 ·1 :;. 11.\ I-Iahilof t:lking t",,'coffee: a~ corre1alt'Cl to illcome 101- 40. I~) ]\[aterial Clllrllr('- possession of furniture IlY, 17. 12.\ ?lfakrial culture" P')'ss"ssion of C{)I1Sllnlt'l' gooc]; lOG 4!l. l~H :'Iatt'ria\ ,1l1wre' -Hahit, 107-108 '19. 1'\ HOlls" tvp"·· :Ronl' 109 !i0. 1:.1.\ 1-1011'''' tYpt'" ·\Vall lIO

(viii) LIST OF MAPS AND CHARTS

PAGES

Frontispiece I. State :Map of :\{ysore showillg tt", iocation of Yillages selected for Socio-Economic Survey 2. District Map or showing the locatior, of Sirwar I 3. Physical features around the \ ilbg(' Sinqr 2 4. Yillage Map of Sirwar , 6 5. Chart showing "Vorkers and :'-ion-workers by sex and age-groups 25 6. Chart showing Marital Status by sex and age-groups 49 7. Chart showing Population a11(1 Literacy by sex and age-groups . 50

LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS \·jew 1. Sinl'ar-.'\n aerial Xl 2. The old entrance of the \'illage xi 3. 1\1",lim quarters xi 4. \\',,,herman colony (quarters) xi 5. 'Wooden house-·Collection of cotton by whdesalers from the Villagers xii 6. "Ooru Gadda" with Parmanandaguru Temple xii 7. Vellb,taramanaswamy Temple xiii 8. :M",."mma Temple xiii 9. l\It-gina mutt xiv 10. Tht' \'illage shanel:' (weekly market) xiv

IX

(xi)

~ 111 ,j,) ... ""4J ~ ...... "; ""~ Too< a' ~ ~ ~ ~ -< {Il:s :2 ""~ ...~ M U'l"" _;

6 CensusIMysore/73. (xii)

•

5. Wooden house-Collect:ion o£ cotton by ~hol-esalers £rom the Villagers

6. "Oorn Gudda" ~ith Paramanadaguru TE"mple (xiii)

7. Venkat:ara.-nanas-W3:nl.Y Te.-nple

8. Marra:DuII.a Te.-nple (xiv)

~ 9. Megina mu1:t:

10. The Village shandy (Weekly D1.arket:) REFERENCE

Stah! Bout1dal'y DISTRICT MAP+ OF RAICHUR Oisti-Icf " Taluk " Di~I'id Head QJ'$ SHOWING THE LOCATION OF srRWAR Talul< ,,'"ff' Sta.e Roads Other' " MANVI TAlUK Railways Rivel's A S~re8""'S Scale 16 Mill!s to an lrlch Village Selecf-ed '.

r-;./ ...

) I/) ( , \ ~ 0 o 16 16 Q- 0' \ 0' hvc·_· ,.."', I. '''''':"'. t. _,' ( ~ / o '-. '-',_, <:>

:t ~ » 'I- 11 ~ > l' l.." --'___ -11--'--"" Rly,I'J'_ Hubr; o -"

10. The Village shandy [Weekly market) CHAPTER I

THE VILLAGE

Introducing the village It also happens to be the headquarters of the Natio­ nal Extension Block of . It is connected The villa~e Sin"ar selected for this survey forms by a good road with Sirwar. There is a famous the headquarters of a Hobli. It is about 18 miles temple of Sri Jagannathaswamy and there is an from Manvi, the talnk headquarters and 22 miles old fori, now in ruins. Several old inscriptions to the west of Raichur, the District Headquarters. han~ also been traced here. It is a fairly big village ,,-ith a population of 3673 di

2-6 Cen~usfMysore!73 2 SIltWAR

sides by a deep ditch, while 011 the fourth or southern been derived from the fact that the Vijayanagar side there is a hill. The ont{Cr fortifications and the Kings l[sed to keep their elephants there. Sri gateways were constructed by Ibrahim Adil Shah Rans-anatha Temple, Pampa Sarovara, Lakshmi about 1:149. The innl'f fort has two gateways and Tenpl'C, Kamal Mahal and Nava Brindavan are the ollter three. The fort contains an old gun over important places of archaeological, architectural 20 fe'et long. Outside the eastern gate is a mosque religious importance. There are also famous edict~ having a single minaret 240 feet high and 30 feet in relating to the Vijayanagar period. Jaladurga in Ling­ circumference, with a winding staircase, which was sngur Taluk is an island fort standing in the river huilt in I:')O}I dnring the reign of l\1ahmud Shah Krishna. This is said to have been ih~ key fort of the Bahmani. A good view of the surrounding country .\dil "hahi Kin'.?'s of Biiapur. The fort though now is obtained from the top of this minaret. The Jama deserted. i< fit for being developed into a good Masj id in the town was built in 16 18. Raichur has picnic spot. in Taluk, about 90 mi· three cotton· presses, a tannery, and a distillery, and les ;m'ay is bmOllS for its toys. Pottery, weaving and is a rising commercial centre." horn-work are the other indmtries found here. Gul· barg-a is a famous place about 126 miles away by road. Here are located the Divisional Headquarten. The place is farnom from historical point of view. 30 miles away from the village, there are the It can also he reached by railway via Raichur. It famous Hutti Gold Mines. More than 95% of attracts a large number of pilgrims and is famoUl the ~h;lrc< of the Hulti Gold l\fines Co. Ltd., are held for the shrine of Khwaia Banda Nawaz and the by the Government of Mysore. This mining Sharana Basaveswara Temple. Shorapur. about 45 undertaking emplovs nearly 2000 workers and the miles away was the capital of the Shoraput chiefs mmes produce F;,OOO to 16,000 ounces of gold who rose in revolt agaimt the British in 1857. valued at about Rs. 500,000 to Rs. 600.000 per year. about 28 miles away in Lingsugur Taluk is a historical place. Here, an edict of King Ashoka carved on a rock has been located. So Physical As~cts also black and red clay pottery, polished stone im­ plements, etc. belonging to 1000 B.C. or earlier periods have been unearthed and as such, this place The District of Raichur lies between two rivers, has acquired considerable archaeological impor· ·(liz. the Kr:shn3 and the T1Flrr;lhhadra and as such tance. Recently traces of gold ore~ have also is gcnenllv referred to as 'Raichur Doab', meanin~

\,. 0 Udamgal ~\ Naglapul' TH. VILLAGE.

bnds and the: other from north to lOuth on the: September. At times some off-season rams are weltern side. The river Krishna il about 30 milel seen' to fall in April and May. Such off-season ;iway to the North and the river Tungabhadra is rains and the rains in October are usually accoDl­ about 20 miles away towards the South. The village panied by lightning and thunder. Between October stands at an alt-itude of about 1344 feet above the and November also the temperature records some mean sea level. nse. In November starts the winter season ana it lasts t:11 February. The night temperature i. Climatologically three leason5 are recognised in lhen generally cool. the village. The hot weather lasts from Marro to the middle of June. This is a period of rising The average rain-fall is about 22 inches or 55. temperature and the, summer he;it becomes very mm per annum, but as already stated, the rain-fall unbearable round about May. The rainy season is 1I0t certain. The following rain-fall figures bel­ itans ill the middle of J UIle and lasts till about ween 19.)8 and 1961 as recorded in the gauge at October. The major preaipitation is &enerally in Manvi, give ;,t fair idea of the precipitation:-

Particulars of rainfai!

1~58 1960 1961 ---_.------~.---.-.. ---_. -_------_.. ------_---" MOJ.lth Rainbll Month Rainfall Month Rainfall in mUl \ lil mm lu lnHl inmm 6 7 8

July JUlle 76 july 232 June 155 Augu.st July H9 Augul[ leo July I H5 Septem!)~l' Au~ 186 Sept"mber :194 August 75 SeptemLer 299 October 120 September 1. October ~13 October 121

Tot",1 !072 102~ 846 485

Hora Fauna

There are no forestl either in the village. or near The lree growth ill the TtllOlge t>emg sparse, wil4 about, as the rain-fall is scanty and uncertain. In 'm llllais arc rarely seen. The wild animals occa- fact. there are hardly about 2j trees in the gaothan sionally 5een are deer, rabbit, jackal, etc. The ar:d 220 in the fi'dd~. The trees commonly seen domesLicated animals consist of cattle, sheep and in the village af'.' bJ.bul (;:cac:i;, ;[l'a1);ct;, 1l1,li'~m:1 goats. donkeys, pjg~ and poultry. The birds com­ (;\1elia azadirachta), tamarind (tamarindu5 indica), monl) secn are the crow~, sparrows, pigeons, eagle., lllallgo (lllallift'ra indica). [oddy (pilocnix' sylvl ,­ etc. Occasionally owl! can also be seen. Reptile. triE), b:myan (ficus hcngaicnsis), pccpal (flc:us reli­ aiC morc common In the. neighbourhood of the giosa), banni (acacia ferruginea) and basari. The streams. Scorpions are also to be found in good more common among these are the babul and mar­ nllmh~r. gosa trees. The toddy palms are generally found on the banks of the two streams. It is seen that Size and Residential Pattern more trees are found towards the west of the villa~e than in any other direction. It is expected that The re'fcnue limits of the village cover an area when the village is provided with more irrigational of 7123 acres or 11.2 square miles. The popula­ facilities, the tree growth will also increase. tion being 3673, its density works out to about ~28 per ~(!UJrc mil~. The Gaothan is about 2 furlongs The important _crops in the village are ground-nut, in length from East to West and about 2 furlongs in cotton and jowar. Other crops grown are wheat. width from North to South. The residential area baira, pulses, safflower chillic~. Seo,t1nllm, etc. VC;?;C­ occupic~ about 40 acres. The village lies at the tables are grown only in the rainy season. The foot of a hillock and has one important main road important vcgetablci are brinjal, lady'li fiJ1gen, which practically divides it into two halves. This radish, carrot, onion, etc:. main road joins th.:' State hi~hway which. rulU 4 SIRWAR thlOugh the village towards its South. There are etc., l'vIanvi, the Taluk headquarters is connected a number of small streets and lanes joining this by a good road am.! dati} buses ply between these inlernal main road. All these roads are very two places. The nearest railway head is at narrow. The main street itself is not more than Raichur, 22 miles away. All the villages in the about 12 feet wide and gets further narrowed at neighbourhood are conllected by cart tracks, but several places due to encroachments. The lanes as these cart tracks run through fields with black arc nOt more than 4 to 5 feet wide. It may be soil, they are generally dusty in summel and obsen'cd that often a comic situation arises when ,lllSi]\ ill the rainy season. In Eljl), a kachcha t IVa carts or vehicles come from opposite directions road, about 25 miles in. length has been forIlled in allY street including the main street. The en­ under the rural communicatlOn programme. This trance of a cart at one end very often means the road links up several i~terior villages which had cessation of traflk from the opposite end. This no communication facilities till then. The village certainly causes great inconvenience and often re­ has a branch P(lst ofuce with arrangements for daily sults in quarrels between the persons claiming their delivery and clearance of maiL The nearest place 0\\"11 right of way. This type of inconvenience and with tek:graph and telephone facilities is Manvi, Ii obstruction to traffic can be minimised to a cer­ Illiles away. tain extent by getting the encroachments removed. But considering the local situation, this is not all easy job, as most of the encroachments are made by persons who wield considerable,. influence in the Lllp(Jl'taHt Public Pla((~~ village politics. Unless such persons learn to live ami kl-livc, this type of inconvenience to the public The village has 14 temples. Important among is bound to continue. them· are t'lle temples of Venkateswara, Hanuman, Eswara and Parasuram. There are two mosques in the village. The one located in the gaothan These encroachments are also due to the ten­ propu' is old and about 20 years back another dency of the people to form caste-wise clusters of mosque has been constructed on the outskirts of houses when selecting house sites which has resulted the village dose to the State highway. The in a haphazard growth of the village. There is no Ciuistlan Mission has also erected a church recently. planning in laying out the village with the result About 25 years back, the authorities of the Houston thaI a few of the sanitary arrangements· made in the Hospital of Yadgir have set up l a Mission Health village arc also rendered ineffective. The residen­ Celltre in this village. With the introduction .of tial pattern of the village is generally caste-wise. The tile act;vlties of this lvlission, a number of Madigas Byadars, Agasas and Katgars reside in the eastern have gO[ cOll\'ened to Christianity. AU of them offer portion of the gaothan. Kurubas, Kabbers and pia yers at this church. Brahmins live on the western side near the hillock. The \'luslims have occupied the north-eastern side. The Scheduled Castes of Madigas and Byagars reside Crematoriulll amt Burial Gtound on the north-western side. The Lingayats liv~ in the northern part of the village. The habitation There is a common crematorium and burial of Ill>: Scheduled Ca;,tcs is slightly cut-away from the ground for all Hindus inCluding the Scheduled other residential area of the village. Besides resi­ Ca~tes in the northern part of the village. Til) dential houses, there are 62 shops, 20 tea shops, .5 about 10 )'ears back, this burial ground extended flour mills, 4 ginning factories and 20 temples and to about one acre. As this space was quite in­ mosques in the village. adequate, an area of about 3 acres has !lince been acquired and assigned as a burial ground. The (:nmmunication \luslims have their burial ground towards the west of the village close to· the State highway. The village lies on the Raichur-Lingsugur rO~1d. on which' 22 passenger buses ply daily. At Navalkal. 3 miles away to the east. Sources of Water the State road branches into two-one leading to Lin!Ssugur and onwards to Ilkal, Bagalkot, etc. and Draw wells provide drinking water. There the other leading to Hutti Gold Mines, , ;)rt' 6 drinking ,,"ater weYs in the vi1Ia~e, of which TJ:lR VILLAGE .5

2 are privately owned and the remaining ~ are shops are set up on th~ shandy days and .tht public wells. There arc 7 (lther wells 10 ~he articles of trade are grains and pulses, clothmg, village, but the water from these wells, bemg vegetables, utensils, etc. Inhabitants of about 15 brackish is used only for washing and other pur­ neighbouring villages take advantage of the shandy. poses. Of the 7 wells with brackish water, 3 are public wells and 4 are privately owned: Two History and Legend of the public drinking water wells are bell1g used Excepting for one inscription found in ~he exclusively by the Scheduled Castes, one of the~ temple of Venkateswara and an old fort wh~ch is being used by the Byagaras and other by Mad1- exists in ruins, there are no old monuments Wh1Ch gas. Both these wells are found towards . the can throw light on the history of the village. The North of the gaothan and are clos~ to the res1den­ viila

years more. 'The .Chalukyall power was wcceeded were pleased with the attitude of the Nizam durin, b) the 110) saLlS and chc Y,(davas. In iJ 10 A.D. the. tint war of independence in 1857. The the Yadavd llllc ca~ne to .;iU end. By about .'J izam rule continued uninterrllpted till ] 948, 132:) A.D., the l\luhammadan rulers entrenched when the Government of India were forced themselves in the Deccan. Then this whole to take action against the State and curb the area was k~FL under the rule of Imperial 1',J.zakar· movement whicil di rcctly impaired the GovcrilGrS 2nd a revolt by them resulted in the security of the country. From 26-1-1950, Hyden- cstablishmen[ of the BaHmani Dynasty founded bad including Raichur became a part 'B' State by Jaffar Khan who styled himself as Alla-u-din with tbe Nizam a~ the Rajpramukh. On 1-11-1956 Habsall Silah Gangu ilahmani. He commenced the States were rc-organised on linguistic basis and his rule :a 1::H7 A.D. with Guibarga as his capital. rrc)m then on Raichur became a part of th~ The Bahmani Kingdom extended from Berar in the ,\1 ysore State. north to the left bank of Tungabhadra in the South and from Dabhol on the west to the Telangana tracts in the east. During this period, the Raichur Doab w~s frequently paosing between the Vijayanagar .kings and Bahmani kings. The Bahmanis were succeeded by t!lC _G---!.(LJ S;i:dL. 1,'0.-1:1 5:), 1n _~.)UJ "'---\E _8~u'id \\-.:th fhe l:ustory of the ~ettlernellt of t:le difterenl ' other Deccan Kings marched agq.inst Ramaraya ~cctions of population is liot very clear. The \ of Vijayanagar and the memorable' battle of Tali- villagers are not aware of ail) !acts which would kate sealed the fate of the Vijayanagar Empire. be helpful in determining who were the original RaicllLlr Deab became a pan oi: the lLuid Shahi ,, __ ve, ',\ ;]k';.' SO!!I'~' ',f the mcmbcb of the Kingdom. When the Mughals invaded the larg<' section of the population consists of Bedars. Deccan, the local rulers formed an alliance against it is not necessary to go far to find the reason for them, but after defeating them, they fell out (his. The region round about Sirwar formed part among themselves and ultimately this territory of tne territories of the Rajas of Shorapur, who came under the rule of the M ughals. Asaf J ah wai were Bedan by caste. The house of Shorapur, appointed as a Subcdar or Viceroy of the Mughals in held sway in the neighbouring areas till 1857. In 1713 A.D., but as the Mughal influence weakened, 1857, they rose in revolt against the British. On .-\._jJf JaIl dcclarcu 11 is independence and as~uini ng ,vanquishing them (the Rajas), tpe whole territory the title of N izam-ul-mulk established the house was ceded to the Nizam by the British. It i. of i\izams. Then on, the rule of the Nizams [or this reason that a large section of the popula­ starter!. Iii IS:17 A.D. a ~er1ous riot took place tiOll of Ihi~ village as also the villages in the between the Shaiks and Sunnie~. A~ the pay of Jl{:ighbourhood consists of Bedas who call them­ the contil1gLnt troops had fallen in arrears, a selves 'Naiks.' Some of the members of the treaty was signed with the British in 185~ A.D. Beda community call themselves 'Dhori N ai.ks'. by which Berar and the Districts of Osmanabad Probably the word 'Dhori' is derived from the and Raichur Doab were ceded to the British. But word 'Dore' meaning a king or ruler in Kannada. later on, the Bri;:ish restored Osmanabad and However, there are no direct descendants of the RaicnuI Doab to the Nizam in 1861 A.D., as they Rajas of Shorapur in this village. REFEReNCES VILLAGE MAP OF ROlds. SrRWAR streams MANVI TALUK Tank Q Fort ~ RAICHUR DISTRICT Temple t &tALE IINCH=3960 FEET Wells 0 N ,.,111, 0 Carttracl< Foot path

, "--, \ \ \ \ \ \ \ '\, \ \ '' ... \ \, \ t .' ...... -... .._."',,,.,. , ..... _... .'

m

r ~ \ LiW,.I======:,/-;::?From" ) t , •\II < ~

\.. A P, U CHAPTER II

THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL E(_)UIPMENTS , -

Irldia is :. country known for its 'ariety In re 1- Mt'TU r,. , , . I 7 92 g:,)D ~nd faiths. It~ religious history is ;n; varied 2!'. I'~ ~ r ., -I rn , .) A 5 ~'9 :l!'l it!! political history. So, most of the villages 3). . leI "J 1 . 1 5(J rtre multi-ethnic ill compm:tion and Sirwar is no ~l. 14 'In 1)- 1.63 exception. In Table IV, information legarding 32. () I <'} IJ.38 , 'I .il J.: r f hOIl"ehold, c';Lo;"iLcd by religion-castes and sub-castes. ., I C. :9 has b<>en furnished. The bllowing sLatement ::'{. SVC"Cl. 3J Ml"l' 3 .1 O.H would rc,'eal the composition of the population 0.14- srI Q.s~Ln ClPU hcuITION "'. CIIRiSTU KS ._------Ihm~holdl Popu':\tion If the distribution 's consid"red religion-wise,

rere·- "- . ~ '. Percent- it "\\ ) lId he s"en thal . 7.jj per cent of the total ag~ ofth~ ~gC" of the nmul er of homcholds and 19.22 per cent of the n, .11 urn f t. 1 po­ te" of f'\.\lation total poplll :lion cons:sts of Muslims, 5.65 per c~nt hr'·JJeholda of t}'e total numb~r of homeholds and 6.67 per of .5 6 cent of the total population consist5 Christians, and th· rem 'lining 76.80 p~r cent of the total nUID­ H!!"wus b~r of homeholds and 74.11 per cent of the total 1. Ling·rat 122 111 38 628 11.1 population conC::sts of Hindm. It is also t"vident ,) Byacl:!\r 1?3 17 19 ')57 l::i.lf> [rOll' T.!ble IV tllat Lino-aY.lt<;, Byad:Jrs, KUfubas, 3. K~lrllba~ 1 8~ -t": Il.~r; Kab~ r~. IIarii'ln~, iu~Iim and Christians form -'4. Kabb~1 .'}. II 161 +.~~ th(' m::1.ioritv castes m th~ village. At this Hage, '). Bya~ara 98 2.67 it wOllld;) uc;- ~ul to p;o :nto <:;:)me of the practices. 6. Aga~.i 1.fill 101 ::.75 cust( ms aT d belrds of at leaft the castes which ar~ 7. Mar:l.th:l.~ '"!.55 104 2 .8~ in ma:ority. 8. K~h~triv., O.!!O 2~ 0.76 9. Korav.-:s 17 7~ 1.99 10. Upp:m 10 I 'H H l.~Q . (A' Il\;C .... VATS 11. Brnhmins Li 1.01 86 2.~~ 12. Macli,> ~ 15 1.75 75 2.0. Th~re arc 122 households of Lingayats consi5t­ 1!l. !>.1atacta D;\,~ ru I" 1 61 60 1 63 mg of a population of 628. Most of them are H. Vod(hr I . ')1 -49 1 .3~ 01' V "(,1'. Ling::J.\3.ts are 'also knmHJ :1<; Linga­ 1f,. P~drn:l.~;\l ... 8 '.07 31 O.fl+ 'L'an, 5 n~ V ')"(1 (' (''-'<;. Th~"I," '1re a ~ep::rate reli­ 1 fi. H,..lwas 6 O.C! 2~ D.G!J gIOUS br)dy dat;ng from the 11 th c~ntury. The () 1 17. VVW'l 6 "9 0.79 problem as to who is the founder of this ~ect 11 18. }V1vadvu 6 0.:31 35 0.98 still not settled. B

7 8 SIRWAR

Basave~wara was born at Bagewadi in Bijapur Table IV, the Lingayats of Sirwar are divided into District. He was the Minister to King Bijjala of all many as 12 endogamous groups like Banajigas, the Kalachurya house. The Kalac!'.uryas were Reddies, Jangams, Ganigers, Hoogars, Kumbars, the stalwart supporters of Veerasaivism renaissance Hadapads, Simpigas, etC. Marriage between these under Basaveswara which ushered in a new era endogamolls groups is proh ihi ted, though they have in the religious and philosophic literature of 110 objectioll to inter-dining. These are more or . Basaveswara did away with the less functional divisions. Banajigas are the tra­ sacerdotal side o.f religion and reduced it to simple ditional traders. The word Banajiga has been rules of conduct, easy to be observed in every day derived from the Sanskirt word vanik meaning­ life. The new vachana style of compositioll. the a trader. Reddies arc cultivators. Jangams are lhrowing open of the portals of the hidden treasure5 (he religious priests who officiate at all religious, of th'e Vedas to the masses irrespective of caste and hirth. Il1arria~e and death ceremonies of Linga­ creed and the introduction of the Shi',I{l Dhakti \'ats and a few other castes in the village. They element in Kannada literary works were some of hold a high rank in the social hierarchy among the important features of the renaissance in the the different gT()IlP~ ill the Lillg;l\~t~. G;1lliq;~s religiolls and ~ocial life of Karnataka. During are the traditional oil-crushers. Hoogars are this pfliod in the 12th century, a host of Veer a­ the traditional flower merchants. Kumbars are sai\'a Imstics headed hy Allama Prahhu, Rasaves­ the traditional potters. HadapJd~ are the tracli­ wara, Channabasaveswara, Siddarama, and tional barbers and they are considered the lowest Akkamahadevi stood for the new outlook in reli- among the Lil!~a\at~. Simpi(!:ls arc the tradition;ll gion and literature and built up the \"eerasaiva tailors. Though some of these Ling-a\,ilts have institution of Anubhava Goshti ,lr Anlillbl!a,'(1 stuck Oil to their traditional occllpatim~s. man\' of Mantapa in Kalyan (Bidar Districtl. the capital of them have taken to cultivation :llld agricultural Bijjala. The important tenets of the Lingayat labour. faith are, that there should be no caste distinction. that it is needless to observe fasts or feasts or go ~B) BYADARS on pilgrimages, that there is no question of trans­ . There are 122 households of Byadars with a migration of life, that no mediators are necessan population of 628. BYadars are also known all for offering worship to God, etc. Bedar~. The t'erm bed appears to have been derived from the word bete meani.ng hunting in All the Lingayats-both men and women, wear Kannada. It appears that hunting- was the tracli­ a linga from birth to death. The Linga is made tional occupation of this caste though now all the of light-grey slate-stone and is enclosed in a silver Byadars of the village have given up hunting and case. It is tied round the neck or the arm. Those taken to other occupations. (which are not of a who cannot afford to have a silver case, tie it in a nomadic ("pe), like cultivation. agricultural labour, silk cloth and wear it. If the Linga is lost at any etc. tim~, the wearer has to go some oh uridi (purifying) ceremonies and receive a new Li1!gn from the Byadars are found in large number in the Gllru. They believe that the wearer of a Linga Taluks of Shorapur and Shahapur of Gulbarga is not liable to transmigration. A Lingayat after District and Manvi. , Gangawati and death goes to heaven or hell according to his can· Deodurg Taluks of Raichur District. As already duct in this life. It is for this reason that they stated elsewh"ere the Chiefs of Shorapur were have practically no after-death ceremonies. A of Bvadar caste. Thev ruled Shoranur region Lingavat is expected to worship the Linga that for well over 100 vears from 1750 A.D. or so and he wears every day after bath. They also besmear it is only after the first war of independence III their foreh~ads with Vibuthi, which is believed to 18:')7 when they rose in revolt ag-aimt the British keep ~hem from evil's way. regime that their area was ceded to ;'\Jizam. So in all these Taluks. there are sever;!l Byadar families The Lingayats are all vegetariam. Their reli· holding inam lands. gion pro'libits them from consuming any intoxi­ cating drinks. Th~ir mother-tongue is Kannada. In the social hierarchy. Bvadars come aft("r In the social hierarchy, they stand nearly at the Kurubas and Kabbf'Ts. Thev are also known top among all the castes. As can be seen from as Naiks meaning leaders. They are divided into THE PEOPLE AND THEIR :\IATERIAL EQVIPMENTS 9 two endogamous divisions, viz., Dhoris and Nai· There are two main endogamous groups amon~ kodis. Dhoris consider themselves as superior to Kurubas. These groups are 'Hattikankana ~ aikodis. Though there are no direct descen· Kurubas' and 'Unnikankana Kurubas'. Hatti- dants of the Chiefs of Shorapur in this village, the kankana Kurubas use wrist-lets made of cotton at Dlw1"i Bedars trace some relationship to the for­ the time of their marriages and the Unnikankana mcr ruling chiefs and so consider themselves as Kurubas usc woollen wrist-lets. Unnikankana superior to Naikodis. Another reason for this Kurubas consider themseh'es to be higher in social claim appears to bc due to the fact that ~aik()dis status than the Hattikankana Kurubas. Marriages are the traditional village servants doing all types between these two groups never take place. All of menial jobs-. ~aikodis perform several duties the Kurubas of this village are Ullllikankana Kuru­ connected 'wi th village administration and also bas. The Kurubas are however divided into seve­ serve the visi ting officials. In view of the differ­ ral exogamous groups called berlag liS. The common ences in the social hierarchy among the two groups bedagus prevalent in the village are Hennilor and in this caste, inter-marriages between these two 1:".111'/01'. They arc nOll-vegetarians. but do not cat groups were never taking place in the past. beef and they accept food from Lingayats, Brah­ But it is observed that such distinctions are not mins and Vysyas. Many of the customs of Kurubas, strictly observed particularly by the poorer sec­ and Kabbers are similar. Inter-dining is also per­ tion of the Dhori group. Thus some among mitted between Kabbet's and Kurubas. They Dhorif?s who are unable to pay a bride price at the speak Kannada at home. They observe all the time of the marriages are prepared to negotiate Hind u festivals and their chief deities are marriag'es with the Nailwdis. Mylara of Hadagali Taluk in Bellary District and Beerappa. The B) adan arc divided illto sev'eral exogamous groups <:alled bedagus. The common among (D) K.-\~BERS these 'bedagm are Ballllier, Gantelor, Gujder, There are 38 households of Kabbers with a Mumlldler, etc. Marriages within a bedagu never take place. They are non-vegetarians. population of 161. Kabbers are also known as They accept food from almost all the castes except­ Kabbaligas in some places. They are found all ing Harijans. They speak Kannada at home. over Karnataka chiefly along the banks of the They are strong and muscular. The names m rivers Bhima and Krishna. A few of them are common use among them are Sidda, Lakshma, also found in the North Kanara District on the banks of the river Gangawali. In Kanara, they Fakira, Rama, Malla, etc., for men and Durgavva, are known as Ambi'i or .\mbiga. Some people say Fakiravva, NccIavva, etc. for women. Women are that Kabbers originally hailed from Bellary Dis­ fond of tattooing. Young girls arc gcn'erally tattood when they reach the age of -1 or :J. They trict and that their home speech is Telugu. The KahbCT .., arc strong and well-built, Along with have got a strong faith in sooth-saying, witchcraft and sorcery. They have a caste panchayat con­ K uruhas, they a1'e considered to be the sturdiest class in Karnataka. Their mother-tollgue is Kannada. sisting of the elders among their caste who settle The\' hav'e a hereditary headman known as Katti­ disputes among them. They are educationall y Il/(llli "'ho settles social disputes ,(Illong thelll. }'nr­ all(l economically very backward. They consult merly, headmen could excommunicate and readmit Brahmin priests for auspicious occasions, for mar­ riages, house constructions, etc. members of the caste, but now this is not done. At least it is not admitted as being done. There are no sub-castes among the Kabhers of this village, (C) KURUIlAS but they are divided into several exogamolls groups in There are 88 households of Kurubas with a '[Jnlagus'. The common '{;edaglls' are 'Gantelm' Ai population of 421. Kurubas are the traditional Blioi, Aflr Bhoi, etc. Another name for Kabh'er is shepherds. The name Kuruba has been derived Bhoi. In the social hierarch,', they occupy almost f.'01l} the word A II ri meaning sheep in Kannacla. the same place as Kurubas and are considered as Many of the Kurubas in the village have now taken superior to Byadars. The:~ are non-vegetarians. They to cultivation. III the social hierarchy, they have a strong faith in sooth-saying and sorcery. occupy a place below Brahmins and Lingayats. Though the hereditary occupation of this caste Kurubas are good husbandsmen and are reported consisted of fishing, ferrying and planq uin carrying, to be sincere, hard-working and honest. most of them have taken to agricultur'c and are 3-(i CensusJMysoreJ73 10 SIR\\'AR working as lIlanual agricultural labourers. They Hindus and Muslims in all the social, religious and cat non-vegetarian food, but they avoid consuming cultural activities of the village. beef and pork. (G) CHRISTIANS (E) HARljA:",;S The Christian population of the village mostly The Harijan population of the village consists consists of Madigas who h.lye got themselves con­ of Madigas and Byagaras. There arc 13 house verted into Christianity. The :vlissionaries haye holds of M adigas with a population of 65 and 24 opened a church here and those converts regularly households of Byagaras with a population of 98. go there for service. So far, 11O'OI"e\"(:I', there has not Both these castes have a separate residential area hecll all)" challgc ill the way of living of these J\Iadigas which is somewhat secluded from the other resi­ impiLc of their adopting the new religion. Their dential areas in the village. They have got their habitations continue to be in the same locality and o,\-n well and it is ol1ly from these two wells that their hahits have also not marked any change. they obtain water. 'Many of the Madigas have recently adopted Christian faith, and attend (H) OTHER CASTES the local mission ch urch for service. Inspite of change in religion, however, their economic condi­ The other castes in the yillage are Agasas, Mara­ tion continues to be unstable. l\Iadigas are the tIns, Kshatriya~, Korayas, Uppars, Brahmins, \'odJars. traditional leather workers and they' prepare a ctc. The Agasas arc the tr,lditional washei'men. klumber of leather goods like the whip, rope, etc., There arc 20 hOllseholds of :\gas;l~ "'ilh a population 'rhich are useful for agriculture. They also pre­ of 10 1. Many of them have takcn to agricultur~ll pare shoes. The Byagaras are known as Chalu­ labour also il'l addition to their tr,lditional work vadis elsewhere. They are paid in grains for washing clothes. Th'ey have also got certain ritual functions to per­ Both these communities are non-vegetarians form on the occasions of birth, anll marriages of and often conSllme carrion also. They are fond some of the upper castes in the village. They are of intoxicating drinks and 'rill never avoid an llull-\egetariam, but thcy do ll'JI. cat beef. Their opportunity of consuming them. They depend lIlolher·tonO·llen is Kalln,Hla mel thc\'' obscl"\'e all the principally OJ[ agricultural labour for their main­ Hindu fc~ti\'als. The K."halr;\·:lS and ~Iaratha,> are tenance. The evil of untouchability though pro­ imllligrants ,,110 havc comc :Uld settled <1O\\"n in the hibited by Lnr has not disappeared. Educatio­ \ ~Ilage during the last ')ill' or tll'O centuries. It is nally and cmnolllically they are ven backward. not kn(Hrll, howc,",:r, fnHl1 \1 ;1('l1 lll('\ are ill the \ illagc. The .\farathas have J\!ar

In the collstruction of hOll:;C~, the ,ralls are fit st this (Cr'emollY, somc of the iJllP~elllClJts used for 1'ais'ed to the desired height, which is usually between house constrllction are worshippccI and a few sods 8 and 10 fect and then rectangular logs are placed of carth taken Ollt from the site arc also ojfered horizontally on these walls. Tiles!? logs are dlso pooja. The next ceremony follows when fixing supported by woodell pillars which are llsuallv ll1ade the threshold. Generally it i, tIl'e carpenter who of locall:" a\"ailable neem wood. Some of the well, offcrs ~worship at this timc. Thc most important to·do persons use mathi wood for the pillars. This ceremony relating to the cOllstnlcti'hl of a new bouse is obtained from Manvi or Raichur. Then wooden is at the time of housewarming. The LingaJats offer rafters made of necm are placed horilOntally and elaborate jJOojas by calling their Jangams at th"c 011 them are spread some \\':in~s and try leaves. time. Brahmins also do likewise ,\'ith the assistance This is covered by bamboo mats or mats made of of their p1'ie,;t5 called A c!zaY),{ls. A rich feast is genc­ date-palm lcave~ and th'en the [oof is plastered with ralh thrown out to friends amI relatives on this 'I'et earth to a thickness of 4 to (j inches. On this occasIOn. wet earth, a lay~r of dry earth is also spread. This Dress and Other Body Decorations completes the roof. The edrth n~(luired for the Ther'e are very few distindi\"e features ill the roofing purposes as also for the walls is locally availa­ matter of dress worn by the different castes. The ble in plenty and it is called halumarmll. The roof mode of dress of the various caste~ is so much requires repairs frequently. 'Vhenever it starts leak­ similar that it is almost impossible to distinguish ing, they renew the layer of earth. Many of the a caste by the mode of dress of its members. Both houses with roofs made of stone slabs have also an the rich and the poor US'e simihr type of clothfcs, earthen covering at the top. Th'(' construction work the difference being only in the Itlaterial used for is generally 'entrusted to the local masons and car­ preparing the dress. penters. The local masons charge about Rs. 3/­ per day. They are generally assisted by ·unskilled The garments of a mal~ adult generally (onsi.,t labourers who are paid about a rllpee a day. Many of a shirt, a dhoti and a turban. The shirt is a THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MA1'ERIAL EQUIPMENTS 13 sewn garment with or without collar and with full Almost all the villagers are in the habit of using or half sleeves. They are generally purchased in foot-wear locally known as 'dJappals'. They are the local market and cost about Rs. 5 to Rs. 8 ptr generally prepared by the local cobblers and cost shirt. The Dhoti is usually about 8 yards in length about Rs. 5J - per pair. The appard of male children and is worn with a kachaha i.e. one end of the consist of a shirt and shorts and female children ,,'ear Dhoti from the left side is drawn in between the a blouse and a skirt or a frock. These are also kept thighs and tucked at the back. Dhoties usually worn tor sale in the shandy all every Monday. At other are of a coarse vari'cty and cost about Rs. I b / - per times, they are available with the local traders. pair. Even Muslims commonly wear dhoties and it is OI]ly Ol} special occasions that they wear pyjamas. It was se'en in the course of the enquiries that The Dhoties of fin'er qualities worn by well-to-do about ,10 well-to-do families generall v go to Raichur persons cost about Rs. lR to Rs. 28 pcr pair. A and purchase clothes made· of fine or sllper-fnw few among Lingayats and Brahmins ,rear turbam material. ~[ost of these hou'eholds use Dhotie.o of i) yards in length and

to tire bride at the time of her marriagc. Even debts and obtain ornaments. But now-a-days, the male folk among Hindus use a few ornam'ents. The tendency is towards lighter ornaments. It is both ,ornaments cOlUmonlv llsed bv males are [mg('r­ due to change in fashions as also the poor econo­ rings. A few men also wear 'kadagas' (wrist-let) .mie conditions. The ornaments used by womcn a 1"; made of silver which cost about Rs. 40! -. In the varied in types. Howc\'cr, all these 0l'11arncnts are past, women used to pref'Cr heavy ornaments made of not meant for dailY usc. Some of them arc taken gold. In fact, the savings of the family generally Ollt for wearing onI y on the occl,iollS ot. festivals. used to be 111 the form or ornaments of lllaniag·es. etc. The followin?; statement gives a some rich metal. At times they also used to incur fair idea of the ornaments [Olud in the \illage.

Ol'uamcnts fori women

S1. Types of ornaments Local Names .l\falerial used and weight Approximate Re,n Ir: No. value

2 3 4 5 6

Rs. 1. Head orname:lts (aj J..edagi Quarter tala gold +0.00 These are only for occ- (b) Nagra One and half tola gold 175.00 asional use. (c) Hoova Half a tola gold 70.00 • 2. Ear ornaments (a) Bendoii Quarter tala gold 50.00 Some of these car orna­ (b) Wali Quarter tola gold 30.00 ments studded with pearls (c) Katri Bawli Qumter tola gold 4G.OO or precious stones. (d) Bugudil.:addi Half a tala gold 60.00 3. Nose ornaments Muguli Qual·tel' tola gold 30, 00 General! y worn by marri- ed women. They are studded with precious stones or pea rls. 4. Neck ornamc."lts (a) Ka/hani One to two tolas gold 150.00 (0 250,00 (b) Gtmdintikki One tola gold 125,00 (c) Tikkimalli One tola gold 125,00 (d) Tali Quarter tola gold 4D.OO \'\Torn by all married to ISO.OO women. 5. Arms and wrist ·ornaments . (a) Bandhi 15 tolas silver 70.00 "'lorn on the upper arm (b) Bilauar 2 tolas gold 225.00 Wom on the wIists. per pail. (c) Kadaga 20 tolas silver 50.00 Gammon among per pair. Kurubas. 6. "Vaist ornament Dabu 10-15 tolas of sih-cr 55.00 A waist-band or siker \\ ith a hook in the front.

7. Ankle ornaments (a) Kadaga 1 j.~ ·20 tolas silver GO.OO per pair. (b) Chain 10 tolas silver 35.00 Generally worn by young per pair. girls. (c) Rllli 8 tdas silver 30.00 per pair.

3. Toe ornaments (a) ~ Kalu,"gala 2-3 Tolas silver 10,00 Generally worn by married per piar women. (11) Pille 2--3 tolas silver 10.00 per pair.

Household Goods of them con ,ist of wooden frallH~s to \\ hich nets made of coir rope are fixed. The,e rope cots art' Informatioll about sonre of the hOllsehold goods locallY known as khatias or horasl!l'. They are fonnd in the village. has been plesented in Tables generally made use o[ in dcliYlcrv cases and ill 12, 12-;\ and 12-B. Table 12 deals with the caste­ treating ailing patients. There are ill all G42 cots wise possession of furniture. It is seen £raUl this in the '.illage. The anI" aIl1li;-ah in the village \5 Table that the item of furniture that is most com­ possessed by a Lingayat household. There are g.g :mon in the vi1bge is the cot. Most of the House­ chairs in the village of which. 40 belong to Linga· holds in the v]lage possess at least one cot. These 'ats. Out of the 27 tables, 10 belong to Lingayats. cots arc not necessarily m.ade of wood only. !\1an~' There arc :l iron safes all of which bdong to Linga. THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ_UIPMENTS 15

)'ats. The only item of furniture that is found in the the I ~H households using lllos'}ltito nets, ;,;) bdong village, but which is not possessed by Lingayats is to Lingayats. In the village, 249 households are in the bench. There are two benches in the village, of the habit of using toilet or w,~shing soap. Out of which one belongs to a Kabber household and thelll. 86 are ill the income gruup of Rs. F)O and another to a VysYa household. It would be evident aboye, 70 are in the Rs. 101-1:".0 income group, SO from thi, Table that most of the items of furniture are in the Rs. :")1-100 income group and B in the found ill the yilLIg-e arc posse:,:,cd by Lingayats. It income gronp of Rs. ;,() and belmv. Out (If these is true th at the villagers arc not fond of possessing 249 households using soap, 83 are Lingayat house­ all' items of furniture. Even some of the well·w-do holds. households poss'ess \'CrY few articles of furniture and for that reason, possessiolJ of furniture cannot The other articles found wah the households in be considered as the sole crit ..?rioll for determining the village are utensils. The poorer sections use the economic status of a household. Even then, utensils made of earth or aluminium. Almost all to a certaill extellt such possessioll of furniwll: docs the how,eholds in thl:: village r.ps"ess ac least onc indicate the economic prosperity of a household or more items of brass and copper for storing water. and con,idering the facts from this angle, it becomes Byadars, Kumbars, Harijans and a few other castes clear that Lingayats form the mOot prosperous class use earthen vessels for cooking food. Muslims ill the village. gellerally use aluminium w;ne for cooking purposes. Brass and copper utensils are more conllllonly seen Table ! ~-), gives information r'cgardin~ the posse­ 'in the houses of Lingayats and Brahmins. Lingayats ssion of conwmer goods. It is seen from this gencrall r serve food in bronze plates. Excepting in Table that in the village, there are ~,') petromax the case of very poor households, water is generaliy lights of which 37 belong to Lingapts. Out of the obtained from the wells in copp'er pitchers. 'The 429 torch lights, 9:) belong to Linga y:1 ts, 70 to Byadars. poorer sections use earthen pitchers for fetching water 'IR to Kurubas and 20 to Kabhers. OUl of the G7 and also store it in earthen pots. In many of the kerosene stoves in th'e village, 27 belong to Lingayals, houses, water is stored in Donis or small troughs cons· II to Brahmins and 10 to Muslims There are in tructed in the kitchen. Almost every household pos­ all 101 bicycles, of which 36 bd:mg- to Lingayats, 1 J sesses a woodt:n plate for preparing jowar bread. A few to K um bas, 9 to lhadars and 211 tn ~\r uslilm. Out stailliess steel utensils are seen among the well-tn,do of the 18 Radin Receincr sets, 12 belong to Lingayats. households ill the village. There are 12,) wrist-watches, of which 48 helong to Linga\'ats and 2;) to l\luslims. There are 4 lorries Abont 50 households in the village possess steel in the yillage. of which 2 belong to Lingayats and trunks or suitcases for keeping clothes. The other 2 to l\1nslims. All the ,~ cars ill the \'ilbge belong households store their clothing a1 tides in "wooden to Ling;n ats. So also the only tractor in the yillage hoxes or keep them hanging on ropes. Other house­ belongs to a Lillga\at. Out of tht~ 8 sewing machines bold' goods found in the households ar'C mats, mat­ in the \'illage. g belong to Linga\ats and :J to Ksha­ lre~ses, IWl7lbli, gllriar etc. The poorer sections stitch triYetarian classes. Con­ j nst after sun-set. Households taking 2 meals gene­ sid'ering this aspect on percentage basis, it is seen rally have some snacks with their morning and after­ 79.20 per cent of the households consist of non­ noon tea. Even households taking 3 meals a day are vegetarians and tbe remaining 16.38 per lent consist developing the habit of drinking tea in between. Tea of vegetarians. However, it is to be admitted that is prepared in many of the households and at times even the non-vegetarian households take non-veg'c· male adults visit the tea shops for drinking tea and tarian food only occasionally. Of late, it is reported gossip. It is for this reason that th'e number of tea that a few men belonging to the Lingayat communitv shops in the village has increased in number. The occasionally consume non-vegetarian dishes though common cooking medium is ground-nut oil. Only a they do not admit it openly. Th~ Muslims do not few well-to-do people use ghce for cooking purposes cat pork and several of the Hiudu castes do not occasion all)'. The consumption consumed with tea cat pork or beef. some of tIle Harijans, howeycr, or as butter milk. Milk is consumed regularly for 'eat carrion. Consumption of eggs is occasional. drinking purposes by only about 20 households in the village. In other households, only children below 12 ) ears and old pcrsons aged about 60 years con­ Jowar forms the staple diet of the majority of SUIne milk occasionally. The diet on the whole can­ the households in the village. In a few households, not be said to be well-balanced. There is not much the jowar d~et is supplemented by other cereals like intake of proteins. Judged by the nutritional stan­ wheat and rice. Jowar is cOflSUHl'td in the form of dards, the daily menu lacks in protein contents. Su­ jowar bread, Bana or "Katamhli". For pr,eparing gar is used much for preparing tea. For preparing jowar bread, the flour is Ii rst tmnc::l in to dongh hy sweets gencrall) jaggery is used. mixing it with boiling water. After thoroughly kneading this dough. thin rollnd pancakes are PH:' Many in the village, particularly persons coming pared. These pancakes arc first quickly heated on [rom the Kuruba, Byadar. Kabher, Voddar and an iron pan and a little water in sprinkled on it. Muslim communities are addicted to drinking Then the bread is baked on both thc sides before toddy or other intoxicating drinks. The Harijans placing it on direct cmbers for a few minutes. The also ha\'C a strong craving lor such intoxicatmg poorer sections at times prepare Brma or Katambli drinks, but their economic circumstances do not from .iowar. Bana is prqnrcd by cooking smail permit them to COllSurne drinks ftequelltly. Several split grains of jowar aud is consumed ,dth dlIal, among th'e other castes also consume such drinks pickles and vegetables. K({I'lmhli is prepared out of soji got from jowar which is allowcd to ferment occasionally but not openly. The use of other norcotics like opium, etc., has not been found in a little. before. boiling it. It IS also comumed with the village. Majorit\· of the male folk in the village dhal, buttermilk or pickles. Jowar bread which smoke beedies and about 10 per cent of the smokers is called wti is consumed with richly spiced curries made of pulses or vegetables. Yegetables lik.e brin­ smok.e cigarettes. jals, gourds, lady's fingers. radish, etc., are gTown in the village between July and December. They lkliefSi and Practices Relating to Births are also available in the local lllarkets. Bagbll1S 'bring them for safe on shandy days as also on other Birth of the Ii rst child generall v takes place in days. \Vhenever vegetables are not available, they the woman's patelltal house. The first pregnancy of use pulses. The commonl\' u'iecl pulses .;lle gram, a girl is a matter for JOY all\ong all the castes. tllr dh;]!, horsegram, etc. Br".llllJins and a few Sterility among women is !',cner,llh attributed to Linga\'ats gencrallv supplement tlreir iowar diet with past sins and they obseryc certain vows perform a little of rice. Wheat is consumed in the form of some ceremonies to propitiate the various deities chapa1hies ouly occasionally. They also use wheat and spirits. Birth of a child within a year of the THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQUIPMENTS 17

marriage is generally consid"rcd as a bad omen. woman who has dcliv'erecl cannot offer prayers fur So also birth of a female child following c; male iO days., children sllccessively or birth of a mal'e child follow­ ing :; successive girls is not con~idered as good for The period of confinement vari'es from 3 months the family. \Vhene\Tr there ,Ire such occurrences, to :J months. Bllt those who are to maintain them­ the\- observe some religious rites and also in the c;)se selves Oil agricultural or gener:.d labour lie in CO);l­ of a girl being born after 3 SOIlS, the custom among finement hardlv for a month. Dur'ing the period of a few households is to give the girl in adoption to confinement p'articular att'Cntioll is given to the some rclation. 111 the case of the birth of a male food served to the mother. The food then given child after 3 successive girls. some of the Harijans is generally light among Lingayats and a few othn perform a CelT11l0nv at ,,-hicb ~) earthen pots al C castes. A s\\"('et dish made of \\-heat, soji. rice and l)roken by hittillg them with a stolle or a woodell milk called sajj(J}w is giY'el1. This custom is also rod. prevalent among a fe\\- other castes. Those who can afford, provide a llollrishi ng diet consisting of In the fifth month of the first pregnancy. a cereuwnv milk, copra, etc. ",LIIl\, of the castes also feed her (alltel Si iii 1111 ta is performed among many of the 011 balls made of gum and jaggery. etc. Such balls castes. At this ceremony, which is generally restricted arc caUed Antilla L'I/dc. Several households keep to onlY females, relatiY(~s and friends, the girl is pre­ some herbs and roots ready for preparing decoctions. sented with a green saree and a green blouse piece by The haby is slIckled for about a year. Among Brah­ her parents. Theil the invitees are given a feast. mins and a few other castes, a cerellwny caUed Anna-. During the period of pregnancy, the woman's diet is prasana is performed in the Sth or 9th month when milch regulated. The well-to-do homeholds generally th'e bal)\" is given a little cooked rice for the first gin· her a diet cOllSisting of plellly of fruit, vegetahlc~, time. milk. etc. Among almost all Lh'C castes, a pregnant WOIlLlIl IS forbidden to cat riehl, spiced articles, The cradling ceremony is perfOYfllc;i on the ~Jth jack fruit. etc., which are comidcrnl as harmfuL or the I lith day after birth. Among]\1 lIslims, the They call sllch items of food

start looking out for a suitable match. When they AJllong' all castes excepting Brahmins and Ra jpllt~, find one, thev visit the bride's place to se'e the girl. the practice of payIng a bride-price to the brid'e is Generally the boy to get married docs not aCCOlll­ prevalent. Among l~rahlllins and Rajputs, the bride's pany the party. If the) approve of the girl, her people pay a dowry to the bridq~l'oolll. l'\O\\'·a,days, parents or guardians ar'e invited to their own place the cllstom of paying' dowry has also c(:]lle into to ,ce the boy. The girl"s parents usually make vogue among a few educated and well-placed Linga­ discreet enquiries about the boy and his family. \'als. The Muslims ha\'e a CU·;tOlll of specihing a This enquiry gcnerally relates to flnancial circums­ certain amount as Mahar which is payahle. if the tances of tll'e familY, earthly possessiolls like lands, marriage is dis~()hecl i)\ separation or divorce. III houses, etc. character and such other things. Educa­ the course of the pre~i:nt enq nil'\', some people from lion reccives a secondan consideration. It is onlY the Kuruba castes as also Byagara caste were ques­ ill cases where a girl is educated that they insist on tiolled about the custom an' gifts which a bridegroom getting all educat'cd h w,band, but the standards of was expected to offer to the hride. Among Kuruhas, literacy and education ill the village being not high, the cnstom is to pay Rs. 120 as bride-price wh ich is generalh' enquiries about educational malLers do not knO\\'n as "TCI"I/(II/", besides offering about 1 /l)QIlIlr/S receive much consideration. If the girl's parents of jowar, dates, copra, betel-nut, betel-leaves, Bengal­ are satisfied. with these independent enquiries, then gram, jaggery, two sarees worth abont Rs. 100, they accept the invitation of t_ll'e boy's parents and in addition to another saree costing about Rs. 60/­ yisit them. Jf the match is approved, thell they and some ornaments in addition to some presents ;Igree for the marriage. Among certain casles and for thl' Ileal' rei:JtiYcs of the hride. Among Hyagar:1s particularly among Ling-ayats, a feast is arranged who are included in the Scheduled Castes, the custom on the da~' alld the girl's par'cllts are invited. If is to pay Rs. J 00 as bride-price and carry J 6 seers they accept thc invitation to the fe;v,t, it is taken of rice, 9 haira hreacb (Rot I i), -1 sarel's, 9 bIomes, as an acceptance of the offer for marriage. Such D split cocoan tits, 9 betel·nuts, 9 betel-leaves, 2 and a acceptance of tbe im'jtatiol1 IS locally known as half sccrs of Bengalgram, and some presents for Holige [;/ldll Hogolla mealling 'l~t {IS return after a the near rclati\es of the bride. Of cours-e, there will [cast of Holige'. 'Roligc' is a sweet preparation of be some changes ill these gifts dependent on the wheat and gramdhal which is generally prepared on l'conomi(: circumstances of each familY. There are

sudi occasions. Then follows tbe betrothal ceremony. similar practices among most of the ()t her castes in Th'e Linga \'ats and some other castes call it Vcelya. the village, but the quantum of gifts is different.

The ,Madigas and other Harijalls call it Xischithartha. This offer of customary gifts tl) the bride is known The Muslims call it ",\Ieela Pan Balna". This cere­ as Nada'iJ{lli. Among Lingayats, the minimum bride­ mony is generally performed at the girl's parental price is g"Cnerallv about Rs. 200 and there is no honse. The bridegroom's people arc also illyite,d limit for the ma~imum, as it depends' on their eco­ alld they talc some sarees, blouse pieces, ornam'ents, nomic circumstances as also th'Cir desire. Among betel Ilut s. betel leaves. sugar, copra, etc. \\·.ith them. Uppars, the bride-price may range anywhere bet· Amollg LingaYats, the cnstom of taking two sarces ween Rs. 32 and Rs. 1:'\0. The dowry payable by and five types of ornaments is prevalent. Brahmins generally exceeds Rs. 000 and the Mahar declared by Muslims ranges hetweell Rs. 200 and The ornaments generally consist of a waist band, Rs. 1000. chain for the anklet, ear-rings.. etc. The Kuruhas generally carry only 011'e ornament. The lap of the Marriages in the village generally take place in girl is filled with these ornaments and other articles the months of Chaitra and T'lJis:Jl:a. This is the time taken by the bridegToom's people and a feast is ar­ when the agriculturists are free from the field work rallged In the bride's side on the occasion. All the de, and also the w~ather is sunny. Boys are generally tails of the mariage like payment of bride-price, place married when the\' are aged about 21 and girls bet­ of marriage, time of marriage, etc. are settled at this ween Band l:J years. Now generally post-pubertv fUllction. Among Brahmins such a function is gene­ marriages are arranged, but in the past, the\' used rally arranged by the bridegroom's side. Lingayats to lIlarry girls before th~v attained puberty. 1n fa.ct, and Kllrubas select an auspicious time for the marri­ it was considered, then as a stigma to their family age in consultation with the Jangams. Brahmins, honour to keep a girl lmm,trried evell after she Rajputs and some other castes consult .Brahmin attained puberty. Each caste in the viUage is divided priests. Among the Muslims, another ceremony into several 'endogamous groups and marriages are called i\1angna is also arranged at the time. arranged only between members of one and the THE PEOPLE AND THEIR MATERIAL EQ,UIPMENTS 19

same such group. These endogamous groups are leave for the bridegroom's village. The Brahmills, further divided into several exogamous clans and Linga) ats, l\Iadigas and l\1Ll:ililllS have their own marriages between members of the same 'exogamous priest to officiate at the marriages. The Brahmins clan is taboo. Such exogamous clans arc kno'wn have Aclltlryas, the Lillgayats have jallgams, l\Iadigas i.J~' \'adollS names. The Linga;;ats call them Bhagi~; have Coraviah and the l\Iuslims h;Jve Kazis as theIr Kurubas and other castes call them Bedagus; priests. The U ppars and Rajputs all(l a few other Brahmins call them Calm and a few other castes call castes ill\'ite BrahIllil1 Acltar\,as to celebrate theil them by the word K lila. £n:n the Madigas "ho marriages. The Kurubas and sOllle other castes in­ have got themselves conycrted to Christianity observe vite Lingant jangaJ/ls. It is said that till recellth such clan exogamy. the Kurllilas and even Lingd\ats used to invite _-I chu ryas for the marriages. In the past, a marriage There arc 110 cases of polyandry in the village. usually took about 4 or :i days for completion, but Among Muslims and some other castes, polygamy 110\\'-a-<1ays, it is over within a day or t\IO. The 1Il0'it is 110t prohibited, but there are practically no im­ important ceremOIlY for a marriage among all castes tances in the village where a p(,rsoll has got: llIore in the village is Tali tying. Among Linga\ats, Kuru­ than OIlC wife living. Excepting anwng Brahmins, bas and some other Llstes, [he Tali is ti'ed by the widow re-marriagcs arc permitted alllong all the priest. Among Brahmins Tali is tied round the castes. A widow is generally marrierl to a widower bridc's neck by the bridegrooJll hilmclf. On the day and her chances of getting married again are brigh t of the marriage, both the bride and the bridegroom onl~' if she is health), and h as no issucs out of her are gin'll a Ceremollial bath alld thc\' COlllC to the former matrimonial alliance. Such widow marriages JI1~IlTiage pelldal wearing new clothes. In the marri­ arc known as Udiki. The bride-price payable tn- a age pcndal, brallclles of Basri tree called Haluhaltl­ widower at the time of l'e-marri.lg'c is gCll'erally more bas and :i vessels called "Pal/ella [\_alasa" arc arran­ than the amount payable at the time of his first ged. The boy usualh \\'cars a maniag"e coronet called marriage. The widow marriages ar'e very simple lJashillp;a and [\_(lIl/wllas or marriage wrist·lets arc affairs and are generally arranged in temples. They tied to the righ t wrists of both the bride and the usually take place at night and the whole ceremony bridegroom. At the auspicious hOllr, the invitees ends with the tying of tht: Tali by the caste priest. shower blessings Oll the couple Ly throwing rice Divorce and separations are permitted among al­ mixed with vermilion and the jangam ties the sacred most all the castes in the village excepting Brahmins, Tali. Near relatives and friends arc given a feast but illstallces of such dissolutions of marriage are alld after the ceremony. the couple and parents yisit very few. Extl>eme steps are resorted to only when a temple. "\Il1ong Klll'ubas, tl'.e uluplc is madc to the efforts at reconciliation by all th~ well-wishers sit on a pestle k.nown ;t:> "()Ilake" which is coloured of the family prove not fruitful. with red earth and lime. Among the 1\Iuslims, the J'Iangalasutra called Lachcha is tied by the Ka::.i Consanguineous marriages are quite cOlllmon and the marriage proceedings arc recorded in a re­ alllong all the castes in the vilhge. Such marriages gister which 'is signed by the couple, the Kazi, a arc usually arranged with one's elder sister's daught~r, witness and a ['ahil. maternal uncle's daughter or paternal :lUnt's daugh­ ter. Among l\Iuslims, the mmt comlUon type of COllSUllllllation of marriage alllollg Ilian)' castes cOllsanguineous marriage is the OIW with paternal takes place only after the compL:tioJl of three lllonths aunt's daughter. Inter-caste marriages han~ not taken frolll the clate of marriage. i\Iany people helieve place in tIre village. Adultery aJ1lolig any of the that birth of a child '\'ithin ~l \'ear of lllarriage is caste is not generally tolerated. However, extra­ not a good sign and it is for this reason t11 at the marital relationships by male folk are not (l)llsidered consnmmation is delayed. If a girl has not attained ~o seriously, though they are not well received. puberty at the time of her marri;li!,'C, the COIlSlImma­ J\1 arriag'es among all the castes excepting Brah­ tion is arranged after her attailling puberty. mins' Rajputs and Muslims like place at the bride­ groom's residence. The first ceremony uSll;Jlly asso­ Practices and Eeliefs Relating to Death ciated with the marriage is Devara Data. This cere­ mony is independentlv arranged both hy the brid~­ Almost all the castes in the yillage dispose of their groom's and the bride's people. It is only after dead by burial. It is only Brahmins. Vysyas, Kshatri­ performing such a ceremony that the bride's people yas allCl Ra jputs that cremate their dead. In the 20 SIRWAR

yillage, there is a separate burial grolllld for l\Iuslims the Yillage said that they 1rere now observing 9 days alld all the other C1,Les have one common burial as a period of pullution. ground. \Vhcn death is imminent, the dying person is brought to the vcrandah of the house. The Lillga­ Among K urubas and Kabbers, the death cere­ yats scnd·word to the jangmns and as soon as they lllonies arc 1l1or'e or 1<::5S ,imihr to those alIlong come, their ket are washed with water. Drops of Lillgayats. The\' obsene 9 days a, a period of pollu­ this holy water are put into the mouth of the dying tiOll. ,lIld every 1ear they observe a simple cerelllollY person. \Vberever possihle some alms and gifts are called Sattavara Dii'{1Sa, a day prior to Dasara. Brah­ distributed al thc hands of the d\illg person. The lllillS cremate all the dead alllong adults and they l(ll/galll b, catlles a few sacred spells into the ears r'csort to burial only ill Gt>es of infant deaths. The\' of the dying person and if he is married and his wife is collect ~'1s/hi on the fifth da\·. It is disposed of bY still alive, she comes and wan:s an .!Irati before him. throwing into a river. The\' have several elaborate \Vhell even thing is O\'cr, th'c both is washed and ceremonies practically Oil all ] ,j days after death and clothed ill a new doth. Vi iJl{ ti is besmeared on the then they perform a celTIllOIlY called Vaihllllta SOllla. fore-head and the boch is kept reclining against rariall(l on which day, they believe, the soul of the a 11'all in a ,.;ittillg pmitiol1 w,llally facing north. deceased reaches heavel!. Every year thereafter, tltey The body is generally carried to the grave-yard about perform annual "shradha". The ~[usljms generally 10 to 12 hours afrer death. The body is placed in a carry the dead in a coffin. They' h a y'e certain cere­ decorated chair called "Vimana" \and is carried to monies on the third, the ninth and the fortieth day. the burial ground to the accompanimellt of lllusic. On the fortieth cIa;', they im'ite several relations The jangam performs some simple ceremonies at and friends to a feast. the burial ground alld then the body is buried. A stone is laid at the place of bllrial. Some offerings All the vi1lagci's beli'cve L1ut the death of an arc lllade to the deceased on the third day. Accord­ elderly male on a Saturday is not auspicious. So also, illg to their philosophy, a Lillga wearer challges the death of an elderlY female is considered inauspicious cares of the presellt world Cor the JOYS of heaven if it takes place 011 a Tuesdav. l'ILllly of the castes

(.\) Economic Resources and goats are generally found \\'it11 the Knrubas, whose hereditary occupation is rearing of sheep L.\:\D and 1\'cavillg of coarse 11'oollen blankets called As in all other rural areas of the country, ~amblies. PoulLr} is mostly found with the Mus­ Sirwar is predominantly an agricultural village. lims. In the village, about 50 pigeons are also Liycstock and cultivation form the twin pillars reared as pets. of the agrarian economy here. The village covers . a total area of about 7173 acres. Out of this, OTlIER Eco:'-/o'\IIC RESOURCES 639,") acres arc held by individuals for cultivation purposes. Such occupants are known as 'Pat le­ The other economic resources consist of house­ dill'S' or 'Aha tedan'. The rcmaining 578 acres hold illdustries, trade and commerce, etc. About are distributed as follows:- G4 households mainly depend on small household industries I ike tailoring, basket making, black- I acres 'lilithy, carpentry, stone cutting, goldsmith)" etc. There arc also a few cobblers, potters, tinkers, (a) C;omalland 13() cotton cloth WCaYC1, and flour mill owners in the (b), Village site or Gao/all 46 village. Trading is donc all in retail. There (c) Roads and cart tracks (j~ (d \ Burial anc! cremation grounds 6 are no wholesalers in the village. (C) Travellers' Bungalow 10 Area occupied by the Tllugabhadra Irriga- (B) J"actms IllfiucntiJ1g Economic Life tion Project Camp 321 (i) L.\:\D TE:'>IURES .\:\J) LA~D REFORMS

TOTAL 576 Broadly speaking, the village has t'wo types of The area of 321 acres in the occupation of the land tenures, namely, Khalsa and non-Khalsa. In Tllngabhadra Irrigation Project authorities covers the 'non-Khalsa' lands, thc revenue is wholly or the area occupied by the main canal, its distribu­ partially assigned for some special purpose. Out taries, project work buildings, etc. There are of the 6611 acres of land, 6030 acres consists of no forests in the village belonging to either Go'vern­ 'Klzal!Jo' art:a. This land is under the occupation ment or private individuals. of individual holders who are called 'Paltedars'. Patta is a title to hold land as all occupant and

LIVESTOCK the 'Pat tedars' are responsible to pay the land revcnue directly to the Government. The inam Livestock plays an important part in the eco- lands in the village coycr all ar'ea of ;),18 acres. There 110my of the village. The motive power for the are 3 types of iWlIns in the village, l1~mely, Khid­ traditional plough is provided by th", bullocks. rnalhi Inam covering an area of 29:") acres. Shcl­ Cattle form an important source of nianure also. s(liladi Illmn consisting of 19:; acres and Kaimlhi The livestock popUlation of the village has been lila III coycring 94 acrcs. Khidmalhi Inams are presented in Table 7. It would be se6n from this lands granted to religious institutions like mosques Table that the principal livestock of the village aud temples. These lands are held by trustees consists of 341 inilch cattle, 1186 draught animals, who are expected to offer worship and prayers at 2078 sheep and goats, 403 poultry and other domes­ these institutions. S/Ictsanadi Inams are lands ticated birds and 86 other animals including horses, grant'cd to village menial SCITants called Walikars. ponies, pigs, donkeys. etc. Among draught These Wa Ii ka rs help the village officers in the animals, there are :")59 working bullocks mostly collection of land revenue and also do some gene­ possessed by the cultivators. The 14 he-buffaloes ral duties pertaiuillg to the village community. owned by the Voddars are gen'erally used for pull­ Kairathi 111(1111 are lands given as gifts to private ing GIrts carrying granite and other stones. Sheep individuals. These lands Were IIranted between 22 SIRWAR

1296 and 1302 Fasli i.e. in the ]890's. Under ot properl) and mUle than 15 lakhs of - land-holders ,,-hose title had 1I0t been predo\lsly Tecognised han: now the Hyderabad Inam Abolition Act, 1~)5:), steps bcetl registered lakhs o[ land-holders ,lIul Taised their ")( ial status. II has reduced possibilities of disputes for Inam Abolition, Gulbarga Division, Gulbarga, for land and has sal cd '

The most important land-mark ill the revenue Another important land-mark was the introduc­ history of the village was the introduction of the tion of the tenancy legislation. The actual record of rights and the census of the land hold­ occupants of the lands were not obliged to culti­ ings. This work was taken up ill or Ol.bout 19:'14. vate their holdings personally. As a result of this, Till then, there was lIO proper record in the village se"eral inferior tenures known as 'Pot Pall cdari' 0 to show the rights of the occupants and the tillers 'Slzikmidar', 'Asami Shihmi' (tenants-at.will), etc. of the soil. It would be relevant at this stage had developed. This was a commOll feature in to quote extracts from the land reforms series both the 'Khalsa' and 'non-Khalsa' lands though issued by the Board of Revenue, Hyderabad. The the tenancy problem was more acute in 'non­ extracts relating to R.R. read as foUt,lws:- Khalsa' land. Till 1945, when the H ydcrabad Asami Shikmi Act was passed, there were two types "Tht: I'rep:uation of recOIn of righh has heen tlte of tenants. viz., Slii/unicZars and Asami Sltilunid(/l's. most elfccti\ e an(i an extcnsi'e phase of the I'rograllJlllc S/li/:midars were permanent tenallts whose rights of land reform, in HYdcrabad whiLh started with the -were more or less akin to those of Patledars. How­ ab(llition of Sarf-e-Kltas and .lahgirs in UH9 and which has, to\\,uds the end of I!),,:;, mlmillated in special pro- ever, Asami Slli/ullidars were only tcnants·at-will 3ralllmes of re-distrihution o[ land in selected areas. The and could be displaced from the lands at any time. re(ord of ri3-hts truly laid the foundat ion of a sOlllld :Katmally, their rights over the land were far from laud rel'enuc administration and has made illl!'lementa­ ~eCLlre. So Government took steps to pass the liull of pmgrcsshc land pelitics possible. H yderabad A.saUli Shikllli Act of 1945, on the re­ Because of a defect i, e ~; stelll of land rcunds, our commendation of a COlllmittee specially consti­ ryotwari sy,tcm had deteriurated iJeY(lud recognition. The tuted for the purpose. This Act gave fixity of fUllctionless inler]nediaries had grown and Ihe admini­ stration had lost direct contaCls "itll the people actually tenure to all new tenants for 10 years and also em­ in pos'lssion of land. \\'c thus had a host of nominal powered GOYCrllmellt to fix the maximum rates "l'aLtedars" (title holders) having practicalh- Illotiling 10 of rent. A certain class of tenants were also declared do either with the utilisation of land 01' ,\'ilh the cnio;­ as protected tenants so as to entitle them Illt:tlt of its prmluce. It ,,-as known that SOllle other persons were in 'lei nal possession (If land, but the admini­ to a permanent Ilature of tenancy sub- stration failo} 10 reg-bter them and continued 'car after jcct only to the regular payment of lawful rent. year to aS5c" or credit the land re,ell\le in the name- of In 1949, an Agrarian Reforms Committee waS tbe nominal l"lttedar. This has resulted in complete constituted by the Hyderabad State and on their insecurity to the persollS ill actual possession of land and recommelldations, the Hyderabad Tenancy and oftcn led them to ruinous litigatioll for disputed rights. Transactions in land hecame difficult and land holders Agricultural Lands Act, 19:')0, was passed. This Act could not offer their lands as security for tacc:ni or other provides for safeguarding the tenants from e\'iction. loans as consent of the nomina!' Pattedan had to be The main· oLjects of this Act were to im­ obtained lI-hieb, in lHaet-ice, ga\ e them a light of pre­ prove the status of tenants, to impose a limit on emption and an opportunity to dictate terills. Holdings were recorded ,rith the l

and Agricultural Lands Act, 1948. However, one In 1952, the number of protected tenants ll1 important and distinguishable feature of this Act the village was 20;"i, but at the time of the survey, was the use of compulsion for the formation of it was found that their number had dwindled Co-operative . Farming Societies. If an application down to only 2. About 3 protected tenants are was made by ] 0 or more persons holding among said to have purchased an extent of about 2j them 50 or more acres of land, such a co-operatiye acres of land previously held by them as tenants, society could be formed, if not less than two-third's and the remaining protected tenants are said to of the total number of lanc.l-holders in a village or have voluntarily surrendered their rights in favour contiguous villages would agree to the formation of the occupants, However, it could not he of such a wciety. ascertained. if such ,surrenders were entirely volun­ tary or were brought about by the use of pressure As a result of the introduction of these land re­ and force by the land-lords. Many cultivators in form measures, there start'ed eviction of tenants on the village are 1I0t aware of the provisions of the a large scale. So, in 19:')2, the Government passed tenancY laws passed from time to time. It the Hyderabad Prevelltion of Eviction Ordinance, appears. though there have been restrictions on 19:')2, staying all suits claiming relief through cyic­ the resumption of land held by protected tenants, tion of t'enants and restored pmscssion to many land-lords have resumed such lands without t'enants eyicted after 21 st March, 19:')2. In resorting to the provisions of law. In several of FF)4, the H nlerabad Tellan(\' alld Agricultural these cas~s. they say that they resumed the lands Lands (Amendment) Act, was passed. The salient when the tenants voluntarilv relinquished their features of the Amending Act were the introduc­ ri~hts, hut this seems to be not quite correct. Of tion of the concept of familv holding, limitation course, there may be a few illstances where the of the maximum rent in terms of multiples of surrenders might have been voluntary, but there land rewnlle, restrictions on obtainillg land for have been no such big changes in the economic personal cultivation, restrictions on future acqui­ resources of the village to tempt so large a number sition of lands, purchase of lands by tenants, etc. of tenants to relinquish their rights voluntarily In 1%6, the whole region including the village in spite of the fact that the law made their hold Sirwar came to be included in the new Mysore on the land more secure. The rent paid by the State. On the re-organisation of States and the few tenants in the village is also not regulated formation of the new State of Mysore, the neces­ by the maximum limits placed by the tenancy sity of having a common and uniform law and laws. When in 1954-5:1, the Goycrnment fixed tenancy problems throughout the State was felt. ceilings on the landholdings, the occupants were So on ]]th March, 19,')7, an Ordinance was passed afraid that their surplus lands will in course of time, suspending the provisions relating to the land­ be di~tributed among the protected tenants and holder's right to terminate protected tenanc,' and other land-less agriculturists. So there have been also staying all proceedings for termination of family divisions among many big land-holders. tenancY and resumption of land. Surrenders of In the village, 23 occupants having large extents of lands have divided their family holdings and land were required to be yerified before a Tahsil­ g'ot them registered in the names of their respective dar and registered in his office. The Ordinance Rha1/bands. also contained a provision that all the lands sur­

rendered hy a tenant, in excess over ,the extent (ii) L\"iD hIPRO\'DfENT which, along with the extent already in the hold­ ing of the land-lord would make up 3 family hold­ The whole village was raIsing only dry crops ings should be taken under the GOYerllment at the time of this survey. However, in a few management and leased out to co-operative farming years, large extents of land in the village will be under irrigation, as the village comes under the societies, agricultural labourers, land-less peasants command of the Tungabhadra Left Bank Canal. .md other agriculturists in that order. This Ordi­ The soil in the village is quite good and chiefly nance was replaced by the Hyderabad and Madras consists of the black clayey type. The agricultu­ ,Area Tenancy (Suspension of Provisions and rists pay much 'attention to cultivation and Amendment) Act, 19:')7. On 2nd October, 196:1, illlprovement of their lands. The most impor­ the Mysore Land Reforms Act, 1961, has come into tant works carried on in the village till the time force. of survey were bunding, reclamation of waste lands 24 SIRWAR and improving the fel'tility of the lands with farm- (D) Improvements ill Communication yard manure. The rain-fall is generally scanty and erratic. So the farmers have to keep bunds of late, there have been same improvements in of their fields in proper repair every year so as the transport and communication facilities of the to conserve whatever water that they get from th~ village. The Public 'Works Department road rain and' also to prevent soil erosion. connecting the village with Raichur is a black­ topped one. Raichur is a big commercial centre for the village and the villagers are found to go In 1902-:')3, the Governmen t undertook ploughing there very often. There are two lorries in the of the land in the village by tractors. In that village. The villagers, besides using these two year about 120 agriculturists got their land plough­ Ion ies for Clrr) ing commodities, also use bullock ed by tractors and the total area covered was about carts. Sir\\'ar is !lOW connected with Deodurg by a ;:J,OOO acres. The costs for this tractor ploughillg lwclic!la road constructed in I ~r)s. Several buses also wcr'e met by advancing tacaj"oi loans to the needy carry passengers to Raichur, Deodurg and other agriculturists. One cultivator in the village has places. All the other villages are cor1.nect'ed by huchcha purchased a tractor in 1961 and so far, he has cart-tracks which practically cease to be of any use ploughed about 400 acres of his own lanel. Use during the rainy periods. of farm·vard manure in the fIelds is also \'erv com- , \ / mono On an average about ' 10 cart-loads of (F,) Extension of Marketing Facilities farm·yard manure are used per acre. Some of the poorer cultivators use about 5 to 6 cart-loads There are- good marketing facilities available at per acre. However, this farm-yard manure is not Raichur: There is a regulated market at Raichur prepared on a scientific basis. Due to uncertain­ besides a co-operative marketing society. About ty of rains, the me of chemical fertilisers is not 10 per cent of the cultivators of this village appear common. But 'when irrigation facilities are extend­ to have taken advamage of the facilities provided ed, there is bound to be all illcrease in the demand by this society. This society has also provided for for chemical fertilisers. the safe storage facilities for cotton; ground·nut and other agricultural products. Some of the wholesale dealers in Raichur <]1so extend similar (C) I udustrialisation facilities. There are about 200 wholesalers at Raichur. The village itself is an important There are no big industries in the village. The marketing centre in the area, though the tracIe few industries in the village relate to tailoring, carried out is only in retail. Some of the traders basket making, mbblery, black smithy, carpentry, in the village purchase articles brought by the in­ etc. There are also no big industrial establish­ habitants of the neighbouring \'illages on Shandy ments in the vicinity of the yillage. About 50 d;n·. miles away there are the olel Rutti gold mines and about 75 miles away stands the Shahabad Cement (F) Sources of Finance Factory. [n the \'illage, there are four ginning factories. Thev fUliction only st:asollally. They The three important sources of finance are the start working with the cotton picking season and Largc·Si/cd Co-operative Society of Sirwar, Govern­ run for about 2 to t,,·o and a half months till the mental Agencies and private money lenders. The harvest of the cotton crop is completed. Each Large-Sized Co·operative Society was established in of these 4 gins employs tH'O labourers who also 19;')7. The Go\,crnment also advances loans by way work seasonally. After ginning the cotton, the of tflrCflt'i for land improvement and other agri­ lint i-s sent to Raichur for pressing and sale. There Cll1tural works. There are about 15 money lenders . is a saw mill also combined with the gin. There who lend money to the cultivators privately. The are five flour mills in the village. The\' are rates of interest charged by the private money lenders all owned by private individuals. They also e111· arc exorbitant, but at the same time, the cultivators ploy two labourers each. \Vith the introduction get loans from them quickly. So in spite of the intro­ of these five flour mills in the village, grinding of cluction of the Co-operatiye agencies and the Goyern­ jowar and other grains at home has compietely mental agencies, to finance the cultivators, many of stopped. tl~erri turD to the priYate money lenders. ECONO~iY OF THE VILLAGE 25

(G) Infiltration of Urban Influences becn covered ott the time of the present survey and that explain:s for decrease in population of the Yil­ The headquarters of the canal construction camp lag'e between 1961 and 1962. ullder the Tungabhadra is located in the village. The construction work of the canal has started from For the purposes of 1 ~6 J Census, the whole popu­ 1%;", and they have established a separate camp for IOIlion of the village has been divided into two cate­ th{~ ,,'orkers at this canal. This camp has been pro­ gories, namely, workers and non-workers. Only vided with electric lights and the whole road extend­ persons actively engaged in some gainful activity ing to about 2 furlongs from the village to this camp have been included· among workers. AJI their h~l'i also been provided with electric lights. These cl~pclldellts and other non-working people have been lights hayc g'i\cn the village a some what urban look. included among non-workers, III 1961, the village \Vitb the establishmellt of this camp, there has been population of H36 11"aS divided into 2033 workers all increase in the cOlllmercial establishments in the ,md 2'iO,l l1oJl-Il"orkers. The workers were again village. About Li years back, there were only 1 gro­ classihcc1 into 9 categories according to their indus­ cery shops and ;', tea-shops in the village, but at the trial activity. The position in 1961 was as follows:- time of the suney, the village had 25 grocery shops, 20 tea-shops and about 30 other miscellaneous tracl­ i llg c,tablishments. Thus some sections of the popu­ :1\Iales Females Total lation which were previously dependent only on (i) Culti va tors 37" 121 49G ;1gricultllre for their maintenance have taken up non­ (iil Agricul tural 1'1 bourer, -1:12 380 792 agricultural occupations. Another reason for the (iii) )'Jining, qnarrying,:ete, incrca~e in t}wsc trading establishments is the impro­ (iv) Household industry 86 27 113 \ ement ill the transport facilities i.e. ,everal passen­ (v) :1Ifanulacturing other than hou- ger buses pass throug'h the village. sehold industry 30 2 32 (vi) (:onstrllction 25 26 (vii) Tracie and Commerc("" 70 19 89 With the increase in the l1umber of tea-shops, more (\iii) ~rransp()rt, storage, etc. 22 22 ami lllore people have also developed the tea drink­ (ix) Other services 366 97 463 ing habit. A change in the mode of dress of the ~----~------.~-.~ TOT.

MANVI TALUK RAICHUR DISTRICT WORKERS .AND NON ... WORKERS BY SEX .AND BROAD ,AGE-GROUPS m WORkERS

704 600 400 200 o 0 200 400 600665

MALES FEMALES .26 SIRWAR

those adopted in 1961 Census. In view of the fact was 1330 and this constitut~d 36.80 per cent of the that between 19:) I and 196], the village attracted a total population then. So, there has been a small large Boating population mainly consisting o[ wOlk reduction in the percentage of thc population de­ ers on the Tungabhadra Canal, it would be futile pendent on cultivation. This decrease is only among to compare the livelihood classes of the vjllag~ as oWller cultivators. There is actually an incn:ase in theY stood in 1~1,,)1 and 1961. It is with an idea of the number of persons dependent on cultivation of excluding such lioating population that the camp land taken on lease. The decrease among owner area was not covered by this survey, as, if that area cultivators is because some of the cultivators of small was included, it would not reflect the correct position 'holdings havc taken to other vocations like petty of li\'(:1ibood classes in the village as a whole. For the contracts etc., and their income from such sources present survey, the concepts adopted lycre more or exceeds what they get from land, Some of them have less similar to thme accepted for 1961 Census. So, totallr given up agriculture and taken to other work. ,rith a view to compare the li\'elihood classes found In such cases the lands have passed on to t'enants in 1962 with those found in If).) 1, the statistics col­ whose number has recorded a slight increase during lected in I ~)62 have been reduced to the concept'i this period. Most of these tenants are ordinary tell­ llsed in 1~r) 1. The results obtained are Shm\"ll in the ants and the number of protected tenants as alrcady following statemen t: - obsen'ed has declined very much. There has been also a small reduction in the percentage of popuLI­ Census 19,) 1 Surw)' 1962 Livelihood Class ,---~-~-__..).._---\ r--.--_.A....~ ----~ lion dependent on agricultural labour. However, this ~o. Per cent No. Per cent decrease in percentage in either cultivation or agri­ cultural labour is not as marked as the percentage Agricultural Classes: decrease in the nOll-cultivating land owners. The L Cultivators of Janel, popUlation of non-cultivating owners of land and wholly or mainlv agricultural rellt receivers has decreased considerably owned . 1194 32,91 1068 29.08 ;lfter 19:; I. The population under this category was II. Cultivators of land ~~6 in 19:')1 and in 19G2, it was only 48. Thus the wholly or mainly uum;ned . 141 3,89 246 6.70 percentage of the population under this category has decreased from 6.:')0% ill 19:')1 to 1.31 %. This is fIT. Cultivating Labou­ rer 76t 21.06 9.')1 25,!'!8 largely due to the land rc[orm measures. Several nOll-cultivating land owner5 have either disposed of 1 Y. Non-cultivating ow­ ner of land and their holdings or taken to cultivation. The total agricultural rent percentage of agricultural classes has recorded a small receiver 236 6.:)0 48 1,31 d'ecrease from 64.36 per cent in 19;')1 to 62.97 per SUB TOTAL (ll 2,335 64.36 2.313 62,97 cent in ] 962.

JI;on-Agrirultural Clas.

-'"~-----~------.----... ~-----~- S{:Il TOTAL (2' 1,293 3.'>.64 1,360 37,03

~-~-.______,__~-.-~--~-~-~-~----~ (H) WORKERS GRAO\'D TOTAL 3.628 ]00,00 3,673 ]00.00 The population of the village has been cla~sified During the' SUrVeY, 210 households or ~8.l9 per into two broad categories, viz., workers and non­ cent of the total llumber of households were found workers. A person who is gainfully employed in to he engaged principall~' in the cuItiyation of either any economic or social activity has been considered own land or lands tak'en on lease. The total number as a worker, provided he or she satisfies the criteria of persons dependent on cultivation was 13]4 or laid down for workers for the 1961 Census purposes. 3:1.78 per cent of the total population. In 19!) 1, the Persolls who do 110t satisfy these criteria are classed total number of persons dependent on cultiyation as non-workers. 27 ECONOMY OF THE VILLACJ.E

Table VIn indicates the number of workers and cipally in household industry, household business non-workers by sex and broad age groups. It is seen and household cultivation. It is seen from this from this Table that out of the total population of Table that 4 persons aged below 14 years are 3673 persons, 1720 consist of workers and 19:")3 COIl­ engaged in household industry and 12 persons in sist of non-workers. This, the working force of the this age group are engaged in household cultiva­ village is constituted of 46.tl3 per cent of the total tion. The 'working force in all the 3 occupatiollS population. These 1720 workers consist of 1082 males is mostly from the 1:)-:")9 age group. There arc 49 and 638 females. Thus :>9.03 per cent of the male persons in the 15-34 age group engaged in house­ population and 34.63 per cellt of the female popu­ lIold industry. 47 persons in this age group are lation consists of workers. Considering the percentage engaged in household business and 201 persollS are of workers in the different age groups according to engaged in household cultivation. In the 3:i-;j9 sex, the position is as follows:- age group, there are 51 persons engaged in household industry, ;,)8 in household business and 1HO ill hOllse­ hold cultivation. There are aho a number of persons l\Iale workers Female worker, aged about 60 years engaged in household cultiva­ r-~--"------"'r---- ______.A._ ___ --.., tion. To be exact, 2~1 persons from this age sr. :\ge group Number Percent- Kumber Percent- Ko. age age group are found to be working at household cult i­ vatioll. These aged persolls generally supervise the 1. 0--14 90 8.32 47 7.37 2. 15-3i: 526 43.61 33i: 12.35 field activities. 3. 35-59 417 38.52 233 36.52 4. 60 and abo\'e 49 4.53 24 3.76 (C) NO:\-WORKl:RS --~---~-----~------TOTAL 1,082 100.00 638 100.GO Table XI presents information r'egarding non­ workers by sex, broad age groups and nature of .A detailed classification of workers in the different activIties. As already stated, the population of age groups by sex and occupation has been presented non-workers in the \'illage is 19:")3. Majority of ill Table IX. This Table gives information about the non-working population are found to be depen­ both the primary and secondary occupations of dents. AClually, 107:; or :j5.04 per cent of the total each individual worker and in that respect, it differs non-\\orking population consists of dependents aud hom Table XIII which presents the primary and these dependents are mostly aged below 14 years. If secondary occllpation of each household. the Out of tIre 1070 dependcnts, 96;) are in this ag.e information cOlltained ,in Table IX is considered group, and 88 are aged above 60 years. There according to the principal occupation, the result~ are a few dependents, 22 to be exact, aged bet­ obtained are as shown in t'he following statement:- ween 1:>-09 years. The dependents in this age group mostly consist of persons coming from well-to-do families. There are 497 persons doing vVorkers SL Princip;:tl Occupation ,---- _____...J...... _ ___._~ only household work. They comtitutc 2:').46 of ;'\0, Xnmber Percentage the non-working population. Out of these 407, L Cultivation 387 22.50 only 9 are males and th'e rest are females, The 2. Agricultural labour 708 -i1.17 student population of the village consists of 313 persons and they contribute ] 6.03 per cent to the 3. Liyestock rearing 68 3.Q5 total non-working population. All the studcnts fall 4. Household industry 101 5.87 in the two age groups of 0-14 and 10-3't. 5. Trade 74 -i.SO

6. Transport 17 0.99 (D) OWl':ERSIIlP OF Eco:\oJ.lIC RESOURCES 7. Hotel keeping 26 1.51 8, Construction including contracts 11 0.64 Tables XXV, XXV-A and XXV-B present the data 9, Service 328 19.07 regarding ownership and cultivation of land by ------~- the residents of Sin\'ar. Table XXV presents details TOTAL 1,720 100.00 of cultivation of owned land, land given out on lease to oth'ers for cultivation and lands taken on Table X pre&ent& information about ·work.ers lea5c from other!> for cultivation. These three cate­ classified by sex and broad age groups engaged prin- gories are indicated by the symbols A, Band C SIRWAJ{ respectively in the Table. Table XXV-A present~ Another important economic resource in the vil­ information about ownership of land within the lage is livestock about which statistics are presented limits of Sirwar by the residents of the village and in table 7. This subject is discussed separately. table XXV-B presents information about owner­ (E) PRl.\lARY A;'\D SECO::\DARY OCClJPATION ship of land by them in other villages. In all these three tables, the information is presented by castes. Table XIII presents information of the numb"er of households engaged in the various types of occupa­ In Table XXV, the nature of interest ill land tions. If a household has more than one occupation, has been cla,silied by showing whether the land is the principal occupation is indicated first followed personally cultivated or leased out to others for by the subsidian occupation. Out of the U;) house­ culti\ ation by the symbols A and H respcctivdy. holds in the village, 23 have no occupation. The The letter 'C' ill this table indicates the lands taken relllainillg 722 have some ecollomic activity. 011 lease from others for cultivation. The statement given on the opposite page provides an idea of the 411 out of the 722 gailJfully employed households information contained ill this tahle at a glance. have only one occupation as shown below;-

In Table XXV some of the lands appearing under SI. Silljile occupation l\'umber of SYlulJol 'g' will agaill appear under symbol 'C' and 1:\0. households so it would not be correct to arrive at the totAl acrc;]ge by totalling the extents of bnd under each 1. Cultivation 2. Agricultulallabour 143 (ategor)-. It would be evident from this table 3. Household inclu,try 3~) that most of the lands ;;Ire person;;llly cultivated by 4. Trade and Commerce 21 the owners. J. Hotel keeping 10 6. Gonstruction (j Table XXV-A illdic

0 n[l!B~ ~ :::=1" ::' en -" Bfi!p"J"l: C'I ~ n.I12fi of co C'I Col ~ "" '- ,.... 0 0 c 'B~\lllV C'I ::i "" "" 7; ~ <.i:) !:) cc lU;JqC[1')l "" C'l 3 "" c-:.; "" ,r: ~ ..;-< lr: OJ") 0', .~ m!!lS!ll[O "" "U "" "" .S ...;< f L"': '.0 M ~ SU1![SnJ~ eo '-' "" '" ~ "" ~ :~ n.IBp"f "" N N Sl ndf'B11 "" Col V.I8qrnn).[ "" 0 N I/l l1.Iv.E!m N QI ...I/l en Col (IS lU';'U!BIl 0 co C<") M ..... '{11Jlli1JllPU1l.1V ,.Q r-- L--; '.!O 'tI 'BUl.l1!'lB.¥.S!A

(IS== n.mplJ.'J'\: '..0 f N <= ~ ... r.AsA.1\ L'""; N C"-I N <.0 ...== I/l ,n <= QI lJAFH ;. "" QI ... "IlJSlJWP1'.d r- eo .... I~ == co -.r N 1.0-0 1l1't:pp'''" \ S:! Q - QI llJ1'S\,U Q)Vl{lt?W S:! ;. - ::I - ... 'B2J!PVlx 0 en Col C'l (IS - == U!wl.{1)l lI en OJ ~ Col ';-j ~ I ... 1'.l1lddn co L..., C'I 0 1)1) ...... == 1)A13JO)[ r-- -.r Col (IS .' ...~ rcA! .11 131)')[ '..0 M '..0 <.0 It"':, 'tI "" 1'.l1J1I8AH ...,. .... L..., C'I N ...== :s "" BC[lUn)[ Ol eo QI== """ "" "" "" "" CO aG< .mp-e"11 C<') 0 co cCO co '0 ~ Col "" ...(IS "" ... l-e.\llEUn (!) co (C I.:") (C N rJi "" 'i< --:!' ""

~ ('j ~ .::: f. -< g '"0 [-; :; 0 v '"0 ] f-< <- ~ (J ('j .S '" 2 "'" '"0 I.l ~ C '" ('j .... .~ "U"' " ~ C '""\J "Cl .~ C/O C/O ..!$ g v '- "Cl '"0 iO 0 c ~ 0 :: :: '" C/O , " u ~ .Q .§ .., 0 0 " .... "S ~ '" I ;:J , r:: "S :::a 0 () I ..§ :::a I ~ ,_, .E ..:.i + ~ :::a cJ'" <-'; - () + + Z -< ::c<

well. For 99 of them, agricultural labour is a had to encolmter was in obtaining fire-wood to burn subsidiary occupation. For the remaining 46 ill their k.ilns. These KUlllbhars have now taken to households, the subsidiary occupation consists of agricultural labour and cultivation. On being trade, household industry, livestock rearing, trans­ (Iliestioned, they stated that they were still keen to port, etc. Eight of these households have more resume their old industry, but paucit\ of raw mate­ th~tll one subsidiary occupation. {iG households rial docs not permit them to do so. There is still a haying agricnltul'al labour as a principal occupa­ great demand ill the village for earthen-ware and at tion arc also working at some other subsidiary occu­ present, they purchase them from the potters who pation. 1'\ine of these households have more than come to the Nlollday shandy from the neighbouring aile subsidiary occupation. , ill ages.

(F) CHA!'\G£S FRO:\{ THE TRADITIO:\AL OCCUPATION 1-"01' the .\ga,as, the traditional occnpation consisted of wa~hing clothes. Seyeral oE the able-bodied Agasas Cultivation has been aud is continuing to be the ha, e stalLed working in the canal construction works. pri ncipal occu;?ation for a large population in the They atlend to such work as digging, bunding, lift­ yillagc. Howeyer, enquiries at the time of suryey ing stolles, etc., and find that such jobs are mere reyeal that th<:re have been a few changes in the relllunerative than their traditional one. They said traditional occupation of some of the households in that on occasions, they earn up to Rs. ;) per day, the yillage. It is said that prior to 1952, there were and so they are not very keen to stick on to their about 20 households engaged in weaving. The caste traditional work. Sc\'Cral Koravas and l\Iyadars who lrhich followed this occupation traditiolJally was that are hasket makers by tradition have also started o[ Jadaru among Lingayats. They worked as weavers shcndng preference to work as general _labourers. As till about 10 or 13 years back, but at the time of ill the case of Agasas, it is only the elderly males or survey, not a single weaver was found in the yillagc. females aIllong Myadars and Koravas who have \Vhell the households which used to attend to &tuck all to their traditional job of basket making. weaving were questioned, they ~aid that they had to giy'e up weaving as they were not able to g<::t Dcscript ion ot D iiIcrcnt Occupations yarn of good quality at a reasonable price. Further, with the increase in the supply of millmade cloth, the (A) PR.\CnCES CO:\:\ECTED WITH AGRICULTURE demand for their handloolll cloth was slowly elecre­ sing. So it was very difficult for them to male both As already stated, the village has been gro:ving the enels meet and ultimately they had to abandon only dry crops till the period of this survey. their traditional occupation. Now the members of Shortly it will be producing wet crops as steps arc these households have established some cloth shops afoot to provide the lallds with facilities for irriga­ and a few have taken to tailoring. Ttrey .>aid that tion, under the Tungabhadra Canal Project. The their new occupation is more remunerative than important crops growll in the village are ground­ their trad:tional weaving industry and so they are nut, jowar and cotton. Both khariff and rabi crops reluctant to [(.vive their traditional occupation. are raised in the lands. The area under the various crops raised in 19G 1 in the village is as follows:- Eight house:lolds in the village used to work as dyers. These persons were known as i\[addigars. Kharift' Rabi ,--- ______-.A-- ______--, ,---______-.A.- ______-, They used to dye sarees and other cloth woven on SI. :-lame of the crop Area in SI. ~,lme of the crop Are.:! in halldlooms, but with the stoppage of the 'weaving ::\0. acres No. acres industry, they were forced to change over from the traditional occupation and take to cultivation, 1. Ground-nut 1.150 1. Jowar 2,220 agricultural labour and such other occupatiOll&. 10 2 .. Jowal" 685 2. Cotton 1,925 2::;0 Wheat 90 to 13 years back, there were about 6 households, of 3. llajr'l 3. 4. Grccngmm 30 4. Bengalgram 90 p()tters known as Kumbhars. At the time of the ;). ~aYani (Italian 25 5. Safilower 80 present suryey, however, only one household was millet) . found to follow this occupation and that household 6 Arhar 10 6. Horsegranl 35 too works at pottery as only a subsidiary occupation. 7. Chillies 10 7. PlIndi 25 It is explained that these potters were not able to 8. Sesamum 5 obtain clay of good quality and so the), had to give ------TOTAL 2,165 TOTAL 4,465 up their traditional industry. Ano3'ier difficulty the} ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 31

The soils generally consist of two tvpes, viz., played truallt. III fact, due to the inadequacy of the iHasari of mixed red and black soil and Erri or deep rain that year, the produce ill his fields was found black soil. Both these types of soils are found to be much poorer than ill those of a l~eighbour who alternating with each other. rhe Masari soil is thin, had not used any manure that year. light coloured and stony. Black soils are char­ acterised by their great depth and highly cleyey The two important khariff crops in the village are nature. Lime deposits are also seen in the lower jowar and ground-nut. The other crops in the kharitI la\'ers and in summer the lands with black soil season arc bajra, horsegram, arhar and sesamunl. sh~K deep cracks. Such soil is generally found near Generally the sowing operations for khariff crops the river valley basins or in other low lying areas .. start abollt the 20th of June. Among the nro prin­ These soils are very fertile and grow cotton, .iowar cipal khariff crops of Jowal' and ground-nut, jowar and wheat. About 2200 acres of cultivated land is is the fir~t to be sown. They always consult Acharyas coyered with soil of mixed red variety and the for an anspicious day before starting the sowing remaining 4400 acres consist of black soil. The soil operations. The sowing operations arc conducted of mixed red variety is more suitable to grow ven- fast, as the necessary conditions of soil and rain, ",Iungari or Khariff crops. These soils require per­ loc~ll\' kllown as Bitto-lwdh(1) do not last long. Before iodical rainfall. Black soils on the other hand retain startiJ;g the so"~ng operations, they generally wor­ moisture for a long period and as such can with­ ship the seed-drill called Kurigi by breaking a co­ stand dry conditions over a considerable length of coannt and aftcr the sowing operations are com­ time. The average annual rainfall is about 22 inchc~ pleted, they invariably visit the local Maruti temple of 058 mm. The rainfall generally starts in the taking with them the seed-drill and the pair of bul­ second week of June and it gains in strength in locks. The seed-drill ill use in the village has 3 bills August and September. The rainy season generally and the sowing unit consists of a seed-drill, a harrow, lasts till October. two pairs of hullocks and two male workers. For sowing purposes, one adult male with a paIr -of bullocks and a seed-drill drops the seeds through the KJHRIFF cRops.-Agricultural operations for the three pronged seed drill and tIle second man covers khariff crops commence by about l:')th of April every the sown seed with earth by means cf a Kunti or year. The land is ploughed and reploughed with a harrow. For this purpose, the harrow is Lcd to the wooden plou.gh called l11adhi. On an average the yoke, dragged by the two bullocks and they follow lands receive three ploughings. These early plou­ the person sowing the seed. On an average, 4 to 0 ghings in summer help in the exposure of the lower acres of land can be sown in a day. The sowing layers of soil. The ploughing operations are followed operations usually start cady ill the morning and by the spreading of the manure. The most common contillue sometimes till late in the night. The sow­ type of manure used in the village is the farm-yard ing of ground-nut is started only after the sowing manure. This manure is usually collected in pits on operations of jowar and minor crops arc completed. the outskirts of the village where it is left to decom­ Ground-nut is usually sown in the first week of July. pose. They haye no proper system of preparing farm­ The operational unit for sowing of ground-nut is yard manure. Animal refuse and other dirt is simply also the same as required for jowar sowing. dumped into this pit and just before spreading it on the land, it is carted to the fields and kept in small heaps-generally about 10 feet apart. The The _illagers kllow and appreciate the value manuring operations arc compl'eted by about the of rotation of crops, In khariff lands, the pattern of 20th of May. About 10 cart-loads of mannre are rotation is jowar-groundnut-jowar-groundnut and required per acre. Those \\'ho cannot afford to put like that. 111 lalld sown with jowar in a particular in this much of manllre generally use 5 to 6 cart­ area it is followed by ground-nut the next year. A loads per acre. The manure is usually in short supply few cultivators, howeyer, raise ground-nut succes­ in the village and so they manure the field by rot­ siveh for two or three vears, as of late this commodity action once in two years or so. The rainfan being has been fetching a good price in the market. But uncertain, they also hesitate to use manure every their experience has been that the yields are better Year regularly. In the course of the enquiry. it was only 1\'hen they practise rotation of crops. Pulses found that one' particular agriculturist 1vho spread like arhar and gr_€engram are usuallv raised as a a lot of manure in his lands in the year 1961 could mixed crop with ,war. Generallv for every 8 rows not get full benefits as during this year the rain h:Jd of jm\'ar, one ro.. of arhar is sown. Other crops 32 SIRWAR mixed with jowar are greengram, sesamUIll, alas­ engage outside labour for the purpose. Harvesting andi and such other minor pulses. All these minor of these crops is followed by the harvesting of crops are locally known as Akkadi Kalu. Some ground-nut which usually commences in the third farmers sow castor seeds by broadcasting near the week of October. For harvesting ground-nut, the peripheries of their fields. Bajra crop is grown in­ field is harrowed by an implement called Rente dependently. Ground-nut is not mixed with any Eunli. The harrowing unit usually consists of a other crop. For all the crops the spacing between two harrow, a pair of bullocks and an adult male worker. rows is usually about 8 inches. The ground-nut creepers get surfaced when harrowed and these are gathered in heaps. The left over ground-nut crop is picked up by hand by female Iowar and other seeds start sprouting about 8 to labourers. The gnHlIld-nut thus collected is allowed 10' days after they are so"n. During this period, the to elry in the sun and then the nuts are removed cultivators are busy taking protectiye measures to and packed. The stems provide good fodder to guard the crop from animals and other trespassers, the cattle. Han;esting of jowar is then ·taken up. Some of them fence the fields with twigs or Babul The crop is cut about G inches above the ground. Uee. The weeding operations for jowar commence The roots left behind are allowed to dry and are by the second week of July. ·Weeding is generally called Kuli which serves as a good fuel. The crop done by hand and usually it is the mO]lopoly of thus cut is laid up in bundles at various places in [em ale workers. Along with the weeding operations, the fields. After 2 or 3 days, the crop gets dried inter-culturing is also done with a hoe called Che­ lip in the hot sun. Then it is tied up into sizeable lwnli, A Chekunti is a harrow with a small blade bundles and brought to threshing fioor. The to clear the weeds. This blade of iron is about 6 threshing fioor is usaull y prepared in the field it­ inches wide. Usually, three Chekllntis are tied to the self. A circular plot with a diameter of about yoke of a pair of bullocks at the time of operation. 12 to 11 feet is selected for the purpose. It is well. In a single day, inter-culturing is done in about 6 plastered with cO\\'-dung emulsion and at the centre to 7 acres of land. The frequency of the weeding and a pole is fixed. Threshing is done generally by inter-culturing operations generally depends on the treading the corn under the feet of bullocks. Gene­ rain-fall, as the weeds grow more in a season of rally these operations are carried out at night. The heavy rainfall. The weeding operations come to a threshing operations are usaully followed by win­ close about 2 to 3_ months after the sowing operations. nowing. When the crop ripens, the farmers usually stay back in the fields to guard them from thieves. They at times erect a small temporary hut in the fields and 'HINGARI' OR 'RAm' CROPS.-The ploughing ope­ stay there. Occasionally during the night, they give rations for Hingari or Rqbi crop" are usually com­ a warning call to scare away trespassers or stray pleted by the end of May each year. Then the animals. W'e:l-to-do cultivators generally employ Rabi lands are left exposed to sun and rain till the aged labourers for the purpose. second week of September. During the first week of September, manuring is done in these fIelds and Aridra) PunanJaSll) Pushya) Aslesha) klagha, this operation is completed by about the 10th of Poorva and Uttam are considered good starts for September. The principal Rabi crops are cotton rainfall and they feel happy particularly if they and jowar, the first to be sown being cotton. The get good rains during Alagha-Karti. If they do sowing operations for cotton are usually done in not get ra:n, during the Magha period, they always "Uttara-Karti" i.e. b'etween second and fourth week believe that it fore-tells the scarcity of food and of September. For this purpose, a seed drill SImi­ fodder during the season. lar to the one used for ground-nut sowing is required. A sowing unit consists of two workers, two pairs of bullocks, a seed-drill and a harrow and the sow­ By about the second week of October, harvest of ing operation is more or less similar to that followed Khariff crops commences. The first crops to be for ground-nut. About 4 acres of land can be sown in harvested are generally the mixed pulses called one day. They usually consult Acharyas for ascer­ "Akkadi Kalu" like sesamum, Navani) bajra, green­ taining the auspicious days to start sowing operations. gram, a!asalldi, etc. Generally, harvesting of these After completion of the sowing of cotton, jowar is ta­ mixed crops is done by the owners assisted by some ken up. Usually safflower and linseed are also sown of their family me.-Ibers. Onlf occasionally, they along with rabi jowar which is also known as white ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 33

jower. Sowing of jowar, safflower and linseed is done tions of this crop are very similar to the harvesting Hasta-Karti i.'e. between the fourth week of September operations of kharif-jowar. Simultaneously with and the second week of October. These rabi crops get jowar, the crops of wheat and linseed are also har­ good rain under. Chitta and Swathi Nakshatras i.e. vested. The area under wheat and linseed being between 10th of October and 6th of November. At quite small, they generally engage outside labour the fag end of the rainy season, the sowings of wheat for harvesting purposes. Harvest of safflower is and Bengal gram are started. Thus by about taken up a little later. Safflower provides oil 10th of November, all the rabi crops stand sown. lvhich is used as a cooking medium by some of th~ Soon-after the sowing operations are completed, households and also cake which is used for feeding winter sets in. The rabi crops depend more on cattle. Pundi crop is not harvested till the 15th the seasonal conditions in winter than on the rainy of April. By this time, the crop gets quite season. Actually, they fed that any rain after 13th dried up. The dried up stems are cut down and of November spoils the rabi crop, particularly the seeds are collected. The dry stems are tieo , wheat and Bengal gram do not need any rain. The into bundles and stored at home for sometime. local farmers believe that wind blowing from the These stems are later immersed in flowing water for North-eastern direction in winter is beneficial to a long period before drawing fibres from them. The the standing rabi crops; on the other hand they be­ last pha~e of the w'aI's harvesting operations start~ lieve that winds blowing from the South or South­ about the 15th of March, with the picking of cotton. east are harmful. Cotton crop is considered as The work of harvesting cotton is the monopoly of very delicate and susceptible to these winds more female labourers. At times, 50 to 60 female labou­ than any other crop. There is a local saying in rers are seen working in one field. These opera­ the village which goes to state that the cotton crop tions start early in the morning and continue till has about 10 hurdles to cross before it is harvested. late in the eyening. Cotton is picked 3 or 4 times in ev~ry field at intervals of 8 days each between two pickings. In a year of bumper crop. the fre­ Just as in the case of kharif crops the villagers quency of pickings and the number of pickings are practice rotation of crops in rabi lands also. Gene­ also increased. The picking operations come to a rally, the pattern of rotation of crops is jowar-cotton­ close by the second week of April. Generallv the jowar-cotton. ' They also raise mixed crops along women engaged for picking cotton are paid in kind. with jawar. The mixed crops raised with jowar are usually Pundi (sun-hemp) and lady'S fingers. NATURE OF PRODUCE AND YIELD PER ACRE The sun-hemp is used for preparing ropes. The lady'S fingers raised with jowar are of a coarser variety. Safflower is also raised in the rabi season The unit of measurement of a field is generally and its sowing operations are very much similar to called a Kurigi, which means about 4.5 acres. A the operations of sowing arhar during the kharif seed-drill is also known as a Kurigi. It appears. this season. When safflower is raised as a mixed crop with unit of measurement of area in Kurigi has been jowar, one row of safflower is sown for every eight adopted, because on an average, a person sows about rows of jowar. Along with wheat, generally linseed is 4.5 acres of land with the help of one seed-orill in sownas a mixed crop. When this is done, one row of one day. Even though in the official records, the linseed is sown for every eight rows of wheat seeds. unit adopted for determining the area is an acre, Sometimes safflower instead of linseed is .raised as a very few in the villages know the actual measure­ mix~d crop with wheat. ment of this unit. Again their units for measuring yield are Heru and Khandaga. A Hem consists of 128 local seers and 20 such Hems make one Khan­ The weeding operations for rabi crop generally daga. One local seer of grain weighs about 1.25 start by the second week of December. But the standard seers. Thus one standard maund of 4(') number of weeding operation required for rabi seers i.c. a Bengal maund is equivalent to 32 local crops is not so much as is required by kharif.· Along seers. Four standard maunds thus constitute one with the weeding operations, the intercultural ope­ Heru. Transactions in small quantities are done in rations are also started. Rabi-jowar is usually har­ other local measures of Vammarw, lmmana vested between 25th of February and 15th of Marcr Gidna, and Pavu. Eight local seers make one Vamm~ and sometimes. the harvesting- operations go up to ana and 2 Vammanas are equal to one lmmana. even the end of March. The harvesting opera- Half of a local seer is referred to as Gidna and half 6-6 CensusfMysoref73 SIRWAR of Gidna as a Pavu. Thus a Pavu is one quarter of of Naga5. One local maund of cotton weighs about seer and is the smallest unit of measurement in the 28 lbs. 01 12.8 kilogrammes. 48 such local mau12ds village. The measurements of yields of crops is gen­ constitute one Naga of cotton. Thus a Naga of cotton erally done in Herus and Khandagas. The average weighs about 6.14 quintals. In the village, two varie­ yzeld per Rurigi of land is about 16 Herus (about ties of cotton are popular. One is known as jawari 24 quintals) of jowar in a year if the rainfall is and the other as Lakshmi. ,Th'e yield per Kurigi of adequate. This amounts to an average yield of about jawari cotton is about 1.5 Nagas and in the case of 6. quintals per acre. In a year of bumper crop, the lakshmi cotton, it is usually about one Naga and Yleld may go up to one Khandaga or 29.6 quintals 4 local maunds. Though quantitatively the yield of per Kurigi of 4.5 acres. jawari cotton is more, its price in the market is lower and so is does not fetch as much as Lakshmi cotton. Yield of ground-nut is generally measured by the The yield of jawari cotton on an average is about number of gunny bags filled with dry ground-nut 15.6 local maunds or 2 quintals per acre and that crop with shells. A bag of ground-nut weighs about of fakshmi cotton is about I 1.7 local maunds or 1.5 one standard 'maund and on an average, 32 such quintals. bags are harvested in one K urigi of 45 acres of land. Thus the yield of ground-nut will amount to about The wholesale price of the important commodities 8 standard maunds or 2.96 quintals per acre. grown in the village during the last four years are The yield of cotton per Kurigi is measured in as shown below. The prices mentioned are for one local maunds and the total yield measured is in terms quintal of each commodity:-

Ground-nut 'Lakshmi' cotton Jawari cotton Jowar ,_~ __--' ,-___...-A- ___--, ,--______A.. ~ -'""-*\ 81. ,----"-----, Maxi- Mini- Mini- Maxi- Mini- Maxi- Mini- No. Year Maximum mum mum mum mum mum mum mum 8 9 IO 2 3 4: 5 6 7 Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 115 110 94 91 1. 1958 44 36 67 58 115 llO 95 92 2. 1959 44 35 68 59 H2 95 92 3. 1960 45 35 68 60 116 117 112 96 93 4. 1961 48 36 70 60

It would be seen from these market prices that practising agriculture in the village, 195 households the rates quoted for cotton and ground-nut are seek assistance from others during the plough­ more favourable than for .iowar. It is for this ing, sowing and harvesting season. As already reason that during the last 15 years, the villagers stated, the villagers practise rotation of crops both m the rabi and khariff seasons. They have taken more towards cultivation of these cash are aware of the advantages of good manuring crops of ground-nut and cotton and thus the area practices and to the extent possible, they conserve under jowar has been slowly decreasing. This and use manure that is locally available. Some of tendency towards growing more of cash crops is parti­ the cultivators are also in the habit of penning cularly noticed after 1952 ·53. sheep and goats in the fields for manuring pur­ poses. This is known as Kuri Tarbodu. Many FARMING PRACTICES of the local Kurubas, who own sheep and goats take them to the fields for staying there over-night The practice of extending reciprocal aid is and in return for these services, they receive a small prevalent among all the cultivators of th~ village. remuneration from the farmers. Such practices the Whenever thet:e is rush of work in the fields, the particularly in vogue in rabi lands. For staying cultivators help one another. This is parti­ one night, a Kuruba with a herd of about 100 cularly evident during the ploughing, sowing and she'ep or ~oats, receives a payment of 3 seers of harvesting season. Cultivators having small and jowar. At times, this payment is also made in medium extents of lands are in particular need of cash. The number of sheep and goats found such mutual help. Such help rendered is locally in the village being limited, there is great demand known as Muyya. Out of the 261 households for their services. ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE

After 1950 or SO, the villagers have been using the implements required by the villagers are indi­ some improved vaneties of seeds of jowar and genous ones prepared by the local carpenters and cotton. The improved seeds of jowar which are blacksmiths. Many of the carpenters in the village popular in the village are D. 340 for the khariff also know the blacksmithy work. At times, the season and M.35JI for the rabi season. It is local cultivators assist the carpenters in preparing learnt that these new varieties were evolved at the simple implements. agricultural research station in Sindhnur Taluk of Raichur District. The Cotton Research Cen­ The wooden plough, locally known as "Madiki" tre at Raichur has also supplied the village with consists of a plough proper, a beam and a yoke. The some improved varieties of cotton seeds. These plough proper is made of a single piece of a heavy improved varieties have gained considerable popu­ type of wood, which is usually obtained from a larity. These improved seeds are largely obtained Babul tree, and slightly bent in the middle. Tho from the private stockists at Raichur and also some­ instrument that is used for levelling purposes is times from the Agricultural Department. The large known as "Pali Kunti". sized co-operative society in the village also supplies the cultivators with improved varieties of jowar TECHNIQUE and cotton seeds. The entire arable land is cultivated dryas there Till about 1958, the villagers used to grow' cotton are no irrigation facilities. The cultivators are not only as a rabi crop, but now a few agriculturists raising two crops in any field excepting for a small have also started sowing it in the khariff season. area of about 30 acres. In this small area sesamum, This khariff cotton is a new variety said to have greengram, etc. are raised in the khariff season been evolved by the Cotton Research Centre at

Recently the trend IS towards a fall in the seed The tools and equipments which are commonly rate. Prior to 1947, the seed rate for jowar was used in the village are (i) the iron plough, (ii) about :) seers per acre, but now it is about 3 seers wooden plough, (iii) harrow, (iv) yoke, (v) seed­ per acre. There is a similar decrease in the seed drill, (vi) hoe, (vii) small hoe, etc. Other imple­ rate in respect of the other crops also. The vil­ ments in use are sickles, whips, axe, big axe, etc. lagers are aware of the advantages of using green­ The wooden plough in use in the village is rather manure, but so far such type of manure is not of a heavy type and also, it is big in siie. The ave­ available to them easily. However, they are sure rage weight of a plough is about Ill· to 2 maunds. to use it when irrigation facilities are extended to As the soil is generally black in the village, it is the village. Many of the cultivators in the village said that such heavy ploughs are necessary. During are aware of the measures to be taken for prevent­ the last 10 to 15 years, iron ploughs have become ing, controlling and eradicating diseases and pests. very popular. Prior to 1950, only about 10 house­ About 75 per cent of the cultivators treat the im­ holds had iron ploughs. But other farmers used proved varieties of seeds with sulphur before sow­ to occasionally borrow them also. At present, ing. About 10 to 15 cultivators ill'the village use about 60 per cent of the cultivators own iron insecticides and pesticides. Others are also keen ploughs of different sizes. These iron ploughs re­ to use such insecticides and pesticides, but their quire more number of bullocks and so whenever financial circumstances do not permit'them to pur­ such ploughs are put to use, the farmers borrow chase them. Unless such pesticides and insecti­ the services of bullocks from other cultivators. They cides cover a large contiguous area, they do not maintain a regular account of the number of hul­ become effective as the pests and insects can easily locks borrowed and the number of days on which attack the other nearby fields, if only a few culti­ these bullocks are borrowed and in return, they lend vators use them. At present, most of the villagers their cattle for the exact number of days. Other im­ depend on heavy showers to remove the pests and pl'ements in use are all traditional ones. There are insects when they attack the crops. They believe 'very few improved types of other tools. Only one that a heavy down-pour washes away all the pest" household in the village owns a t1'actm-. Almost all ;md deuIoys theUl. SIRWAR 36

WAGE RATES ORGANISATION OF MAN-POWER

Till about 10 years back, labourers engaged for As already discussed and also as is evident from weeding operations used to be paid in kind.. Then Table VIII, the working force in the village con­ a seer or II seers of jowar was the usual dally rate iists of about 47 per cent of the total population. of wag-c. 2 But now-a-days, the wages for such The workers generally predominate in the age operations are being paid in cash at the. rate of groups of 15-34 and 35-59 and these two age groups about 40 to 50 paise per day. At the time of together constitute about 82 per cent of the total this survey in 1962, the daily wage rate for an adult working population in the village. No doubt, male for a day's work of 7 hours was rupee one. there are now 40 different occupations in the village, Adult females were beiqg paid about 50 paise and as indicated in Table IX. but most of the workers children between 10 and 14 years got abollt 25 in the village are directly or indirectly connected to 40 paise per day. During the sowing and with agriculture. In fact, more than 56 per cent harvesting season, the wage rate shows an upward of the total workers of the village work at agn­ trend by about 25 paise to 40 paise. culture. The harvesting season is a very busy season for Most of the small holdings are self-cultivated by the agriculturists. Many cultivators experience a the owners. They are assisted \ by their women shortage of labour during this period. So several residents from the neighbouring villages in Deo­ folk also in the fields. This practice is common durg Taluk visit Sirwar for the harvest of rapi among all the castes excepting Brahmins and Kom­ crops. In these villages from Deodurg Taluk. ties. Generally a male adult attends to all the the crops are mostly khariff and so, many labourers hard items of work, such as ploughing, harrowing, do not find work in their own villages in the rabi etc. The females attend to the picking of dry season. The harvest of ground-nut provides a stems of cotton and jowar, weeding operations, etc. good income 1.0 many of the female labourers. All Owners of bigger holdings at times engage attached the ground-nuts picked up by a labourer are mea­ labourers on annual basis. The terms and condi­ sured with an empty kerosene-oil-tin at the end of tions of such servants are generally settled at the the day and the female labourers are paid about 15 commencement of the agricultural year i.e. in April. paise I~er tin. A woman labollrer can earn about Such labourers attend to all the agricultural opera­ one rupee and twenty five paise per day during tions in one season. A 'highly efficient agricul­ this season. N ow-a-days, such labourers are also tural servant gets a remuneration of about Rs. paid on daily rates which usually is about 75 paise per day. The labourers now-a-days insist on a 350 per annum. Besides attending to all the agri­ fixed cash payment per day as due to uncertainty cultural operations in the field, the servant also of rainLll~, they cannot be sure of collecting enough looks after the bullocks and attends to other lIlCl­ prod uce to bring to them a proper wage for their dental jobs. If he is their own caste-man, such a labour. At the time of picking up of cotton, the servant also fetches water for the household. These wages are usually paid in kind. For the first pick­ servants are generally fed by their employers. ing, the wages paid to a labourer are about 1/12th of the produce of cotton picked by her. For vVhenever a large number of labourers are re­ the second picking, the wage rate is about I/9th of the total cotton picked. For the third picking, quired for harvesting or weeding opt+ations, agri­ it is usually 1/6th of the picking and for the fourth, cultural labourers are engaged on daily wages. There l/4th of the picking. Whenever, there are bumper are five people in the village belonging to diffe­ crops, the wages nearly get doubled. rent castes, who when approached provide such labourers. These five men generally bring labou­ EXPENDITURE IN CONNECTION WITH VARIOUS AGRI­ rers of their own ·caste. An employer who wishes CULTURAL OPERATIONS AND SOURCES OF FINANCE to hire labour from him has to intimate him a day in advance indicating the number of men, women The following statement gives 'the expenses for and children whose services are required. The raising the three important crops of jowar, ground­ payment is generally made directly to the labourers" nut and cotton in an acre of land in a nonnal ~ar:- ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 31

Cost of th., operation (in Rs.) per acre in respect of SI. Item of work No. of days Male/Females r-- __A. No. (a) Jowar (b) Ground- (c) C;)tton nut

2 3 4 5 6 7

1. Ploughing (tlJree times) 3 Male 15 IS 18 12 2. Harrowing (four times) 4 " 12 12 40 to 4-0 3. Manure (farm-yard) 2 " 4. Cost of seeds 2 40 2 5. Tnnsport and spreading of manure Male ;) 4 ·1 5 4 6 b. Sowing " 7. Weeding Female 4 4 3 8. Interculturing 2 Male 4 6 4 9. Harvest 2 Male/Female 8 8 6 10. Misc. (Trea.tment of seed, expenses of wa.tch and ward etc.) 8 8 5 ------.. Total expelloes 103 141 100

The average yield per acre of each of the three to thili table, the quantity of jowar, cotton and principal crops is as shown below:- ground-nut produced in 1961-62 was 31,729 Bengal maunds, 24,251 Bengal maunds and 7,941 Bengal Sl. Crop Yield per Total Total ex- Nct .maunds respectively. Three fourths of the total No. acre gross income penditure income produce of jowar is disposed of by sale either in ------J. Jowar 4 to 5 220.00 105.00 115.00 the local shandy or at Raichur. The entire pro· quintals duce of cotton after getting it ginned in the local 2. Groundnut 3 quintals 225.00 140.00 85.00 factories was disposed of at Raichur. However, 3. Cotton I. 5 to 2 230.00 100.00 130.00 the cotton seeds were kept back for feeding the quintah ---.---~--- -- ~'--"'--'---'---~- -.- .... -... ------cattle. 1,yhenever any crop is harvested, thel It will be seen from the above statements that the select some good quality grains for future use. Soon two important items of expenditure are principally after the harvest, they start making payments called sowing operations and the manurial costs. Most Aya to the family priests, carpenter, blacksmith, of the farmers own cattle and they collect the man­ barber, washerman, etc. Among all the families ure in one or two pits every year. The manuring of cultivators, it is a customary practice to get the is done once in 3 or 4 years. They select a parti­ services of these people throughout the year and cular field for manuring every year and that field make payments for the services at the end of the har­ gets its next turn for manuring after 3 or 4 years. vest. The ground-nut crop also is sold at Raichur The expenses towards cultivation are usually met after reserving the nuts required for seed. Many , out of the annual savings, but in times of need, of the cultivators dispose of their produce soon after these cultivators approach the local money-lenders. harvest without waiting for favourable mark.et con­ When the crop is good, the average profits ob­ ditions. Already they stand in debts and their cre- . tained by raising jowar, ground-nut and cotton in ditors pester them t@ pay their money back after one acre of land are Rs. 115, Rs. 122 and Rs. 130 res­ disposing of their produce. Only about 10 pel pectively, but when rains fail, the agriculturists run cent of the cultivators of the village wait for better into losses. ma~'keting conditions before they dispose of their grams. About 5 per cent of the cultivators have UTILISATION OF PRODUCE obt.ained benefit from tpe marketing society at Ralchur. They keep the produce in the custody Table XXIV presents information about the uti- of the marketing society and obtain advances and lisation of the produce of the village. According the marketing society pays them the balance_ after 38 SlRWAit

the produce is disposed of under better marketing Tungabhadra Project is the out-come of the joint conditions. venture of the former States of Hyderabad and Madras and is intended to meet the scarcity condi­ S1'ORAGE OF PRODUCE tions that have been prevailing over centuries in the Most of the agricultural producers dispose of their arid tracts of Raichur, Bellary, Cudapah, Kumoo}, surplus commodities soon-after harvest. Thus the and Ananthapur Districts. The work of this project problem of storage does not arise for them. Their was begun with the construction of the dam between annual requirements of jowar, bajra, sesamum, etc. and Munirabad in the year 1945-46 and at are stored in gunny bags or Kersis. Kersis are long that time, only the low level canal on the right bank cylindrical baskets prepared from date-palm leaves capable of irrigating about 2,50,000 acres of land or cotton stumps by the local Koravas. Ground-nut and the canal on the left bank in Raichur District, IS usually stored in gunny bags. The entire produce intended to irrigate 5,80,000 acres of land were can­ of cotton is just heaped in a corner of the living templa.t'ed .. After the re-organisation of the States room in the household. Bigger land-owners store the project now benefits Mysore and Andhra Pradesh large quantities of jowar ,in underground grain States and the whole area intended to be irrigated pits called Hagevu. Some of these pits are lined with on the left bank now lies in the M ysore State while cement to prevent any moisture from getting in. an area of about 93,000 acres to be irrigated in About 14 households in the village have separate Bellary District is also now within the Mysore State_ buildings for storing their agricultural produce. Such Storage of the Tungabhadra Reservior is capable of houses are called gadang. The large sized co-opera­ irrigating another 3,80,OGO acres under the high level tive society provides grain-bank facilities to the cul­ canal on the right bank, work on which was started tivators. However, the present rented building in a few years back. Of this area, about 1,36,500 acres which the grain-bank works is not considered good lie in the Mysore State. Thus, in all about 8,10,000 enough for storing purposes. A separate godown acres in the Mysore State and 4,00,000 acres in the is under construction. Andhra Pradesh get benefit from this project. Besides irrigating this large area of over 1.2 million acres, the

MARKETING project also enables the generation of power on both sides to the extent, of about 1,77,000 K.W. The The nearest important market is at Raichur, entire project including both the irrigation and about 22 miles away. Raichur is connected by a hydro-electric portions are estimatt;d to cost about good road. There are about 200 wholesale dealers 100 crores. at Raichur. These wholesale dealers also operate as money-lenders to the needy agriculturists and ad­ In Raichur District, about ;),00,000 of acres are vance money to the cultivators during lean periods. expected to be irrigated. The left bank main canal Naturally such cultivators in debt are constrained o~ the Tungabhadra Proj~ct passes through the to sell their produce to these wholesalers. The co­ VIllage and the work of construction of the distribut­ operative marketing society at Raichur has also aries Nos. 90 and 91/ L which will irrigate the lands got good facilities for storage and disposal of grains. of the village have also been completed at the time Smaller producers usually sell their produce to the of survey. Intimations have also been sent to the local traders or to the big land-holders. They also cultivators whose lands will be irrigated by these sell in retail on the shandy day in the Village. W'hen distributaries but at the time of this survey, the field the godown of the local large-sized co-operative r :hannels were not completed. When the project water society of Sirwar is completed, the villagers wiU IS let out in the distributaries from the main canal, find better marketing facilities. the following extents of lands are expected to be irrigated in the manner stated below:- OTHER PROBLEMS

In the foregoing paragraphs, mention has been acres made about the general agricultural conditions in (a) Heavy irrigation for paddy cultivation 462 the village. The villagers experience difficulty (b) Light irrigation for kharif crops 1,142 due to the capricious nature of the rains. It is (c) Light irrigation for rabi crop, 1,122 with a view to relieve this total dependence on the (d) Irrigation for garden crops uncertain rainfall that the work on the Tunga­ 52 bbadra lrri,ation Project was undertaken. The TOTAL 2,778 SCONOMY' OF THE VILLAGE 39

The economy of the villages of Sirwar and Jalapur of a household is the extent of land under its owner­ are inter-dependent. A large number of residents of ship and the second criterion is its cattle wealth. this village also hold lands in the village of Jalapur, Table 7 presents the livestock statistics of the village. which is at a distance of only 2 miles from Sirwar. It is seen from this Table that Lingayats, Kurubas Thus the lands irrigated by the canal in the village and Byadars are the principal castes who possess a Jalapur will materially affect the economy of ~ome of large number of cattle. Incidentally, these are the the residents of Sirwar. So, it may be necessary to castes which also have large land·holdings. Sheep know a few features of the proposed irrigation scheme and goats are mainly reared by Kurubas and Kat­ for Jalapur village. In Jalapur, the proposed scope gars. Katgars are members of a !>ect among Mus­ of irrigation is as follows:- lims. Pigs are reared by only two households in the village. One of them is a Korava and the other acres (a) Heavy irrigation for paddy cultivation 981 is that of a Helava. The Koravas are traditionally (b) Light irrigation fot" kharif crops . 3lB basket makers and the Helavas attend to carpentry (c) Light irrigation for rabi crops :!70 and agricultural labour. Of the 26 pigs found (d) Light irrigation for cotton . 72 in the village, 25 are owned by the Korava and only Total 1,641 one is owned by Helava household. Rearing of pigs has not found favour from any other caste. Thus in Jalapur, about 1641 acres of land are Even the Madigas who have recently got themselves expected to be brought under irrigation. Though converted into christianity are averse to the rearing the total extent of land to be brought under irri· of pigs. There are only I I horses in the village gation in Jalapur is much les'S than that proposed and of them, 6 are owned by Lingayats. These 6 to be brought under irrigation in Sirwar, the area Lingayat households are engaged in trade and under heavy irrigation i', J :llapur will be more than commerce. They use these horses in their retail double the area proposc~ to be put under such irri­ trade of cloth. They carry sarees, dhoties and gation in Sirwar. such other clothing articles on horse-back from village to village and attend all the shandies within Before the dgricnl turists start getting full a radius of about 10 to 12 miles. 3 of the horses benefit from the proposed Irngation works are owned by Muslim butchers who carry meat on they will certainly have to face a few teething horse-back to the neighbouring villages. The other difficulties. They will have to change theIr two horse'S belong to a Uppar household and a cropping pattern and this will necessarily mean Kshatriya household who use them for visiting some change in their social and economic habits, neighbouring villages. Donkevs are reared by and they will also be required to meet much initial Agasas and Koravas. 7 households of Agasas own costs for converting the dry lands into wet. The 25 of the 42 donkeys found in the village and the first two or three years of transition will be a remaining 17 donkeys are owned by Koravas. period of trial and tribulation for the villagers. The Koravas use these donkevs for bringing special type villagers are however optimistic and keenly looking of grasses and leaves called Baragu for preparing bas­ forward to meet the challenge as they are confident kets. Poultry is mainly reared by Kabbers and that ultimately they stand to gain. Muslims. Some of the Byagaras, Voddars and Dasaru and also Christians keep a few birds. 10 (B) Practices connected with Animal Husbandry homeholds of Lingayats own about 50 pigeons. Cattle are reared in the village mainly as an ad­ Breed of Cattle junct to agriculture. They are principally used in their agricultural operations like ploughing, harrow­ The village lies in a region where the black cotton ing, sowing, etc. Cattle are also a source of good soil is predominant. Such soil requires deep plough­ manure. The milch cattl'e supply milk and milk pro­ ing and so the cattle have got to be sturdy and ducts. Even a dead cattle does not go waste. Shoes and should be able to do hard work over long periods. other leather goods are turned out of its skin and So the cattle maintained by most of the homeholds a few schl~duled caste people eat the car~ion. are of a hardy type. The bullocks found in the village are of two types,-one is known as a Jawari Maintenance of a large number of cattle is gene­ breed and the other called seeme breed. About 85 rally considered to add to the prestige of a family. per cent of the bullocks in the village are of Jawari In the village, the first criterion to judge the status breed. The s~eme breed cattle. are of improved 40 SIRWAR

variety and are locally known as 'Krishna Valley' in the village. The bullocks are left to graze on breed. These bullocks of Krishna Valley breed the peripheries of the fields for a short time after are known to be very hardy and are good both their working hours. Other cattle like cows, for' the road and the fields, but they proved to be buffaloes, etc. are taken out for grazing in herds. a' bit costly for the common cultivator. A pair The green feed that the cattle get generally consists of good Krishna Valley breed bullocks may cost of bye'products of the principal crops of jowar and anywhere between Rs. 1500 and Rs. 2500. The ground-nut. cost of their maintenance is also a bit high, as they require special attention in feeding and general Most of the cattl(' are stall-fed. In the months maintenance. As against this, the Jawari of September and October as also in February and breed costs about Rs. 500 pt:r pair. The March, they get green stalks of jowar. At other Jawari breed is generally fed on jowar stalk and times. their principal feed consists of drv iowar some quantity of, ground·nut oil cake, etc. The stalks which are stored in Banive. The chaff obtained Seeme breeds require a lot of cotton seed, ground. after the harvest of arhar. wheat, jowar, groundnut, nut oil cake, horsegram, jowar, etc. which are defi­ etc., is all mixed up to form Hottu and this mix­ nitely more costly items of feeds than ordinary jowar ture is considered to be very nutritious for the ani­ stalk. Another difficulty that the local people feel mals. Such mixture is necessarily given to ~ll the is that if accidentally one of the Seeme breed bul· working bullocks (lfter the dav's heavy work. Milch locks should die or should get incapacitated, then it cattle are also given such mixtures. The feed of gets difficult to find anoth'er bullock to p'air' with it. dry cows, dTv buff:!loes and other non-working These bullocks take sometime to get on terms with cattle consists of iowar stalk only. They are not the new partner. This is not the case with the given any special feeds. Working bullocks and Jawari breed bullocks are normally bullocks of milch cattle get som~ r:otton seed, horse gram seed, Jawari breed are also found to do quite useful work groundnut oil cake, etc. The male calves are gene­ in the fields, though admittedly the Seeme breed rally well looked after at the time of feeding. During bullocks have capacity for more work. Thus the the 'Sowing operations. working bullocks are given 'Seeme' breed bullocks are generally found only special feeds of jowaT', soii. broken horsegram, among bigger cultivators. groundnut oil cake, etc. Each bullock is fed on about one kilogram of such mixture, Cotton seed There is no breeding bull in the village and and horse-gram are generally kept soaked in water ,mch bulls are not also maintained in any of the and then ground into paste before feeding the neighbouring villages. The nearest artificial in­ cattle. Sweet oil and ot-ner medicines are periodi­ semination centre is at Raichur, 22 miles away, but cally administered to the cattle with the help of none from the village has taken advantage of this hollow bamboos. centre. The cows are allowed to mix with the local bullocks. The cows, buffaloes, she~p, goats, and Utilisation of pro~uce poultry are all of local breed known as jawari The important products obtained by rearing cat tIc breed. The villagers do not attach much impor­ are milk, manure and meat. Only for 3 house­ tance to their scientific breeding. holds in the village, the principal occupation is sale of milk. Thes~ households sell milk to the local Grazing and feeding facilities hotel keepers. Rearing of livestock is the principal occupation for 5 other households whose subsidiary The grazing facilities provided for the village are occupation consists of either agricultural labour or quite inadequate. No doubt about 1.38 acres of cultivation. For 22 households, livestock rearing land have been assigned for grazing purposes, but forms a subsidiary occupation. At the time of this this includes the hillock closeby and this hillock survey, there were 149 cows and 192 she-buffaloes in produces practically no grass. It is all stony and at milk owned by JIg and L~O households respectively. best can only provide facilities for exercise to the ani, On an average, a she-buffalo yields about 4 mals. Some small patches of land grow grass bet­ litres per day and a cow yields about 2 litres ween June and October. Out of the 138 acres of a day. It is very difficult to,obtain pure unadulter­ assigned pasture land. grass to a limited extent ated milk in the village. The manure obtained grows only in about 40 acres. The rain-fall being from most of the cattle is used by the owners thf'm­ usually low. luxuriant growth of grass is never seen selves for manuring their fields. Households ECONOMY OF THE VILLAGE 41

which do not cultivate any land, dispose of the by the members of the households and only occa­ manure by sale at the price quoted, which ranges sionally labourers are employed on daily wages between 4 and 5 rupees per cart-load. The dead to assist them. The responsibility of running cattle are usually carried away by the Madigas. these industries mainly rests on the shoulders of the They say that they have stopped the habit heads of the households. Most of these industries are of eating carrion. but this statement of theirs run in a part of the residential houses or -at the cannot be accepted as quite correct. The Madigas most, in the space adjoining the houses. Only 4 use the hide of dead animals for preparing chappals carp~nters and 3 blacksmiths have their places of and shoes. There is one cobbler in the village. work at spots other than their own residences. There Some of the cultivators take thdr dead cattle and are 4 ginning factories in the village which work hury th'em in the fields. only during the cotton picking season i.e. between Marketing February and April every year. There are :) Hour mills in the village. The nearest cattle market for the village is at Manvi which happens to be the Taluk headquarters also. It is about 18 miles away towards the South­ Table 8 furnishes information about the number west and is connected with the village by a good of households engaged, in village industries and the metalled road. On every Wednesday, a cattle mar­ names of the products turned over by them. Of all ket is held at l\Ianvi and about 500 heads of cattle households working at village industries, those doing ;Ire sold on this day. Most of the cattle coming tailoring are most numerous. There are 19 tailor­ for sale in this market is of Jawari breed. There ing establishments in the village of which as many is another cattle market at Manasgal in Deodurg as 10 belong to Kshatriyas. The other households Taluk. This village is about 20 miles away. In the doing tailoring are distributcd among Lingayats month of Jyestha, a fair is held in honour of the who haw 6 tailoring establishments, Muslims having Ranganatha deity in this village. At the time of this 2 tailoring establishments and Kurubas having one fair, about 1.000 animals are brought for sale. Ano­ tailoring 'establishment. 16 households in the village ther fair is held at Jalahalli of Deodurg Taluk, attend to basket making. Basket making is principally about ?,O mil'es away. This fair is held in the industry of Koravas and Myadars. However, the month ot Vaishaka (March-April) and about the products of these two castes differ from each 800 to 900 cattle gather at this fair. The villagers other. Koravas prepare baskets from the leaves also at times go to Kakkeri village in Shorapur of date-palms. This material is locally known as t~luk for purchasing cattle. This village is about Baragu and the important products prepared from 45 miles away and the river Krishna has to be Baragu are baskets, partitions and grain silos. crossed to reach it. This is a considerably big fair Myadars who consider themselvcs as superior to at Which, ] 5,000 to Hl.OOO cattle gather. Bullocks Koravas in the social hierarchy of the village pre­ of Jawari, Krishna Valley and Khilari breeds are pare baskets. partitions, etc., flom split bamboos. available at this fair. 'Khilari' breeds generally Ten households of Koravas and (j households of Mya­ cost about Rs. 1500 to Rs. 1800 per pair. dars work at hasket makillg. This is their traditional It is only working bullocks which are purchased occupation. There are 8 blacksmiths in the village. at these fairs. All other cattle are generally pur­ Tn a few households carpentry and blacksmithv chased locally or in the weekly market at Manvi. are run side by side. There are 4 households of Generally the cattle are purchased just before the carpenters who attend to blacksmithy as well. The agricultural season starts. other 4 households do blacksmith), only. 4 of the households doing blacksmi thy belong to Kshatri­ (C) Practices connected with village Industries yas, 2 to Muslims, I to Viswakarma and 1 to There are no large scale industries in the village Bainerll. There are 4 households in the village at all. All the, industries in the village can at the 1\'hich do carpentry. Besides these 4 households, most be classed as household, industries there are tW9 others who do carpentry as a subsi­ and many of them are mere sen,jcing industries, as diary occupation. In the case of these 2 house­ the raw material' required for these industries is holds, blacksmith), is the principal occupation. The supplied by the cllstomers and the workers only other household indu~tries in the village are gold­ lIse th'cir skilled hands in turning out the required smithy, pottery, tinkering, bed making, cobblery, goods. All the imhistries in the village are run etc. Almost all thesc industries form the traditional 7--6 CcmusfMysore{73 42 S!RWAR

occupation of the households attending to them ments also keep ready-made garments for sale. For now. The only cobbler in the village belongs to such ready-made garments, these tailors purchase ).fadiga caste. cloth either in the village or at Raichur. The weekly shandy day appears to be a particularly Changes in the nature and number of Industrial busy day for the tailors in the village, as residents Establishments of ~ever~l round about villages attend the shandy. The KorJ.vas and Myadars who prepare baskets The most obvious change that is seen in the vil­ follow their traditional occupation. The Koravas lage is in th'e increase of the number of tailors. It is who pl cprm~ baskets from 'Baragu' obtain the raw said that after ] 950, the num her of tailoring firms material from the date-palms growing near the two haye actually more than doubled. People say that ~trealllS. The grain 'silos' they prepare are cylin­ in ] 950 and before, there were hardly 8 to 10 driClI in ~,hape. These silos are usually plastered tailoring firms, but now there are as many as 19. with cow-dung e'llluision before being put to use. The new-comers in this industry are 6 households The Mvadars prepare baskets, etc., from bamboos. among Lingayats, 2 among :\Inslims and I among Bamhoo baskets are generally more costly than those Kurubas. As' against only one flour mi11 that made of baragu. Thev also look finer. The car­ ("xisted till 1951, there are 4 now. In EGO, there pC!lten BU:lll" attend to the preparation and repairs we~(" 2 ginning factories in the village and at pre­ of the agricultural implements. The raw material sent, there are 4. The decrease in the number of which generally consists of Babul or neem wood is indu'ltrial establishments i~ nowhere more conspi­ supplied by the customers. The carpenters also cuous than ill the case of households doing weaving. prepare door frames, doors, window frames, pillars, In 1950 or so, it is said that there were as mall)' poles, rafters. etc. The blacksmiths too are engaged as 20 households who attend to the weaving of generally in preparin~ iron implements required for sarees, blouse pieces, dhoties, etc., on handlooms and agriculture. They also prepare cart wheels, bolt5, to-day, there is only one household which has latche~. etc. The 4: goldsmiths in the village are gene­ stuck 011 to this industry. EYen this household has rall y e!lgaged in preparing small ornaments of gold to find out some other occupation to maintain it­ and silver. However. they complain that of late, they self. The difficulty in obtaining good quality yarn are not finding enough work in the village on account and the increase in the demand for mill-made cloth of the Gold Control Rules. There are 6 Voddars :Jre said to be canses for the disappearance of the who quarry, cur and dress ,stones required for build­ hancllooms in the village. There were formerly () ing purposes. The 4 ginning factories separate households 'which were carrying out dyeing work lint from cotton se~d and the lint is taken to the and this dyeing industry was ancillary to the ,,,caving lllarket~ at Raichur. The tinker prepares small industry. \Vith the decrease in th~ number of hand­ lamps and also attends to the soldering work. looms in the villagc, the dyeing industry has also disappeared. Another industry that has, practically disappeared is pottery. It is said that till about (D) Practices connected with other occupations 1 D50, there were 8 households in the village 'which attended to pottery, but now there is only one. Th~ other occupations in the village are trade 'Vhen questioned, some of the households which and commerce, agricultural labour, general labour, used to attend to pott~ry in the past state that it was service, etc. The trade that is done in the village getting more and more difficult for them to obtain is all in retail. There are no 'wholesalers in the the e:1rth required for their industry and 1-.0 they yillag'e. ncsides tea s·lIops, the most numerous thought of fmding out some other occupation. Some t!'adin~ ('~t:\bli~hrnellts arc those dealing in grocery of them started 'working as gelleral labourers articles. stationery, etc. Recently there has been an and during the last few years, there was ample work increase in the numher of such trading establish­ round about the yillage for general labour on ments and also tea· shops. Agricultnral labourers accollnt of the irrigation works. (ind work m;h' seasonally. A few of the agricultural labonrer~ work as attach-ed Iabollrers on :lnnual basis. R{~«("nth. there h:1s been an increaf. of Produce on the services of general labourers, particularly, The tailors of the village stitch shirts, blouses and the activities connected with' irrigation ;md roads ~armel1ts for children. The doth is supplied by have drawn a large amount of general labonr from the customers. ,"I. few of ' the tailoring cstahlish- this village_ Wi-th ,hI' establishment of ~ome 43

schools and also with the enlargement of the acti­ the tot",_! number of houS(:holds in debt. Nearly vities of institutions like the Panchayat, Co-opera­ 41 per cent of the households in debt are in the tive Society, etc., there has oeen some increase in illcollle group of Rs. 100 and above. These dis­ the employment opportunities of persons in ser­ cussions dearh reveal that the number of house­ vice. The schools, particularly, have altracted ]wlds ill debt is more in the higher income groups. some qualificd persons from other places to the The total amuullt in debt is R5. 2,:H,150. Thus, village. UIC ayeragc debt of each indebted household comes to· -l{s. 481.56. If the average debt of each indebt­ ed household in the different income groups is

I n tit hte-dIlcs~ considered, it is seen that in the income group of R". 25 and below, it is Rs. 150; in the income group Now the stage is set to cOI;.,idcr three important of Rs. ::6 to Rs. 50, it is Rs. 203-50; in tIre Rs. 51 to aspects regarding not only lhe eCOIlOIll y of the vil­ Rs. jj incume group, it is Rs. 251-93; in the Rs. lage as a whole, but also of individual houscholds. 76 to Rs. 100 income group, it is Rs. 336-9:'); Such discussion relates to indebtedness, income and alld ill the Rs. 100 and above income group, it exp;::ndittll c. for drawing allY conclusions on of is Rs. 788-83. These facts clearly reveal that with the", three topics, it i~ quite neCe~Sal) to make en­ the illcrease in income, there is an increase in the quit;,', with each hou~dlOld ;md such elllluines Ileces­ average indebtedness of each household in debt. sarily concon some penonal matters. Natu­ This is clearly due to the fact that with the in­ rally, some of the households fccl shy to come out crease in income, there is an increasing tendency with correct facts. They hesitate to respond to the for obtaining more debt and it is also true that queries either through ignorance or doubt. Some loam are morc easily available to persons in the of them feel hcsieult to re~pond to tIte enquiries highcr income groups. sllspecting that these probillgs arc made to levy morc ta'" -. S )m-= also show a tendency to exag­ Table XXIII·,\. fumi,[lcs information regardillg gerate the figmes of their i nrlebtedncss atHl expen­ illdebtedness by causes. 1t is seen from this Table diture under a feeling that they are likely to get that the large~l factor that works as a cause for some relief from Governments, if the} exhib:t their inCLining deLt is tIle domestic expenditure. Om poverty. Many of them are also so ignorant as 1]ot 01 the total alllollnt of Rs. 2,31,130 held in debt, to have any idea about these matters. NOlle in a~ JIluch as Rs. 1,30,200 or ;")(i.34 per cent of the the yillagc, excepting a few, are in the hqhit of tutal debt is Oil acmunt of domestic expenditure. mailltall1ll1g any accoullts. Su, it goes difficult for This ollly reveals the poverty stricken conditions ill such people to furnish the correct information. the village. Rs. :J5,fEiO or 24.16 per cent o£ the However, at the time of investigation, every attempt debt i~ OIl account of land development. It is just pos­ was made to remove all sorts of doubts, fears and sible that some of the loans obtained for land develop­ misgivings ill the minds of the villagers and the Illcnt might have been diverted to meet the expendi­ information collected has been tabulated 111 the tIlle (Ollllccted with personal needs also. This ten­ various Tabl'es. dency dcyelops on account of the fact that the loa Il <; advallced by the Governmental agencies and Tables XXIII. XXIII-A and XXIlI·B dtal ,,-ith the co-operative agencies are generally limited to indcbteduc:,s. It i, seen from table XXIII that out agricultural needs oul y, So some of the fanners obtain loam under the guise of agricultural improve­ of 745 households ill the village, 480. Of (iJA per cent of the total number of households are indebted. ment and usc it for other purposes. Another important Out of these 480, 6 households arc in them lllonthly C;1m'C for incurrillg debt is marriage. Nearly 9 per income group Rs. 25 and below. They constitute cellt of the total debt is incurred for this purpose.

1.25 per cent of the total households in debt. ,I I households comtituting 11.8 pCI' cent of the households Tahle XXIII-B presents information about in­ in debt are in the Rs. ~() to :10 income group. There dc]ltcllncss by sourccs. It is seen from this Table are ]28 households in debt in the income group of Ih:Jt loans have been obtaillcd from Government Rs. 51 to Rs. 70. They (omtiture 26.6 per cent of the Oilly by a few l){~rsons owning more than 10 acres lotal number of households in debt. The house­ (If lanel. ;..; OIle in the village owning less than 10 holds in d',bt in the Rs. 76 to Rs. 100 income acres has been able to obtain any loans from Govern­ group a1-C 92 in number formillg 19.1 per cent of ment. So also. out of the Rs. 32,700 advanced by the 44 SIRWAR co-operative society, Rs. 4,400 have been loaned to some witnesses in whose presence the amount has persons owning between 3 and 10 acres and Rs. 28,300 been advanced. In this document, they also reduce to persons owning more than 10 acres. None in the into writing, the amount advanced, the rate of inte­ village owning 3 acres or less has been able to draw rest and the terms of contract. At times, they loalls from the co-operative society. Thes<': facts insist 011 getting the loans secured by ornaments, dearly reveal that the co-operative and governmental lallds and other immoveable property. agcllCies have been practically of no help to the poorer sections. Nearly Rs. 1,99,250 have been Co-operation advanced by private money lenders. So, the import­ In the village, the co-operative movement started ant source for credit in the village is a privat\': money from the year 1333 Fasli i.e. in 1922-23 A.D. It tellder. These private mouey-Ienders usually charge was in this year that a co-operative society called a high rate of interest. Normally their rate of in­ "Sirwar Agricultural Producers Co-operative Society terest may range anywhere betwe<':n 24 per cent and Limited" was started, but this society was not able to 7~ per cent. Inspite of this heavy rate of interest, do much work and from 1923 to 1957 it was prac­ (be needy borrowers approach them for loans as t ieally dormant. In 1958, this society was convert­ they get these credit facilities promptly. Some of ed into a large sized Co-operative society and during these private money-lenders are licensed, but others the last 4 or ;) years, this enlarged society has been arc not. Many of them are more interested in collect­ able to do some good work. The main function of ing only the interest regularly, as their return from this society is to afford credit facilities to its mem­ interest is very high. Some of the ~raders also extend bers. Besides this work, the society also attends to credit facilities to their customers. TheS<': credits are the supply of fertilisers, improved seeds. agricultu­ cleared after harvest. L'oans are obtained either in ral implements, etc., and is also running a fair-price cash or kind. The rate of interest chargeable is very shop to sell sugar, wheat, rice, etc., at reasonable high, if the credit is allowed ill the form of grains. I'ates. Ccncrally, the agriullLural labourers and the smaller cultivators arc ill Heed of grains and cereals between The area of operation of this society cxtends to the s

caste. Five of the 6 membtrs are aged between 45 The society has employed a Manager, an Accoun­ and SO and one member is aged about 26 years. tant, a Salesman, a Peon and a Watchman. In All these members were elected on 31-10-1961. The 1961, the society spent Rs. 1908 on emoluments to youngest member works as a Treasurer. A general the paid employees. Apart from the officials ap­ body meeting is held annually in the month of pointed by the soci~ty Supervisor from the Co-opera· September. In the last general body meeting held on 24-9-1962, the number of members present was 92. tive Department also helps the society in its work. At times, special general body meetings are also His headquarters is situated at Sirwar. The following convened. The Managing Committee meets about statement indicates the progress of work of the co­ once in a month. operative society: -

Sl. Details 1957-58 1953-59 1959-60 1960-61 No. 2 3 4 5 6

I. Membership 1I2 301 308 32B 2. Share capital from Members (Rs.) 2,561 6,9{)9 8,OM- 9,094 3. Share capit:\l (Government) (Rg.) . ,10,000 4. Deposits fro!ll Members (Rs.) 502 552 1,542 2,106 5. Short term crop loan gi\en to members (Rs.) ;!4,640 66,400 50,51]5 21,375 6. Medium term loan given to members (Rs.) 4,JOO

7. Recoveries (crop loan) (Rs.) . 12.376 31.042 39,477 58,4{)6 B. Balance duc$ (crop loan) (Rs.) 14,389 49,757 40,8G4 3,833 9. Balance (Medium term loan) (Rs.) 4,500 10. Working capital (Rs.) 21,190 61,870 G6,7G5 -J6,OIO 11. Profit obtaincd (Rs.) 232 809 1,2::'6 2,G46

In 1959-60, the society advanced Rs. 50,585/- as seed worth 5,258 and rice worth Rs. 12,423/-. In short term loans and the recovery amounted to Rs. 1961-62, the society advanced a loan of Rs_ 65,070(-. 59,098/-. Five Members were defaulters in repaying Its recovery amounted to Rs. 36,627/-, in principal, the debt amounting to Rs. 638/- which was lying and Rs. 2501/- by way of interest. As the agricultural over-due. In this year, the society purchased 0}. shares conditions were not good, the n!covery work of the of Rs. 100/- from the Co-operative Central Bank at society had also much suffered. There were as m!l·si.~t of nOll 1'~orke15. These non-working bcttu. hOlhdwlds ,_1cp~ ild Oil some u nel' vClY­ tion 01 their inc,nne L'r1)ill t:l~~ Clll',.I\,i~ ligure~ slFw 11 pelL,; IlS to a p:ar. It i< seen from t;on l)1' o\,YJlt,tl ~ i ;1d. this T~tlJlc that the ;!1'I::ragc atlllual iltcome per :c. lIomclwl,h \',llich d"flY" a ;\1,1')1' pU'~'­ adult elpl;y;!lent male for tlce :-, occupational g\Oups tion oj" tliclr iucn!ne frotn t11': cultiva­ is Rs. 6 I 0 /- for O\\'ner-cnltivators, R~. 458!- for tenant­ t ;nn or [,""\ ukt:n on least; cultivators, Rs. :.:.:)'}.!- for ,:gricliltural labourer,>, 3. Hou\choll.h \\"11:",11 ll::,!iyc. ~~ lll,l}()r por­ tion or llicir i;lCli~ne n'OlYl :)~.~Cicll\(ltra.l Rs. :\07! - for Wor\.;Ci., at hnwchold industry and Rs. labuUf . 20. ~'2 351/- for others. These figures clc..lrly indicate that '1. Hou,e}wkLS whi,~:h derive a nnjOl por­ in the vilhgc. the earnings of an agricultural1abourcr, tion of their- ilH.·onl:! f;:vril L)lLchold indltstr'/ bl on_ an average .are thce 10w(:;t closeh followed by those working' at household imlmtry. The h:ghcst aver age ,i. lIou .. chol(L, \\-hjch ncri'\:c ;:, jJl ~jor llc!l-~ tion of theil' illCOIl!e frorn :i(llcces o!ner income per adult equivalent male is among the than 1 to -{. abC\~" . 270 3G.24 owncr-culti"ators ;md next to them arc the tenant­ ~---~------_,.;..--- .---~---.--'-----""'------cultivators. But one point should not be lost sight Duder the last categorY of 'others' in the above of when comidering these income factors. The statement arc included I) households whose principal owrrer-culti"alors and the tenant-cultivators have to occupation -is livestock rearing, 4~l hO~5eholds of invest a lot 011 earning their income. Tbese culti­ traders. 11' household, uf transport workers, 8 house­ vators ha\'e to spend Oll seeds, manure, bbour, etc., holds o[ construction \nn-kers, 163 lJOu5ehoius of before' tlre)' derivc their iricome. 'What has been persons ill service, H households of hotel keepers tabulated ill Tables XIX ;,nd XX is not the llet and 23 houschold~ of ),,11 \·1\·orkers. income, but the glO

holds of cultivators and the households m the other occupational zrou'}Js will get considerably Sl. Occupational Category Aver~\ge ex­ Average c-"­ ="0. penditure penditure narrowed dOlrn. l\m"';tv, th'e income fignres indi­ per house­ per adult cate that the agricilltural labourers amI household hol,l equival"nt male. industrial workers form the poorer section in the village. 3 4 (Rs.O.DO: (lb. 0.00; Expenditure I. Owner-cultivators 193.13 37.36 Th~ detail~ with regard 10 th~ expenditure of ,) T",mn l-cultivators 172.10 39.02 hou~'eholds on variolls itl'lll, correlated to the primary 3. Agricuhnral bbotlren; li9. :,0 19.::19 sources of incoIn<: (a~ da%illed illto iive categories 4. '\'nrh-rs al hOlL,,..hold imlu'lry 110.70 25.38 when discllSsing the incollle belol') as also their _.-)_ Oth",rs 1011.:17 :10.27 'incollle range'i are pn.:',enlcd ill 'fable XXI. Taking a household and :111 :lill:lt {'cluiYaknt male as basic units, it is seen from Ihis Table that tht' average If I he average cxrem1i.tl!),(: ill Ihe different monthly monthly expcndill1rc in Ihe !i,'t' different occup:!. income groups is considered. the remits will be as lion.-ll groups is a~ follows:-- follow., :- ._----_._------_. _.. _. ------_._---_.- ._.------_._------_ .. ---- .. _.. _-_._-_- i\\·.. rage monthly Income 51. CJt"gory No. ns. 25 and Rs. t6-·')(J Ih 51--7:1 lh 76-100 R;. 101 al,d br-lr,'.\' above ----_._._--_.-_ ..... __ .. _.. _--_._. __ .. _._------_.. _.- --_._------_. 2 3 5 6 7

I. O\\'or-I'-CUllh,:ttors Rl.l'i 92.24- 226.19 2. T"nant-cllit ivators 77.81 100.00 191.64- 3. Agricllltural bhourr-l's 34.21 "'B.31 61.91 51.S1 I :~(I.·40 -i. 'Vorkr-rs at l1011schold i'Hr",try 2fl.T, W.99 76.49 104.07 1'i6.51 5. Othet·s ._._---_._._._---_._--_._._-_._---31.53 66.38 71.0·1- 93.94 161. I() The general exp'Crit"l1cf' has bl"cll that the per- cent for agricultural labourers and 8.45 per cent for rentage of expenditlll't" on roo(1 ;lJld other necessitIes workers in hOllSehold industry. Thesc facts further of poorer homeholds i, :llways higher than tho,e of substantiate that these [\1'0 Cltegori'ts (ollstitute thl" h()ll~eholds under betl~1' ('conomic circumstances. It poorer section;; in the village. To obtall1 a compara· would be seen frOI1J Table XXI thai the pl"rccntage~ tive idea of the standards of li\ing of the how,eholds of. cxpendit me 011 rood alone are 'IS high as 61.(;2 in the five catcgories, some of the i Il1p0rlant ituns and ()?'.02 alllong the lJl)lbdlOlcl·, of agricultural of ~xpenditure arl" nOled helow, giving both the labourers and w()rkcl~ at vill:1ge industry respec- nHlI1tI;ly expenditure per adult equivalent male and lively. So also, I'he expend i I me Oil c10thillg j ~ B.oR per percentage of the total expenditure:- ~-.-.------.. --.------~-.---.-.- .. ------.. ------.. ~------.------_ .. _---_------_.--_.__ ._---_ ..

Co, t, "Ol'Y HI S!. '\'0. [.':;-'('11- Pelet'llt- Expen- P"ITl"'n- EXP""l- Perc"n- Expcn- 1'C1'(:"1'.,· Exnen- Pcrr.en- (lirlll't' agr: or dittu'" t0~;(>- of (tiilP'l'" l:lg(' of (Iill'!'e tag... of flit;,,.,, tage of P'" t(luI It'!' t()!:d r er 1ot:ti pel' wtnl p~r total ad"it "xpen- adult ~Xpl"'d- ii '. ~ 111 t t"xp~n· : ~ ~ ..J ~ -0: .... « u ~ Q ~ 0:- 0 Q 1&1 0: ..J 1&1 U Ii; Z a: a: « « 1&1 ~ -0 ~ o > Q ~ UJ 1&1 ~ a: :> 0: Z i Q Z :::> ~ U) ::t .. « u )( a- ~ uJ N U) I -« III 0: :l N m> LL ;t z I 0 :l 0 N ~ ..J LL !! :::> I Q. :l 0 ~ Q. ~ LL 'j" :l Q

LL a- I :l III

LL ~ I :l 0

"'0 0 "'IftNN CHAPTER IV

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LIFE

Population Trends Birth and Death

At the time of the survey, the population of the The villag-e ofticers maintain registers to record village, excluding the population of the Tungabhadra bir.ths and deaths occurring in the village. In the Canal Construction camp, was 3673 consisting of course of the enquiry, birth and death figures for 1 R33 males and 1840 females. This survey work was the period between 1954 and 1961, excepting for taken up between March and November, 1962. In 1958, were available. 1!)41, the population of th-e village consisted of 3075 The figures for each year are as follows : persons. In 1951, the population was 3628 consisting of 1757 males and 1871 females. In the 1961 Census. Year Number of :Number of the population recorded was 4436 consisting of 2234 births deaths -.------males and 2202 females. The census record of 1961 2 3 includes the, population of the Tungabhadra Canal Construction· camp as w'ell. This camp area is about 1954 177 71 half a mile from the village gaotan. After 195:,), 1955 156 9i more than 100 households have been established in 1956 127 78 this area. As the 1961 Census population includes 1957 Il6 It5 1959 182 48 the population of both the 'gao tan' proper and also 1960 142 7~ of this camp area and the population consid'ered for 1961 141 45 this survey excludes the population in the camp area, the population figures for the study purposes Marital Status is only 11673 as against the figures 4436 enumerated at the time of CenSl,lS in 1961. Information ttgarding age and marital status is available h1 Table VI. Out of the total population of 3673 persons, 1618 are never married; 1595 con­ Population by age and sex sisting of 802 males and 793 females are married; Table I [ presents information about the population 434 persons consisting of 77 males and 357 females by age group', It is seem from this Table that there are widowed; and 26 persons consisting of 13 males ar'e 478 persons consisting of 241 males and 237 and 13 f'emales are separated or divorced. In fact, females in the 0-4 age group constituting 13 per all these 26 persons shown as divorced or separated cent of the total population. In the 5-9 age group, relate to cases of separation and not divorced. th'er'e are ·199 persons constituting 13.5 per cent of the total population. In the next higher age group Considering the marital status in the broad age of 10-14, there arc 392 persons constituting 10.6 per groups of 0-14, 15-34, 35-49 and 50 and above, it cent of the total population. In the 15-19 age group, is seen that there are 22 persons who are married in there are 291 persons constituting 7 per cent of the the age group of 0-14. Out of these 22 persons, total population. Adults in the 20-24 age group 1 is a male who is aged between 10-14 and 21 are constitute 8 per cent. In the 25-29 age group, there girls. There are 2 young girls aged between 5 and are 319 persons. 7.2 per cent of the population is 9 who are also married. Marriage of girls in these in the 30-34 age group, 11.8 p'er cent in the 35-44 age groups of :) to 9 and 10 to 14 used to be quite age group, 12.1 per cent in the 45-59 age group common in the past. At present, generally post· and 6.5 per cent in the age group of 60 and above. puberty marriages are arrang-ed, but the figures show that the evil of child marriage has not been com­ For every 1000 males, there are 1003 females in pletely eradicated in the village. the village. Males outnumber the females in tIre age groups 0-4, 5-9, 10-14, 20-24, 25-29 and In the age group 15-34, there were 221 males and 35-44. In the other age groups, females are more in 27 females who were never married. Generally girls number than the mal'es. are married when they aTe between 13 and 18 years.

8--6 Census/Mysore/73 50 SIR WAR

However, there are about 27 girls in the village aged the wells for swimming purposes. It is better if, between 15-34 who arc yet to be married, 16 of this is stopped. For sometime the village panchayat them being in the l!i-19 age group. The number was considering the supply of protected water through of marricd persons in this broad age group is 88il pipes by installing some water pUlllpS and also cons­ consisting of 366 males and 822 females. There ttucting a reservoir. This scheme proposed to be ;He 3 widowed males and 6 widow'ed females in this tak'en up under the rural water supply scheme re­ ;lQ;e group and I male and 2 females are separated. q uircd a popular contribution of about Rs. 22,000/­ from the panchayat and the public of Sirwar. fiut In the 35-49 age group, there are only II males somehow or other this scheme was not finalised. and !i females who are never marri'ed. J\-Iost of them are too poor to fi nd a partner in life. r\ (ew of Medical facilities provided for the village are far them are aWicted by diseases. Among the 5 females, from adequate. Till about J() years back there wert> 2 arc bas(l'l'is ie. they arc girls d'edicated to some no m'Cdical practitioners either privqte or those ap­ deity and practice prostitution. However, there pointed In Government. The villagers used to ad­ hay~ been no cases of such dedication during the last minister herbs, roots and decoctions to cure the 10 to 15 years. They say that this method of leaving diseases. They also resorted to soothsaying and use [;asat1js has hC'en completely stopped. 272 males and of talisman with the belief that the pati'Cnt would l7:'i females in this age group are married. The \ get (:ured. At present, there are 4 private medical number of widowers and widows is 23 and '16 res- practitioners who administer allopathic medicines p'Cctively and there are in all 5 persons that are but none of them is qualified. Two of the medical separated from their partners. In the age group of practitioners are compoundei·s with some expenencc_ 50 and above, there arc 6 males and only one female The Christian Mission centre - in the village also who are never married. The one female who is not supplies allopathic medicines. It is gen~rall y run married is again a basavi. Such dedication of Ba,;(l1Iis by a compounder and once in a week a qualified ,ras very common among Mac1igas and Bvagaras and medical officer from Raichur visits this unit. In occassio~ally among Kurubas in the past. The num­ case of serious ailments, people take the patients ber of married persons in this age group is 21R. 41.4 to Raichur, 22 miles away, but this is done only per cent of the widows are aged above 60. There are occasionally and in many cases, it is only done after onl)" 2 persons ill this age group who are separated. the diseases gcts deep rooted. There is an llnani dispensary in the village. This was establIshed in It would be seen from this Table that as against 19:)8, but most of the patients treated in this dispen­ 77 widoW'crs, the'e are as many as 357 widows in sary are' Muslims, though the disp'Cnsary observes no thc village. "\;VidrHV re-marriages are permitted caste distinctiollS. The villagers as also residents of among many of the castes. But these figures indicate several neighbouring villages have been clamour­ that widow re-marriage though pemlitted by religion ing for proper medical aid for the last several years is not looked to with much favour by many persons and it is felt that th'eir request is quite reasonable. in the village.

Public Health and Medical facilities Literacy and Education

There are -110 cases of any incurable diseases in Informatioll about literacy and education is pre­ the village. The climate is generally healLhy and sented in Tahle l\' o. VII. At the time of enumera­ dry. The common diseases ar'e dysentery, typhoid. tion in 1961, the total literate population was 917 cough, stomach troubles. skin diseases, etc. Many consisting of 704 males and 213 females .and at the of the diseases among the poorer sections are mainly time of the pr'esent survey, the literate population due to malnutrition. Insanitary conditions of the has been fonnd to be 679 consisting of 550 males streets and houses are also some of the causes to and 129 females. This apparent decrease in the which bad health can be attributed. There is 'no number of literates is due to the fact that for the arrangement for proper drainage and waste water purposes of this survey, th'C Tungabhadra Canal from many households collects am forms cesspools Construction camp area has been excluded. There in the streets and open spaces. are many literate employees and their literate spous("s who reside in this camp area. Tlie percentage of The drinking water wells in the village are all literates in the village at the time of the survey has draw-wells provided with proper parapet walls and been found to be 18.4. In 1961, the literacy per­ pulleys. However, liome youngsters often get into centage for the whole District of Raichur was ] 55 SOCIAL AN.q CULTURAL LIFE 51

per Cellt and for the Man vi Taluk, it was 12.4 per and 3 f'emales who arc literates without any educa­ cent. tional standard, 9 males and 2 females are literJtes by primary school standard and 2 males who are The males constitute about HI per cent of the matriculates, If the percentage of literates in th'e total literate populatiolt and the females comtimte different age groups is considered, it is seen that :12 a bout ]~} per cellt. %6 males out of the total 5:)0 per cent of the literate males arc ill tire 0-14 age literate males ate literates without anv educational group, 35.2 per cent of the literate males are ill the standards and 1:")3 males have studied up to the ]:")-;H age grmip , 20.1 per cellt of the literate mal'C~ primary school level. Many of these literate males are in the :)5-49 age group and 12.5 per cent in the who have lIot crossed the primary school level can :")0 ,. age group. COllsidering the percentages among read and write with difficulty. 2G mal'es have reached female literates, it is seen that (i;").8 per cent of tioem lIpto the matriculation standard and two have passed arc ill the 0-11 age group, 24.7 per cent in the 1:"")-:14 the Intermediate examination. There are 3 graduates age group, ~).4 per cent in the :Ei-19 age group and in the village llO doubt, but they at'e not pennanent 3.7 per cent in the ;")0 + age group. residents. All of th'Cm have come here for employ­ ment alld are working in the Government High Till about El;j I, the facilities for education were School. Among the literate females, 69 persons are very poor in the village. The village then had only literates without any educational standard and the one Government Primary School which was started remaining 60 have studied 'only upto primary school about :")0 or 60 years back. Children mostly belollg­ l'evd. There is lIot a single permanent female resi­ ing to Lingayat, Kuruba and Byadar castes llsed to dent of this village, who has crossed the primary attelld the school which taught up to the primary school level. It is seen from this Table that 30 school fourth standard. Having reached this stand­ per cent of the total male population and 7 per ard, the few who attended the school used to gi\-c cent of the total female population ar~ literates. up their studies. Both Kanllada and Urdu Idnguages used to be taught in the village. The village got its Comiu'ering literacy anu education according to middle school in 19:) 1 when they started upto pri­ the age groups, it is seen. that there is a concell­ mary school VII standard. A Girls Primary School tration of literates in the broad age groups of 0-14 was also establish'ecl in the village ill that year. At and 15-34. In the broad age group of 0-14, there present, the village has got a N c,,' Type Middle are 100 males and 41 females who are literat'Cs with­ School, a Girl:, Primary School and two classes of the out any educational standard and 76 males and 44 High School Standard teaching for the VIn and IX females have studied upto the primary school. There standards. This High School was first started as a :lre 110 males or females in this age group who private instiLUtion, but now it has been recognised ha\e gon'e beyolld the primary school level. In the as Government High School and in 1963, it was pro­ next age group of 15-34, 120 mal'Cs and 19 females posed to start the X standard. are literates without any educational standard. 53 males and 13 females have studied upto the primary The middle school used to be run in a private school, 17 males have come up to the higher s'econ­ building till 1958, That year about Rs. 10,000 were dary stage and one male has reached his Intermediate collected from about 40 persons to construct an inde­ examination standard. There are 2 graduates in pendent building for this school. District School this age group no doubt, but both of them are not Board also sanctioned a sum of Rs. 20,000; but as a perman'ent residents of the village. One of the two cOJ1Yenient site to locate this new building was not persons reaching t he In termediate standard is also availabl'e, they purch ased a residential house belong­ not a permanent resident and has come here only ing to a well-to-do l\111s1im, and are now running the as a teacher in the local Government Middle School. school in this building. This is a two storeyed build­ In the broad age group 35-49, there are 88 males illg with about 10 to 12 rooms. There is also a small and 6 females who. are literate without any educa­ open space of about 12,000 sq. ft. near the school tional standard. 15 males and only one female have besides some space for a kitchen garden, The middle reached the primary school standard and there are school is staffed by 14 teachers and at the ti me of 7 males who have reach'Cd the higher secolldary this survey, :")60 st udellts from Sirwar and other neigh­ school standard. The only graduate in this age bouring villages were studying ill it. group is a temporary resident who works as a Head­ master in the local Government High School. In The two high school classes, started In the year the age group of 50 and above, there are 58 males 196162, are beillg conducted in two rooms adjacent SIRWAR

MANVI TALUK RAICHUR DISTRICT POPULATION AND LITERACY BY SEX &AGE-GROUPS o ILLITERATES

I

I

~ ~ 0 ... 4 '-...... --__----1 ,- 266 200 100 o 0 100 200 237 MALES FEMALES 52 SIRWAR

to the middle school. 29 are studying in th'e VIn Types of Family standard and 27 are in the IX standard. The school I'-or a study of the L)p'e of families, the various is staffed by 4 teachers. The girls primary school families found in the village have been diyided into is located in a private building ;md teaches up to the the following four categories:- I V standard. This school has a staff of two teachers. The accommodation provided for most of the schools (a) Simple family or nuclear family consisting of is not suHicient. Particularly the accommodation that the husband, wife and unmarried children; is provided for the High School is very much limited and it would be necessary to find alternative accom­ (b) Intermediate family consisting of husband, wife modatioll. The middle school lias been provided ullmarried children with a widowed father or mother; \\'Itn electric lights [rom the canal construction camp. There is no proper space for arranging any outdoor (c) Joint family consisting of husband, wife and activities for the school children. married children; and (J) Others consisting of families which do Ilot In the villag'c, a Committee known as the Educa­ come in any of the above three categories. tion 13ettenne~t Committee has been formed with 7 mcrnbers, G of th.-em belong to the village proper and The information coUected on the basis of the (he 7(h membl:r is the member of the Leg~slative above classification has been presented in Table 1. AssemblY. The Chairman of the Village Panch ayat It is seen from this table that out of the 745 house· Conllnit~ec happellS to be the Pr~sid'Cnt of this COlll­ holds in the village, j59 consist of simple families. mittee and the Headmaster of the middle school In other words, simple families constitute about 18.1 works as the Secretarv. This Committee considers all p'er cellt of the total number of families in the village. aspects relating to 'educational matters in the village There arc 27 falllilies of the intermediate type cons­ and it is hoped that it will not only justify its exis­ tituting 3.6 per cent of the total number of families. tence, but abo prove useful in spreading education in J oint families number 157, forming 21 per cent of this region. the total families in the village and families coming in the category of others an:: 202 in number and they There is a hostel in the village [or the benefit of go to contribute 27.1 per cent to the total number boys wmillg from villages in the ll"eighbourhood. of families in the village. } rom these stati,tics, it At the time of survey, there were 44 boys studying would be evid'Cnt that simplc types of families are in the hostd. All of them are students of the IOG11 predominant in the village. middle school or the High School. This hostel is a private institution and the Presid'ent of the large­ (;omposition of Households sized u)-opcratiyc soriet y works as the Secretary of Table III presents information regarding the house­ this hostel which is named as 'Vidyarthi Vasathi holds by their size or the number of members. There Griha, Sirwar'. The inmates are charged about Rs. arC as many as 55 households in the village with 10 10 to Rs. IS per month and the balance is met by or more members. Those households with 10 or raising local contributions. This hostel is Hm in a more members each constitute 7.3 per cent of the privat'e building and the headmaster of the middle total number of households in the village. In 125 school supervises over the activities of the hostel. households, the members number between 7 and 9_ These households constitute 16.7 per cent of the The nearest centre for higher secondary education total households in the village. The largest number is at Raichur, 22 miles away. There is also a fiqt of households in the village consist of 4 to 6 melllb'ers each. There are 306 households of this type and they' grade college there which teaches upto the B.A. and constitute, 4 I per cent of the total number of house­ B.Sc.. standards. Three hays from the village are holds. Households with 2 to 3 members are 201 in attendillg the c~lle!?;e at Raichur. There is' also a number forming 26.9 per cent of the total number poh,technic at Raichur. One boy from this village of households. There are 58 ~ingle member house­ is litudving in the law college at Dharwar. The village holds constituting 7.7 per cent of the total number can boast of only two graduates who are not residing of households. It would be seen from this that ma­ in the vilbge at present. They ilre employed else­ joritv of the households in the villilge consist of ± to 6 where. . memb'ers each. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL LI:FE 53

Intra.family relationship Leisure and Recreation

Intra-family relationship has been found to be The villagers spend a major portion of their wak­ generally cordial in both simple types of families as ing hours in attending to their occupation. In win­ also among other types. The elders in the household ter, they work in their fields from about 10 'L.m. arc generally consulted on important matters. The to Slin-set and in summer, th'ey work in the fields head of the household is generally the eldest male from early morning till about noon. During sowing member of the family. Th'e division of labour is seasons, they get busy ill the fields from morning well defined. The old people generally supervise over till late ill the evening and at times even after night the cultivation work. The old and infirm among fall, as they are very keen to compl'ete the sowing labour classes also contribute their mite, howL'ver, opcr;ttiOllS quickly. They find leisure only after Uleagre it may he towards the family income by they return from the fields. They spend their ieisure working as watchmen for guarding crops, etc. Elderly hours generally in gossip. There are some common females generally control all the affairs at home. If spots called Katte which are nothing but raised pials. there be any differences among the members uf a Th'ey Uleet here during the leisure hours and family, they try their best to resolve them by taking start grossipping·. The subjects for gossip are generally assistance from the family elders and at times the seasollal conditions, market prices, local village poli­ caste elders. Even children in several families go tics, etc. The other places where they spend time out tor work, particularly at the time of harvest of are the tea shops. As already observed, there has been grolllldnllt and cotton. Some of these young boys a big increase in the number of tea shops in the move out with cattle herds. Thus, there is a sort of village. Some of these villagers go to the tea shops co-ordination regarding the activities of the various amI start their gossip over a cup of tea. Some elderly members of a household. people visit the temples where religious discourses are arranged from time to time. The elderly Ling­ Inheritance of Property yats generally arrange such discourses by ·Aiyanavars. TIre property inherited is, in almost all cases, shared Elderly Brahmins arrange discours'Cs on old scrip­ equally by the sons. It is true that the Hindu Law [ures called puranas. Occasionally Bhajan perfor­ of Inheritance has been amended so as to give the mances are also arranged in the local Maruti temple. right of inheritance to daughters as well. But very Such Bhajans are generally arranged on Mondays few in the village are awar'e of this amended law. alld full new moon days. During- Shravana Bhajans Hardly about 2 per cent of the people in the village are arranged here almost every day. Occasionally have a vague idea about this amended law and none some young folks stage open air plays or Bylatas. in the village follows it. Along with the property, Ladies in the village spend most of their leisure hours tl1'e liabilities of the deceased are also equally shared in gossip. They collect at some private houses and by his sons. If any daughters are left unmarried, start their gossip. However, as compared to the male the responsibility for their marriages vests on these folk, many of their women in the village find little sons. If a person dies without any male issue, the time for gossip. Many of them attend to field duties property gets transferred to the nam'e of his widow. as well besides doing household duties. Children If he has left any daughters, the daughters share spend all their leisure in playing with marbles or play­ equally the inherited property after their mother's ing indigenous games like Hulutu, Kunfibille, etc. death. In some cases, it is customary for the son-in­ Some of these games get popular seasonally. Kunti­ law to come and stay in the parental house of his bille is generally played during the monsoons. In wife and maintain the property. Such a son-in-law winter Gilli Dandu gets popular Marbles and Hul utu is called i'vfane Aliya. If a person dies without any are popular games in summer. The local schools issue, either male or female, the property is shared have provided some facilities to play volley ball, foot­ after his widow's death by his Bhaubanads unless ball, ring tenis, 'etc. The female children generally the widow takes some one ill adoption. None in play hide and seek, Kuntibille, etc. Those who visit the village is· aware of the new laws of adoption Raichur and other urban places very rarely miss an and tlrey adhere to only the customary practices. opportunity of attending cinema shows. Blood relations like brother's sons, father"s brothers Festivals sons, etc., are generally adopted. Adoption is locally known as Dattaka Thegedukombudu or Udiyolega The Indian calendar is more or less a procession of Hakilwlluvudu. Among Muslims too generally the festivals. Some of them are purely religious rites, property is inherited by the male h'eirs. and others provide the villagers with opportuniti'cs to 54 SlRWAk find rccreation alld entertainlllclIl. For childrcll, fcsli­ (iii) Naga rjJatlcha mi \ ;tIs arc Iltu.st welCOJIlC, as they arc sur'c o[ al wa ys is OIl iitl! of of ~ettillg mouth-fulls of sweets during thc f'c,riYal Th festival falls the the bright half period_ Bllt, for the economically poor households, Shr,n-ana. ,"Volllell an: gellerally associated with t!Jis it gets diflin:lt to meet the expenses collllected ,lith festiyal. Tll'e\ generally pUlThasc new SaIees and blouses for this festival. Snake dl}lrmers move round Illall\ of Ihesc festivals, particularly so hccaus'c the festival season generally co-incides with the lean the \ill<1)1;e with livc snakes and these rcptiles are fed periods in their economy_ MO:it of these fc,tivals "'ith milk. Silake imag(,s made of day alJd stone arc (omc ofI in the mOllth of Shran,na whell generally also worshipp'ed 011 this day by pourillg milk on them. the household granaries arc empty. So, many honse­ Frying, roasting and grinding of grain are prohibited holds borrow Illoney and grains during this period, among Hindu castes on this day. ~lany womell of the but nOlle in the village avoids observing any of these village, particularly thosc comillg from the Kuruba [estiyals in the lJ'cst possible manlier. The i1l1 portant and Ihadar castes. arrange special worship at the festivals in the YiHage arc Ug;Hli, Karhullllime, 1'\ agar temple of ParashuLnna on the top of the hillock. Panch ami, Mannethina Am

(i) Ugudi This is a new ycars day fur all Hilldus who reckon This festival is celebratcd on the 4th d~IY of Bhadra­ lh'e 'car, by, the moon. This falls Oll the (irst day, of pada C\ en \ car and is observed as 'Gallesha Cha­ Chaitra (1\Iarch--April). Ritllal has little part to tllllhi·. Seycr"l Lillga)ats perform the Gal1esha pIa, Oll this day. The celebration starts with all oil Pooja 011 this da". A large clay image of Gant:sha is bath and after worship, a lllixture of llcem kaves illstalled at all important pbce ill the village alld ,\ith jaggery is tasted by each Hindu iUlllate. This ,,-olship is offered to this deity for :) days slIcces­ is followed bv a sumptuous meal. The villagers sively. On the 5th day, the idol, is taken round the believe that the eatillg of neem leaves and iimrers village ill a processioll and in the evcning the idol Oil this day will keep away all the ailments of the is illllllcr!;ed in the village well. During these 5 body. In the evening, a Brahmin priest reads the days, the local students arrange variety entertain­ lIew almanac and also forecasts the seasonal comli­ ments consisting of dramas, skits, etc. This festival tiom. is being obs'lTvcd on an elaborate scale for the la~t 7 or 8 Ycars. (ii) Ka,. Hlltlnillle (yi) S(waratliri. This is obscrv-ed on the full moon day of Jyeshta which generally falls in the third week of JUlie. On This festival is also known as 'Nada Habba' or this day, bullocks are worshipped and they also 'Dasara' festival. It is chiefly dedicated to the wor­ arrange a runlling race for the bullocks. This race ship of 3 goddesses, namely, Lakshmi, Saraswathi and is held on the road adjacent to the old main gate of Durga, and the festival lasts for about 10 days. In the \-il1age near the PallchaY;lt office. A bUllting of the \ ill age special worship for 10 days is arraugcd mango and neem leaves is tied across the main ellt­ at the Yenkateswara Templ'c_ Every day, religiom rallce caiied AgasC'bagila and pairs of bullocks are discourses by Brahmin Acharyas are conducted at made to rUll a race over a distance of about 2 furlongs this temple. all the 10th day, which is known as ellding at the main gate. The fIrst pair of bullocks 'Vijayadasami', the image of Venkateswara is taken to break th'e hunting is declared the winner. The ill a procession round the yillage in a palan

their arms in hiding when they were moving incognito. (x) .Hahashi(larathri. After worship, a small branch of the tree is cut with a ~word and the people who gather there exchallge It falls 011 the dark 14th of the Lunar month of Hanni leaves which symholises gold. On this day l\Ltgha and is collsidered to be one of the biggest all animosities are expected to be forgotten. How festival in the village. It is believed that those ever of late. there have been sonl'c fa(t~ons in the ,1'110 perform worship and offer prayers all night OJ] ,ilJage and this comDlunil, worship is not being this day are released from· the cycle of birth and ohsclTed so enthusiastically as it used to be done death. in the past. Any way it is necessary to state at this stage that tll'ese factions are not based Oil caste or (xi) ]?rI/IlZal1. creed distinctions .. This marks the end of the solemn month of Ram­ zan, a month of fasting for Muslims. On the last (\'ii) C()ll'ri Hunnim~. day, all the male folk among the Muslims gather at This is ohsen-ed on the full moon day in the the lllosq lle and ofier lllass pra yers and then give month of .\swija. It is more or less a festival fOI alms to the poor. females. I III age, of Gowri arc installed at ,enTal (xii) Balirirl. how,'dlOlds and women worship these deities. It is one of the important Muslim festivals cele­ They sing songs in praise of Gowri and at night. brated in honour of the sacrifice of saint Abraham. Ling\'al WOlllen take the idols ill a procession and They bel ieve that .\braham was once ordered ]w place them in a field adjacent to the village site. Cod to offer his son in sacrifice and then when he Fnmllte. children burn crackers and fireworks. did so, he found that instead of his son, a ram was lYillg slain. On this day Muslims offer special sacri­ (\'iii) l'ellalllavaswl. (icc of rams and goats.

This is an important festival £01 all the agricul­ (xiii) "1 II Ita ITa 111. turists in the \'illage and it usually comes off in the month of December. By this time most of the im· Though this is mainly a festival for Muslill1~, portant kharif crops are already harvested. On this mall' Hindus also participate in this festival. This day. the cultivators go to their respective fields and festival is locally known as Alla Habba. Amollg lhe [J'erfonn j!Ooja. In the morning. they have a sacred Hindus. Kuruhas, Bvaders, Kabbcrs and Agasas t;"lke bath and they carry their {ood consisting of hajra active part ill this festival. During this festival, the bread. brinjal curn and some other special pre­ Muslims place replicas of the martyr's called 'Peeras' parations. In the fidd, they arrange !) stones alld in the Ashllr/(lw1/(l near the Panchavat Office. These wor~hip them by breaking a cocoanut and ,,'a, ing replicas are kept for 10 days. Many local residents Am/i, These:; stones representing the five deities arc visit Asll1l rhllfulfl. durillg this period and offer sugar, placed in conical structures made of dry j

Household Deities Marutideva temple has got landed property of 17 acres and 26 guntas. These lands are in the posses­ Information about the aSSoClatlOn of deities and sion of Hoogars among Lingayats. Hoogars offer obj'ects of worship of the various castes in the village worship at this temple. They also work as drum has been presented in Table 2. It is seen from this beaters of the village. This temple is situated in Table that the deity of worship of majority of the the heart of the village, opposite the Panchayat hall. households in the village is Venkateswaradeva. Al­ most all the Byadars of the village owe allegiance to this deity. Basaveswara is the chief deity of wor­ Parashunam Temple is situated on the top of the ship of many of the Lingayats. Most of the Kabbers hillock adjacent to the Gaothan. Parashuram is the have Venkateswara as their chief deity. All Byagaras chief deity of the Byadars of the village. The temple of the village have Kanakaraya at their chief deity has got lands covering an area of about 40 acres. and all the Madigas have Venkateswara as their chief Pooja is offered at this temple by Brahmin priests deity. For Kurubas, Mallaiah and Beerappa ar..e the who hold temple lands. These lands were eLdowed chief deities. Mallai~h has the form of a horse with a to the temple in 1885 A.D. human head. Eswara Temple is adjacent to the Venkateswaradeva Most of the Hindu castes have a separate place temple in the central portion of the village. The in the house where they offer their poojas to the temple has got 20 acres and 10 guntas of land. The household deities, where they cannot have an indepen­ lands are held by Lingayat Aiyanavars who offer dent room for Pooja, they keep apart some space in worship :1t the shrine. These lands were endowed the kitchen for offering worship. Muslims offer prayers in 1284 Saka Era. only at the mpsque.

Ramalingadeva temple has got 9 acres of land. Caste or community Panchayat These lands are in the possession of Lingayat Aiya­ There are no caste panchayats among any or the navars who offer worship. These lands were endow­ castes in the village. However, there are some infor­ ed in the year 1290 Saka Era. Many Lingayats of the mal agencies in many of the castes particularly village worship this deity. among Knrubas, Byadars, Agasas, Kabbers, Byagaras and Madigas, which occasionally work as caste pan­ The Veerabhadradeva temple situated towards the chayats. These agancies consist of a few elderly north of the village gaothan is ~lso worshipped by members of the caste. These members are generally . the Lingayats. The temple has got 9 acres of land accepted by the whole caste, as the caste leaden which is in possession of Lingayat Aiyanavars. These Whenever there are any caste disputes, these elderly lands were donated to the temple in the year 130] members sit together and try to resolve the diffe­ Hijiri. rences. In the past, there were several imtanC'ea 01 9-6 Census/Mysore/73 , 58 SIRWAR

(:x(oJnlnl!llie; tlOn of PCT'iOllS '1)\' these agencies. ~udJ tha alld a Mmlitn. 10 of the members are cultivators cxtn IPC ,tel'S of excommunication were generally 1)\ occl1palion. one is a trader, one is a rent receiver. rcsoltld tu 'dlcn the ddaulting members failed to one is a owner of a cotton ginning factory and the pa\' hent to (he: ad,,;cc of thuc elderly persons, Tht' ~~ lI"omen are h::JUsehold workers. The Chairman CXCOlll:ll Llllic.lt(Cd persons Cou ld be readmitted to the ;Illd- the Vice-Chairman of the Panchayat arc both caste Oilh ,1[';,,1' tlH \ got t1!cl11"clvcs subjected to some Linga\ats. Ten of the 1:> members are big landlord~ plirifil;l(Ol] l(,ell!C1I1il"', They Were also forced to coming from well-to-do famili'cs. The 2 Scheduled pay soltle fillc and ,1rl',ll1ge a feast for the members Ca,te members generally work as labourers earning of the ca;,te, but ~ll(h imtances of excommunication betll t..:n J{c. :)0 and Rs. i:i per month. None of the are not to be seen lately. :\fost of these castes accept members is educated beyond primary school stan· the ad\"ic~ of th::ir elders. In compllcated cases. dard excepting for th'e Brahmin member who has they also seek advice from the 'elderly members of stud ired lIpto the matriculation standard, All the the Lingayat and Brahmin [a~tes 'rho are compara­ Illcmbers of the PanchaYat are in the age group of tively more edu(Dt<:d and better placed in life. One faction is led by the Chairman and some of One faction is led by the Chairman amI some of Statut01'Y Pancha}'at the oth'er meml>"rs constitute the opposition group. On account of these" factions among the members, The village is haying a statutory panchayat hom the Pancha\'at has not been able to attend to any 1948--19. This Panella\ at ,\'as then f11 nctioning through welfare activities in the village. It is to be observed nominated Il1cm hers. ;..; 0 elections Were held t'l that these factions have actually hampered the deve­ elect the members of the Panchavat then and none lopmental :lctivities in the village. of the villagers ever Look any intere~t i~" getting nominated as membe:rs. With the 'enactment of the Mysore Village Panchayats and Local Boards Act, The staff of the panchayat consists of a secretary, I , 1959, the old Pancha)at got dissolvcd all lst il>ovelll- who looks after the routine work of the Pancha\'at. ber, 19:19, In February/March, 1960, elections were He is assi~ted by a peon. There is one person attend­ held for the membership of the Panchayat and these ing to the work of cleaning drains. The few dl aim elections were very much contested. Th~re have been found in the village were also constructed by the two factiOlls among Lingayats of the village and old, Ilomitnted, Panchayat. The Panchayat has tlIe 'elections were fought 1110re or less on the basil! appointed two femal'e sweepers to keep the streets of these factions. clean. The main source of income for the Panchayat is the Government grants. The Panchayat gets 33 The PanchaYat is constituted o~ 15 members. 7 of per cent of the land revenue collected in the village wh,om are LingaYlits. There are 2 wom'en members by CuYernment. In 1961-62, this grant amounted to one belonging to the Kshatriya and the other to the Rs. 2144. The other resources of the Panchayat Byadar caste. There are 2 seats reserved for the Sche­ are those of self-imposed tax'es, compulsory taxes, duled Castes. One of these 2 is occupied by a Byagara fines and penalties, and miscellaneous fees. The and the other by a Madiga. The 4 remaining general financial position of the Panchayat for the year 1961. , lIeats are filled lip by a Brahmin. a Kuruba1 a Mara- 5:2 is as follows: -

------Income Expenditure r------...A...--_~ ____L... ___. ___• _____ "'\ ,..-___--. ______~ _____.__I__-----~

Rs. p. Balance carried forward 2,845,00 Expenditure on staff . 890.00 Shar of land revenue . . . . 2,144.00 Civil and Municipal functio{lS 1,602.00 Money realised from disposal of capital assets 45.00 Oth"s:­ Self imposed taxes . . , , 974.00 Books 50,00 Compulsory taxes . . 436,00 D.A. to members 50.00 Fines for contravention of rules 310.00 Radio 280.00 Interest on deposits 71,00 Papers. . 25.00 Rent of sites 152.00 Festival "expenses 50.00 Library fees 27.00 Stationery 75.00 Ccpying fees 5'00 Prin(j·,g' . 150,00 Furniture 225.00 l\Iisco • .• • • . . 25,00 Investments in National Savings Certificate 2,000.00 5,422.00 Closing Balance 1,587.00

TOTAL 7,009.00 TOTAL 7,009.00 SOCIAL ANt> CULTURAL LIFE . 59 The Panchayat can boast of no particular activity charged. But this library provides no periodicals in the village. The a~lenities provided by the Pan­ or newspapers. Ther'e are a few books no doubt, chayat are all of a routine nature and consist of but none in the village evinces any interest in thia sweeping and lighting the streets. There are 42 and books arc taken out for reading very rarely. ~treet lights which are lit only during the dark fort night every month. The streets are kept clean by National Extension Service the two female swe_epers. The other activities of the Panchayat so far carried out are the repairs to l·he village is covered by the National Extension the cattlc pound at a cost of Rs. 160/-. prevision of Service with its headquarters at Manv!. This was 2 latrines for ladies at a cost of Rs. 220/-, etc. The ~t'uted in 1962, and at the time of survey, this was Panchavat has a proposal Lo COllSlXuct a urinal at Yet in a pre-extension stage. So no (l'cvelopmental the bus stand at a cost of Rs. 200/- and car'"ving out activ;ti'es had heen taken up in the village then. repairs to the village community hall at a cost of The viilagc h;';ns the heO:c]llll

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

In the foregoing four chapters an attempt has been improved varieties of seeds and such seeds have an made to discuss the socio-economic conditions of the increasing demand in the village. In the past, they village 5irwar in the Manvi Taluk of Raichur Dis­ had their own doubts as to how a decrease in the trict. This survey work was taken up between seed-rate could help in obtaining more yield. Their March 1962 and October 1962. Thus the survey simple question used to be how seeds in lesser quan­ work was taken up when the village was in the tities could produce more. But after experi'ence, midst of some political activities and on the 'eve of many Df the husbandmen in the village are now firmly the introduction of some changes in the general convinced that with proper spacing fewer seeds can economy in this village. W?en the .survey was. starte.d, be made to grow more. HoweV'er, the use of pesti. the people had just exerClsed thelT votmg nghts m cides, artificial fertilizers, etc., has not gained much (he elections for Legislative and Parliamentary seats. popularity so far. Though none from the village had contested at these elections, feverish activity was visible in the village. The village stands in the command area of the DiscussIOns about the constitution of the Ministry Tungabhadra irrigation projects and the left bank at the State level, and the relative merits of the main canal of this project passes through the village individuals and political parties aspiring for seats in limits. The canal work has been completed but the the State Ministry were the common topics for gossip work on channels and distributaries carrying water in the village. Before exercising their votes, they to the fields is still in progress. On completion of were assured of many all-sided improvements being these works, an area of 2778 acres in the village is carried out in the village by the several contestants expected to draw the benefits from irrigation. Accord­ in the elections. They were keenly discussing the ing to the pres'cnt plans about 462 acres of it is values of these promises and also considering how expected to be under heavy irrigation, 1142 acres far they were going to materialise. under light irrigation for kharif crops, 1122 acres under light irrigation for rabi crops and 52 acres The economic changes that were about to be under garden crops. This is expectec;l to be COlIl­ 'effected in the village related to the introduction of pleted in a couple of years and then oilwards the the irrigation facilities. At the time of this survey, village will cease to be totally dependent on the all the arable lands in the village are cultivated dry. rams. rhese changes are bound to have a major All the lands are rain-fed and rain is the only source impact Oll the social and economic structure of the of moi~illre for the soil. And this rain periodically village. The transition p'eriod is bound to be a plays a truant. Very often the villagers are subjected period of trial and tribulation for the villagers. They to scarcity and famine conditions. At such times will be required to face several teething difficulties. both food and fodder become scarce and so the They wdl have to adopt new techniques of cultivation. whole economic structure of the village is always of The c[l)pping patt'ern will undergo a complete a fluctuating nature. The impact of failure of ClOpS change. At present, their principal crops are jowar­ on the village can very well b'e visualised 'when it is both Kharif and Rabi, groulldnut and cotton and considered that agriculture sustains directly about all these are raised dry. With the advent ot irrIga­ 70% of the population and indirectly about 20% tion, they will have to change over to crops like more. So far, excepting for the routine soil conser­ paddy, sugarcane, ctc. This will necessarily involve vation measures like bunding, levelling, etc., no large­ several changes in their agricultural practices. A scale improvements in the agricultural practices have change from a subsistence to a predominantly cash been introduced. Excepting for the iron ploughs economy is likely. Irrigation will no doubt increase which have become quite popular, almost all the the farmers' income but wet crops will require more implements in use are of the traditional types. There working capital and investment. For dry cultivation has been, however, a trend towards the use of im­ a paIr at working bullocks, a wooden plough and a proved weds and the decrease ih the seed-rate. The few other implements would suffice. Dry lands re­ farmers are now aware of the advanta"el of using quire fewer ploughings. As compared to dry lands, 62 SntwAR. wet soil seed several more deep ploughings before villages. But compared to the physical area of its sowing. Levelling and terracing of wet lands also COVCl age, the lllemi)ct'ship is not large. It is thought involves much investment. They will necessarily that this society will prove more useful if it concen­ have to resort to several plant protection measures. tntes its acU\'ILles to a smaller sphere. For this purpme, a few of the villages now covered by this Wet lands, in order La bewme sufficiently productive, will need fertilisers. And all such measmes will society may be tagged ~lll to another co-operative mean more of capital illvestiment. And again, the institution. There is ahead) a proposal to start soil also will take some time to get adopted to irriga­ anc>ther co-operative society for five villages covered tion and so in the initial ~ears, the farmers cannot by this society at present. expect to get all immediate return for their invest­ In matters concerning literacy and education, it ment. Ih ncating the need for larger investment has La ile observed that with the starting of some new in agricultural capital beforc the benelits for irriga­ scho{lls induding a High School, conditions are im­ tion wuld be full) el1jo)ed. irrigation is likely to PiC)\ illg. ~o douilt the percentage of literacy in the re-(111))ha"i5e t;le ecollomic predominance of the richer village is higher thall that for the rural parts of farmCls_ :\10st of the holdillgs of the villagers are l\Ianvi Taluk and Raichur District. But even then 15 acres and more in size, 124 households fall in this lhe perccntage is rather low as compared to other size group and they together hold 4G02 acres. There parts of the Mysore State. Percentage of literates are ,),1 households owning ill all 681 acres which among females is particularly low. And again most hold C>ll an a \ erage 10 or more acres, As against of the literates in the village are literates without these 178 households owning more than 10 aaes any educational stand!trds. So the village has to each there arc 140 homeholds' owning less than 10 take steps to show further ad \'ancement in its Ii teracy acres 'each. Illis c1earl) silO\\ s th.!t the predollli· ?,nd educational standards. nance in the village is of thc households owning 10 or more acres each. It is true that all the lands ip ':oming to the affairs of the Statutory Panchayat the village will not draw benelits from irrigation. it has to be observed that this responsible village But, LYell the;l, most 0: the ini ated area will consist 6 body which is expected to playa key role in the deve­ of preLly bi~ IwlcliligS involving a lot of capital in­ lopmental activities and which has the greatest poten­ vestmellt for Lhc change over. So it will be necessarv tial capacity to mobilise the village for planning and to sec that there are proper credit facilities for per­ de\clopment, has so far not done much for the wel­ sons utld'ertaking wet cultivation. The villagers arc fare of the village. It is true that the elected body very conficlent thl: t i1ey will be able to tide over tIlt' has comc into existence only a couple of years before initial dill1cuities with some assistance from Govem­ this survey was undertaken. But what, ac"tually is mental ,u,cl other agencies. They know .that, in hampcring its activity is not its infancy but its fac­ course of time, the new facilities are bound to bring ~iOll ridden nature. The elected members arc divided them brighter days and they arc keen to leach a ill to two factions and these factions oly;truct every stage, \I hen they can totally forget about the dark dcvelopmental activity in the village. The main days of sca(cit) ,:nd fa:nirw cleavage between the two opposing factions appears ;,.0 h,:\'c been caused by the tendency to claim lea

In t he held of co-operation, they have been able dership by each group. And both the factions ale to achieve som~ improvement. The large sized co­ ,::::nnposed' of the economically dominant groups in operative society has been doing some good to the the village. Membership of the two factions is not village by prm'iding source of credit facilities. How­ on the basis of any caste distinctions, as would be ever, it has to be observed that so far it has not· becn evident from the fact that persons of one and the able to cater to the credit needs of the poorh sec­ ~:llne caste may be found on either side. It is really tions. As is evident from Table XXIII-B, it has not very unfortunate that these representatives of the advanced any amount to farmers owning less than populace who got themselves elected by facing keell g acres and a very slllall amount has been disbursed contests in the elections should find thems'elves in a among farmers owning less than 10 acres. There is position in which they cannot prove worthy of the also a large scope for further enlarging the mem­ trust placed in them by the elec~_orate. It is high bership or the society and there are many a~ricul time, they establish more cordial relationships among turists iil the village who have not been enrolled themselves, forget about the factions and create a as_ members of the society. The sphere of activity proper atmosphere to undertake improvements in the of the present sodety covers a very large area of 16 YiUa,e. CONCLUSION 63

The ::\ ational Extension Scheme came Into force cntry into any of the temples in the village. In the in .'I1anvl Tal uk onlY in I !)(i:,? and at the time of rCI shops. they sit outside and drink tea in vessels set the SurTn', it was vcr in the pre-extension stage, apart for them. In ,ho)'t. they continue to face People han' high hopes, that when this agency starts several handicaps as in the part, though this is not i:nplemelllilig il~ various schemes. the village will admitted 1)\ the \ illa~C1' open]v. \1any of the draw bcnelils from them. \l:!r;>a', i!;IVC got th:::m,dYe'; cOll\'Crtcd to Chris­ ti;:nitv. Bllt their way of living UJIltinlic'; to be as The evil of untouchability has not been completely before. It is necessary that th'e villagers should con­ eradicated, :\L:dig;i'i ;llld IhagarJs form the sche­ sider it their sacred duty to eradicate this evil com­ duled castes of the village. They reside in secluded plct~h. 'I'll is cannot be done hy lcgislati ve mcamres corners and draw drinking "'.lter from the wells alone. A kind of social awareness is ncceS'larY among exclusivelv meant for them. They ha,'c not made the people,

TABLES

10--6 CensusfMysoref73

TABLES 67

TABLE I Area, -Houses and Population

Art'a ill ~umber of Number of Popuiatioll ~ ______....A...._ ..~. ______.~ r-.---.....A...,---~-~ Density houses households ,\cres Hectares Persons lVlales Females

2 3 4 5 tl 7 8 ---- 7123 2883 328 per sq. mile 745 745 3,673 1.833 J ,840

TABLE II

Population by Age Groups

Total 01 all 3ges 0-4 5-9 10--1-1 1.)-19 20-H 25-29 30-34 35-·H ·15-59 GO; Age nut stated

Persolls 1\1ales Females ,--"-----, ,--"-----, ,-.A.----, r--"--l ,-.A.----, ,-.A.----, ,-.A.----, ,-.A.----, r--"-~~ ,--"--, r-J ,--,

.____ ~ _ _,A._. ____ ,------.---~ M I' M F M F M F M F M F M F 1\1 F 1\1 F 1\1 F M F -_--_. 2 3 j .') 6 7 B 9 10 II 12 13 J4 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2-1 25 ._------3673 1833 1840 241 237 266 233 197 195 138 153 169 153 164 15') 130 138 221 196 222 2H 85 156

TABLE III

Size and composition of Households

,-______Size_ of -----A- Households______-, Total No. of HouseholUs Single Member 2-3 members 4-6 members 7--9 members 10 members and ahove ,-____A______.., r------___l\...------.-~ r--~---}..----~ r----...A----~ r-----...A...._. __~ Households :\Iales Females House- M F House- M F House- 1\1 F House- :M F holds holds holds holds

3 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 15 16

18 40 201 254 335 306 717 677 125 482 486 5" 362 302 ------_._------68 SIRWAR TABLE IV

Households Classified by Religions, Castes and Sub-Castes

Number Population Caste Sub-Caste of r------.. Religion house- Per- Males Females holds sons

2 3 4 5 6 7 38 165 82 83 HINDUS Lingayats . Banajiga Reddy 21 109 61 48 Bilejadaru 18 95 52 43 Jangam 15 89 42 -t7 Ganiga 10 58 28 30 Hoogar Ueer) 5 30 16 h Kumbar { 19 10 9 Vokkaliga 3 14 10 4 Hadapdoru 5 35 14 21 Simpiga 2 7 2 5 Shetty 7 2 5

SUB·ToTAL 122 628 319 309 557 280 277 Bya4ar 128 421 208 213 Kurubas 88 161 69 92 Kabber 38 98 48 50 Byagara 24 53 48 Agasa 20 101 104 62 42 Kshatriya. Mar.atha 19 Bhavasar 5 26 13 13 Areru 2 73 32 {I Koravas Patrad 17 44 25 19 Uppar 10 14 80 45 35 Brahmins Vaishnava Aryasamaj 6 5 75 37 38 Madiga 13 60 28 32 Mathadadas.xu 12 49 28 21 Voddar 12 31 H: 17 Padmasa)e Saler 8 23 12 II Helavar 6 6 29 13 16 Vyshyas Komati 36 21 15 Myadaru 6 6 28 16 12 Viswakarma 12 5 Arundmath 3 7 21 11 10 Baineru 2 2 12 3 9 Jogaru 12 8 4 Eligaru 2 2 12 (:) 6 Kumbara. 2 4 2 2 Rajaputs TABLES 69

TABLE IV (Concld.)

2 3 4 5 6 7

Modaliyar 7 3 4- Jaddru 4 3 Naidu 6 4 2 MUSLIMS Katagar 57 291 138 153 Sheik 33 198 95 103 Pinjar 14 55 28 27 Kasab g 60 29 31 Turkar 2 14 8 6 Syeds 7 3 4 Mylla 5 2 3 Qusban 5 4 Muslims 14 71 'II 30 Sub Tot,,1 (Muslims) 131 706 345 361 CHRISTIAN Christian 42 245 11.8 127

---~------TOTAL 745 3,673 1,833 1,840

TABLE V

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe ,-____. ______. ____" ____ ....-A.. ______-, ,-______....-A.. ______-,

Name of Scheduled Caste No. of Per­ Males Fe- Name of Scheduled Tribe No. of Per­ Males Fe­ House- sons males house- sons males holds holds

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Byagara 24 98 48 50 :tvladiga 13 75 37 38

TOTAL 37 173 85 88 70 SIRWAk TABLE VI

Age and Marital Status

Totdl PCIllliatioll XeYCl llld'ricd !lbrried Widowed Divorced or Unspecified separated status Age-Group r-.. ~ ------__ ------.....A.... - ~------~~ ,._. __ ...A...._~ r--~-A..,~ r----...A_-~ r-~-.A_-~~ f--..A...--~ Persons ~hll's l'ennles ~I F ':-'1 F ':-'1 F M F l\I F

------~------_---- 2 3 + J 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 H ---_------_------All ages 3,G73 1,833 1,1l+0 911 G77 802 793 77 337 13 13 0-1 DB NI 237 2+1 237 5-9 499 266 233 266 231 2 10-14 392 197 195 19G I7lj 19 15-19 291 133 153 12-1 Hi H 132 4

20-24 322 lG9 153 66 ;) 9~) H'i 3 2

25-29 319 164 15~) 23 3 13:" 135 14 3 3 30-34 268 130 138 6 3 118 110 -1 21 2 4 35-39 199 106 93 3 101 75 Hi 40-H 21B 113 103 -I 3 103 74 7 23 3 45-49 In, 90 IH t 68 ,16 I:) 37 3

_- (~ 50-54 164 77 il7 3 63 31 9 ... J() 2 55-59 lOil 55 53 40 17 If 36 60+ 2H 8,) 156 2 60 7 23 148 Age not stated ------_" TABLES 71

... N ..c:'" >' N C.S -{r'"" ",'Ci - u I .....

co % ;:: j"" 0 ~ is.. I ,..._ ~ l~

cc " ("" ~l'" -5 ~ ..,... 'r') 0<) N ,~ L,.-'; '-' '-' ]c: (:.... ::! t;;.:J I

S~ ~ M N t ~ L...... ~ 0 ,.... >-<" ,... N 1: ~'" r~ .S:l.~1l ~ N ~:r: 8 [ .... <0 L": l;; I", ..". en ~ 6r}5 L~ N H H ;> =Q 0 0 co '"!< '"!< e'l N ... <0 := N ;;.,(.) .... ,_.,~ ! ::il ca oj '" Col ~ "" N H ~ e<'l ..... S~ I 01 C<") C<") C<") ~ 0 <0 0 ..". 0i=i ~ I ~ = L1;' co N "CI ~o l~ E---< ~ "';l N ~ C'l 0 O'i <0 C<") C<") e<'l C<") E ~.S"B (~ co <0 :' ;j "=:i 8°0""0"1 '.0 ,..._ co - -5 ~ ::: ,..._ C<") L"":; en C'l r- N OJ ':'1 co "'~'E " C<") N C<") C',f "e<'l N C<") N N ~ ~ C,.) t:: l ~ '"" "

,..._ .,j< (C '0 r- <0 0 co <0 C<") 0 en IG ''': (C co Ie) 'i< ..,. en Ol en co co 1.("; 3 (;.., I' "" :! ~ ,_.oj '" In .2:i C<") ,r') (C 0 co CD -f< en co en Co') e<'l ~ 1 .... (7. "- l' 'r; lC) t::! ~ l~ ,r; ~ tOr " '"

,_ <:'l 0 r- M '10 M C<') ,;"") CO C<') M .,j< .0 t.:J ..,. C<') e<'l C'l I;; Ie; Ie; C<') en 0 CO CO ,,_, r:: ~ ·E f OS "r N .."l r'"" ,C) .e') r-- I C<') :;:: ~ "- CO O'l f 0 CC r- 1:"') It'") c<") C<') en c<") CC c<") 0 as co ~:>. '""t'l '" c..~ OS '" 1 ..". CO '71 N c<") co Ol ~I N 01 co co co -l< r-- en Ol Ol N Ol "- co ;:; -+ '6 c<") c<") 0'1 ,_. l~ ,co'" f ..". N c<") '"0'1 0'1 e

"U 1) E

OJ '" '"b/) f f O'l -+ en ..",. en ..,;- O'l -t' co g 0;> ~I f ",< I':; I:;: 0 tr. ";' "\' , " 0 L": 0 ,.., :1 I:) 0 'r') Co I:; 0+ bJl'" ~ N N c;:; M ..". 1:-; H') CD .-:; 72 SIRWAR

TABLE VIII

Workers and Non-Workers by Sex and Broad Age-Groups

Total population Workers Non-workers Ag~-Grour> r--~------"---~--__.." r------______.A.------~ ,-______...A...... ---..______~_...... Persons :\fales Females Persons :Males Females Persons !\faks Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

All Ages 3,673 1,833 I,MO 1,720 1,082 638 1,953 751 1,202 0-14 1369 704 665 137 90 47 1,232 614 618 Ei-31 1200 601 599 860 526 334 340 75 26,~ 35-59 863 4,13 420 650 417 233 213 26 187 60 & above 241 8') 156 73 49 24 168 36 132

TABLE IX

WorkeTs Classified by Sex, Broad Age-groups and Occupations

0-14 15-34 ,-____.A.35-39_____ --, 60 & above S1. Name of Occupation r-----"-~____.--~ r------"-----_. r-----"---~--. No. Males Females !\Jales Females Males Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. Cultivation 8 125 16 86 13 14 3 2. Cultivation and Agricultural Labour 2 19 12 22 6 3 3. Cultivatiorl and Live-stock 4. Cultivation and Household Indll'ltry I 5. Cultivation and Trade 8 14 2 6. Cultivation and Transport I 7, Cultivation and Hotel Keeping 3 8, Cultivation and Service. 4 12 9. Cultivation and Contractors 2 2 10. Agricultural Labour 17 42 14-3 243 77 149 7 II 11. Agricultural Labour and Cultivation 1 2 12, Agricultural Labour and Live-Stock 2 13. Agricultural Labour and Household Industry 1 14. Agricultural Labour and Trade 2 2 15. Agricultural Labour and Transport 16. Agricultural Labour and Service 2 17. Livestock 40 13 'i 3 18. Livestock and Agricultural Labour 2 19. Livestock and Trade 1 I 20. Household Industry 3 27 IS 32 9 21. Household Industry and Culth'ation 2 2 22. Household Industry and Agricultltral La- bour 2 23. Household Industry and Trade 3 24. Household Industry and Service 25. Trade 23 7 19 7 3 3 26. Trade and Cultivation 2 3 27. Trade and Agricultural Labour 28. Trade and Service 3 29. Transport S 5 30. Transport and Cultivation 2 2 31. Transpqrt and trade 2 TABLES 73

TABLE IX-(Concld.)

Persons Males Females Males Females l\fales Females Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

32. Hotel Keeping 11 3 4 3 33. Hotel keeping and Cultivation 3 34. Contractors 3 4 3'1. Contractor and Cultivation 2 36. Contractors and Service 37. Service 1.'1 3 121 30 96 33 9 '1 38. Service and Cultivation. 3 3 39. Service and Agricultural Labour 2 2 40. Service and Household Industry ------TOTAL 90 47 526 334 417 233 49 24

TABLE X Workers classified by sex, Broad age Groups and Industry Business and cultivation belonging to the Households

Workers Engaged in r- i-"------, Age-Group Total workers Household Industry Household Business Household Cult iva- tion ,--_____--A- ______--, r------, r------A------, Persons Males Females Males Females l\falcs Females l\{ales Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ------"------All Ages 1720 1082 638 75 33 88 25 361 56 0-14 137 90 47 3 1 12 15-34 SfiO 526 33-1 31 18 37 10 170 31 35-59 6,10 417 233 39 12 4fi 12 159 21 60 & "bove 73 49 24 2 2 :l 3 20 --1:

TABLE XI

Non-Workers by Sex; Broad Age-Groups and Nature of Activities

Age-Groups and Sex r------A------, Actiyity 0-14 15-34 35-59 60+ r------"------, r----.A.-----, r-----.A.------, r-----"------, l\1ales -" Females l\fales - Females Males Females l\fales Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Household worker 3 2 252 173 6 60 Student 183 80 46 4 Dependent. 431 534 4 5 11 2 24- 64 Disabled 1 3 2 Rent and Remittance Rceiver '1. 3 6 11 5 7 Unemployed-Seeking Employment 10 Sickness 5 ""- Beggars 3 4

------~---~ TOTAL 614 618 75 265 26 187 36 132 11-6 CensusfMysoreJ73 74 SIRWAR

'1j .~ s.I;}qUI;)UI ~~ r- '" AI!tUl'J JO 'ON l'BlO~ ~8 - "'::0 \ ~8~ o ~ 0 'Sp[oqgsnot:( JO 'ON (0 ::r:'1i! s \ -

S.I::Jqill:lUI ,n ,."'" I AnUl'BJ JO 'oN I'Bl0l, -o ">- - .s:::cc u '" I ;J.s S ! ~.~ 2 Sp[oqgsnoq JO 'ON :!: ! bil ...c: ;0... s.t;)q tllgill C<') '" h[!U1BJ JO 'oN [qol, - (J~ i!:l u ~~(/) ;J.s::: 8 • O.~ 0 SP[oq g~'TlOt:( JO 'ON N rJl=: ::r:~8 0 I - rJl ;., G.I , S.I;JqUIgUI I ~ ~~ hWUBJ JO 'ON IBlO,L - ~ 0 .... I - 0 .s:::.s::: " ..... '" ;., ;J.s::: 8 G.I O,,!:: 0 .t:J ::r:~8 SP[ot:(;Jsnot:( JO 'ON 0 e f - ::I=: ,..... S.I::JqtUdUI ~ >--< ;0... 0'> .t:J :si'" h[!UIBJ JO 'oN [BlOl, 00 :x: ,.gE:o - "I:S ~ 1:1 <1) '" ....:l ;J -5 S 00 cu O.~ 0 00 P=l 'Sp[oq gsnoq JO 'oN 00 C<') rJl ::r:~8 r ~ I ac CD S.I;}qrngUI ~ "0'" A[!UtBJ JO 'oN [BlOl, " ~ -v 0 o ~ "5 0 ;J oS 8 G.I 0 ...... 0 "" SP[Otpsnoq JO 'ON (0 lI:$2; , 1::I I II S.I;)qUI;)tu ;0... ~ l1') .t:J "0<1)'" btl hJ!tUtlJ JO 'on [tllO~ '0"'8 III ..0 03 0 "I:S <1) ~ 0 Ol,g .... O • ..-t !o-I Sp[otp~noq JO 'ON ..,.. -J ::r:~~ III I "::I 0 =: 0 Z -:;...'"... _'1315 C<') .j Jl S ~'O8

0", ZS o N ~ ";ij8...... 0,- f-io

O. Z~ f/l - g lI .5 ~ ;:g , - 0,- 0 f-io.s::: i TABLEs 75

TABLE .xnI Households Engaged in Cultivation, Industry, Business and Other Occupatio'lls

Total Number of Persons Number of Gainfully Employed Households Engaged in No. of Persons ,-______J~ ______, Hbs. ,-._---- _____..._--~_--, Persons Males Females Persons Males Females

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Cultivation only . 65 374 185 189 136 108 28 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour 92 523 251 272 280 170 110 Cultivation and Agricultural Labour and Livestock 5 3 2 3 2 Cultivation Agricultural Labour and Trade 14 8 6 5 5 Cultivational Agricultural Labour and Service 5 40 20 20 22 13 9 Cultivation and Livestock B 5 3 3 3 Cultivation, Live stock, and Agricultural Labour B 5 3 6 4 2 Cultivation, Livestock, and service 3 2 I

Cultivation and Household Indust~ y 3 8 2 6 6 2 4 Cultivation, Household Industry and Trade 2 IS ,9 6 5 5 Cultivation and Trade . 16 129 6B 61 39 33 6 Cultivation, Trade and Agricultural Labour 1 8 5 3 4- Cultivation and Construction 3 43 22 21 9 Cultivatio~ and Transport 4 23 13 10 8 7 Cultivation, Transport and Household Industry II. 6 5 4 3 Cultivation, Transport and service 12 9 3 6 6 Cultivation and service 8 53 28 25 15 14 Cultivation, service and Livestock 12 9 3 9 7 2 Cultivation and Hotel'keeping 3 25 II 14 G 5 Agricultural Labour only 148 531 231 300 312 142 170 Agricultural Labourer and Cultivation 16 114 60 54 66 35 31 Agricultural Labourer, Cultivation and Livestock 2 21 12 9 13 9 4

Agricultural Labourer, Cultivation and Trade 8 4 I 4 5 3 2 Agricultural Labouret, Cultivation and service 16 8 8 7 4 3 Agriculture and Livestock 14 78 37 41 49 31 18 Agricultural Labourer, Livestock and service 4 3 2 2 Agricultural Labourer, and Household Industry 5 27 14 13 20 12 8 Agricultural Labourer and Trade . 8 31 14 17 19 8 11 Agricultural Labourer, Trade and Cultivation 2 19 II 8 10 7 3 Agricultural Labourer, Transport and service. 8 3 5 6 3 3 Agricultural Labourer and service . 13 71 38 33 39 21 18 Agricultural LaboureI', service Cultiyation and Transport. 13 7 6 8 5 3 Agricultural Labourer, service and Livestock 10 4 6 5 2 3 Live stock only 3 8 3 5 5 4 Livestock and Cultivation 2 I Livestock and Agricultural Labourer 3 14 .3 II 8 3 5 Livestock, Agricultural Labourer and service 5 3 2 4 3 Household Industry only 35 182 106 76 70 52 18 76 ~IRWAR

TABLE X, I f-\Concld.)

2 3 4 .5 6 7 i:l

Household Industry and Agricultural Labuurer 3 16 12 4- 6 4 2 Household Industry At..Ticultural Labourer and Cultivation 5 2 3 4 3 Household Industry and Cultivation 4 33 17 16 8 6 2 Household Industry Cultivation and service 9 .5 4 2 2 HousehOld Industry and Trade 3 2 2 2 Household Indnstry, Trade and Cultivation 7 :i 2 3 3

Household Indus(ry, Trade and servIce 9 c! 4- 3 3 Houselwld Industry and service 4: 15 8 7 11 6 5 Trade only 21 84 3,1 50 31 18 13 Trade and Cultivation. 4 19 9 10 6 4- 2 Trade, Cultivation and Household Industry 9 4 5 2 2 Trade, Agricultural Labourer 13 59 31 28 28 17 11 Trade and service 4 23 " 11 12 11 9 2 Transport only 4 33 IS 18 8 7 Transport and Cultivation 5 3 2 3 2 Transport, Cultivation and Agricultural Labourer 2 11 e 5 7 -1: 3

Transport, Ctdtivation iLfHJ Li"cstock 5 2 3 2 2 Transport and :\gricultural Labouer • 3 2 2 Transport_Trade and Cultivation 2 19 9 10 7 7

COl1struclion ollly (j 18 9 9 7 i Construction and Cultivation 5 4 :1 3 Construction, Cultivation ano Agricultural Labourer '1 3 2 Service only 122 t45 Ul 20+ ; 200 135 65 Service and Cultivation 2 12 4 3 1- 2 2 Service and Agricultural Labourer 32 160 81 79 86 50 36 Service, A"ricultural Labou~cr and Cultivation 3 2 2 Service, Agricultural Labourer and Li,estock 1 9 6 3 7 4 3 Service, Livestock and ,\!;ricultural Labourer 4 24 12 12 II 7 4 Service and Household Industry 3 :1 2 ! Hotel keeping only 10 51 27 24 24 18 6 Hotel Keeping and Cult:vation 4: 42 22 20 10 tI 2 Non-gainful OCCUpations 23 54 19 35 ------TOTAL 745 3673 1833 1840 1720 1082 638 TABLES 77

TABLE XIV

Types of Industry Run by Households

Total Households having households Industry as Households having households Industry as No. of Primary occupation subsidiary occupation House- r------_____.A..------. r----~------.A-----~----__.. ~dme of Industry Holds Number Persons engaged Total persons Number Persons engaged Total Persons in of in Industry in Households of in Industry Households House- mention,.d in House- mentioned in holds col. No.3 Holds col. No.8

r-_____.A..--. r--_..,A...~-~ r-_____.A..--. r---_..A..- 4 M }O' M F M F M F

2 3 4 5 I) 7 8 9 10 II 12

Tailoring 20 14 19 1 43 31 6 2 3 16 17 Basket-\Veari ng 14 12 II 18 34 25 2 2 2 4 4 Black smithy . 5 4 4- 13 8 2 2 Carpentry 3 2 3 II 6 3 Stone·dn~ssinl 6 6 9 4 17 11 G01d smithy 2 2 2 6 5 Weaving 2 2 2 3 5 Carpentry and BlocksJIltihy 4- 4 7 15 14 Ginning I 7 2 Cobbler 2 ·1 Timber 2 3 3 Flouf Mill 3 2 Bed-Making 3 Pottery 2 5 Goldsmithy and TailOling 2 2 Tailoring and Ginning ------,3 5 4- TOTAL 64 51 66 26 162 117 13 9 7 37 36

TABLE XV Types of Business run by the Households

Households having households Business as Households having househc.lds Business as 'fotal primary occup.ttion subsidiary occupation Numberr------__.A..------. r------"------.----, of No. of I'ersons engaged Tetal p(.rsons No. of Persons engaged Total persons in Name of Business House- House- in Business in Households House- in Business Households holds holds l\fentioned in holds l"fentioned in col. 3 col. N08 r---.A.---. r--_____.A..----. r--_____.A..----, r--__,A...----... l\fales Females l'vlales Females Males Females X.dales Female.

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12

Retail trading in cloth 16 7 9 18 19 9 12 35 27 Retail Trading in provisions, Groceries etc. 24 17 20 5 34 42 7 12 2 35 32 Retail trading in Misc. items like Vegetables, Fruits, Panbeeda Tobacco etc. 2Z 12 II 7 25 27 10 !I 2 33 25 Retail trading in :Meat 7 3 3 1 4 9 4 6 20 18 Milk Vendor . 3 , I 2 2 3 2 3 6 Trading in sheep 3 3 12 12 Sweet Meat stall 2 I 2 I 5 2 Retail Trading in Bangles 2 2 3 4 4

TOTAL 79 -4-3 44 18 89 105 36 44 7 140 122 78 SIltWAR

TABLE XVI Traditional Industries by the Number of Households in each ------Sl. 1\0, Name of Traditional Industry No. of Households in each traditional Industry

2 3

Tailoring 8 2 Basket Weaving 13 3 Black: smithy 2 4 Carpentry ') Goldsrnithy 2 6 Stone-dressing . 7 Weaving 2

TOTAL 29

TABLE XVII Diet

Households taking Total No. r------A.------...... ComrnUl'lity of house- One meal a day Two meals a day Three meah a day ~fore than three holds in meals a day ,-___.A..__ , ,-_ ___.A. __...... each ,-----"-._--...... ,-----"----...... community Adults Children Adults Children Adults Children Adultll Children

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

HINDU Lingayats 122 32 90 26 II Byader 128 16 ll2 13 85 Kurubas. 88 7 81 8 61 Kabberu 38 2 36 2 22 ByagMa 24 2 22 13 Agasa 20 19 16 Kshatriya 25 6 19 5 H Korava 17 3 14 2 12 Uppara 10 9 8 Brahmin. 15 10 5 10 3 Madiga 13 2 II 2 9 Mathada Dasaru 12 12 5 Vodder 12 12 8 Padmasale 8 8 4- Helavas 6 5 5 Vyshyas 6 5 4- Medaru 6 6 6 Viswakarma. 6 2 4- 2 Arundmath 3 3 TABLES 79

TABLE XVII-(Concld.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Baineru 2 2 2 Jogaru 2 2 Eligaru 2 2 2 Kumbara 2 2 Rajputs 2 Mudaliyar Jadaru Naidu MUSLIM 131 9 122 9 95 CHRISTIANS 42 5 37 5 36 ------TOTAL 745 105 640 98 475

TABLE XVIII

Staple Diet and Food Habits of CoJtlJtlunities

No. of Households taking Non­ Community house­ r------"------, vegeta­ holds Rice Ragi Rice Jowar ""heat Jowar Vegeta- rian and and rian Ragi Rice

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 HINDU Lingayats 122 121 122 Byader 128 127 128 Kurubas 88 88 88 Kabberu 38 38 311 Byagara 24 24 24 Agasa 20 20 20 Kshatriya 25 25 25 Korava 17 17 16 Uppara. 10 10 10 Brahmins 15 12 3 15 Madiga 13 13 13 Mathada Da"a,u 12 12 12 Vodder 12 12 12 Padmasale 8 8 8 He1avas 6 5 6 Vyshyas 6 6 6 Myadaru 6 6 6 Viswakarma 6 Ii 3 3 Arundmath 3 3 S ----. 80 SIRWAR

TABLE XVIII-(Concld.)

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2 2 Jogaru 2 2 2 Eligaru 2 2 Kumbara 2 2 Rajaput . 2 2 Muclaliyar Jaclaru Naidu MUST,IM 131 130 13] CHRISTIAN 42 41 42

------_.------.-.--.------~------.~-----.---~----~---~~---- TOTAL 74.5 736 7 155 592 rABLES 81

0> o '"... M

'"...N .w ...,....; '§ '§~ '§ '§ '§ ... 0""",",00 .., o t..O co J .... L{") ... .:-.ooooZ

C'I... '"...o

o...

~ co ...o

o U")

b 1 -:So o * 12-6 Census[MysoreJ73 82 lIaWAa

TABLE XX Average Annual Income per Household by Occupation

Average Average annual income per household in the range of Total Average Annu:Ll r- , Occupation No. of annual income Rs. Rs. R5. Rs. Rs. house inca.ne per per adult SOl) and less 301-600 601-900 90l-l200 1200 & abO\'e holds hO;'He- equivalent r-___.J.._-, ,-...... Jo.---. ,----"-__• ,-_-..A..-_. ,-__ ..A.. __• hold ffia.le per No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount No,. Amount household of of of of of Hhs. Hils. Hhs. Hh5. Hhs.

2 3 4- 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

C -,ltintb.1 of oNael 163 S,154 610 12 854 28 1,080 126 3,835 bnru

C:Jltivltio:1 ofland taken 44 2,019, .45tJ 2 800 8 1,112 34 2,301 0.1 le.lse

AJri:ultuol h!>nr 214 9J1- ' '25% '7 293 50 491 77. 766 42 1,082 38 1,642

H >:1,~h:>lJ Lld:.ntry 51 1,33) ,'- .3)7 .I :no 600 18 817 13 1,108 18 2,128

O::l!rl 270 1,171 351 8 3IJO 57 496 76 791 48 1,072 81 2,148

·O;::a:m L1:;I:.d~: Liv:!,t:>;k 8H~u. Tr.lde 43 H!n. Transport II Hhs. Constrllctio:1 8 HIls. Service 163 Hhs. Hotel Keeping 14Hhs. Households with no gainful occupations 23 Hhs. 83

~ C!; ~ ~ ~ Il"l ~ u:i 01' _ ~ ~

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ c::; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 0 ~ ~ ~ "'" N ° ~

co

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ t; ~ ~ ~ ~ $ - 0 0 0 0 0 N ~ ~ :<) C'I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -CO N-

~ ~ ~ ~ g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g OO~ Ne-!O'lCOO§

~ ~ ~ ~ N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ $ ~ ~ ~ ;:; ~ ~ (t) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .., t:: ~ ~ - ~ N -O'l <.0 -<.0 84 11·. WAR

N N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~l~ NOO c-iN~

o 0'1

~ 8 ~ ~ ~ S ~ ~ ~1§ S 6 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~' co o 0 ~ 0 ~ 0 ~ ~ N g N ~ ~ ~ ~ - 0 ~·o - N ...... co

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ N 6 ~ 0 6 ~ 0 ~ -co

o~ooo~o :;) 0 ~' .... .0 o o - '" '" ~

o

o ,.., co o g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " g} f2 ~ ;;: ~. co c::; 8 8 * ~ ::::: o 0 co N N 0 ~ ~ N I~ ~..; co o r..: 0000";: g g C'I - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ fri ~ (5 0 § ~ co o d .;., 0 cO 6 N o 0 0 0 6 0

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 8 ~ ~ ~ g 8 ~ ~ c::; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ g o ~ CC"l ~ 0 ~ tr) u-; ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 6 0 ~ 6 6 6 6 0 ~

~:

'"0 8 r.... TABLES 85

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ 1- ...... , N .,., .,., - Ol to ~ e<"l N '

~ - -~

~ ~ ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ g $ ~ -o g ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 0

til) c

N ~ ~ .,., ~ ~ ~ ~ re ~ R N ! ~ ~ N 0 ~ 0 0 to C o I'-- -~

o _ o 0 co Ol 00:0 0

co II o co o N r: .~ U

~ E E on 8 ~ ~ $ 8 8 ~ ~ '(b 8 -8 c:i c:i c:.> c:i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b g ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ S ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 o ~ _ - 0 ~ 0 c:i 0 ~ c:i c:i c:i 0 0 _

o I'- ~ ~ ~ ~ g $ N ~ ~ Ro' ~ ~ ~ ~ G -o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - 0 ~ 0 0 ~ 0' -"' It--jN Int WAn

TABLE XXII Households and Development Activities

Secured Total Number ,------.------~.------~ fo Household! Better seeds Better 1m- Use of Land improvement measures Improved methoi of C!lemical plements Pesti~ides like Reclamation, Soil conser­ Cultivation by Japanese Fertilisers (Iro;} PIOUg;l) vation and consolidation Cultivation used.

186 186

TABLE XXIII Indebtedness by Income Group

Tot'll No. No. of Amount Percentage of Col. Average indebted­ Inco:ne grOU? of ho:.!.,e­ ho:.!.'e­ r-___.A..,---~ 3 to Col. 2 ness for household holds h()lds in­ Rs. p. in debt debted Rs. p. 2 3 4 5 6

R>. 23 and below 16 6 ,900 37.50 150.00 Rs. 26 to 50 108 57 11,600 52.78 203.50 Rs. 51 to 75 185 128 32,250 69.19 251.95 Rs. 76 to 100 139 92 31,000 66.19 336.95 Rs. 101 and above 297 197 1,55,400 66.33 788.83

TOTAL. 745 430 2,31;150 64.43 481.56

TABLE XXIII-A Indebtedness by Causes

Cause Amount in debt No. of families Proportion of debt in debt due to cause to the total amount of debt.

2 3 4

a. Purchase of land 9,000 2 3.89 b. H:>:ue construction. repairs to existing buildings 200 0.09 c. M'lrriage 20,800 22 9.00 d. Domestic 1,30,200 395 56.34 e. Land DeveloJlment 55,850 99 24.16 f. C:>;}struction I')f well! 2,500 1.08 g. Sickness 100 0.04 TABLES 87

TABLE XXIII-A-(Contd.)

2 3 4

h. Purchase of C:lttle 900 2 0.39 i. Purc:l

TABLE XXIII-B

Indebtedn~ss by Sources of Credit

Cult:vators Hwing Land Source of Credit ______• _____...-A- ....., Non-Cultivators & Below 3 Acres ....., ,-___3-10--A. Acres___ ....., ,-10___ Acres _,._ ___Above ....., ,------""- ,- __.A...... , Amou'lt Amou"1.t Amou"1.t Amou'lt Amou"1.t Amount Amount Amou'lt BorroNei oat-st:lnding Borro'Nei oat-standing Borrowed out-st:lnding Borrowed out-standing

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Private Money Lenders 5,700 5,700 40,400 40,000 85,450 82,800 67,700 67,400 Co-operative societies • 4,400 4,400 28,300 26,850 Govemment 5,000 5,000 TOTAL 5,700 5,700 44,800 44,400 1,18,750 1,14,650 67,700 67,400

TABLE XXIV AgricUltural Produce of Cultivatiou run by the Households and their disposals

No. of 1961-62 Name of Home­ Unit Area in ,------~------....., Crops holds acres Total Qu'tntity Qu'tntity Paid as Paid as Reserved Balance production for Dome- sc,ld rent interest for seeds Left-over stic con- sumption

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Bengali· Cotton 182 M:lunds 2614.88 24,251 21,549 2,442 260 Jowar 233 2,732.10 31,639 " 10,520 19,904 1,145 5 115 Groa'ld Nut 75 1,635.65 7,466 12 6,669 660 125 S3ffiower 18 94.33 618 46 572 A~!lu 47 237.65 " 1,199 279 919 Wheat 11 53.15 " 397 56 341 N:lvane 8 49:55 " 150 19 131 C!lillies 2 2.13 12 11 B'ljra 6 60.08 217 46 171 Senmum . 10 38.82 121 17 104 Orchards R,. 5.00 200 200 ·(2.75 Bengali Maunds are equivalent to one quintal). as SIRWAJI

TABLE XXV Households Owning or Possessing Land or have given out Land to others for Cultivation

Number of Households and extent of land r------A. -, No N:lture of No. of 1-2.4 No. of 2.5 to 4.9 No. of 5-10 No. of 10 acres Co~nmunity land Interc~t* He use acres Hou.e- acres H ,use- acre3 House- & 0:1 land hold hold huid hold abo\e 2 3 4 5 6 'i 8 9 10 II

IUNDU LingayaU 46 A 2 8.00 6 54.99 40 2,526.50 B 1 4.00 2 15.97 13 426.52 C 1 20.00 A+B 5 324.92 A+C 6 738.32 Byad(:r 50 A 3 12.60 24 234.87 12 317.80 B 3 7.32 1 4.00 10 68.55 7 145.77 C 3 12.10 A+C . 2 18.27 13 316 07 Kurubas. 29 A 7 24.67 9 76.22 17 5[3 60 B 6 22.90 3 21.97 2 22.45 A+B 2 36.47 A+C 8.57 12 339.00 Kabberu 13 A .. 2 12.17 4 76 85 B 1 1.00 4 13.65 5 34.25 3 41.32 A+B 1 18. i.'i A+C 5 105.37 Byagara . 18 A 3.42 1 32.70 B 1 16 CO A+C 2 32 22 B+C 1 28.00 Agasa 20 l

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TABLE XXV-B-(Contd.)

Land owned ontside the Village

~ame of the village ;:nd number of Households and its Acreage r---.----~------~-"------._____ ~ _____ ~ _ _A_ ___ . ______. ____~ ____~ ____ - __~ Cc.mmllnitv Ja:aUllf ;-':,nalkal ';",."nr:1-' KOI,rU) Ch"ga}'havi I,akbmdclinni HuncJlcd ~rarat ,\t11(.I'l ,--_____ ....A_ _ -, r--_A._--~ r--...A.....-~ ,-___.A.._._-) r-- _..A...._~ r-___.A.--~ r- _..A. ___ , r-_..A..-, r- _·..A..- 1 Hh.<. Anc- H,1S. Acre- Hos. j\ue- flllS. Acr,·- Hhs. Acre- H}s. Acre- ffhs. Acre- Ehs. Acre- Hhs. Acre- age agf' agf' :lgC age age ~ge age age

2 3 4 OJ 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

Lingayats 16 249.00 6.0 6 159.00 4.00 2 60.00 39.0 25.00 3 22:i.00 2B.0() Bynder 6 !i8.0() 4.0() 4.00 20.00

KlIl'ub", IO 106.50 9.00 2 15.0(J

K"bberu Ii 60.47 8.00

Byagaru 20.00

Kshatriy2. 1').00 18.00

Uppal'a 20.00

Brnhmin 2 3.1.00 7.00 2.00

Vodder 4 31.00

Vyshya 16.00

Myadafn 2 8.00

ArundmClch

B"inerll 30.00

Eiigaru 2r..00

Kumhara 11.00

Rajaputs 8.00 l\fuslims 12 96.00 2 22.00 6.00 8.00

Christians 6.00 13.00 TABLES 91

TABLE XXV-B (cncld) Land owned outside the Village

Name of the village and number or Households and its Acreage r------_~ __ __..: _____ ,______..,.A_ -~ ______" __._~ __ ~ ______.. _~_ . __.&- ~ Community Naagdinni Jakkaldinni Manvi Gandillni Kadillni Sin Gandelinlli Kyaclaggeri '--______""_--"l r--...... -'---..... ,.-______.A..._~ r-~----"----.... ,-___.A..._~ ,-__.A_ __ ~ r----....A.....--"l r----A---, ,-_.___ ....)..._ __ ._, Hhs. Acre- Hils.. \cre- Hhs. Acrc- HI". Acre- Hhs. Acre- Hhs. Acrc- lIhs. ."I.cre- lIhs. ,\crc- Hhs.. \cre- aw, a.ge a~(' age age age age age age

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 J4. 15 16 17 18 19

1 . 28.00 10.00 100.00

Byader 12.00 12.00

Kurubas 2 2!.{)O ., 38.00 Kabberu

2 :;_O.OO

Ksh.ttriva

Uppma

Brahmin 9.00 10.00 Voaeler

Vyshayas

Arundmath 3 :n.oo

Baincru

Eligarll

Kumbara

Rajapuths

Muslims 4.00 Christians 92 SIRWAR

TABLE XXVI GENERAL

Number of Households ,.- .~------.-_____.}.._------_-_. -----~------. Totil! r\o. of Reading daily news- Membt:r or Members of Member or l\fembers of Memher or Members of households paper whicL work for social up- w.lich t"ke active part in which have joinecl Co-op- lift. politics. er.ative Sc.cleties.

2 3 5

','45 20 14 86

TABLE 1

Caste/Tribe or Community and Nature of Family .L__:__ Types of families living in the households Caste/Tribe or Community Total No. of r- --"----~-----~-. households Simple Intermediate Joint Others

2 3 4- 5 6

HINDU Lingayats 122 48 7 27 40 Byader 128 66 6 21 35 Kurubas 88 30 6 23 29 Kabberu 38 16 1 7 14 Byagara 24 5 8 11 Agasa , 20 18 2 Kshatriya 25 ·14 5 6 Koravas 17 8 3 6 Uppara 10 2 7 Brahmin 15 9 3 2 Madiga 13 5 4 4 l\fathada Dasaru 12 7 2 2 Vodder 12 7 2 3 Padma~alc 8 7 Helavas 6 3 3 Vyshyas 6 2 3 Myadaru 6 5 Vishwakarma 6 2 3 Arundmath 3 Baineru 2 1 ]ogaru 2 2 Eligaru 2 Kumbara 2 I Rajputs 2 2 Mudaliar Jadaru Naidu 0, I Muslim 131 77 3 29 22 Christian 42 21 14 7 TOTAL 745 359 27 157 202 , TABL:t;;s 92

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1ll{LU!SUlll N ""

~ 1lLUUlI (!IIuW - ~ ...Ilc llA1llU:>(UUll)I "" ~ Ll") -=r/l -eLUlliCIl;l A "" 101 C; <.0 ...... 00 N t<'l L'} N ~ en N =:= t:!lll.'AS;llll:>(U;) 1\ t<'l c... = uddclddU 'Cl"" t: ~ GI qU!UIIUJ'\I cr,

:s' N C) lllUU:>(llPdN ....(OS C'I .... lll{S~UUD fJ ~ GI Ll") H uddll.IoiiooS P=l ~ 101 <.0 ~ Q 1l.IpUl{qlll;l~A - ...... t' ll.Illt.\Sa GI

~ ll.IUMS;)AllSllU <.0 c... "" C) l!;pq[) snsdf ii III l- N N N t<'l .~ Ada !l{ln.IllW N N N N ....~ fJ Ullq)! UllqlJns t<'l Q r/l

Ulll{:>(qooqUl{llJ\I N

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c .~ 8 oo 94 SIRWAR

TABLE 3

Awareness of Untouchability Offences Act

No. of persolls aware Caste No. of persons inter­ of prohibition of un­ Remarks viewed touchability under Law

2 3

HINDU Lingayats 122 lIB

Byader 128 127

Kurubas B8 86

Kabberu 38 38

.l3yagara 2J. 23

Agasa 20 20

Kshatriya 2:, 25

Korava 17 17

Uppara 10 10

Brahmin 15 1:")

Madiga 13 13

Mathada Dasaru 12 12

Vodder 12 12

Padmasale B n

Helavas li b

Vyshyas (j I:i

Myadaru (j Ii

Viswakarma 6 6

Arundmath 3 3

Baincru 2 2

Jogaru 2 2

Eligaru 2 2

Kumbara 2 2

Ibjputs 2 2

Mudaliyar

Jadaru

Naidu

MUSLIM 131 124

CHRISTIAN 39

TOTAL 745 727 TABLES 95

TABLE 4

Contravention of Marriage' Rules

Frequencies of each type of contravention Caste/Tribe No. of mar­ ,-______.~ __~ ______~_A._ ___~ ______~ riages in Type I Type II Type III Type IV Type V Type VI contravention of Castei Trib....

All the households in the village were inten'it'w!'d Nil.

TABLE 4-A

Permissibility of Intercaste Marriage

~o. of per- No. of persons who consider it is permissible to form Remarks including running 'iOlH intcj'... martial tie.;; \\'iih note on backgrollnd of the Caste/Tribe \,i(,;\vecl ,------.-~-- __ -_ - __ . ______.A__. ____~ ___~ ______. ____ ------... persons giving affirmatin' Caste/Tribe r Caste Tribe II Caste/Tribe III Caste/Tribe IV reply (educated young man Panehayat Memher). ~].me 'Jame Name Name ._---_ ._----._---_. -_._--- All the households in the village were interviewed. None considers inter- ca,te marriag" as permissible.

TABLE 5

Awareness of Changes in Hindu Laws of Succession and Adoption

Caste(TribefCommunity Number of persons ;\[0. aware that No. aware that interviewed there have been there have b("en changes in Hindu changes in Hindu Succession Act. Adoption Act.

-----~ ------.------~-.'------~------~----=-~-~------~------Lillgayaths 122 3 2

TABLES 97

TABLE 5-B Share of property for different categories of relatives-Sons

Number indicating that sons inherit property in the following manner ,------... No. of All sons Only Only Larger Larger If there persons get equal eldest young- share is share is are child- inter- share son est son given to given to ren by Ca::te/ viewed inherits inherits eldest youngest more than Any Remarks Tribe! son, son one wife other Community other other property manner sons in- sons first di- herit inherit vided per equally equally stripe among sons of different wives, at,ld then per capita among sons of thl" same wife

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO

All Sons get equal Shares in all the Communities

TABLE 6 Reciprocal Aid in Agricultural Practices

No. of households No. of households that take help of that assist neighbours No. of households neighbourers at the and receive help at Castel practising agriculture time of sowing or the time of cultivation Tribe! harvesting in the shape of Community manual labour

2 3 4 Lingayats 60 45 45 Byader 57 39 39 Kurubas ·48 36 ?6 Kabberu 12 11 II Byagara 6 5 D Agasa Kshatriya 6 5 5 Korava 4 3 3 Uppara 4 3 3 Brahmin 4 3 3 Madiga 2 2 2 Dasaru Vodder Padmasale 1 Helavas 1 Vyshyas 2 Myadaru Viswakarma Eliga Kumhara 1 1 1 Muslim 31 23 24 Christian 21 18 81

TOTAL 261 195 619

14~6 Census(Mysol" e/73 98 SIRWAR

TABLE 7

Livestock Statisfics including Fishery

Cows Cows Adult Working Other Young Young In In females Bulls Bullocks Adult Stock Stock Milk dry not calved males (Males) Females ,--___A ..: __ --, ,-_.A.__ , ,-___A. __ , Caste/Tribe/Community r-~--__.A._--~ ,----"-_---, r--_A_-~ ,-___A._, ,----"-----, Ko. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total of No. of No. of :\0. of No. of No. of No. of No. o~ No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.

------~------~------.------_._------_ .. _----_ 2 3 ,~ J 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17

.------~-.------.-~------~------Lingayats 29 44 15 19 19 22 44 172 2 2 26 39 5 7 Evader 29 32 13 Li 3 3 42 96 10 13 14 21 9 12 Kurubas IG 17 ,} 4 7 9 39 97 7 9 ;) 5 5 7 Kabberll 2 2 2 2 3 4 II 26 Byagara 5 ;) 2 2 2 3 ;; 12 2 2 2 2 Agasa Kshatri).l 2 2 2 3 5 16 2 Korava 3 11 Uppara 2 2 2 2 ;) 5 2 2 Brahmin 2 7 2 3 14 2 Madiga 2 4 2 2 2 Mathadadasaru 2 Yodder 2 2 3 G Padmasale 2 2 3 Helavas Vyshyas 1Iyadarll 2 2 Viswakarma Baineru 2 Eligaru 2 Kumbara. 2 Jadaru Muslim 9 9 6 6 5 7 25 55 3 5 3 3 Christian 14 IG ;) 6 18 41 3 3 4 4 .5 5 ------TOTAL 119 149 52 60 53 65 205 559 28 34- 64 89 32 80 'tABLES 99

TABLE 7-·Coutd.

Livestock Statistics including Fishery

He- She- She- Young Horses, buffaloes buffaloes buffaloes Stock Sheep Goats Pigs ponies (Adult) in lVIilk dry (buffalces) & muks ,.-.__ .A. __ ".-_-,-_._, ,.-_..A._, ~_.....A__--.., r-~_....J.-_, ,_..A._, ,.-_..A._, ,...... A._, Ca5r~rTrib('/Uomrnunity No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total Ke. Total No. Total Nc. Tot,1i No. To(,,1 of No. of No. of 1'\0. (.,1' No. of No. of No. of No. of. No Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hils. Hhs.

------_--~------_~-----~------~------~~---~----.~----~-______.----- "---- 18 19 20 21 22 23 2+ 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 ------_. -~"--_------~~~------.---~------_------Lingayats • 3 .5 42 60 22 32 41 73 10 2 H 5 Byader 30 40 9 9 30 42 5 28 Ii 88 Kurubas 2 3 27 33 13 15 24 34 H 497 14 488

Kabberu 8 10 3 4 9 13 3 16 't 13 Byagara 2 5 3 28 Agasa Kshatriya 2 2 Korava 3 5 3 5 2 25 Uppal'a 3 3 2 2 15 10 Brahmin 4 4 2 4 8 Madiga 3 12 2 8 lVIathada Ddsaru 2 10 2 10 Vodder 2 2 Padmasale :) 3 Helavas 2 Vyshyas Myadaru Viswakarma Baineru 14 14 E1igaru Kumbara. 2 8 7 Jadaru ),Iuslim 2 2 23 23 7 9 16 20 20 338 19 335 'J 3 Chri,tian 2 2 3 4 2 2 4 18 3 12 5 ,._------.. __ .------___.--...... ------~ ---- TOTAL 11 14 150 192 62 78 139 207 60 1038 62 JO·W 3 31 9 II 100 SIRWAR

TABLE 7-C,·ncld.

Livestock Statistics including Fishery

Any other Donkeys Cocks Hens Chicken Ducks Others animals Fisheries or birds

r-~_;"'_~~ r--__..A_~ ,-__.A._----.~ r--..A_~ r---....}.....-----. r--_A...-~ r-..------A---~ r-___.A...~ --. Caste/Tribe/Community No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Total No. Tota.l No. Total Nv. Total of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs.

34 35 36 ~7 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 4G 47 48 4S

LiJlgayats Byader 10 2 20 10 Kurubas Kabberu 5 51 5 49 Byagara Agasa 7 25 Kshatriya Korava 5 '.17 2 2 UjJ[Jala Brahmin Madiga Mathada Dasal'lI 2 13 2 13 Vodder 2 23 12 Padmasale Helavas Vyshyas Myadaru .? Viswakarma Baineru Eligaru Kumbara Jadaru Muslim 14 113 15 101 2 9 Christian 2

----~-----~------~------.-----....._~------TOTAL 12 42 26 214 28 119 4 20 TAB L E S 101

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nl;lU!llH ;!:; ~ U'" e<'l 0 'i< 'i< :>- llA!JlllqS)I .!:l

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Zl <=i S t>'" '"0:: ::l 0'" '1:l !l >-1 0 ~ '" ~ ~ ..0.. N ~ l:" '- <=i "S ;;j 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ -a" -a '1:l 0.. '0 '" ~ "@ S" ~ 8 8 2 .... t) >-;< >-;< ~ " .;; 8:: Z s .;:: .;:: "<=i '1:l oS '"""C 0.. '" ~ bI) .a '" OIl 0 '0 '" ..<::'" 0'" P=I'" -< -< 00 0 ~'" i:i5'" ~" P=I" U

:>- !l ~ '1:l q ~ '- '" -0 bI) II) q ~ :>- ';;j '- bI) '"""... S 0 0:: 0 :>- rJ .5 . ;:: Ill) ..s ,"' .... bI) bI) :L1 Z'" \:I ·S \:I - \:I II) ] ~ .~ '5 :;g '" J;l u '8- \:I 11 ..s ~ II) '1:l :II'" '" B ~ C ~ '" E-<'" P=I i:i5'" u'" rFJ 0 0.. ~ rFJ P=I" ...l" .0 :J:iZ N c<'l '

TABLE 9

Land Reclamation and Development

Reclam:1tion BUilding Tractor ploughing ctc. Soil-Uonserv::ttion , ____..)0.... ___"" Community r-~__'--A.... -~-""l r-.-.-----"- ---.-..-~ ,.--'------'----, Nu. of Acres- Nu. of Acre~- No. of Acres- No. of Acres- Hhs. Cents Hhs. Cents Hhs. Cents Hhs. Cent'

2 3 4 ;) 6 7 8 y

Lingayats ].') ·194.35 33 786.23 16 392.70 :2 :)4.,

Byader 9 Hll.03 18 173.83 5 56.00

Kuru bas :1 E).90 II 15-1.63 9 H3.48

Kabberu 8.30 3 30.93 3 27.7

Byagara 3.10

Ksh"triya 7 .48 -1 67.08 3 (l(j.68

Kora"a8 10.30 2 ·1-0.50 24.65 Uppara 19.40 2 40.13

Brahmin '1 JUJU

l'admasale 1.00 Vy,hyas IG.OO Kumbara 11.00

Eligaru . :W.O()

Muslim ') 81.95 11 150.25 5 50.58 17.76 Christians 3 27.25 7 53.35 ----,--.

TABLE 10 Co.operative Societies

No. of Households the heads of which belong to Name ot the r-----~----·-----·------.A. ____ ------, Co-operative Linga- Byadcr Kurubas Ka blJCTu Byagara Ksha- KoravJ.s Brahmin M2diga Yyshf

L. S. C. Society 17 21 :zz 2 3 3 8 5 86 Sirwar TAR Y" E S 103

TABLE 11

Habit of Taking Sugar as Correlated to Income

No. of households taking sugar with No. of households not takir.g sugar with monthl" in come of mOllthlv income of Caste/Tribe/Communit" r-.------__,------___:_---_;.._------.-----~~ r------~-~ -"-~-----, ------.-~ Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs.25 AbO\e Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. RS.25 Rs.I"iO 101-150 76-100 51-7'1 26-50 or less Rs. F,O 101-150 76-100 51-75 26-50 or less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13

Lingayats 38 24 17 11 12 4 !i 4 6 Byader 13 25 15 2:; 16 2 4 2 5 15 5 Kurubas l!j 15 II 7 :1 7 7 2 15 2

Kabberu .~ 4 6 6 4 3 3 4 2 Ryagara 2 2 2 3 6 7 Agasa 4 -1 it) Kshatriya 5 4 3 6 2 ::> Koravas 2 3 3 2 Uppara 2 4 Brahmin 3 4 2 Madiga 3 3 Mathada Dasaru :2 2 2 '1 Vodders 2 2 3 Padmasale 2 6 Halavas 3 Vyshyas l\Iyadaru 2 :2 Vi"vakarma 2 3 Arundmath 2 Baineru Jogaru Eligaru 2 Kumbara. Rajputs Mudaliyar Jadaru Naidu Muslim 16 18 20 28 8 2 + II 12 9 2 Christian 6 8 2 5 7 3 7 3

- ----~~------~------.------.---- TOTAL 117 1I9 96 117 52 4 25 36 43 68 56 12 104 SIRWAR

TABLE 11-A Habit of Taking Tea/Coffee as Correlated to Income

No. of Hhs. taking tea with monthly incom~ of No. of households not taking troa with monthly income of .A- r----~-~------"-.~------, Caste/Tribe/Community r- --.~ Rs.25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 25 Above Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. or less Rs. 150 101-150 76-100 51·75 26-50 or less Rs. 150101-150 76-100 51-7S 2&-50

12 \3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 ,10 II

Lingayats 42 29 III 13 17 2 Byader 17 27 20 40 20 3 3 Kurubas 20 22 1fl 9 15 Kilbberu 5 7 9 10 ;; Byagara 2 ;; 2 Il 7 Agasa 4_ 4 10 KShatriya 6 4 4 Il 2 Korava 6 6 3 Uppara 2 4 2 Brahmin 8 6 Madiga 2 4 4 Mathada Dasaru 4 5 Vodder 2 3 2 3 Padmasale 2 6 Jadaru Jogaru i\rundmath 2 Rajputs Helavas 4 Vyshyas 2 Myadaru 3 Viswakarma 2 3 Eligaru 2 Kumbara, Baineru Mudaliyar Naidu Muslim 18 22 31 39 15 2 2 Christian 10 15 3 7 3

6 7 7 TOTAL 141 155 133 179 101 ,9 TABLES 105

TABLE 12 Material Culture-Possession of Furniture

No of households possessing Caste/Tribe/Community ,- --. Cot Almirah Chair Table Mirror Bench Stool Jolch- Wall- Iron owki shelf Safe

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II

Lingayats 113 40 10 3 Byadet 128 Kurubas 75 7 Kabberu 23 8 2 Byagara 18 Agasa 19 Kshatriya 21 7 Koravas 10 Upl'ara 9 Brahmin 14 10 5 Madiga 10 Mathada Dasaru 5 Vodder. II Padmasale 7 Halavas 4 Vyshyas 5 3 3 Myadaru 6 Viswakarma .:1 Arundmath 3 Baineru 2 Jogaru 2 Eligaru 2 Kumbara Rajputs 2 Mudaliyar Naidu

Muslim 120 8 3 ',. Christian 37

TOTAL 652 89 27 2 3

15-6 Censu~/Mysore/73 106 SIRWAR

TABLE 12-A Material Culture-Possession of Consumer Goods

No. of households possessing r- -.. Caste/Tribe/Community Hurri- Petro- Battery Kerosene Bi- Radio Wrist Lorry Car Tractor Sewing cane mux torch stove cycle set watch Machine Lan- or light tern Hazak

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Lingayats 9 37 95 27 36 12 48 2 3 :3 Byader 9 70 9 9

~ Kuruba 0.1 48 2 11 9 Kabberu 2 20 2 2 4. Byagara 7 Agasa 15 Kshatriya 2, 6 16 4 6 2 3 - Korava 5 Uppara 6 2 Brahmin 6 3 14 II 4 11 Madiga 2 Mathada Dasaru Vodder 2 Padmasale 5 Helavas Vyshyas 4 5 2 2 Myaduru 2 Viswakarma 3 5 3 Arundmath 3 Baineru 2 Jogaru Eligal'U 2 Kumbara Rajputs Mudaliyar Jadaru Naidu Muslim JO 87 10 2Z 23 2 Christian 13 4 ,

TOTAL 20 83 429 67 101 18 123 4 3 8 -TABLES 107

TABLE 12-B Material Culture-Habits

No. of households that use mosquito No. of households that do not use No. of households that use toilet curtain having monthly mosquito curtain having monthly soap/washing soap having monthly income of income of income of -Caste/Tribe/Community r- -, r------A. -, r- Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or above less above less above less

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Lingayats 31 12 II 11 17 22 17 37 18 23 ~ Byader 3 4 2 14 23 58 24 3 14 15 2 Kurubas 10 2 10 21 25 19 JO 10 4 Kabberu S 7 18 7 2 3 3 Byagara 2 5 9 7 2 Agasa 4 14 Kshatriya 4 2 2 3 10 3 ;) 4 7 2 Koravas 12 3 Uppara 4 3 2 Brahmin 8 :; 8 :1 Madiga 2 8 2 Mathada Dasaru 5 6

Vodder 2 .') 04- Padmasale 8 Helavas ;) Vyshyas 2 2 2 Myadaru ;) Viswakarma 2 3 2 Arundmath. 3 Baineru Jogaru Eligaru 2 2 Kumbara Rajputs Mudaliyar . Jadaru Naidu

Muslim 7 4 4 II 17 68 20 II 7 17 ~ Christian 3 2 8 13 12 4 2 2

TOTAL 72 32 26 70 123 298 123 86 70 80 13 108 SIRWAR

TABLE 12-B-(Concld.) Material Culture--Habits

No. of households that do not use No. of households that send clothes No. of households that do not send toilet/washing soap having to washerman having monthly clothes to washerman having monthly income of income of monthly income of -, r- r- Caste/Tribe/Community Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or 150 & 101-150 51-100 50 or above less above less abd\e less

14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Lingayats 5 II 10 13 41 27 32 13 2 .'} Byader 14 13 45 22 14 18 51 10 3 9 9 14 Kuruba 10 13 22 18 20 23 25 14 5 Kabberu 3 4 16 7 5 5 14 2 5 6 ByagaI'll 2 5 8 7 2 2 3 10 T Agasa \4 14 4 14 Kshatriya 5 5 3 6 6 2 Koravas 11 3 3 2 9 Uppara 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 BrahmiD. 8 6 Madiga 2 8 2 2 8 2 :Ylathada Dasaru 5 6 5 6 Vodder 2 'i 4 2 2 3 4 Padmasa1e 8 7

Hela"as 5 4 ~ ... Vyshyas 2 Myadaru 5 4 Viswakarma 3 5 Al'Undmath 3 3 Baineru Jogaru Eligaru 2 Kumbata Rajputs Mudaliyar JadalU Naidu Muslim 7 14- 55 17 16 19 48 13 2 2 24 7 Christian 9 13 11 4 2 9 14 12 4

TOTAL 56 85 244- III 120 III 206 57 II 44 liB 67 TABLES 109 TABLE 13 House Type-Roof

Total No of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. with Tile Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Hhs. Caste/Tribe/Community House- with with with with Roof with with with with holds Mud pucca· C.I. Asbcs- ,----"-----, Tin. wooden Straw/ Leaf Roof Roof sheet tos C.T. M.T. Roof: Roof Grass Roof Roof Roof Roof

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Lingayats 122 116 -! 2 Byader 128 126 Kuruba 88 86 Kabberu. 38 38 Byagara 24 24 Agasa 20 20 Kshatriya 25 24 Koravas 17 16 Uppara 10 10 Brahmin. 15 14 Madiga . 13 10 3 Ma thada Dasaru 12 II Vodder 12 9 3 Padmasale B B Helavas 6 6 Vyshyas 6 5 Myadaru 6 5 Viswakarma 6 6 Arundmath 3 3 Baineru 2 2 Jogaru 2 Eligaru 2 2 Kumbara 2 2 Rajputs 2 Mudaliyar Jadaru Naidu Muslim . 131 128 2 Christian 42 39 3

TOTAL 745 705 II 27 2

16-6 Census!Mysore!73. SIRWAR 110

~ ~ .... ;::

I I

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