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Geographic Features of the Coos Estuary and Lower Coos Watershed Summary: „„ the Coos Estuary Is the Second Largest Estuary in Oregon, and The

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Geographic Features of the Coos Estuary and Lower Coos Watershed Summary: „„ the Coos Estuary Is the Second Largest Estuary in Oregon, and The Geographic Features of the Coos Estuary and Lower Coos Watershed Summary: The Coos estuary is the second largest estuary in Oregon, and the sixth largest on the US west coast. Steep forested hills of the South Slough (left), wetlands (below) and the Large expanses of intertidal expansive tide flats of the Coos River delta (below sand and mud flats complement left) typify the variety of habitats found in the channels, eelgrass beds, vegetated lower Coos watershed. marshes, and swamps to provide a diversity of estuarine habitats. After a century and a half of development about ten percent of the original tide lands remain. Figure 1. Coos estuary shoreline at Mean High Water (MHW). Data source: DLCD 2011 Physical Description in the Coos Estuary and the Lower Coos Watershed 8-25 This data summary consists of three sections in which the geographic features of the Coos Tidal Datums estuary and lower Coos watershed are briefly Tidal datums commonly used in this sum- described. In the Current Features section, mary are described below: geographic features as they exist today are described. In the Historic Changes to the Mean Sea Level (MSL) is based on hourly Coos Estuary section, several key differences average water level at the local tide sta- between current geographic features and tion in Charleston, OR. historic conditions are described. And in the Mean High Water (MHW) is average Many Uses of the Coos Estuary section we height of all high tides. discuss some of the estuary-dependant activi- Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW) is the ties taking place in the project area. average of the lower of the two low tides each tidal cycle. Current Features Tidal datums are based on a 19-year Coos Estuary period of water level averaging (called At latitude 43° 21’ N, longitude 124° 20’ the National Tidal Datum Epoch) which W, the Coos estuary is the largest estuary is established by NOAA’s National Ocean completely within Oregon (second largest in Service. The current epoch is based on tide Oregon after the Columbia River estuary), and level averages between 1983 and 2001. the sixth largest on the US west coast (Rumrill Source: NGS 2015 2006)(Table 1). The surface area of the Coos estuary at Mean area (23.5 km2 / 6 mi2 )(Percy et al. 1974 in High Water (MHW) is approximately 50 km2 Hickey and Banas 2003). Extensive filling and (19 mi2)(Figure 1), or approximately 34 km2 diking in the Coos estuary and its tributary (13 mi2) at Mean Sea Level (MSL)(Hyde 2007). sloughs for agricultural, industrial and urban The average depth of the Coos estuary is 4 m development have reduced the intertidal area (13 ft) and average volume is 0.14 km3 (0.03 to about 10% of its pre-settlement extent mi3)(Hickey and Banas 2003). The estuarine (Roye 1979). It should be noted that these drainage area (the part of the Coos watershed figures are over 30 years old and may have which empties into the estuary) is 1,500 km2 changed. (580 mi2)(NOAA 1985). The Coos estuary’s commercial shipping The Coos estuary is composed of two tidal channel is routinely dredged by the US Army areas: the intertidal area, which is subject to Corps of Engineers (USACE) to an average daily tidal fluctuations, and the subtidal area, depth of 11.5 m (38 ft)(MLLW) and width of which is always flooded (i.e. deep channels). 300 m (984 ft)(Hyde 2007). USACE maintains The intertidal comprises 47% of the MHW 8-26 Physical Description in the Coos Estuary and the Lower Coos Watershed an anchorage basin for commercial shipping traffic are located in the upper portion of the Coos estuary. From the entrance, the lower bay runs nine miles northeast then swings to the south after the McCullough Bridge in North Bend and widens into the tide-flat dominated up- per bay. The Coos River enters the upper bay near the confluence with Catching Slough, about 27.35 km (17 mi) from the mouth of the estuary (Roye 1979). Coos River empties Table 1. Sizes of the largest coastal estuaries on the west coast. Data source: NOAA 1985 through two channels. The north, unmarked Cooston Channel flows up the east side of a shallower, narrower channel to the Charles- the estuary and empties abreast of the city of ton marina at the mouth of South Slough, and North Bend. The Marshfield Channel, marked to the shipyard just south of the Charleston by lighted range markers and buoys, crosses bridge. the flats to the city of Coos Bay shoreline then turns north along the western side of the Discounting the dramatic change rendered estuary. by the shipping channel, the Coos estuary ex- hibits the typical features of a drowned river Estuarine Regions valley estuary type. It features a V-shaped cross section, a relatively shallow and gently In the Oregon Estuary Plan Book, Cortright et sloping estuary bottom, and a fairly uniform al. (1987) describe four distinct regions in the increase in depth from the upper, river-dom- Coos estuary – Marine, Bay, Slough and River- inated part of the estuary toward the mouth. ine – each based on distinct physical features For more detailed bathymetry information, and bottom types, salinity gradients, habitats, see the Hydrology data summary in this and dominant species. There are no distinct chapter. boundaries between the regions, but each has distinctive features. Two massive rock boulder jetties guard both sides of the Coos estuary mouth to help The highly energetic Marine region extends maintain a deep channel and ensure safe ship from the Coos estuary mouth up to about and boat passage across the bar to the ocean. river mile (RM) 2.5. Although the estuary en- An inner rock jetty helps protect the Charles- trance is protected by jetties, powerful waves ton marina from winter storm surges and nevertheless propagate through the mouth powerful waves that can pass through the during winter storms. Water quality and mouth of the estuary. Two turning basins and salinity are similar to the open ocean in this Physical Description in the Coos Estuary and the Lower Coos Watershed 8-27 region, but it is moderated by rain-fed river sloughs have been developed for various land and stream flow during winter months. uses through historic wetland filling, diking and draining activities. Eleven of the sloughs The Bay region, divided into the Lower Bay are described in more detail in ‘Slough Sub- and the Upper Bay, is characterized by broad, systems’ below. mostly unvegetated (except for intertidal eelgrass beds) tidal flats exposed at low tide About 30 tributaries enter the Coos estuary and flooded by brackish water during higher from the lower portions of the Coos water- tides. Tidal flats range from sandy to muddy shed’s 605 mi2 drainage area, most entering throughout the bay, depending on currents by way of various sloughs. Several form river- and circulation. Sand may be either terrestrial ine estuarine subsystems above the sloughs. (erosional) or carried into the lower bay from nearby ocean sources (Aagard et al. 1971, in The Coos estuary includes multiple Riverine Roye 1979). regions, the Lower Coos River being the main one. It forms at the confluence of the Millico- The Lower Bay region begins above RM 2.5 ma River and the South Fork Coos River. From and extends to about the railroad bridge at the mouth of the estuary, the head of tide RM 9. Water salinity in this region is slightly is located approximately 51.5 km (32 mi) up fresher than in the ocean, whose influence the South Fork Coos River and 54.72 km (34 gradually diminishes throughout this zone as mi) up the Millicoma River (Wilsey and Ham the distance from the ocean increases. Inc. 1974 in Roye 1979). See the Hydrology summary in this chapter for more information The Upper Bay begins at the railroad bridge about heads of tide. (RM 9) and extends to the southeastern corner of Bull Island at RM 17 (Figure 2c). Slough Subsystems Although the shoreline has been drastically The following major slough subsystems are altered over the past 150 years, the upper described in more detail: South Slough, Pony bay still includes extensive tidal flats, many Slough, North Slough, Haynes Inlet (detailing acres of which are used for commercial oyster Palouse and Larson Sloughs within), Isthmus cultivation. The shipping channel runs along Slough, and Catching Slough (Figure 2a-c). the western shore of the upper bay to access The much smaller Kentuck and Willanch the shipping terminals located along the de- Sloughs and Echo Creek in the upper bay are veloped shorelines of the cities of North Bend also described. The Coos Watershed Associ- and Coos Bay. ation (CoosWA), having completed habitat The Coos estuary includes multiple Slough re- assessments in many of these sloughs to gions. A half-dozen major sloughs and at least identify opportunities for habitat restoration, as many lesser sloughs feed the estuary. Most provided the foundation for much of the of the intertidal areas associated with the information in this section. 8-28 Physical Description in the Coos Estuary and the Lower Coos Watershed long with a wide tide flat on both sides of its mouth. It currently has a wetted surface area of 1.15 km2 (0.45 mi2)(Table 2). North Slough: The northernmost sub-basin of the Coos estuary, oriented northeast to southwest, has an estuary surface area of 1.92 km2 (0.74 mi2) at MHW (Table 2). According to CoosWA (2006), North Slough watershed drains an approximately 2,995 ha Table 2.
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