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Charles Journet: Un Prêtre Intellectuel Dans La Suisse Romande De L'entre

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Charles Journet: Un Prêtre Intellectuel Dans La Suisse Romande De L'entre Jacques Rime Charles Journet : un prêtre intellectuel dans la Suisse romande de l’entre-deux-guerres Thèse présentée à la Faculté de théologie de l’Université de Fribourg (Suisse) pour obtenir le grade de docteur - 2 - Approuvé par la Faculté de théologie sur la proposition des Professeurs Guy Bedouelle (premier rapporteur) et Philippe Chenaux, Rome (deuxième rapporteur). Fribourg, le 6 décembre 2005. Prof. Barbara Hallensleben, doyenne. - 3 - SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS AEvF Archives de l’Evêché de Fribourg A.F. Action française ALS Archives littéraires suisses (à la Bibliothèque nationale, Berne) A.P.P. Amis de la pensée protestante AVic Archives du Vicariat général de Genève BCU Bibliothèque cantonale et universitaire (Fribourg) CG Courrier de Genève CIC 1917 Codex juris canonici (Code de droit canonique, promulgué en 1917) CJM I, II, III, IV, V Correspondance Journet – Maritain (5 volumes publiés) Colloque de Genève (1991) Philippe CHENAUX (éd.), Charles Journet (1891-1975), un théologien en son siècle, actes du colloque de Genève (1991), Editions universitaires – Editions MAME, Fribourg – Paris, 1992 cop. copie(s) d(d) double(s) EVI L’Eglise du Verbe incarné FCJ Fondation du Cardinal Journet (Villars-sur-Glâne) Hg. Herausgeber (éditeur) intr. introduction n.s. nouvelle série NV Nova et vetera OC Œuvres complètes de Jacques et Raïssa Maritain (16 vol. publiés) ph photocopie SC La Semaine catholique de la Suisse française Semaine théologique de Fribourg (2002) Marta ROSSIGNOTTI JAEGGI – Guy BOISSARD (éd.), Charles Journet, un témoin du XXe siècle, actes de la semaine théologique de l’Université de Fribourg, 8-12 avril 2002, Parole et Silence, Paris – Les Plans, 2003 Lorsque les études ont plus de trois auteurs, ces derniers ne sont généralement pas mentionnés. - 4 - - 5 - AVANT-PROPOS La vie et l’œuvre du cardinal Charles Journet (1891-1975) ont suscité l’intérêt d’un certain nombre d’auteurs. A sa mort en 1975, le dominicain et futur cardinal Georges Cottier rédigeait un bilan de la pensée de son maître1. Dans un ouvrage de 1981 à visée biographique et synthétique, Lucien Méroz le présentait comme le défenseur de la sainte théologie, mise à mal dans les débats postconciliaires2. Deux ans plus tard, le dominicain Pierre-Marie Emonet donnait un portrait intérieur du théologien en insistant sur sa proximité avec les artistes et les contemplatifs3. Les années suivantes sont caractérisées par les recherches de Marie-Agnès Cabanne, secrétaire de la Fondation du Cardinal Journet (les bureaux de cette Fondation à Villars-sur-Glâne près de Fribourg abritent les archives du théologien4). Ayant publié un recueil de pensées spirituelles5, Marie-Agnès Cabanne s’intéressait à la position de Journet face aux totalitarismes6. En parallèle à la Fondation du Cardinal Journet, on fonda une association des Amis du cardinal Journet qui fit paraître un petit bulletin (1982-1999) comprenant divers inédits, témoignages etc. Le centenaire de la naissance du théologien en 1991 fut marqué par la parution d’un numéro spécial de Nova et vetera7, la revue fondée par Journet en 1926, et par l’organisation d’un colloque à Genève8 qui permit de mettre au point diverses questions (la position de Journet face à l’œcuménisme par Etienne Fouilloux, son amitié avec le dominicain Jean de Menasce par Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, ses interventions au concile Vatican II par Jean-Pierre Torrell etc.). Le colloque était publié par les soins de Philippe Chenaux dont on connaît l’ouvrage de référence sur le thomisme des années vingt, dans lequel Charles Journet n’est pas oublié9. En 1991 toujours, l’abbé Philippe Blanc éditait une partie de 1 Georges COTTIER, « L’œuvre de Charles Journet (1891-1975) », NV, octobre-décembre 1975, t. 50, pp. 242- 258. 2 1 Lucien MEROZ, Le cardinal Journet ou la sainte théologie, L’Age d’Homme, Lausanne, 1981 (Dominique Martin Morin, Bouère, 19932). 3 Pierre-Marie EMONET, Le cardinal Charles Journet, portrait intérieur, C.L.D., Chambray-lès-Tours, 1983. 4 La Fondation a longtemps été présidée par Mgr Pierre Mamie, évêque du diocèse de Lausanne, Genève et Fribourg de 1970 à 1995 et secrétaire du cardinal au concile Vatican II (elle est présidée actuellement par son deuxième successeur, Mgr Bernard Genoud). Comme les documents de la Fondation du Cardinal Journet (FCJ) sont en cours de classement définitif, ils apparaîtront ici sans cote particulière, à part les « témoignages écrits », dont la référence restera inchangée (FCJ, TE + numéro). 5 Charles JOURNET, Comme une flèche de feu. Lettres choisies par Marie-Agnès CABANNE, Le Centurion, Paris, 1981. 6 Par exemple : Marie-Agnès CABANNE, « Charles Journet, un théologien qui s’engage dans la foi », NV, avril- juin 1985, t. 60, pp. 81-97. 7 Charles Journet, un théologien contemplatif, NV, octobre-décembre 1991, t. 66/4. 8 Philippe CHENAUX (éd.), Charles Journet (1891-1975), un théologien en son siècle, actes du colloque de Genève (1991), Ed. universitaires – Ed. MAME, Fribourg – Paris, 1992. 9 Philippe CHENAUX, Entre Maurras et Maritain. Une génération intellectuelle catholique (1920-1930), Cerf, Paris, 1999. Dans notre étude, les expressions « années vingt » ou « années trente » se rapportent bien - 6 - sa thèse consacrée à Journet10. De nombreux travaux universitaires, thèses et mémoires de licence ont été consacrés jusqu’à aujourd’hui à la pensée théologique du cardinal, spécialement à son ecclésiologie. En 2000 paraissaient deux ouvrages documentés, la thèse de l’abbé Emmanuel Lumière sur la genèse de L’Eglise du Verbe incarné11 et l’ouvrage de Guy Boissard sur l’attitude de Journet durant la guerre et son esprit de résistance contre les totalitarismes12. C’était le début de plusieurs publications13 en vue d’une biographie d’ensemble du personnage14. Ensuite, onze ans après le colloque de Genève, une grande semaine théologique eut lieu à Fribourg15 puis en 2006, pour fêter divers anniversaires liés au théologien (les quatre-vingts ans de Nova et vetera par exemple), on organisait dans la même ville une journée d’études sur Charles Journet et la liberté religieuse ainsi qu’une exposition, transférée à Genève puis à Paris16. Ces activités étaient accompagnées d’un numéro spécial de Nova et vetera17. Cette même année, le père Michel Cagin publiait une étude concernant les liens du théologien avec le poète Paul Claudel18. Signalons enfin deux thèses de doctorat auprès de l’Université de Fribourg19. La correspondance échangée entre Jacques Maritain et Charles Journet – plus de 1900 lettres – revêt une grande valeur. Elle est le témoignage de deux amis qui ont traversé le siècle et réfléchissent sur une multitude de thèmes et d’événements. Une équipe (cardinal Georges Cottier, Mgr Mamie, Claude Favez, Jacqueline Favre, + Monique Sallès, Dominique et René Mougel) travaille à son édition scientifique. Le premier volume a paru en 199620. La Fondation du Cardinal Journet a également évidemment au XXe siècle. Philippe Chenaux a publié d’autres études sur Charles Journet. Elles sont citées dans notre bibliographie en fin de volume. 10 Philippe BLANC, L’Eglise : mystère trinitaire et sacrement du salut. Etude de l’ecclésiologie de Charles Journet, Saint-Maurice, 1991 (avec une première grande biographie des ouvrages de Journet). 11 Emmanuel LEMIERE, Charles Journet : l’aurore d’une théologie de l’Eglise, Parole et Silence, Saint-Maur, 2000. 12 Guy BOISSARD, Quelle neutralité face à l’horreur ? Le courage de Charles Journet, Ed. Saint-Augustin, Saint- Maurice, 2000. 13 Guy BOISSARD, « Les controverses entre Charles Journet et les protestants. Un œcuménisme vigoureux », NV, janvier-mars 2002, t. 77/1, pp. 67-125 ; « L’amour du beau dans la vérité. Charles Journet, ami de l’art et des artistes », dans : La vérité vous rendra libres. Hommage au cardinal Georges Cottier, o.p., théologien de la Maison pontificale, Parole et Silence, Paris – Les Plans, 2004, pp. 205-223 ; Charles Journet – Jacques Maritain, une grande amitié, Ad Solem, Genève, 2006. 14 Guy BOISSARD, Charles Journet (1891-1975), Salvator, Paris, 2008. 15 e Marta ROSSIGNOTTI JAEGGI – Guy BOISSARD (éd.), Charles Journet, un témoin du XX siècle, actes de la semaine théologique de l’Université de Fribourg, 8-12 avril 2002, Parole et Silence, Paris – Les Plans, 2003. 16 Son catalogue a été publié : Guy BOISSARD – Renata LATALA – Jacques RIME, Charles Journet et Nova et vetera, Ad Solem, Genève, 2006. 17 Le cardinal Charles Journet : une vie cachée dans la lumière, NV, avril-juin 2006, t. 81/2 (petits chapitres à visée biographique). 18 Michel CAGIN (éd.), Paul Claudel – Charles Journet, entre poésie et théologie. Textes et correspondance, Ad Solem, Genève, 2006. 19 Nicolas GLASSON, « La doctrine de Dieu dans l’œuvre de Charles Journet » (Université de Fribourg, thèse en cours) ; Renata LATALA, « “Penser la culture” travers la correspondance polonaise de Charles Journet » (Université de Fribourg, thèse en cours). 20 Cinq volumes (sur six) sont publiés : vol. I (1920-1929), Ed. universitaires – Ed. Saint-Paul, Fribourg – Paris, 1996 ; vol. II (1930-1939), mêmes éditeurs, 1997 ; vol. III (1940-1949), Ed. Saint-Augustin, Saint-Maurice, - 7 - décidé de lancer le projet des Œuvres complètes du théologien, confié à René et son épouse Dominique Mougel, dont les cinq premiers volumes concernent l’ouvrage majeur de l’abbé Journet, L’Eglise du Verbe incarné21. Un sixième volume a paru ensuite (tome 9, années 1944-1947). Lorsque le travail sera achevé, on se rendra compte de l’ampleur de l’œuvre de Charles Journet. L’optique première de notre étude était d’établir une biographie d’ensemble du cardinal Journet, mais comme Guy Boissard travaillait à ce projet, nous avons décidé sur le conseil de Mgr Pierre Mamie d’étudier les premières années de sa vie. Pour donner une certaine unité à la recherche, le personnage sera présenté dans la première partie de son ministère, et le retour sur son enfance et ses études servira à éclairer son temps de vicariat et les débuts de son professorat à Fribourg.
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