DOCSLIB.ORG

30Grasslect Furtherreduced for 2019

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
30Grasslect Furtherreduced for 2019 Wisconsin flora “wordle” Poaceae - the grasses 321 279 • the second large independent shift to reduced flowers and spikelets for wind pollination • 4th largest family - 620 genera, 10,000 species • most important family (ethnobotanically) 283 1 2 grasses you collected! Picture key to grasses! Setaria spp. – Setaria spp. – foxtail foxtail Andropogon gerardii – Schizachyrium scoparium– Andropogon gerardii – Schizachyrium scoparium– big bluestem little bluestem big bluestem little bluestem Grasses of Iowa www.eeob.iastate.edu/research/iowagrasses Field Guide to Wisconsin Grasses – book in lab Sorghastrum nutans – Phalaris arundinacea – Bromus inermis– Indian grass reed canary grass smooth brome 3 4 1 Poales III: wind pollinated families Poales III: wind pollinated families • showy flowers, Evolutionary trends: • showy flowers, insect or bird insect or bird pollinated • nectar to pollen gathering to pollinated wind pollination • +/- reduced • reduced flowers - loss of • +/- reduced flowers, insect or perianth flowers, insect or wind pollinated wind pollinated • unisexuality sometimes • bracts become important • reduced • reduced flowers, wind • flowers to florets in spikelets flowers, wind pollinated pollinated 5 6 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Poaceae related to more typical, although reduced, flowered Poaceae related to more typical, although reduced, flowered graminoid monocots with 6 tepals – Southern Hemisphere! graminoid monocots with 6 tepals – Southern Hemisphere! 7 8 2 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Poaceae related to more typical, although reduced, flowered graminoid monocots with 6 tepals – Southern Hemisphere! What has driven this large and successful adaptive • bracted radiation? • 6 tepals 5076 species • mixed male & female 4 species 12 species flowers 12 species • achene female 5423 species male 9 10 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses node Vegetative features • first diversified ca. 70 mya in late • jointed, hollow, Cretaceous – tropical circular stems forest understories (culms) • major radiations • leaves 2-ranked or during formation of spiralled grasslands in mid Tertiary • blade, sheath, and ligule • shift to grasslands • intercalary basis for adaptive meristem above radiation? blade ligule nodes sheath Strömberg et al. PNAS 2005;102:11980-11984 11 12 3 Evolution of C4 Poaceae - grasses photosynthesis across angiosperms Adaptive features • intercalary Poaceae meristem - grazing & fire response • silica in stems • C4 photo- synthesis in arid “grasslands” • C4 photosynthesis evolved 62 times in angiosperms Nebraska grassland 25 mya 13 14 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses • has C4 photo- • has whole genome synthesis driven doubling been a key speciation? innovation for grass diversification? 5076 species 5076 species 4 species 4 species 12 species • C4 photosynthesis 12 species 12 species 12 species evolved 62 times in • WGD at base of angiosperms PACMAD and BOP clades 5423 species • 24 times just in 5423 species grasses • 11,000 vs. 28 spp. • all in PACMAD clade 15 16 4 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses The main unit of the Defining feature of inflorescence is the spikelet grasses are the which is composed of 2 glumes (spikelet bracts) and 1 spikelet and its florets or more florets Brome Oats spikelet glumes florets Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass 17 18 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Each floret is surrounded by This spikelet with two glumes two floret bracts - the outer has two florets each with two lemma and the inner palea floret bracts - the outer lemma (usually not seen until and the inner palea anthesis - when florets open) Brome Oats glumes lemma lemma palea palea Dactylis glomerata Orchard grass 19 20 5 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Although considerable variation occurs in florets (among species or within a spikelet), most of our species have the following floret anthesis – expose structure: anthers & styles fungal endophytes – preventing spores • Perianth represented by 2 lodicules entering fruit? What is function of lodicules? What is function of lodicules? 21 22 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses • fungal endophytes • fungal endophytes (ascomycetes) produce (ascomycetes) produce physiologically active physiologically active alkaloids alkaloids • anti-herbivory defense against grazing mammals (defensive mutualism)? Nebraska grassland 25 mya Nebraska grassland 25 mya 23 24 6 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Although considerable variation occurs in florets (among species or within a spikelet), most of our species have the following floret structure: bisexual floret • phylogenetic analysis of bamboos turned out to be phylogeny of endophytic fungi! • Perianth represented by 2 lodicules • Stamens 3 • Superior gynoecium of 2 fused carpels Lynn Clark • One ovuled fruits called a grain or caryopsis = seed fused to ovary wall What parts homologous to other flowers? Jonathan Wendel 25 26 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Although considerable variation occurs in florets (among species • lodicules = petals or within a spikelet), most of our • palea/lemma = sepals species have the following floret structure: Toby Kellogg – Missouri Bot Gard • Perianth represented by 2 lodicules • Stamens 3 • Superior gynoecium of 2 fused carpels • One ovuled fruits called a grain or caryopsis = seed fused to ovary wall What parts homologous to other flowers? What parts homologous to other flowers? 27 28 7 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses South American origin! BOP Grass phylogenetics PACMAD Basal grasses 29 30 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Anomochloa marantoidea Streptochaete 4 stamens! Subfamily Anomochlooideae (no spikelets, lodicules) 31 32 8 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Subfamily Pharoideae (herbaceous bamboos) Grass phylogenetics Pharus Core grasses 33 34 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Bambusa Subfamily Ehrhartoideae (stamens 6, but 2 styles) Subfamily Bambusoideae Oryza sativa - rice (6 stamens, 3 lodicules, 3 stigmas) 2nd most important crop plant in the world Ochlandra 35 36 9 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Subfamily Ehrhartoideae Poa annua - bluegrass (stamens 6, but 2 styles) Subfamily Pooideae Ziziana aquatica - wild rice (Spikelets with more than one grain forming floret; Important native American food; Lemma with 5 nerves) unisexual spikelets Poa pratensis - Kentucky bluegrass 37 38 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Dactylis glomerata - orchard grass Elymus hystrix bottlebrush Bromus inermis - bromegrass Avena sativa - oats 39 40 10 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Subfamily Arundinoideae (large inflorescences) Phalaris arundinacea Reed canary grass Calamagrostis canadensis - bluejoint grass Phragmites australis - common reed Circumboreal species; non- native populations have become invasive and displaced native populations 41 42 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Subfamily Chloridoideae (Spikelets arranged often one-sided) Spartina pectinata Prairie cord grass Cortaderia - plume grasses from Bouteloua curtipendula pampas Sideoats grass 43 44 11 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Subfamily Panicoideae (2 florets, bottom reduced, sterile) Digitaria - crabgrass Panicum virgatum - switchgrass Dichanthelium sp. - panic grass Setaria - foxtail 45 46 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses Andropogon gerardii - big bluestem Saccharum - Sorghum - sugarcane sorghum 47 48 12 Poaceae - grasses Poaceae - grasses The origin of maize from teosinte wild relatives in Mexico involved few genes Female spikelets condensed into Male spikelets in cob or spike panicle or tassel Zea mays - maize Tripsacum - teosinte John Doebley Zea mays - maize 49 50 13.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Christopher Dean Tyrrell Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2008 Systematics of the neotropical woody bamboo genus Rhipidocladum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Christopher Dean Tyrrell Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Tyrrell, Christopher Dean, "Systematics of the neotropical woody bamboo genus Rhipidocladum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)" (2008). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 15419. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/15419 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systematics of the neotropical woody bamboo genus Rhipidocladum (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) by Christopher Dean Tyrrell A thesis submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: Lynn G. Clark, Major Professor Dennis V. Lavrov Robert S. Wallace Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2008 Copyright © Christopher Dean Tyrrell, 2008. All rights reserved. 1457571 1457571 2008 ii In memory of Thomas D. Tyrrell Festum Asinorum iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iv CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1 Background and Significance 1 Research Objectives 5 Thesis Organization 6 Literature Cited 6 CHAPTER 2. PHYLOGENY OF THE BAMBOO SUBTRIBE 9 ARTHROSTYLIDIINAE WITH EMPHASIS ON RHIPIDOCLADUM Abstract 9 Introduction 10 Methods and Materials 13 Results 19 Discussion 25 Taxonomic Treatment 26 Literature Cited 31 CHAPTER 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Weeds of the Appalachian Region
    $10 $10 PB1785 PB1785 Invasive Weeds Invasive Weeds of the of the Appalachian Appalachian Region Region i TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments……………………………………...i How to use this guide…………………………………ii IPM decision aid………………………………………..1 Invasive weeds Grasses …………………………………………..5 Broadleaves…………………………………….18 Vines………………………………………………35 Shrubs/trees……………………………………48 Parasitic plants………………………………..70 Herbicide chart………………………………………….72 Bibliography……………………………………………..73 Index………………………………………………………..76 AUTHORS Rebecca M. Koepke-Hill, Extension Assistant, The University of Tennessee Gregory R. Armel, Assistant Professor, Extension Specialist for Invasive Weeds, The University of Tennessee Robert J. Richardson, Assistant Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, North Caro- lina State University G. Neil Rhodes, Jr., Professor and Extension Weed Specialist, The University of Ten- nessee ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank all the individuals and organizations who have contributed their time, advice, financial support, and photos to the crea- tion of this guide. We would like to specifically thank the USDA, CSREES, and The Southern Region IPM Center for their extensive support of this pro- ject. COVER PHOTO CREDITS ii 1. Wavyleaf basketgrass - Geoffery Mason 2. Bamboo - Shawn Askew 3. Giant hogweed - Antonio DiTommaso 4. Japanese barberry - Leslie Merhoff 5. Mimosa - Becky Koepke-Hill 6. Periwinkle - Dan Tenaglia 7. Porcelainberry - Randy Prostak 8. Cogongrass - James Miller 9. Kudzu - Shawn Askew Photo credit note: Numbers in parenthesis following photo captions refer to the num- bered photographer list on the back cover. HOW TO USE THIS GUIDE Tabs: Blank tabs can be found at the top of each page. These can be custom- ized with pen or marker to best suit your method of organization. Examples: Infestation present On bordering land No concern Uncontrolled Treatment initiated Controlled Large infestation Medium infestation Small infestation Control Methods: Each mechanical control method is represented by an icon.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Our Understanding of Environmental Controls on the Distribution of C3 and C4 Grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J
    Global Change Biology (2013) 19, 184–196, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12037 Improving our understanding of environmental controls on the distribution of C3 and C4 grasses STEPHANIE PAU*, ERIKA J. EDWARDS† andCHRISTOPHER J. STILL‡§ *National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS), 735 State Street, Suite 300, Santa Barbara, CA 93101, USA, †Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA, ‡Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060, USA, §Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, 321 Richardson Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331-5752, USA Abstract A number of studies have demonstrated the ecological sorting of C3 and C4 grasses along temperature and moisture gradients. However, previous studies of C3 and C4 grass biogeography have often inadvertently compared species in different and relatively unrelated lineages, which are associated with different environmental settings and distinct adaptive traits. Such confounded comparisons of C3 and C4 grasses may bias our understanding of ecological sorting imposed strictly by photosynthetic pathway. Here, we used MaxEnt species distribution modeling in combination with satellite data to understand the functional diversity of C3 and C4 grasses by comparing both large clades and closely related sister taxa. Similar to previous work, we found that C4 grasses showed a preference for regions with higher temperatures and lower precipitation compared with grasses using the C3 pathway. However, air temperature differences were smaller (2 °C vs. 4 °C) and precipitation and % tree cover differences were larger (1783 mm vs. 755 mm, 21.3% vs. 7.7%, respectively) when comparing C3 and C4 grasses within the same clade vs.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(S): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P
    Phylogeny and Subfamilial Classification of the Grasses (Poaceae) Author(s): Grass Phylogeny Working Group, Nigel P. Barker, Lynn G. Clark, Jerrold I. Davis, Melvin R. Duvall, Gerald F. Guala, Catherine Hsiao, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, H. Peter Linder Source: Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 88, No. 3 (Summer, 2001), pp. 373-457 Published by: Missouri Botanical Garden Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3298585 Accessed: 06/10/2008 11:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use. Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=mobot. Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission. JSTOR is a not-for-profit organization founded in 1995 to build trusted digital archives for scholarship. We work with the scholarly community to preserve their work and the materials they rely upon, and to build a common research platform that promotes the discovery and use of these resources. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected].
    [Show full text]
  • Habitat Indicator Species
    1 Handout 6 – Habitat Indicator Species Habitat Indicator Species The species lists below are laid out by habitats and help you to find out which habitats you are surveying – you will see that some species occur in several different habitats. Key: * Plants that are especially good indicators of that specific habitat Plants found in Norfolk’s woodland Common Name Scientific Name Alder Buckthorn Frangula alnus Aspen Populus tremula Barren Strawberry Potentilla sterilis Bird Cherry Prunus padus Black Bryony Tamus communis Bush Vetch Vicia sepium Climbing Corydalis Ceratocapnos claviculata Common Cow-wheat Melampyrum pratense Early dog violet Viola reichenbachiana Early Purple Orchid Orchis mascula * English bluebell Hyacinthoides non-scripta* * Field Maple Acer campestre* Giant Fescue Festuca gigantea * Goldilocks buttercup Ranunculus auricomus* Great Wood-rush Luzula sylvatica Greater Burnet-saxifrage Pimpinella major Greater Butterfly-orchid Platanthera chlorantha Guelder Rose Viburnum opulus Hairy Wood-rush Luzula pilosa Hairy-brome Bromopsis ramosa Hard Fern Blechnum spicant Hard Shield-fern Polystichum aculeatum * Hart's-tongue Phyllitis scolopendrium* Holly Ilex aquifolium * Hornbeam Carpinus betulus* * Midland Hawthorn Crataegus laevigata* Moschatel Adoxa moschatellina Narrow Buckler-fern Dryopteris carthusiana Opposite-leaved Golden-saxifrage Chrysosplenium oppositifolium * Pendulous Sedge Carex Pendula* Pignut Conopodium majus Polypody (all species) Polypodium vulgare (sensulato) * Primrose Primula vulgaris* 2 Handout 6 – Habitat
    [Show full text]
  • Taxonomy and Phylogeny in Triticeae: a Historical Review and Current Status
    Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research Review Article Open Access Taxonomy and phylogeny in Triticeae: a historical review and current status Abstract Volume 3 Issue 5 - 2016 The Triticeae is an economically important tribe within the Poaceae. Because a number of cereal crops and forage grasses belong to the tribe it has attracted much scientific Mohannad G Al–Saghir attention covering many species: taxonomy, phylogeny, genetics, cytogenetic, genome Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio analyses (crossing ability and chromosome pairing), isoenzymes, molecular biology University, USA (RFLP, RAPD, PCR sequencing) and breeding. This paper contains a brief historical outline of the taxonomy of the tribe. Phylogenetic hypotheses regarding this tribe Correspondence: Mohannad G Al–Saghir, Department of inferred from different methods, techniques and approaches, are reviewed. The Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Zanesville, different phylogenies are discussed and compared and conflicts are elucidated. Ohio, USA, Email al–[email protected] Keywords: triticeae, phylogeny, taxonomy, poaceae, perennial species, durum Received: April 23, 2016 | Published: May 10, 2016 wheat, phylogenies, genetic diversity, cytogenetics, molecular biology, chromosomes, perennial, caespitose, thizomatous species Introduction as cited above. We can therefore conclude that the most appropriate outgroup for the tribe will be Bromus. The tribe Triticeae Dum is economically the most important tribe in the grass family (Poaceae). It encompasses between 350 and 500 Definition annual or perennial species,1–3 including the important cereal crops wheat (Triticum aestivium L.), durum wheat (T. turgidum sup. durum The Triticeae encompasses annual and perennial, caespitose or (Desf. MacKay) barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), rye (Secale cereal L.) thizomatous species.
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon City Nuisance Plant List
    Nuisance Plant List City of Oregon City 320 Warner Milne Road , P.O. Box 3040, Oregon City, OR 97045 Phone: (503) 657-0891, Fax: (503) 657-7892 Scientific Name Common Name Acer platanoides Norway Maple Acroptilon repens Russian knapweed Aegopodium podagraria and variegated varieties Goutweed Agropyron repens Quack grass Ailanthus altissima Tree-of-heaven Alliaria officinalis Garlic Mustard Alopecuris pratensis Meadow foxtail Anthoxanthum odoratum Sweet vernalgrass Arctium minus Common burdock Arrhenatherum elatius Tall oatgrass Bambusa sp. Bamboo Betula pendula lacinata Cutleaf birch Brachypodium sylvaticum False brome Bromus diandrus Ripgut Bromus hordeaceus Soft brome Bromus inermis Smooth brome-grasses Bromus japonicus Japanese brome-grass Bromus sterilis Poverty grass Bromus tectorum Cheatgrass Buddleia davidii (except cultivars and varieties) Butterfly bush Callitriche stagnalis Pond water starwort Cardaria draba Hoary cress Carduus acanthoides Plumeless thistle Carduus nutans Musk thistle Carduus pycnocephalus Italian thistle Carduus tenufolius Slender flowered thistle Centaurea biebersteinii Spotted knapweed Centaurea diffusa Diffuse knapweed Centaurea jacea Brown knapweed Centaurea pratensis Meadow knapweed Chelidonium majou Lesser Celandine Chicorum intybus Chicory Chondrilla juncea Rush skeletonweed Cirsium arvense Canada Thistle Cirsium vulgare Common Thistle Clematis ligusticifolia Western Clematis Clematis vitalba Traveler’s Joy Conium maculatum Poison-hemlock Convolvulus arvensis Field Morning-glory 1 Nuisance Plant List
    [Show full text]
  • The Genera of Bambusoideae (Gramineae) in the Southeastern United States Gordon C
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Faculty Research & Creative Activity Biological Sciences January 1988 The genera of Bambusoideae (Gramineae) in the southeastern United States Gordon C. Tucker Eastern Illinois University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://thekeep.eiu.edu/bio_fac Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Tucker, Gordon C., "The eg nera of Bambusoideae (Gramineae) in the southeastern United States" (1988). Faculty Research & Creative Activity. 181. http://thekeep.eiu.edu/bio_fac/181 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biological Sciences at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research & Creative Activity by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. TUCKER, BAMBUSOIDEAE 239 THE GENERA OF BAMBUSOIDEAE (GRAMINEAE) IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATESu GoRDON C. T ucKER3 Subfamily BAMBUSOIDEAE Ascherson & Graebner, Synop. Mitteleurop. Fl. 2: 769. 1902. Perennial or annual herbs or woody plants of tropical or temperate forests and wetlands. Rhizomes present or lacking. Stems erect or decumbent (some­ times rooting at the lower nodes); nodes glabrous, pubescent, or puberulent. Leaves several to many, glabrous to sparsely pubescent (microhairs bicellular); leaf sheaths about as long as the blades, open for over tf2 their length, glabrous; ligules wider than long, entire or fimbriate; blades petiolate or sessile, elliptic to linear, acute to acuminate, the primary veins parallel to-or forming an angle of 5-10• wi th-the midvein, transverse veinlets numerous, usually con­ spicuous, giving leaf surface a tessellate appearance; chlorenchyma not radiate (i.e., non-kranz; photosynthetic pathway C.,).
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae)
    SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY NUMBER 68 Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) Emmet J. Judziewicz and Thomas R. Soderstrom SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Washington, D.C. 1989 ABSTRACT Judziewicz, Emmet J., and Thomas R. Soderstrom. Morphological, Anatomical, and Taxonomic Studies in Anomochloa and Streptochaeta (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 68,52 pages, 24 figures, 1 table, 1989.-Although resembling the core group of the bambusoid grasses in many features of leaf anatomy, the Neotropical rainforest grass genera Anomochloa and Streptochaeta share characters that are unusual in the subfamily: lack of ligules, exceptionally long microhairs with an unusual morphology, a distinctive leaf blade midrib structure, and 5-nerved coleoptiles. Both genera also possess inflorescences that are difficult to interpret in conventional agrostological terms. Anomochloa is monotypic, and A. marantoidea, described in 1851 by Adolphe Brongniart from cultivated material of uncertain provenance, was rediscovered in 1976 in the wet forests of coastal Bahia, Brazil. The inflorescence terminates in a spikelet and bears along its rachis several scorpioid cyme-like partial inflorescences. Each axis of a partial inflorescence is subtended by a keeled bract and bears as its first appendages two tiny, unvascularized bracteoles attached at slightly different levels. The spikelets are composed of an axis that bears two bracts and terminates in a flower. The lower, chlorophyllous, deciduous spikelet bract is separated from the coriaceous, persistent, corniculate upper bract by a cylindrical, indurate internode. The flower consists of a low membrane surmounted by a dense ring of brown cilia (perigonate annulus) surrounding the andrecium of four stamens, and an ovary bearing a single hispid stigma.
    [Show full text]
  • Digitalcommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 1996 Bromegrasses Kenneth P. Vogel University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] K. J. Moore Iowa State University Lowell E. Moser University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub Vogel, Kenneth P.; Moore, K. J.; and Moser, Lowell E., "Bromegrasses" (1996). Publications from USDA- ARS / UNL Faculty. 2097. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/2097 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Published 1996 17 Bromegrasses1 K.P. VOGEL USDA-ARS Lincoln, Nebraska K.J.MOORE Iowa State University Ames, Iowa LOWELL E. MOSER University of Nebraska Lincoln, Nebraska The bromegrasses belong to the genus Bromus of which there are some 100 spe­ cies (Gould & Shaw, 1983). The genus includes both annual and perennial cool­ season species adapted to temperate climates. Hitchcock (1971) described 42 bro­ megrass species found in the USA and Canada of which 22 were native (Gould & Shaw, 1983). Bromus is the Greek word for oat and refers to the panicle inflo­ rescence characteristic of the genus. The bromegrasses are C3 species (Krenzer et aI., 1975; Waller & Lewis, 1979). Of all the bromegrass species, only two are cultivated for permanent pas­ tures to any extent in North America.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Phylogeny of Poaceae Based on Matk Gene Sequences
    Chapter 5 Phylogeny of Poaceae Based on matK Gene Sequences 5.1 Introduction Phylogenetic reconstruction in the Poaceae began early in this century with proposed evolutionary hypotheses based on assessment of existing knowledge of grasses (e.g., Bew, 1929; Hubbard 1948; Prat, 1960; Stebbins, 1956, 1982; Clayton, 1981; Tsvelev, 1983). Imperical approaches to phylogenetic reconstruction of the Poaceae followed those initial hypotheses, starting with cladistic analyses of morphological and anatomical characters (Kellogg and Campbell, 1987; Baum, 1987; Kellogg and Watson, 1993). More recently, molecular information has provided the basis for phylogenetic hypotheses in grasses at the subfamily and tribe levels (Table 5.1). These molecular studies were based on information from chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) restriction sites and DNA sequencing of the rbcL, ndhF, rps4, 18S and 26S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), phytochrome genes, and the ITS region (Hamby and Zimmer, 1988; Doebley et al., 1990; Davis and Soreng, 1993; Cummings, King, and Kellogg, 1994; Hsiao et al., 1994; Nadot, Bajon, and Lejeune, 1994; Barker, Linder, and Harley, 1995; Clark, Zhang, and Wendel, 1995; Duvall and Morton, 1996; Liang and Hilu, 1996; Mathews and Sharrock, 1996). Although these studies have refined our concept of grass evolution at the subfamily level and, to a certain degree, at the tribal level, major disagreements and questions remain to be addressed. Outstanding discrepancies at the subfamily level include: 1) Are the pooids, bambusoids senso lato, or herbaceous bamboos the
    [Show full text]
  • New Species of Paniceae (Poaceae, Panicoideae)
    Systematic Botany (2011), 36(1): pp. 53–58 © Copyright 2011 by the American Society of Plant Taxonomists DOI 10.1600/036364411X553126 New Species of Paniceae (Poaceae, Panicoideae) from Brazil Diego L. Salariato , 1 , 2 Osvaldo Morrone , 1 and Fernando O. Zuloaga 1 1 Instituto de Botánica Darwinion, Labardén 200, Casilla de Correo 22, B1642HYD, San Isidro, Buenos Aires, Argentina 2 Author for correspondence ( [email protected] ) Communicating Editor: Molly Nepokroeff Abstract— Two new species of Paniceae are here described, one belonging to Dichanthelium ( Dichanthelium barbadense ) and the other to Panicum sect. Laxa ( Panicum harleyi ). Both taxa grow in open areas of Central Brazil are described, illustrated, and compared with putative related species. Keywords— Dichanthelium , Gramineae , grasses , Panicum , taxonomy. During a revision of the Paniceae for the Neotropics, two to sparsely pilose, subcordate at the base, the apex acute, mar- new species were discovered from Brazil and are described gins long-ciliate, scabrous, involute toward the apex. Peduncle below. One belongs to Dichanthelium (Lam.) Gould and the up to 3 cm long, included in the uppermost leaves or partially other is placed in Panicum sect. Laxa (Hitchc. & Chase) Pilg. exerted, shortly pilose to glabrous. Inflorescence 3–5 × 1–2 cm, Dichanthelium an American genus with nearly 55 species dis- lax, few flowered panicle; main axis wavy, sparsely pilose tributed from Canada and the U. S. A. to Argentina ( Zuloaga near the branches, otherwise smooth, glabrous; pulvini pilose, et al. 1993 ; Aliscioni et al. 2003 ) is characterized as including with long whitish hairs; first order branches up to 0.8 cm long, perennial species with or without foliar dimorphism, mem- divergent or appressed, alternate, axis of the branches smooth, branous-ciliate ligules, spikelets ellipsoid to obovoid with glabrous, delicate, terete; pedicels 2–5 mm long, claviform, the upper glume and lower lemma (5–)7–15 nerved, and the with long whitish hairs toward the base.
    [Show full text]