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Pattern of Spatial Distribution of a Brood-Protecting Schizasterid Echinoid,Abatus Cordatus, Endemic to the Kerguelen Islands

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Pattern of Spatial Distribution of a Brood-Protecting Schizasterid Echinoid,Abatus Cordatus, Endemic to the Kerguelen Islands MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Vol. 118: 179-186, 1995 Published March 9 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. Pattern of spatial distribution of a brood-protecting schizasterid echinoid,Abatus cordatus, endemic to the Kerguelen Islands Élie Poulin, Jean-Pierre Féral Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls, U.R.A. C.N.R.S. 117, F-66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France ABSTRACT: This study examined the spatial distribution at different geographic scales of the echinoid Abatus cordatus which is endemic to the Kerguelen Islands. Special attention was paid to the non­ dispersal strategy of the species. It lives burrowed in the sediment and females brood their young in dorsal pouches. The dispersal of this species is therefore characterised by a limited mobility among adults and the lack of a free-swimming larval phase. Using SCUBA and dredging,A. cordatus was sampled all around Kerguelen. The spatial distribution from the island scale to the bay scale shows dis­ continuities at 2 levels: (1) at the island level favourable sectors (principally characterised by jagged coastline with numerous sheltered bays) are separated by linear coastline or swell exposed sectors: (2) at the bay scale A. cordatus Uves in high density, isolated demes in shallow water of sheltered bays. A. cordatus was most numerous in sediments that ranged from medium to fine sand. The granulometry of the sediment and the lack of predation determine this aggregated spatial distribution pattern. Con­ sidering that the scale of larval dispersal is the consequence of spatial and temporal habitat structure, the non-dispersal strategy of A.cordatus is associated with a spatially varying but temporally constant habitat as predicted by theoretical models. KEY WORDS: Abatus • Brooding • Habitat limits • Kerguelen • Non-dispersal strategy ■ Schizasteridae • Spatial distribution • Subantarctic INTRODUCTION Studies on the spatial distribution of organisms are important for several reasons (Thrush 1991). Firstly, Species spatial distribution is the result of the inter­ the knowledge of distribution patterns is necessary to action of biotic and abiotic constraints (Thrush 1991). investigate population dynamics and genetics and, In soft-bottom marine invertebrates and particularly more generally, population biology. The different dis­ deposit-feeders, functions such as feeding, respiration tribution patterns (aggregated, random or regular and motility are strongly linked to the sediment char­ distribution) will determine the choice of a sampling acteristics of the habitat. Generally, granulometry and design, in order to avoid bias in statistical analysis. the organic content of the sediment are the main fac­ Secondly, it is important to identify the factors respon­ tors that determine habitat (Lopez & Levinton 1987). sible for the distribution patterns. Thirdly, there is the However the range of the habitat can be modified by potential to understand the relationships between the biotic constraints, such as interspecific competition and spatial distribution and life-history traits, particularly predation; life-history factors may also influence for species without larval dispersal and that have low spatial distribution (Thrush 1991). Larval dispersal and motility (Carlon & Olson 1993). recruitment processes are also important factors re­ The schizasterid echinoidAbatus cordatus (Verrili, lated to spatial distribution. Indeed, factors such as 1876) is endemic to the Kerguelen Islands (49° 21' S, length of larval stage duration, currents and site selec­ 70° 12’ E) and is a deposit feeder that burrows a few tion by larvae affect the spatial pattern of species centimetres below the surface of the sediment. The (Thrush 1991). development ofA. cordatus is direct (Schatt 1985, P. © Inter-Research 1995 Resale of full article not permitted 180 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 118: 179-186, 1995 Schatt & J.-P. Féral unpubl.) and the females brood METHODS their young. The juveniles are released on the sea floor near their mother. Some information on the distribu­ Exploratory phase.Exploration using SCUBA diving tion of A. cordatus is available (Magniez 1980, Schatt and dredging (Charcot dredge) was made at different 1985, Mespoulhé 1992). This burrow ing echinoid is scales (Fig. 1): firstly at the island scale to evaluate the often very abundant and high densities are found at overall distribution ofAbatus cordatus around K ergue­ shallow depth (0 to 2 m) near beaches. Individuals in leni secondly at the scale of a large gulf with numerous dense aggregations often touch or nearly touch each scattered islands (Golfe du Morbihan); and thirdly at a other. The goal of the present study was to establish bay scale. Densities of A. cordatus were estimated and the spatial distribution ofA. cordatus at different spa­ density indices were attributed to each site: low tial scales. (<5 ind. m-2), medium (5 to 20 ind. m-2) and high den­ sity (>20 ind. n r2). The type of substratum was recorded. Density transects: density and vertical and horizontal patterns of distribution. After the exploratory phase, 3 major study areas (Ile Haute, Anse du Halage and Port Couvreux, respectively Sites 5,12 and 17 in Fig. 1), were selected for their high popula­ tion densities. These are the locations of eco­ logical and physiological studies (Magniez 1980, Schatt 1985, M espoulhé 1992). At the 3 sites, we examined a transect of 50 or 100 m length from the beach towards the open sea, until the echinoid density was zero. um ■ high density Ü 1 A medium density ITTTTTI ^ low d e n s ity 4 9 0 3 0 ' • a b s e n c e sfc d r e d g in g 69043’ Port C ouvreux F r 700 7 0 ° 1 5 ' I ii 4 9 ° 1 6 3 0 14 9 0 2 - 0 t o — -------------- ■ ! Français (VI ORB/U P o in te Trois B erge 49017 G uyot 49 0 3 0 .... Presqu'île Ronarc'h P resq u Jeanne d'Arc Fig. 1. Distribution pattern of Abatus cordatus around the Kerguelen Islands, (a) Golfe du Morbi­ han. (b) Bras de la Fonderie. Numbers correspond to the sites described in Table 1 Poulin & Féral: Spatial distribution ofAbatus cordatus 181 Quadrats (0.5 m2) w ere m ade every 10 m, or more fre­ RESULTS quently if a topographical change occurred (e.g. slope break, substrate texture, algal cover). All individuals Distribution patterns found were removed from each quadrat and counted. This procedure of sampling by hand could under­ Abatus cordatus is distributed all around the Ker­ estimate the density of small individuals. Correspond­ guelen Islands (Fig. 1, Table 1). However, high density ing depths were regularly recorded with an electronic populations are found principally in sectors where the depth gauge in order to draw bottom profiles. Depths coastline is jagged and where bays are abundant were calculated from the equinoctial low water. Major (northwestern sector and Golfe du Morbihan). Only features of the substratum and of algal composition scattered and isolated individuals were found on the and density were also noted. west coast (Site 29) which is swept by strong swell, and At Ile Haute a second perpendicular transect was on the poorly jagged east coastline. carried out to circumscribe the population. Data from Investigations on the spatial distribution ofAbatus the 2 perpendicular transects were extrapolated to pro­ cordatus at different scales indicate that discontinuities duce 3-dimensional plots of density and of bottom in the distribution occur at 2 levels: firstly, at the island topography at this site. We used a gridding method, level, where favourable sectors are separated by linear which uses geostatistical techniques to calculate the coastline or swell exposed sectors; secondly, at a autocorrelation between data points and produce a smaller scale, where A. cordatus is distributed in small minimal variance unbiased estimate ('kriging' option, populations. Indeed, populations are generally charac­ SURFER Access System, Golden Software, Inc., terised by high-density, isolated aggregations (up to Golden, CO, USA). 70 mature ind. per 0.5 m2) in favourable sites, in shal­ At Port Couvreux we repeated the same transect 1 yr low water at the bottom of sheltered bays (Fig. lb). later to establish the stability of the spatial distribution However, isolated individuals were observed during of high population densities. SCUBA diving at up to 25 m depth on muddy sand, and Sediment sampling and analysis.Substrate samples have been reported down to 560 m depth (De Ridder et (core-box, 5 cm2) from the upper 5 to 6 cm were al. 1993) around Kerguelen. taken at the location of the highest density ofAbatus cordatus at Ile Haute, Anse du Halage and Port Cou­ vreux to evaluate the particle size composition of Transects the substratum. The localities of these sites are shown in Fig. 1. The particle-size frequency distribution Fig. 2 shows densities of mature Abatus cordatus were obtained by sieving the dried sediment through along bottom profiles. At Ile Haute (Fig. 2a), the density a series of sieves (50, 100, 250, 400, 630, 1000 and increases rapidly in the subtidal zone to a maximum 2000 pm). (34 ind. per 0.5 m2) at 0.2 m depth. Twenty metres from CM '0¿5 6™ 0 - 1 ¿ 5 0 - 3 0- ' S 4 0 - '55 20* 3 3°- a C 2 0 - S io- (S lo- S a J3 0)o. (=J 0 20 40 60 80 100 Distance from the coast line (m) Distance from the coast line (m) CMa so-, LO 4 0 -, d 4 0 - 3 0 - "5$ 3 0 - 2 0 - S 20 - 1 0 - I 10- Fig. 2. Density (top line) and topo­ a graphy (bottom line) profiles along transects, (a) Ile Haute; (b) Anse du Halage; (c) Port Couvreux (1991); (d) Port Couvreux (1992) Distance from the coast line (m Distance from the coast line (m 182 Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 118: 179-186, 1995 Table 1. Characteristics of sites where Abatus cordatus was found by SCUBA divers.
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