DOCSLIB.ORG

THE GENUS MELOCHIA L. (STERCULIACEAE) by Aaron

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE GENUS MELOCHIA L. (STERCULIACEAE) by Aaron THE GENUS MELOCHIA L. (STERCULIACEAE) By Aaron Goldberg History of the Genus Linnaeus validated the name Melochia by including it in the first edition of his Species Plant arum (37). In his Genera Plantarum (38) of the following year under the description of Melochia he cited only Dillenius (9), who had described and illustrated only Melochia cor- chorifolia in the genus Melochia. According to the current Inter- national Code of Botanical Nomenclature (33), it is agreed to associate generic names which appear in Linnaeus' Species Plantarum, edition 1, 1753, with the first subsequent description given under those names in Linnaeus' Genera Plantarum, edition 5, 1754. Therefore, Melochia corchorifolia L. is considered to be the type species of the genus. Melochia is a name altered from the Arabic name of Cor chorus olitorius L., a salad plant in the East, and according to Gray (20) the name was borrowed by the Arabs, through the Syriac, from the Greek word for the mallow. Several genera have been published and subsequently reduced to synonymy under Melochia. In 1777 Houttuyn (27) introduced the name Visenia for his V. umbeUata, a common tree of southeastern Asia and the Pacific Islands. In 1854 Gray (19) expressed the opinion that Visenia could not be generically distinguished from Melochia. In 1895 Schumann (48) gave it its present status as a section of Melochia. In 1787 Medicus (42) introduced the name MolucMa for species with pyramidal fruits—placed in the section Pyramis in this paper. In 1803 Ventenat (64) introduced the name Riedlea, characterized by a 5-valved globular capsule, filaments united in a column, and a calyx subtended by 3 bracts. Riedlea is placed in the section Melochia in this paper. In 1823 Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth (28) intro- duced Mougeotia for species with a pentacoccic capsule. DeCandolle (8) reserved the name Melochia for species placed in the section Pyramis in this paper, and used the name Riedleia for Riedlea Vent., Mougeotia H. B. K., and Visenia Houtt. He also established the tribe Hermannie&e, which includes Ilermannia L., Melochiah^ and Waltheria L. Two years later Sprengel (51) used Melochia as did DeCandolle, but substituted Visenia for Riedleia, probably on the basis of priority. 191 192 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM In 1825 St.-Hilaire (46) reported on his rather extensive collections of Melochia in southern Brazil, and gave reasons for not considering Riedlea Vent, generically distinct from Melochia. He mentioned that the flowers are very similar and that, as a rule, other characters being the same, Linnaeus would not divide a genus if the flowers were the same but the fruits different. He did not consider the presence of bracts subtending the calyx a generic character and pointed out that there are intermediate forms in the types of dehiscence of the fruit in Melochia and Riedlea. In 1836 Presl (45) introduced Physodium, and mentioned that it differed from Riedleia in having an inflated, closed calyx, linear anthers, and an acute-angled, stipitate capsule. Bentham and Hooker (3) maintained Melochia and Physodium, but, considering St.-Hilaire's observations and their own, they placed Riedlea in synonymy. Hemsley (25) did not consider Physodium, to be generically distinct from Melochia but followed Bentham and Hooker in maintaining it. In 1854 Triana and Karsten in Triana (58) introduced Anamorpha, and in 1858 Turczaninow (60) introduced Physocodon. Both have since been reduced to Melochia. They contain species now placed in the section Mougeotia. In 1864 Grisebach (22) divided the genus into the sections Eumelo- chia, Riedleia, and Mougeotia. As emended in description, and as changed in nomenclature, in accord with the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, these sections are maintained in the present paper. Schumann (47), in the next major treatment of the genus, considered all of the genera mentioned above, occurring in Brazil, to be synonyms of Melochia, and he accepted Grisebach's sectional division of the genus. In 1890 Garcke (17) discussed part of the extensive synonymy in the genus. In 1895 Schumann (48), in treating Melochia, added Visenia as a section containing certain species of Asia and the Pacific Islands, and reduced Physodium to synonymy. In 1908 Fries (15) presented his concepts of the taxa in Melochia in South America. He examined and cited specimens from several European herbaria. From time to time species and infraspecific taxa have been described in the genus Melochia and its synonyms. These are considered in the systematic section of this paper. Approximately 379 names and com- binations have been used to describe the types of Melochia. Many are synonyms and many of the descriptions are very inadequate. I have made more than 30,000 observations of characters in the genus. About half of them were measurements under the dissecting micro- GOLDBERG—GENUS MELOCHU 193 scope. Thus, I have supplemented the information in the old descrip- tions. As a result of my studies, I consider 68 taxa to be adequate to describe the entities in the genus. Two new species are described and Physodium is placed in sectional status. Division of the genus into several genera has been based on charac- ters which show a gradual transition between species from section to section as follows: (1) The carpels of some species of the section Mougeotia have an obtusely rounded dorsal surface; in others the carpels are somewhat carinate in the distal half of the fruit and transi- tional to the section Pyramis. (2) In the size of the fruit from the section Mougeotia to the section Pyramis. (3) One type of dehiscence to another occurs between species. (4) The gradual change in degree of accrescence of the calyx, degree of union of the filaments, and length of the stipe. (5) In the size of bracts in all species and in the length of the internode between each of them and between them and the calyx. In addition to the taxonomic treatments already mentioned, several floras and lists have been published in which pertinent Meloehia are presented. Included among the regions treated are Mexico (52), several countries of Central America (25, 53, 54, 55, 56), several of the islands of the West Indies (4, 13, 22, 36, 62), Surinam (61), French Guiana (35), Venezuela (44), Colombia (59), Peru (39), Bolivia (14), tropical West Africa (29), Congo (18), Angola (11), the basin of the Zambesi River (12), Madagascar (1), India (26), Indochina (16, 57), Java (2), the Philippine Islands (43), and Fiji (49). Since the taxa attributed to the various regions by the authors of these floras and by me differ in some cases, I am including tables showing the distribu- tion of the species of Meloehia by countries (pp. 196 and 197). Economic Importance The genus Meloehia has no outstanding economic importance. Some species, such as M. pyramidata, have fine silky fibers, but at present these are used only locally. Some species occur in pasture lands, especially savannas. Gentry mentioned (his specimen no. 943M [MICH]) that burros are very fond of the plant (M. tomenteUa). A few species are weeds in cultivated fields. The plants have a mucilaginous constituent that is used locally as a demulcent in enter- itis due to dysentery. They are also used locally as a salad plant, and for smoking. The flowers are a source of food for honeybees. Meloehia umbeUata (Houtt.) Stapf, a rapidly growing species of southern Asia and the Pacific Islands, is commonly planted as a shade tree in that part of the world. 194 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Geographic Distribution In America, Mebchia is distributed over more than 5.6 million square miles. It ranges from approximately 33° N. to 33° S. latitude on the east coast, and from approximately 29° N. to 12° S. latitude on the west coast. The distribution of the genus in South and North America is shown in figures 1 and 2, respectively. The coordinates Figure 1.—Distribution of Melockia in South America. of many of the localities of the specimens studied were determined from the "Index to the Map of Hispanic America" (31). GOLDBERG—GENUS MELOCHIA 195 v i'A tih? * :1 V O r & % -tf \) I °i\ r "V \ t r i / S-\ w r*4f>\ si > t i i, Hr \ *#r $ $ V x a 9 V s B I / I1 # i >/ 196 CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE NATIONAL HERBARIUM Table 1.—Distribution of American Species of Melochia by Countries o a 03 3 Sf 8 a a 3 s a hO o § £ p MELOCHIA d £ p I I O o a 3 c c w 3 3 K Oi A o & PS -< 8 JQ <3 if 'O jG a -a B 8 8 o k TJ d -q 8 1 o 3 a .83 ■a 03 03 08 "3 a) _g a a> £ a "w a E c 2 i p £ d a ifi 8 G s a Q 3 s © 0 *5 *c a cO P § a# 3 o o o e & s O CO W CO u & PQ o ^3 OQ m £ O I Ph PQ to Ah adenodes X anomala X arenosa X X X ar^entina X X beraoulliana X be tonici folia X caracasana X X X clmmaedrys X X X X colombiaoa X corchorlfolia * X X corymbosa crenata X X garrtueri X graminifolla X X X X X X X hassleriana X X hermaonioides X X illicloides X fcemifolia X X X X X lanata X X lonoeolata X X leucantha X lupulins X X X X X X X X X X X inanducata X X X X X X X melissi folia X X X X niollis X X X morongti X X X nodiflora X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X imdifiora X X X X parvifolia X X X X X pilosa x X X X X X X X X X pyramidata X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X rhodocalyx X savannarmn X simplex X X X X X splendcris X X thymifolia X X X to men UHla X tomentosa X X X X X X X X X X X X tragiifolia X ulmifolia X X X X X X villosa X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X werdermannil X 'Adventlve* Tlie genus occurs in more than 6.7 million square miles of the Old World, from 37° N.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Revision of Neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): Part 8
    Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, B 117 151–218 Wien, Jänner 2015 A revision of neotropical Diospyros (Ebenaceae): part 8 B. Wallnöfer* Abstract In the course of a revision of New World Ebenaceae for "Flora Neotropica" and some regional floras, spec- imens from ca. 100 herbaria have been studied. The South American and Antillean Diospyros inconstans JACQ. is here subdivided into five subspecies (inconstans, darienk subsp.n., delgadoi, obovata, and psidi­ oides) which are described in detail. A neotype for D. inconstans, and lectotypes for Annona imbitibana GLAZ., D. conduplicata KUNTH, D. psidioides KUNTH, D. velutina HIERN, Maba inconstans var. granatensis HIERN, and Macreightia obovata MART. ex MIQ. are here selected. The names Annona imbitibana GLAZ., D. acreana CAVALCANTE, D. anzoateguiensis STEYERM., D. berteroi ("berterii") A.DC., D. boliviana RUSBY, D. conduplicata KUNTH, D. velutina HIERN, Maba inconstans var. granatensis HIERN, and Macreightia pavo­ nii A.DC. are relegated into synonymy. The chromosome number 2n = 30 is reported for D. inconstans subsp. psidioides, D. yatesiana STANDL. ex LUNDELL and D. texana SCHEELE. Figures, distribution maps, vernacular names, information on habitat and ecology, and lists of specimens are included. Key words: Ebenaceae, Diospyros inconstans subsp. inconstans, subsp. darienk, subsp. delgadoi, subsp. obovata, subsp. psidioides, D. acreana, D. anzoateguiensis, D. berteroi ("berterii"), D. boliviana, D. condu­ plicata, D. delgadoi, D. pavonii, D. psidioides, D. velutina, D. texana, D. yatesiana, Maba inconstans var. granatensis, Macreightia obovata, M. pavonii, Annona imbitibana, revision, taxonomy, distribution maps, chromosome count, flora South American, Antilles. Zusammenfassung Im Rahmen einer Revision der neuweltlichen Ebenaceae für "Flora Neotropica" und einige Regionalfloren konnten Herbarbelege aus ca.
    [Show full text]
  • Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines
    Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines November 2005 Republika ng Pilipinas PAMBANSANG LUPON SA UGNAYANG PANG-ESTADISTIKA (NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD) http://www.nscb.gov.ph in cooperation with The WORLD BANK Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines FOREWORD This report is part of the output of the Poverty Mapping Project implemented by the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) with funding assistance from the World Bank ASEM Trust Fund. The methodology employed in the project combined the 2000 Family Income and Expenditure Survey (FIES), 2000 Labor Force Survey (LFS) and 2000 Census of Population and Housing (CPH) to estimate poverty incidence, poverty gap, and poverty severity for the provincial and municipal levels. We acknowledge with thanks the valuable assistance provided by the Project Consultants, Dr. Stephen Haslett and Dr. Geoffrey Jones of the Statistics Research and Consulting Centre, Massey University, New Zealand. Ms. Caridad Araujo, for the assistance in the preliminary preparations for the project; and Dr. Peter Lanjouw of the World Bank for the continued support. The Project Consultants prepared Chapters 1 to 8 of the report with Mr. Joseph M. Addawe, Rey Angelo Millendez, and Amando Patio, Jr. of the NSCB Poverty Team, assisting in the data preparation and modeling. Chapters 9 to 11 were prepared mainly by the NSCB Project Staff after conducting validation workshops in selected provinces of the country and the project’s national dissemination forum. It is hoped that the results of this project will help local communities and policy makers in the formulation of appropriate programs and improvements in the targeting schemes aimed at reducing poverty.
    [Show full text]
  • TAXON:Melochia Umbellata
    TAXON: Melochia umbellata SCORE: 9.0 RATING: High Risk (Houtt.) Stapf Taxon: Melochia umbellata (Houtt.) Stapf Family: Malvaceae Common Name(s): hierba del soldado Synonym(s): Melochia indica Kurz melochia Visenia indica C. C. Gmelin tangkal bintenoo Visenia umbellata Houtt. Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 23 Oct 2019 WRA Score: 9.0 Designation: H(Hawai'i) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Tropical Tree, Pioneer, Naturalized, Thicket-Forming, Wind-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 n outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1,
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Costa Rica's Policing of Sexuality and The
    COSTA RICA’S POLICING OF SEXUALITY AND THE NORMALIZATION OF THE BOURGEOIS FAMILY By GRISELDA E. RODRIGUEZ A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2010 1 ©2010 Griselda E. Rodriguez 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For being an incredible source of ideas and advice, and for eternally changing my theoretical approach to history I would like to thank Dr. Mark Thurner. I am grateful to Dr. Richmond Brown for continuously having an open door policy and being a genuine source of intellectual comfort. To them and to Dr. Carmen Diana Deere I am in debt for their sincere suggestions, guidance, and patience during the lengthy process of thesis writing and my overall intellectual development. I would like to thank my mother, for being my deepest confidante and most fervent supporter; my father for reminding me of the importance of laughter during my moments of frustration; and my brother for being a never-ending source of advice and positivity. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.................................................................................................................... 3 ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER 1 NATION, GENDER, AND MYTH ............................................................................................. 7 Costa Rica’s Exceptionalist Myth .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Foliar Epidermal Characters of Some Sterculiaceae Species in Nigeria
    Bajopas Volume 5 Number 1 June, 2012 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bajopas.v5i1.10 Bayero Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 5(1): 48 – 56 Received: September 2011 Accepted: March 2012 ISSN 2006 – 6996 FOLIAR EPIDERMAL CHARACTERS OF SOME STERCULIACEAE SPECIES IN NIGERIA *Aworinde, D.O., Ogundairo, B.O., Osuntoyinbo, K.F. and Olanloye, O.A. Department of Biological Sciences, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria *Correspondence author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Foliar epidermal studies were conducted on ten species in the family Sterculiaceae in search of stable taxonomic characters that could be employed in order contribute to their classification and identification. In spite of the remarkable morphological differences, the results indicated that the species are relatively uniform in their quantitative macromorphological characters except for the leaf shape and base which varied from elliptic, lanceolate to palmate and leaf base from cordate, obtuse to cunneate. The epidermal characters such as number of cells, anticlinal wall pattern, cell wall thickness and the stomata size varied among the species. The epidermal cells varied from polygonal to irregular while the anticlinal walls varied from straight to straight\curve and slightly curved. All the species except Cola nitida (Vent) Schott, Malachanta alnifolia (Bak) Pierre, Mansonia altissima (A.Chev) R.Capuron, Theobroma cacao Linn and Waltheria indica Linn are amphistomatic. Stomata types included anisocytic in T. cacao, laterocytic in C. hispida, anomocytic in C. millenni Schum, Staurocytic in C. nitida and paracytic in W. indica, M. altissima and Malacantha alnifolia. Keywords: Foliar epidermis, Nigeria, Sterculiaceae. INTRODUCTION The family name Sterculiaceae was based on the MATERIALS AND METHODS genus Sterculia.
    [Show full text]
  • Ve-Nr-01-Es.Pdf
    MINISTERIO DEL AMBIENTE Y DE LOS RECURSOS NATURALES En el mes de junio de 1992, en el marco de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Venezuela suscribió el Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica, el cual fue ratificado por el entonces Congreso de la República en el año 1994 por lo que es una ley aprobatoria. La aplicación de este Convenio significó un cambio conceptual al reconocer a los Estados sus derechos soberanos sobre los recursos biológicos, y al declarar la conservación de la diversidad biológica como patrimonio de la humanidad e impuso a las Partes contratantes un conjunto de obligaciones entre las que se encuentra la elaboración del “Informe de País” que hoy presentamos ante la Conferencia de las Partes. En este sentido, y atendiendo los lineamientos establecidos sobre el contenido y presentación del informe, se ha preparado un documento que incluye un estudio sobre la magnitud de la diversidad biológica presente en el país, que lo hace uno de los diez primeros países megadiversos del planeta condición que nos obliga en el conocimiento, conservación y uso sustentable de tan valioso recurso para el futuro de la humanidad. Consideramos importante resaltar que en la recién promulgada Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela se establece como una obligación de Estado la conservación y defensa de la Diversidad Biológica y a demás se reconoce el valor de los conocimientos ancestrales que poseen las comunidades indígenas, sobre la biodiversidad presente en las tierras que ocupan por lo que tendrán derecho a obtener beneficios derivados de la utilización de sus conocimientos tradicionales.
    [Show full text]
  • Germination, Growth, Photosynthesis, and Osmotic Adjustment of Tossa Jute (Corchorus Olitrius L.) Seeds Under Saline Irrigation
    Pol. J. Environ. Stud. Vol. 28, No. 2 (2019), 935-942 DOI: 10.15244/pjoes/85265 ONLINE PUBLICATION DATE: 2018-09-14 Original Research Germination, Growth, Photosynthesis, and Osmotic Adjustment of Tossa Jute (Corchorus olitrius L.) Seeds under Saline Irrigation Amira Racha Ben yakoub1, 2*, Samir Tlahig1, Ali Ferchichi3 1Arid and Oases Cropping Laboratory, Institute of Arid Lands (IRA), Médenine, Tunisia 2Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Campus, El Manar, Tunisia 3National Institute of Agronomy, Mahrajène City, Tunis, Tunisia Received: 15 January 2018 Accepted: 12 February 2018 Abstract A field experiment focusing on the response of Tossa jute Corchorus( olitorius L.) to salt stress at germination and vegetative growth stages was held in the Institute of Arid Lands of Medenine, Tunisia. Results showed that germinating rate after 24 hrs exceeded 50% under salt levels between 0 and 5 g.l-1. Indeed, salt stress levels delayed the initiation process and decreased significantly kinetics and rate of germination, which were severely limited at 9 and 10 g.l-1 NaCl. After one month of growth, Tossa jute seedlings were subjected to salt treatments of 2, 4, 6, and 8 g.l-1 NaCl. After four weeks of stress in pots, morphological responses were reflected by a significant decrease in parameters of growth and yield when salinity reached 8 g.l-1. Indeed, a reduction in the photosynthetic gaseous exchange and a stomata resistance were notified for seedlings subjected to 6 and 8 g.l-1 NaCl treatments. However, in order to tolerate the highest levels of salt, Tossa jute seedlings make different strategies by reducing the size of leaves, which increases their accumulation of osmolytes such as proline (3.1 mg.g-1 DM) and soluble sugars (13.22 µg.g-1 FM) to permitting the osmotic adjustment.
    [Show full text]
  • Microfilm Publication M617, Returns from U.S
    Publication Number: M-617 Publication Title: Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916 Date Published: 1968 RETURNS FROM U.S. MILITARY POSTS, 1800-1916 On the 1550 rolls of this microfilm publication, M617, are reproduced returns from U.S. military posts from the early 1800's to 1916, with a few returns extending through 1917. Most of the returns are part of Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office; the remainder is part of Record Group 393, Records of United States Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920, and Record Group 395, Records of United States Army Overseas Operations and Commands, 1898-1942. The commanding officer of every post, as well ad commanders of all other bodies of troops such as department, division, brigade, regiment, or detachment, was required by Army Regulations to submit a return (a type of personnel report) to The Adjutant General at specified intervals, usually monthly, on forms provided by that office. Several additions and modifications were made in the form over the years, but basically it was designed to show the units that were stationed at a particular post and their strength, the names and duties of the officers, the number of officers present and absent, a listing of official communications received, and a record of events. In the early 19th century the form used for the post return usually was the same as the one used for regimental or organizational returns. Printed forms were issued by the Adjutant General’s Office, but more commonly used were manuscript forms patterned after the printed forms.
    [Show full text]
  • 2016 Calabarzon Regional Development Report
    2016 CALABARZON Regional Development Report Regional Development Council IV-A i 2016 CALABARZON REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT REPORT Foreword HON. HERMILANDO I. MANDANAS RDC Chairperson The 2016 Regional Development Report is an annual assessment of the socio- economic performance of the Region based on the targets of the Regional Development Plan 2011-2016. It highlights the performance of the key sectors namely macroeconomy, industry and services, agriculture and fisheries, infrastructure, financial, social, peace and security, governance and environment. It also includes challenges and prospects of each sector. The RDC Secretariat, the National Economic and Development Authority Region IV-A, led the preparation of the 2016 RDR by coordinating with the regional line agencies (RLAs), local government units (LGUs), state colleges and universities (SUCs) and civil society organizations (CSOs). The RDR was reviewed and endorsed by the RDC sectoral committees. The results of assessment and challenges and prospects in each sector will guide the planning and policy direction, and programming of projects in the region. The RLAs, LGUs, SUCs and development partners are encouraged to consider the RDR in their development planning initiatives for 2017-2022. 2016 Regional Development Report i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Foreword i Table of Contents ii List of Tables iii List of Figures vii List of Acronyms ix Executive Summary xiii Chapter I: Pursuit of Inclusive Growth 1 Chapter II: Macroeconomy 5 Chapter III: Competitive Industry and Services Sector 11 Chapter IV: Competitive and Sustainable Agriculture and Fisheries Sector 23 Chapter V: Accelerating Infrastructure Development 33 Chapter VI: Towards a Resilient and Inclusive Financial System 43 Chapter VII: Good Governance and Rule of Law 53 Chapter VIII: Social Development 57 Chapter IX: Peace and Security 73 Chapter X: Conservation, Protection and Rehabilitation of the Environment and 79 Natural Resources Credit 90 2016 Regional Development Report ii LIST OF TABLES No.
    [Show full text]
  • The Age of Chocolate: a Diversification History of Theobroma and Malvaceae
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 10 November 2015 doi: 10.3389/fevo.2015.00120 The age of chocolate: a diversification history of Theobroma and Malvaceae James E. Richardson 1, 2*, Barbara A. Whitlock 3, Alan W. Meerow 4 and Santiago Madriñán 5 1 Programa de Biología, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia, 2 Tropical Diversity Section, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, 3 Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA, 4 United States Department of Agriculture—ARS—SHRS, National Clonal Germplasm Repository, Miami, FL, USA, 5 Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia Dated molecular phylogenies of broadly distributed lineages can help to compare patterns of diversification in different parts of the world. An explanation for greater Neotropical diversity compared to other parts of the tropics is that it was an accident of the Andean orogeny. Using dated phylogenies, of chloroplast ndhF and nuclear DNA WRKY sequence datasets, generated using BEAST we demonstrate that the diversification of the genera Theobroma and Herrania occurred from 12.7 (11.6–14.9 [95% HPD]) million years ago (Ma) and thus coincided with Andean uplift from the mid-Miocene and that this lineage had a faster diversification rate than other major clades in Malvaceae. We also demonstrate that Theobroma cacao, the source of chocolate, diverged from its most recent common ancestor 9.9 (7.7–12.9 [95% HPD]) Ma, in the Edited by: Federico Luebert, mid-to late-Miocene, suggesting that this economically important species has had ample Universität Bonn, Germany time to generate significant within-species genetic diversity that is useful information Reviewed by: for a developing chocolate industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Pollination and Breeding System of Melochia Tomentosa L
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Flora ] (]]]]) ]]]–]]] www.elsevier.de/flora Pollination and breeding system of Melochia tomentosa L. (Malvaceae), a keystone floral resource in the Brazilian Caatinga Isabel Cristina Machadoa,Ã, Marlies Sazimab aDepartamento de Botaˆnica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 50232-970 Recife, PE, Brazil bDepartamento de Botaˆnica, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13.081-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil Received 10 August 2007; accepted 25 September 2007 Abstract The main goals of the present paper were to investigate the floral biology and the breeding system of Melochia tomentosa in a semi-arid region in Brazil, comparing the role of Apis mellifera with other native pollinators, and to discuss the importance of this plant species as a floral resource for the local fauna in maintaining different guilds of specialized pollinators in the Caatinga. M. tomentosa is very common in Caatinga areas and blooms year-round with two flowering peaks, one in the wet and another in the dry period. The pink, bright-colored flowers are distylous and both morphs are homogamous. The trichomatic nectary is located on the inner surface of the connate sepals, and the nectar (ca. 7 ml) is accumulated in the space between the corolla and the calyx. Nectar sugar concentration reaches an average of 28%. The results of controlled pollination experiments show that M. tomentosa is self-incompatible. Pollen viability varies from 94% to 98%. In spite of being visited by several pollen vectors, flower attributes of M. tomentosa point to melittophily, and A. mellifera was the most frequent visitor and the principal pollinator. Although honeybees are exotic, severely competing with native pollinators, they are important together with other native bees, like Centris and Xylocopa species, for the fruit set of M.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lure of Costa Rica's Central Pacific
    2018 SPECIAL PRINT EDITION www.ticotimes.net Surf, art and vibrant towns THE LURE OF COSTA RICA'S CENTRAL PACIFIC Granada (Nicaragua) LA CRUZ PUNTA SALINAS Garita LAGO DE Isla Bolaños Santa Cecilia NICARAGUA PUNTA DESCARTES Río Hacienda LOS CHILES PUNTA DE SAN ELENA Brasilia Volcán Orosí Birmania Santa Rita San José Playa Guajiniquil Medio Queso Boca del PUNTA río San Juan BLANCA Cuaniquil Delicias Dos Ríos Cuatro Bocas NICARAGUA PUNTA UPALA Playuelitas CASTILLA P.N. Santa Rosa Volcán Rincón de la Vieja Pavón Isla Murciélagos Río Negro García Flamenco Laguna Amparo Santa Rosa P.N. Rincón Canaleta Caño Negro Playa Nancite de la Vieja R.V.S. Playa Naranjo Aguas Claras Bijagua Caño Negro Río Pocosol Cañas Río Colorado Dulces Caño Ciego GOLFO DE Estación Volcán Miravalles Volcán Tenorio río Boca del Horizontes Guayaba F PAPAGAYO P.N. Volcán Buenavista San Jorge río Colorado Miravalles P.N. Volcán Río Barra del Colorado Pto. Culebra Fortuna SAN RAFAEL Isla Huevos Tenorio Río San Carlos DE GUATUZO Laurel Boca Tapada Río Colorado Canal LIBERIA Tenorio Sta Galán R.V.S. Panamá Medias Barra del Colorado Playa Panamá Salitral Laguna Cabanga Sto. Rosa Providencia Río Toro Playa Hermosa Tierras Cole Domingo Guardia Morenas San Gerardo Playa del Coco Venado Chambacú El Coco Chirripó Playa Ocotal Comunidad Río Tenorio Pangola Arenal Boca de Arenal Chaparrón o Boca del ria PUNTA GORDA BAGACES Rí río Tortuguero Ocotal ibe Caño Negro Boca Río Sucio Playa Pan de Azúcar Sardinal TILARÁN Veracruz San Rafael Playa Potrero Potrero L Río Tortuguero Laguna Muelle Altamira Muelle Playa Flamingo Río Corobici Volcán FILADELFIA R.B.
    [Show full text]