The Russian-Mongolian expeditions and research in palaeontology

I Introduction , Paleogene, and Neogene over a large part of southern , and this promoted the preser- Central .lsia attracted the attention of palaeontolo- vation of fossils. Moderate tectonic activity has gener- gists after 'Tertiary mammals had been found in conti- ated small escarpments which reveal much of the nental sediments. At first, Kichthofen (1877) argued thickness of the sedimentary succession. 'The absence / that Central Asia had been flooded by a huge sea of Pleistocene ice sheets meant that the ancient which produced marine deposits, the so-called deposits were not erased. Thus, in Central Asia, there Khankha deposits. Rorisyak (1015) predicted that is a nearly continuous series of lake and river deposits Mongolia would be a storehouse of palaeontological containing continental biota, beginning in the Late treasures, based on his study of Tertiary mammals in , and in some places in the Late 'l'riassic. 1 adjaceut Kazakhstan, and on the discovery of a bronto- The territory of Mongolia extends nearly 2400 km there tooth in 'I'ertiary rocks on the Plateau from east to west and nearly 1300 krri from north to 1 Khooldzin, south of Iren Dabasu Lake, Inner south. Most of Mongolia is a middle-level mountain Mongolia, , by Vladi~nirObruchev in 1892 plateau with average heights 1000-1200 In above sea , (Ohruchev, 1893). Borisyak expected rich finds of level. In the southern half of the country, mountain lertiary mammals in Mongolia, since he considered ridges of the blongolian and Gobi Altai with heights I I that Central Asia was the centre of origin of Cenozoic fiom 1.500 to 4000 m above sea level, lie on either side mammals. These prognoses stimulatecl the Central of extended depressions, filled with and 1 Asiatic Expedition of the American Museum of Cenozoic deposits, the products of erosion of the sur- Natural History in the 1020s, and the environs of lren rounding high countries (Murzaev, 1948). In these Dabasu Lake were the first area investigated; here the depressions the main palaeontological riches of Expedition discovered a Cretaceous fauna of dino- Mongolia are buried. saurs and Paleogene and Neogene mammals (Granger and Rerkey, 1922). Abbreviations Why is blongolia so rich in remains of ancient ver- tebrates? During the past 200 Myr, since the early AR,%S,Archives of the Russian :\cademy of Sciences; hlesozoic, the territory of Mongolia was never .-2S USSR, :\cademy of Sciences of the USSR; t;, Fund covered by the sea. The arid continental climate of the of the ARAS; C.4i7, Central Asiatic Expedition of the past 30 blyr has not encouraged the formation of a American Museum of Natural History; L, List of the thick soil cover, nor the development of vegetation, ARAS; MAS, Mongolian Academy of Sciences; MPL, and has generated strong erosion bv water, wind, and Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition of the temperature change. Rapid sedimentation, associated :\cademy of Sciences of the USSR; MPR, htlongolian with significant water supplies and broken relief, I'eoples' Republic; P, Page of the .lR.%S; I'lN, occurred for significant periods of time in the Palaeontological lnstitute of the RAS; R..\S, Russian 1: A-. KUKOCHKIN & R. R.IKSHO12L)

Academy of Sciences; RMPE, Joint Kussian- led by B.S. Dombrovski from the Far-Eastern Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition; SMPE,Joint University of Vladivostok conducted research in Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition; U, Central and Eastern Mongolia. It did some work on Deposition Unit of the ARAS. the new large sites (Dombrovski, 1926). Further expeditions of Soviet scientists conducted researches in Mongolia from 1920 to 1930. The geog- The first discoveries of Mesozoic and Cenozoic raphers and hotanists A.D. Simukov, E.M. Murzaev, vertebrate sites ,4.A. Yunatov, and B.M. Chudinov found Cretaceous From 1922 to 1930, the Central Asiatic Expedition of in the Southern Gobi. In the Eastern Gobi, the American Museum of Natural History (CAE), 20 sites of Paleogene mammals and Cretaceous dino- under the leadership of Roy Chapman Andrews, saurs were found by the geologists A.P. Chaikovskii, worked in Mongolia. They found A.N. Alekseichik, N.I. Delnov, and Yu.S. Zhelubovskii faunas of (Protocerntops, small carnivorous (Marinov et nl., 1973), and later, some of these data dinosaurs, clutches of dinosaur , mammals) at the were used by I. Efremov. Bayan Zag site in Southern Mongolia and dinosaurs (Psittncosnurus) and fishes in the Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition (MPE) Andai Khudag and 00sh sites in the Lakes Valley of of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Central Mongolia. The CAE also opened the 1946- 1949 Palaeocene Gashato site near Bayan Zag and the Oligocene Ardyn Ovoo (= Ergil Ovoo, = Ergiliin Zoo) At the end of 1940, the Scientific Committee of the site in south-eastern Mongolia and the Tatal Go1 site MPR sent a letter to the director of the PIN, 12. in the Lakes Valley, which produced many new Borisyak, inviting him to organise a palaeontological Paleogene mammals. Berkey and Morris (1 92 7a, b) expedition to Mongolia in 1941. The offer was agreed divided the Cretaceous deposits of Mongolia into 13 with the Praesidium of the AS USSR and by the formations, and they considered that Late Cretaceous Council of the Peoples' Commissars of the USSR, and climates were arid and semi-desert, though in the money was allocated for the expedition. Yu.A. Orlov Early Cretaceous epoch was more humid with many was nominated chief of the expedition, and I.A. lakes, a wide river network, and rich vegetation. Efremov vice-chief. Plans for the expedition included Practically simultaneously with the CAE, Soviet equipment for 10 people and an estimated duration of geologists began searching for minerals in Mongolia as 3.54 months of field work, covering Southern technical assistance to the young Mongolian Republic. Mongolia, the Trans-Altai and Middle Gobi, and The fill story of the geological exploration of Western Mongolia. Three GAS-AA motor trucks were Mongolia and adjacent regions of China by Russian received. However, because of a delay in the receipt of and Western scientists has been told by Marinov foreign passports for travel outside the USSR, the (1967). From this book, we will summarize the main expedition could not leave Moscow at the end of May, projects by Soviet scientists. as was planned, and it was postponed to 1942 (ARAS; From 1925 on 1932 geological expeditions of the E 1712; L. 1; U. 18; pp. 1-38.). Then, in June 1941, Academy of Sciences of the USSR to Mongolia were Germany attacked the USSR, and clearly the work of led by 1.P. Rachkovskii. These expeditions investigated the MPE had to be postponed. rich Tertiary vertebrate sites in Western and Eastern As early as the end of 1945, Yu. Orlov submitted a Mongolia and Cretaceous dinosaur localities in request to run the Palaeontological expedition to Eastern Mongolia (Kupletskii, 1926; Lebedeva, 1926, Mongolia to the Praesidium of the AS USSR. This 1934; Rachkovskii, 1928; Rachkovskii and Lebedeva, petition was accepted by the Council of Ministers of 1932; Belyaeva, 1937). In 1925, a geological expedition the USSR (Resolution N 2051 PC of February 16, 'fhe Russian-Mongolian expeditions

1946) and on March 28, 1046, the Praesidium of the both in terms of finds of Paleogene mammals and Late AS USSR gave an order for the organization of the Cretaceous fossils. New large dinosaur sites were dis- MPE for a period of seven months (AR.iS; F. 171 2; I,. covered in the Southern and Eastern Gobi. 1; U. 73.; pp. 1 and 8). The expedition left bloscow at Particularly important were the finds in the Upper the beginning of .August, 1946. On :\ugust 10th it Cretaceous rocks of hadrosaurs and sauropods, as well reached Ulaanbaatar, and on September 1st began to as large terrestrial carnosaurs and ankylosaurs, gencr- work at Eayan Zag. The leader of the MPE was now ally unknown fiom the Old World, and at~undantfinds I.X. F:fremov, and Yu.A. Orlov \\,as its scientific adviser. of fossil trees, crocodiles, and fishes. These fossils all The preparators J.M. Eglon and M.1:. 1,ukiyanova also suggested to the Soviet geologists that in the Late worked in Mongolia on the first expedition, as did the Cretaceous Central .\sia was covered with extensive scientists K.K. Flerov, V.I. Cromov, and :\..I. lakes, bogs, and large rivers, opposite to the usr~alview Kirpichnikov. The 1946 MPE worked fbr 2.5 rnonths in that these territories had experienced arid conditions the field. In Dalanzadgad, a forwarding base with since the Mesozoic. stocks of petrol was created, from which for\mrding 'The u~lioleof 1947 was devoted to the preparation routes extended over the whole of Southern and of the seconcl expedition. main task of this expedi- Eastern Mongolia. The motor vehicles travelled a tion was excavation at Nemegt and Rayan Shiree with total of 4700 km. The expedition returned to large numbers of Lvorkers and large numbers of Ulaanbaatar on November 4th, and left fix hloscow by trucks. The trucks, equipment, and drivers were sent on January 7tI1, 1947. from Moscow to Ulaanl~aatarin Novclnher 1947, and The MPE in 1946 carried out reconnaissance and in December the expedition leaders arrived. The field prospecting on three main routes (Efremov, 1948, I~aseat 1)alanzadgacl was set up during the severe 1919; Orlov, 1952). North of Dalanzadgad, a northern blongolian winter with stocks of equipment and group of routes included surveys at Bayan Zag, and petrol, and one of the field teams began \vork in the the new 1,ate Cretaceous sites Ulaan 66sh and Ailpi Eastern Gobi in March, 1948. The second MPF: ran Ulaan Tsav were opened up. 'The western group of for 11 months in 1047-1948, and participants routes passed the foot of the Cilbent, Nernegt, and included 16 employees of PIN and 10 hired hands .\Itan Uul ridges and their surro~~ndi~lgdepressions.In (ARAS; t< 171 2; L. 81; U. 28). 1.12. Efremov continued this direction, the rich Late Cretaceous dinosaur sites as leader, and Yu.,i. Orlov as scientific adviser. The Nemegt and liltan Uul \bere opened, and the i~npor- scientists present were N. Novozhilov, J. Eglon, A. tant Naran Eulag site with Paleogene ~nammalswas Rozhdestvenskii, and E. Maleev, the preparators were found. 'The Late Cretaceous Shiregiin Cashuun site M. 1,ukiyanova and 1'. Presnyakov, and the drivers with crocodiles, north of Nemegt, and the Paleogcne were V. Pronin, T. Eezborodov, N. Vvlezhanin, I. Gashato site were also surveyed. South of the Nemegt Likhachev, and others. Ridge, in the region Noyon Sum, I.A. Efremov opened 'The expedition left Ulaanbaatar for the Eastern a section of continental deposits, many kilo- Gobi on march 18th. Work at Bayan Shiree and Ergil metres long, with the remains of plants and trunks of Ovoo continued until April ZOth, and at the same time cordaites (Efremov, 1952). On the eastern route from remains of large sauropods, carnivorous dinosaurs, Dalanzadgad to Sainshand, new 1,ate Cretaceous sites and turtles were found at the I,o\ver Cretaceous Khar with dinosaurs were found at Bayan Shiree, Khamaryn Hiitiil locality, south of Sainshand. In the same region, Khural, Khar Hiitiil, and l'iishleg, and excavations fossil (:retaceous \vood with huge vertical trunks of were also made at the Paleogene Ergil Ovoo locality, Tnxodium were found. After April ZOth, the main exca- found by the CAE (Figure 13.1). vating tealn began work at Rayan Zag and, from) the Despite the fact that the first hlPE was essentially a beginnirlg of May, moved to the Nemegt locality. The reconnaissance trip, it was outstanclingly successf~~l, skeletons of a huge hadrosaur (Snur-o1opku.r a~~gustiros- E.N. KUROCHKIN & R. BARSBOLD

Figure 13.1. Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1946-1949. Map of the routes, localities, and newly discovered fossiliferous areas. Compiled by I. Efremov for Marinov (1967), with some additions. Localities: 1, Khamaryn Khural; 2, Algui Ulaan Tsav; 3, Ulaan 0osh; 4, Khar Hbtol; 5, Tushilge; 6, Beger Nuur; 7, Tsast Bogd; 8, Altanteel; 9, Altan Uul; 10, Tsagaan Uul; 11, Nemegt; 12, Ergil Ovoo; 13, Naran Bulag; 14, Bayan Shiree; 15, Tatal Gol; 16, Loo; 17, Andai Khudag; 18, Shireegiin Gashuun; 19, Bayan Zag; 20, Osh Nuur; 21, Noyon Sum. tris), small carnivorous dinosaurs, isolated of Miocene Loo localities, which had been opened by dinosaurs, huge turtles, crocodiles, and fishes were the CAE, were surveyed in the Lakes Valley. At the excavated. In Altan Uul, the Dragon's Tomb site was end of the season, there was a further excavation at opened, where complete skeletons of and Ergil Ovoo in the Eastern Gobi. The 1948 MPE Saurolophus with the remains of fossilized skin were covered 14000 km in total (Figure 13.1). Everyone dug out. West of this site a new rich Late Cretaceous returned to Moscow at the end of October (ARAS; F. site, Tsagaan Uul (later named Tsagaan Khushuu), 1712; L. 1; U. 97). was opened. In Nemegt and Altan Uul, work contin- The second MPE obtained extraordinary materials ued nearly all summer and autumn. At the same time, of various dinosaurs, including complete skeletons of a prospecting trip set out into western regions of the huge specimens 25-30 m in length, crocodiles, turtles, Southern Gobi, through the Trans-Altai Gobi, with a and mammals. In addition, detailed observations on route through the Lakes Valley. Productive sites were the taphonomy of fossil-bearing river channels that not found south and west of Nemegt, but to the north, ran into the large lake basins, and on the palaeogeogra- around the Wlongol Altai Mountains, extensive out- phy of dinosaur occurrences on the extensive low- crops of Lower Cretaceous sediments were exposed. lands of ancient Mongolia, covered with woods and North of Nemegt, at the bottom of the Ih Bayan Uul bogs, and crossed by the rivers and covered by the Mountains, vertebrates were found in the Eocene. lakes. It is necessary, however, to note that I.A. The Lower Cretaceous 00sh Nuur and Andai Efremov was wrong about the low palaeontological Khudag localities, and the Oligocene Tatal Gol, and potential of the regions west of the Nemegt 'The Russian-hlo~~golian expeditions

Depression and south of the (iilbent Ridge, since the People's Republic of China, which had just heen some major discoveries were made there in the 1970s created. to 1990s. In the end, then, the Xl1'1i worked for three seasons. In 1949, the MPE worked in the field from June 11th Its main achievements were the excavation of diverse to September 23rd, and this time it consisted of 33 Latc Cretaceous tlinosaurs, especially in the Nernegt people, including the labourers. The scientific struc- region, and of Palaeocene and Early Eocene verte- ture was the same as in 1948. 'The first trip was devoted brates, the division of the Cretaceous faunas into three to the search for vertebrates in the Bcgcr Nuur groups, the collection of new evidence at~outthe Ilepression, the Lercg Depression, and the Gui Suin palaeogeography and climate of Mongolia in the Gobi Depression. The rich Miocene Beger and Cretaceous, and discovery of cviticnce against arid Pliocene ,\Itanteel mammal localities were opened up conditions (Efremov, 1948, 1949, 1950, 1052, 1053, there, and Miocene vertebrates were also found at the 1954a, t), 19.55; Lfiemov er LLI.,1954). The history and western foot of the Jargalantyn Mountains, at the results of the h~l1'15 have been described in detail hy 0iish ICidge, 50 krn from Khovd town. 'The 'Tertiary Efieniov (1963), as well as by Rozhdestvenskii (I 957, deposits here overlie Lolver Cretaceous, where iso- l069), Chudinov (1987), and Lavas (1 993). lated remains of sauropods were found. In the region of the 'I'sast Bogd Mountains (Figure 13.1), contincn- Joint Soviet (Russian)-Mongolian tal l'errnian deposits were surveyed, but these yielded Palaeontological Expedition only plant remains. .\t the end of July, the expedition made short trips to the south-east in the region of In I064 the M:\S invited B.'\. 'l'rofimov and l'.K. Sainshand, to the Khar tliitiil locality, and to the south, Chudinov, employees of the PIN, to inspect the to collect small dinosaurs from the Kayan Zag locality. Biigiin Tsav locality, found by the h'longolian arats a After August lst, largc excavations were resumed in little north of the ~iltan Uul Ridge. 'l'his Idate the Nernegt Depression at the Nemegt, :\Itan Uul, and Cretaceous locality Iias turned out to be one of the Tsagaan Uul sites, and these yielded two skeletons of richest dinosaur sites in Mongolia, with many com- the largc hadrosaur ~Yari~~olophm.r,two skulls, the of plete and partial skeletons of largc and small dino- a young specimen, and hlocks with fossilized skin of saurs exposed on the surface, altho~~ghinitial these dinosaurs. .\fter the end of work on the estimates of its richness (Chudinov, 1'460; 'l'rofimov Cretaceous sites, excavations continued at the and (:hudinov, 1070) were rather exaggerated. Paleogene sitcs of Naran Bulag, Ulaandel Uul, and Subsequently, large excavations at Kiigiin 'ha\ h!, the Tatal Gol, in the same region to the west, north, and Sh11'1; and other expeditions produced magnificent east of the Nemegt Ridge. 'l'hese yielded nlagnificent turtles, interesting hirds and man~mals.Biigiin 'Tsav specimens of mammals, turtles, ant1 fishes. On October has no\\. become an important palacontological 4th, all members of the expedition returned to attraction for foreign tourists. Ulaanbaatar (.iU.4S; 1'. 1712; L. 1; U. 11 1). '['he I'olish-I2-longolian I'alacontological Exped- In 1050, a last expeditio~lto hlongolia was planned, ition operated in I2-longolia from I063 to 1071, at first but unexpectedly, in hIav, \\hen the equipment had led hy J. Kultchitskii, and then hy %. Kielan- alread~,been sent to Ulaant~aatar,the government of Jaworowska. Rinchcn Barshold \\.as Chief of the the USSR terminated the MPE and transferred all Expedition on the Mongolian side. 7'hcsc expetlitions facilities, including trucks, to an agricultural expedi- were notable for retrieving skeletons of largc dino- tion (:\KAS; F. 171 2; 1,. 1; U. 8 4). The reasons for this saurs, for further developing Late (:retaceous sitcs in decision are still not clear. The sole surviving ~vitness the Nemegt Ikpression, hut especially ti~rcollecting of those cvcntx, B. 'l'rofimov, explains them as prob- large nurnt~ersof specimens of n~ammalsand lizards ably the result of diplomatic games connected uith at Ra!,an Zag and other localities of the Late E.N. KUROCHKIN & R. BARSBOLD

Figure 13.2. Excavations at the Togrogiin Shiree locality, Omnogov Aimag, Upper Cretaceous, Baruungoyot Svita, in September, 1969. From the left, M. Bragin, A. Tchangtoomoor, P. Chudinov, G. Namsray, N. Radkevich, A. Ponomarenko, A. Perle, I. Luk'yanov, P. Narmandakh and R. Barsbold. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

Cretaceous. The expedition discovered such impor- This expedition and the SMPE worked in close collab- tant Late Cretaceous localities as Togrogiin Shiree oration, and results were published in many joint and Khulsan, and the finds of Pachycephalosauria, papers and several monographs (Devyatkin, 1981; , and Cretaceous gave new Martinson, 1982; Yanovskaya etal., 1977). directions to the palaeontology of Mongolia. At the end of 1960, Yu.A. Orlov addressed the From 1967, the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Geological Praesidium of the AS USSR with an offer to organize Expedition of the AS USSR and MAS began to work in palaeontological researches in the system of the MAS. Mongolia. The geologists G. Martinson, E. Devyatkin, On a slip of paper, someone has written that there A. Sochava and V. Shuvalov worked on palaeontologi- were no palaeontologists in Mongolia, although there cal aspects of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic, discovered is a palaeontological division in the State Museum. A some new vertebrate localities, and collected a proposal was made to organize joint palaeontological number of new fossil vertebrates. The Mongolian expeditions for five in 1961-1965, and to use this palaeontologists R. Barsbold, D. Dashzeveg, P. to prepare two or three Mongolian palaeozoologists Khosbayar and T. Tomurtogoo began their scientific (ARAS; F. 1712; L. 1; U. 320; P. 1-2, P. +6). However, careers working with the Soviets on this expedition. because of bureaucratic and political delays, this idea The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.3. R. Barsbold and G. Namsray prepare the skeleton of Protoceratopsfor plastering, at the Togrogiin Shiree locality, September, 1969. Photo by E. Kurochkin. was achieved only after the death of Yu.A. Orlov in team led by E.N. Kurochkin and an exploratory team 1966, when the Praesidium of the AS USSR made a led by V. Zhegallo, the Vice-Chief of the SMPE. decree on August Sth, 1968 about the organization of a Participants in the first season of field work included P. Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition. Chudinov, M. Shishkin, V. Sukhanov, A. Ponomarenko, A. Vologdin, Corresponding-member of the AS M. Erbaeva, V. Reshetov, N. Kalandadze, R. Barsbold, USSR, was nominated as chief of the SMPE and K. A. Perle, E. Khand, P. Narmandakh, G. Namsray, and Flerov as scientific adviser (ARAS; F. 1712; L. 1; U. 320; others, as well as many drivers, technicians, and stu- P. 37-38). However, the main organizational work for dents from Moscow and Ulaanbaatar. The main camp the start of the SMPE were carried out by the director of the vertebrate teams was located at the Bayan Zag of the PIN, N. Kramarenko, and by the scientific locality, but the main excavations took place at the researchers V. Zhegallo and Yu. Voronin. R. Barsbold Togrogiin Shiree locality, about 40 km from Bayan was head of the SMPE on the Mongolian side. Zag (Figures 13.2 and 13.3). In this season, the SMPE In the following synopsis, attention will focus on the explored numbers of known Cretaceous, Paleogene, Mesozoic projects of the SMPE. The SMPE began and Neogene localities in South, Central, and Western work in 1969, when more than 40 people left Mongolia. Field work finished by the middle of Ulaanbaatar for the South Gobi in seven trucks and October, when strong night frosts start in the South jeeps. The expedition was divided into an excavating Gobi (Figure 13.4). However, the discovery of the E.N. KUROCHKIN 81 R. BARSBOLD

Figure 13.4. Excavations at the Alag Teeg locality, Omnogov' Airnag, Upper Cretaceous, Baruungoyot Svita, October loth, 1969. From the left, G. Namsray, V. Reshetov, I. Luk'yanov, S. Kurzanov, and N. Radkevich. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

Lower Cretaceous Guchinus (then named Hoovor) Tatarinov was scientific adviser of the Expedition locality with a rich fauna of mammals (Figure 13.5) from 1975. Leaders of field teams were V. Reshetov, R. and lizards, and the Late Cretaceous Alag Teeg local- Barsbold, E. Kurochkin, V. Tverdokhlebov, S. ity with numerous ankylosaurs, as well as the richest Kurzanov, E. Dmitrieva, V. Ochev, N. Kalandadze, V. Eocene locality, Khaichin Uul 11, made this beginning Zhegallo, D. Dashzeveg, E. Sychevskaya, I. of the SMPE very successful, even though most of the Novodvorskaya, Yu. Tzybin and V. Yakovlev. In addi- Soviet participants had not had field experience in tion, many technicians and drivers from the PIN par- Mongolia before (Kurochkin etal., 1970). ticipated: V. Veselkin, V. Dorofeev, N. Radkevich, N. From 1970 to 1979, the SMPE prospected and exca- Frolkin, V. Chistoganov, V. Pronin, I. Likhachev, M. vated fossil vertebrates all over Mongolia for 2-4 Bragin, L. Galukhina, I. Luk'yanov, and others. A months each . There were 3-6 field crews, in total number of Russians with Mongolian citizenship par- 30-40 people in 10-15 trucks (Figure 13.6). R. ticipated in the SMPE during the early years, and, Barsbold remained the Chief of the SMPE from the during the first five years, many students from Saratov Mongolian side all those years; on the Soviet side, after State University, Moscow University, and Perm' the first two years, N. Kramarenko headed the University took part in field work. Some of these stu- Expedition, and then Yu. Voronin, Yu. Popov, V. dents later became employees of the PIN, and others Sysoev, V. Reshetov and I. Manankov were consecu- went to a variety of professional appointments tively heads of the SMPE and RMPE. Academician L. throughout the USSR. The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.5. fragments of syrnrnetrodonts and triconodonts found in 1969 at the H66v6r locality, 0v6rkhangai Airnag, Central Mongolia, Lower Cretaceous, Andaikhudag Svita. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

Large excavations were carried out at the Lower time in Asia at the Huren Dukh site. Different groups Cretaceous Hoovor and Huren Dukh localities, and at of fishes were found at all horizons in the Cretaceous the Upper Cretaceous Togrogiin Shiree, Hermiin and Cenozoic. Early Cretaceous mammals and lizards Tsav, Alag Teeg, Nogoon Tsav, Guriliin Tsav, Baishin were discovered, and thousands of bones were col- Tsav, and Amtgai sites. Fishes, insects, and plants were lected at Hoovor. Clutches of huge sauropod eggs collected widely in Lower Cretaceous deposits of were collected at the Algui Ulaan Tsav locality Central and Western Mongolia. The East-Gobi team (Figure 13.7). Rich faunas of vertebrates were discov- of the SMPE (E. Kurochkin) opened up in 1971 a com- ered and excavated at the Late Palaeocene and Early pletely new region of Lower Cretaceous deposits, the Eocene Naran Bulag and Tsagaan Khushuu, at the Zuiinbayan Svita, 150 km south-east of Sainshand. Middle Eocene Khaichin Uul 11-V, and at the Early Here, in the localities Gashuuny Khudag, then Oligocene Ergileen Zoo (= Ergil Ovoo) localities renamed Khamaryn Us (Kalandadze and Kurzanov, (Figures 13.8 and 13.9). A number of fossil were 1974), and Tsakhiurt, good dinosaur specimens were found in the Lower Cretaceous and in all horizons of found, including magnificent complete skeletons of the Cenozoic. Rich localities with leaf floras of Late Psittacosaurus. Champsosaurs were found for the first Palaeocene and Middle Eocene age from the Naran \ I , I ', / , /'

I l Muren Q a- a-

014

! '. 7 L-... 015 .'G - .-.-.-...- : R~vers Ra~lway --. ." ---. '... Counlry boundary . r ' -. /' oScale bar 50km CHINA - - .'

Figure 13.6. Joint Soviet-Xlongolian I'nlaeonrological I

Uulag and Khaichin Uul sires ha\.e given important (hlikliailo\; 1087, 1001, 1002, 1904). l'hcsc results infixmation on environ~ncntsat that rime (Figure have created fix hIonpolia glory as the territory witti 11.10). the richest and most diverse fauna of dinosaurs in the 'fhe dinosaur finds \\'ere especially rich. In addition world. 'l'he work of tlie ShIPE focused on three ques- to Pvo/occ~mrop.r (I'igure 13.1 1 ), T/~vho.raunw.r, and tions: 1, tlie sequence of verrcl)r:lte faunas in the Suui-olopbu.r, genera that had been found Ock)re, tlie second half of the Mesozoic and in the Cenozoic; 2, SkIPI': recovered new ankylosaurs, many different faunal changes at the klesozoic-Cenozoic boundary; small and middle-sized theropocls, Ibrly Crer~iceous and 3, disco\,er!r of' new and new faun:is ipaanodontids, ancl complete skeletons of. (Ral-shold crnl., I07 I; Kramarenko, 1074). PJ-it~cosuuvu.~ New f:in~ilies of dinosaurs, tlie 71 he results of the expeditions \vcre p~iblishedin a O~riraptoridae, C;arudin~imidac, Harpyliiimidae, series of transactions of the SbtI'E (IDmitricva, 1071, Segnosauridae, E~iig~nosauridae,and .Ivimilnidae 1077; Kurochkin, 1071; Syclie\~skaya31id I,ebedcv, \verc described on the 1)asis of specinlens collected by 1071; %lieg;~llo,1071, 1078; Solov'ev and Shimanskii, tllc SMPE (Pcrle, 1970; Barsbold, 1083; Kurzanov, 1978; ilnonynious, 1070; Krasilov, 1082). .Ifter 10 1087). Man). sites also produced large collections of years of work of the ShlPE, 11 volumes of the trausac- eggs and eggstiells of dinosaurs and I)irda, some with tions of the expedition \yere issued. Scientific sessions embryos, and these provided the hasis for an extensive of the SXII'E niet annuall!: and more than 100 svstcmatic 2nd structural study of eggshells scientific papers xerc submitted by blongolian and The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.7. N. Frolkin prepares some sauropod eggs from the Algui Ulaan Tsav locality, Dundgor Aimag, Upper Cretaceous, Nemegt Svita, 1969. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

Soviet experts. After 10 years of work, anniversary group on the Paleogene sites in the East, Central, and scientific conferences of the SMPE were held in South Gobi. S. Kurzanov or Yu. Gubin headed the Moscow and in Ulaanbaatar, at which 17 Soviet and six Mesozoic teams, investigating Cretaceous sites in the Mongolian scientists gave reports. At the Ulaanbaatar East, Central, and South Gobi, and V. Reshetov con- conference, a palaeontological exhibition was tinued to explore Paleogene and Mesozoic localities arranged, in which about 20 complete skeletons of in the South and Central Gobi. N. Bakhurina and E. Cretaceous dinosaurs and Mesozoic mammals were Sychevskaya, with separate teams, began collecting displayed; these are now on show at the State Museum and fishes, and with great success. Some of Mongolia or in the collection of the Geological seasons, the palaeobotany team of N. Makulbekov Institute in Ulaanbaatar. worked at Mesozoic and Paleogene sites. Two of the During the next 10 years (1980-1989), the SMPE most interesting discoveries were the Upper continued more detailed development of certain sites Cretaceous ~iidenSair locality, south of the eastern (Figures 13.12-1 3.14). took a large end of the Arts Bogd Ridge, and the Upper Jurassic Mongolian team in several trucks to Mesozoic sites, locality Shar Teeg, south-east of Altai Sum (Figure and D. Dashzeveg each season headed a separate 13.12). The first produced avimimid remains, and the E N KUROCHKIN & R BARSBOLD

- - .- r I K *M,* -,*- 7 Twr -%r-r* . t s ?I-?++ .y-rm?m?v?r*e=~*--a~.w\rs- 7nr:t vat~$*?m-~~m

Figure 13.8. The combined field team of the Joint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological and Geological Expedition at the Sevkhul Khudag camp site in July, 1970, Ergiliin Zoo locality, Dornogov' Aimag. From the left, E. Devyatkin, I. Liskun, D. Dashzeveg, I. Kuzikov, M. Sytin, V. Kocherzhenko, E. Kurochkin, N. Radkevich, Z. Shalneva, A. Saitsev, M. Borisoglebskaya, V. Zhegallo, A. Tchangtoomoor and V. Kutyrkin. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

second turns out to be the richest Late Jurassic site for Thirty-nine volumes of transactions of the SMPE plants, insects, fishes, reptiles, and amphibians, includ- were published up to 1989, of which 19 were devoted ing one of the latest temnospondyls. The SMPE had wholly or mainly to vertebrates. In 1989, a conference occasionally surveyed the Upper Permian deposits was held in Ulaanbaatar to mark the twentieth jubilee south of Noyon Sum, but for the first time in 1989 the of the SMPE (Anonymous, 1989), and a further large team of S. Kurzanov found terrestrial tetrapods at the palaeontological exhibition was presented by the Sainsar Bulag site. Soviet side of the SMPE, with many new mounted Publications from this decade of the SMPE include skeletons of dinosaurs and fossil mammals. the monographs of Yanovskaya (1980) on bronto- Since 1990, the work of the SMPE decreased theres, Badamgarav and Reshetov (1985) on the sharply for financial and political reasons. Only one or Paleogene of Southern Mongolia, Sychevskaya (1986, two small teams work each year for short spells col- I 1989) on fossil fishes, Kurzanov (1987) on avimimids, lecting vertebrates. From the 1992 expedition Tumanova (1987) on ankylosaurs, and Efimov (1988) onwards, the programme was named the on crocodilians. Collected papers on the fossil verte- Russian-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition. brates of Mongolia were also published (Trofimov, Forty-five volumes of the transactions of the RMPE 1971; Tatarinov, 1979, 1981, 1983; Kurochkin, 1988). have been published up to 1995. The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.9. Field camp of theJoint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition at the Sevkhul Khudag site in 1970, Ergiliin Zoo locality, Dornogov' Aimag. The Lower Oligocene Ergiliinzoo Svita outcrops in the background with the Hetsiiii Tsav beds (upper cover sandstone) at the top of the outcrop, the alluvial upper member of the Ergiliin Zoo beds, and the lacustrine lower member of the Ergiliinzoo beds at the base of the outcrop. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

I. A great diversity of faunas and floras existed Main results of the RMPE during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic in Mongolia. From the beginning, the SMPE/RMPE has been a 2. Dinosaur can now be viewed in a new complex expedition, involving clashes of individual light, with Central Asia as a major region for their personalities, and a complex set of geological and pal- evolution. Three groups of theropods were aeontological objectives. In addition to the teams endemic to Mongolia, the , Deino- seeking fossil vertebrates, there were also large groups cheiridae and (Segnosauria) working on marine faunas from the to (Barsbold, 1983; Barsbold et al., 1989). New data the Upper Palaeozoic. Perhaps, over its long span, the were obtained for the study of hadrosaurs, ankylo- RMPE was the largest set of expeditions in the history saurs, psittacosaurs, and protoceratopsians. of palaeontology, in terms of the numbers of employ- RMPE specimens formed the basis of 25 new ees, the technical support (numerous motor vehicles, species of dinosaurs, and several higher taxa, as bulldozers, explosives and compressors), and the well as 19 forms of dinosaur eggshells, which had materials obtained. some stratigraphic value (Mikhailov, 1991, 1992). Several major achievements of the RMPE can be 3. Data were obtained on other groups of reptiles: noted. turtles (Sukhanov, this volume), crocodiles E.N. KUROCHKIN & R. BARSBOLD

Figure 13.10. Excavations in deposits of the lacustrine lower member of the Ergiliin Zoo of the Lower Oligocene Ergiliinzoo Svita in the Novozhilov Hills site, Ergiliin Zoo locality in 1971. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

(Efimov and Storrs, this volume), pterosaurs (Trofimov, 1978,1980,1981; Kielan-Jaworowska et (Unwin and Bakhurina, this volume), and lizards al., 1987, and this volume; Dashzeveg et al., 1989; (Alifanov, this volume). Kielan-Jaworowska and Dashzeveg, 1989). The 4. Important bird specimens were found from the outstanding discovery was a complete skeleton of Lower Cretaceous to the Upper Neogene. Lower the new Late Cretaceous marsupial Asiatherium Cretaceous birds and a number of bird reshetovi from the ~iidenSair locality (Trofimov from many localities demonstrated the early and Szalay, 1994). The RMPE also found the rich beginning of modern birds and the existence of Late Palaeocene fauna at Tsagaan Khushuu and in the Lower and Upper the Middle Eocene fauna of Khaichin Uul in the Cretaceous of Mongolia (Kurochkin, 1995, 1996). South Gobi (Reshetov, 1979; Badamgarav and Hesperornithids were also discovered in the Reshetov, 1985). This work also provided informa- Cretaceous. Among Cenozoic birds, especially tion for correlation of the Paleogene in Central rich collections were obtained from the Asia and North America. The RMPE provided Palaeocene, Lower Oligocene (Kurochkin, 1981), evidence that, in the -, Central Asia and Upper Miocene (Kurochkin, 1985). was one of major centres of the adaptive radiation 5. Extensive data were obtained on mammals of the of placental mammals. Cretaceous and Paleogene. The RMPE discov- 6. The RMPE investigated huge areas of fossilifer- ered a magnificent fauna of Lower Cretaceous ous mudstone and bituminous shale deposits of mammals in the Hoovor locality where placental the great Lower Cretaceous lakes of Central and insectivores prevailed, but also multituberculates, Western Mongolia. Detailed inventories of these triconodonts, symmetrodonts, and pantotheres localities was conducted mainly by the palaeoen- The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.1 1. Monolith with a skeleton of Protoceratopsand~ewsifrornthe Tiigriigiin Shiree locality, Ornniigov' Airnag, Upper Cretaceous, Baruungoyot Svita, 1969. Photo by E. Kurochkin.

tomologists of the SMPE (Yu. Popov and A. localities dating from the Late Jurassic to the Ponomarenko). These sites yielded rich collec- Pleistocene, many in regions which had not been tions of insects, fishes, plants, and the very impor- investigated before (Figures 13.2 and 13.3). A tant finds of birds, and tens of their feathers. number of sites were opened for palaeontology by Monographs were published on the fauna, ecosys- the RMPE, although information on finds of tems, , and palaeogeography of the bones came first from Mongolian arats or geolo- Manlai, Gurvan Ereen, Myangat, Boon Tsagaan, gists. Most important were the Early Cretaceous Kholboot, and other localities (Kalugina, 1980; Hoovor and Huren Dukh localities, where the Rasnitsyn, 1986; Sinitsa, 1993). expedition worked in 1969 and 1970. In 1971 the 7. The collection of vertebrates and plants at the East-Gobi team found a new area with the same Upper Cretaceous and Paleogene sites, and Zuunbayan Formation, south-east of Sainshand, the discovery of the most ancient angiosperms in where the rich Khamaryn Us (= Gashuuny the Neocomian were also major achievements of Khudag) locality with complete skeletons of the RMPE (Krasilov, 1982; Makulbekov, 1988). Psittacosaurus and new ankylosaurs and sauropods 8. The RMPE found a number of new vertebrate (Kurzanov and Kalandadze, 1974). In 197 1 also the E.N. KUROCHKIN & R. BARSBOLD

\ / RUSSIA /

Baruunurt -,r-

A Neogene localltles A Palaeogene locallties

0 Lower Crefaceous localities Jurassic localities

Ravlnes -Rldges Rivers ---.Railways Country boundaty CHINA '. m Scale bar 50km

Figure 13.12. Joint Soviet (Russian)-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition in 1980-1995. Map of the localities, fossiliferous areas, new localities, and field teams. Compiled by E. Kurochkin. Localities: 1, Yavar; 2, Gurvan Ereen; 3, Shar ~ee~;4, Khatan Sudal; 5, Elstiin; 6, Bakhar; 7, Kholboot; 8, Nogon Tsav; 9, Hermiin; 10,-Tsagaan Khushuu; 11, Altan Uul; 12, Ih Shunkht; 13, Sainsar Bulag; 14, Yagaan Shiree; 15, Bor Khovil; 16, Zamyn Khond; 17, Khongil; 18, ~iidenSair; 19, Shilt Uul; 20, Khulsan; 21, Baishin Tsav; 22, Olgii Khiid; 23, Amtgai; 24, Tavan Tolgoi; 25, Hiiren Dukh; 26, Nalaih; 27, Shaamar; 28, Tsakhiurt; 29, Mergen; 30, Tsagaan Tsav; 31, Alag Tsav; 32, Khoyor Zaan; 33, Baga Tariach; 34, Tee1 Ulaan Uul; 35, Khamaryn Khural; 36, Khongil Tsav; 37, Khar Hotol; 38, Baruunurt; 39, Indyn Uul; 40, Manlai; 41, Hoovor; 42, Builyastyn Khudag; 43, Zavkhan; 44, Hirgis Nuur; 45, Tatal Gol.

RMPE opened the rich Late Cretaceous Baishin halls of the Museum of the Palaeontological Tsav locality and two smaller ones, Amtgai and Institute in Moscow and the State Museum in Shar Tsav, in the same area in the eastern region of Ulaanbaatar. the South Gobi, with vertebrates of the 10. A further important achievement of the RMPE Bayanshiree Svita (-). has been in training; through the expeditions, Important also was the find in 1970 of the huge whole new generations of Russian and Mongolian Hermiin Tsav locality of Barungoyotian age palaeontologists who have received experience of () on the eastern edge of the Trans- field work, scientific work, and joint scientific co- Altai Gobi, where various dinosaurs, lizards, operation. Many dissertations were based on mammals, and birds were found later. The Late materials extracted by the RMPE, including 12 Jurassic locality Shar Teeg, in the south-western Candidates of Sciences (Ph.D.) and three Doctors corner of Mongolia, found by the RMPE in 1984, of Sciences (D.Sc.) at the PIN RAS and eight dis- is a very large locality, with lacustrine and alluvial sertations of Candidates of Sciences and two facies, where various animals and plants were Doctors of Sciences at the Geological Institute of found. MAS. The training of Mongolian palaeontologists 9. The excavations of the RMPE produced not only since the MPE in the late 1940s has been very major scientific materials, but also many fine important. For example, B. Luvsandazan began as a museum skeletons for exhibition, as seen in the student on one of I. Efremov's expeditions, and he The Russian-Mongolian expeditions

Figure 13.13. Field camp at the Baishin Tsav locality, east of dmniigov' Aimag, in August 1985, Upper Cretaceous, Baruungoyot Svita. Photo by S. Kurzanov.

later became an Academician and Director of the References Geological Institute of MAS, and scientific adviser to the RMPE. In the years of the RMPE, a large Anonymous 1979. [Principal Results of the Investigations of group of excellent palaeontologists has developed the 3oint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition in in the MAS, and they now conduct independent 1969-1979. Abstracts of Papers.] Moscow: research on various groups and engage in Paleontologicheskii Instituta, 20 pp. independent international co-operation. -1989. [Principal Results of the Investigations of the 3oint Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition in 1969-1988. Abstracts of Papers.] Moscow: Acknowledgements Paleontologicheskii Instituta, 47 pp. Badamgarav, D. and Reshetov, V.Yu. 1985. [Palaeontology We thank many employees of the PIN and GI for and stratigraphy of the Paleogene of the Trans-Altai advice and corrections in the process of preparing of Gobi.] Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-Mongol'skoi this paper, and especially of B. Trofimov, S. Kurzanov, Paleontologicheskoi Ekspeditsii 25: 1-1 04. and Yu. Gubin. The help of the staff of the ARAS was Barsbold, R. 1983. [Carnivorous dinosaurs from the also very important. We thank Mike Benton for revi- Cretaceous of Mongolia.] Trudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko- sions and help with the English. Mongoljkoi Paleontologicheskoi Ekspeditsii 19: 1-1 20. E.N. KUROCHKIN & R. BARSBOLD

Figure 13.14. Excavations at the Khongil locality, 0mnogov7Aimag, in 1985 for the skeleton of an ankylosaur, Upper Cretaceous, Baruungoyot Svita, 1985. From the left, S. Kurzanov, K. Mikhailov and G. Vinogradov. Photo by S. Kurzanov.

-, Kurzanov, S.M., Perle, A., and Tumanova, T.A. 1989. -and- 1927b. Geology of Mongolia. Natuml Hirtory of [Some results of the study of dinosaurs from Central Asia. Vol. I1 New York: American Museum of Mongolia, pp. 10-12 in [Principal Results of the Natural History, 475 pp. Investigations of the foint Soviet-Mongolian- Borisyak, A.A. 1915. Sur les restes d'Epiaceratherium turgia- Palaeontological Expedition in 1969-1988. Abstracts of cum. Bulletin de IXcade'mie Imphiale des Sciences de St. Papers].Moscow: Paleontologicheskii Institut. Pitersburg(6)9: 781-787. -, Voronin, Yu.I., and Zhegallo, V.I. 1971. [The work of the Chudinov, P.K. 1966. [A unique site for late Cretaceous Soviet-Mongolian Palaeontological Expedition in reptiles in Bayan Khongor Aimag.] pp. 7+78 in 1969-1970.1 PaleontologicheskiiZhumal2: 139-1 43. Marinov, N.A. (ed.), Materialy po Geologii Mongolkkoi Belyaeva, E.I. 1937. [Materials characteristic of the Upper Narodnoi Respubliki. Moscow: Nedra. Tertiary faunas of mammals of North-Western -1987. [Ivan Antonovich Efremov. 1907-1972.1 Moscow: Mongolia.] Trudy Mongolkkoi Komirsii AN SSSR 3 3 (9): Nauka, 224 pp. 1-52. Dashzeveg, D., Reshetov, V.Yu. and Trofimov, B.A. 1989. Berkey, C.P. and Morris, EK. 1927a. Climatic pulsations in [The early stages of evolution of mammals of Mongolia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America Mongolia.] pp. 5-6 in [Principal Results of the Investi- 38: 211-212. gations of the foint Soviet-Mongolian-Palaeontological *1 5 he Russian-h/Iongolia~i expcdirions

Expedition in 1969-1 988. Abstracts of Papers]. hloscow: -1963. [Perspectives on the development of palaeonto- Paleontologicheskii Institut. logical researches in hlongolia.] pp. 82-92 in Ilevyatkin, E.1'. 1981. Cenozoic of Inner :\sia. 'rrridy .2laterialy po Geologii .l.lof~gol:rkoi ~\'urodnoi Rcspuhliki. Sovnzestnoi Sovetsko-~Mongol?koi lVaucl~rzo-lssledovatel?koi hloscow: Gostoptekhizdat. Geologiche.rkoi Ekpditsii 2 7: 1- 196. , Kovozhilov, N.I., ancl Rozhdestvenskii, :\.I<. (eds.) 1954. Dinitrieva, E.L. 197 1. [Neogene gazelles of Western [Collected papers on the palaeontology of the hlongolia,] pp. 12+13 1 in Trohrnov, 13.A. (ed.), Fauna hlongol ian Peoples' Republic.] 'lkudy ,,Mongol:rkoi .l?czozoya i Kciinozoya rl/lor~golii. (7i.udy Sovnte.rtuo~ Komi.r.riiANSSSR 59: 1-55, Sovetsko-jZlorzgol>koi ~\T~iuchno-l.rsledovatel?koiGeolo@- Granger, W., and Berkey, C.P. 1922. Discovery of cheskoi Eksl~edit.rii3: hloscow: Nau ka Cretaceous and older Tertiary strata in hlongolia. -1977. [Neogene antelopes frorn Mongolia and adjacent Anrevicar7 tlfuseultr .lrovitate,r42: 1-7. territories.] fiudy Sovmestnoi Sovetsko-,llof~gol?koi Kalandadze, K.N. and Kurzanov, S.hl. 1974. [Lower Palt.or7tologicheskoi Ekspeditsii 6: 1-1 19. Cretaceous localities of terrestrial vertebrates of Dombrovski, B.S. 1926. [Preliminary Report or7 Geological htongolia.] Trudy Sovvljrestnoi Sovet.rko-Alongo1:rkoi 1rtvcrtigcition.r in the hlougolian People Republic if, 1921 Paleor~tologzche~rkoiFk.rpedit.rii 1: 9-1 8. Part I. Itzvesti'citiof~s iu the I~igh1~irzd.rof rllongolin. 1 Kalugina, K.S. (ed.) 1980. [The Early Cretaceous hlanlai Vladivostok. I~ke.1 Trudy Sovmcrtuoi S~vet.rko-~llur~gol:rko~ Ehlnov, hl.R. 1988. [The fossil crocodiles and chainpso- PaleontologichcrkoiEkspeditsii 43: 1-1 1.5. saurids of hlongolia and the USSR.] 'fi.rldy ,Sovnie.rtuoi Kielan-Jaworowska, Z. and Dashzeveg, D. 1989. Eutherian Sovr.tsko-il?of~gol:rkoi Paleo~~tologicl~eskoiEkspt~ditsii 36: mammals from the Early Cretaceous of hlongolia. 1-1 OX. Zoologica Scri~~ta18: 347-3.55. Efre~nov, I.;\. 1948. [First hlongolian Palaeontological -, Dashzeveg, D., and Trofimox: B..L 1987. Early Expedition of the ;Icademy of Sciences of the Cretaceous multituberculates from Xlongolia and a USSR.] I;e.rtr~ikAN SSSR 1: 47-58. comparison with Late Jurassic forms. .kta -1940. [Preliminary results of activity of the First Palaeor~tologicaPolor~ira 3 2: 3-47. hlongolian Palaeontological Expedition of the Kramarenko, N.N. 1974. [On work of the Joint Soviet- Academy of Sciences of the USSII, 1946.1 'fkudy hlongolian Palaeontological Expedition.] 'Ikudy .llor~gol:rkoiKo~tzissii ALV SSSR 38: 1-49. Sovnzt.stnoi ,Covetsko-,llorpl?koi Paleor~tologicl~eskoi 10.50. [Tapllonon~v and the fossil record.] Trudy Ekspeditsii 1: 0-1 8. Pulr.ontologicheskopo Instituta II.V ,SS,SK 24: 1-1 78. Krasilov, \::I. 1982. Early Cretaceous flora of hIongolia. -1952. [Questions on the development of the continental l'alaeontographica, tlbti~lluf~gB 18 1: 1-43. Upper Palaeozoic of Central .qsia.] Uokbdy ..l"d SSSR Kupletskii, B.hf. 1926. IOn the geology of Eastern 85: 627-630. hlongolia. North hlongolia. I.] pp. 31-50 in -1953. [Questions ahout studies of dinosaurs (on rnate- Predvaritt.lnie Otcheti Geolo,@cht.skoi, Gt.okhenzicheskoi i rials from the hlongolian expeditions of the Pochvc.nf~o-Ceoprafche.rkoi fi:k.rpeditsii o Kahotakh, .icademy of Sciences of the USSR).] Priroda, 1953 Proizvedtwrlykh v l92Sgodu. Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo AN (6): 26-37. SSSII. -1954a. [Some observations on questions of the historical Kurochkin, E.N. 1971. 1011 the avifauna of the hfongolian development of the dinosaurs.] Trudy Palco~zto- Pliocene.] pp. 58-67 in Trofimov, B.A%.(ed.), Fauna 1opichr:rkogo Ir~stitutrz.4N SSSR 48: 125-1 41. ,lfezozc!ya i Kainozc!ya ,llof~plii.(Trudy ,Sovmcstnoi -1954b. [Palaeontological research in the Mongolian Sovetsku-iClorqo1:ckoi ,Vauchfto-1.rsledovnt~~l~rkoiGrologich- I'coplc Republic: results of the expeditions of 1946, i,.rkoi Ek.rpcdit.rii 3: hIoscow: Kauka. 1048, and lO4O.J Trudy .fllongolikoi Komi.rsii :IN SSSR -1981. [New forms and the evolution of two fillnilies of 50: 3-32. archaic gruiforins in Eurasia.] Trudy Sovm(~sttto7 -19.55. [Burial of dinosaurs in Nelnegt (South Gobi, Sovet.rko-tMofzgol:rkoi Puleo~ztologicherkoi Ekspcditsir 15: hIPR).] pp. 789-809 in Chprosy (;eologii .-fzii. .?loscow: 50-8.5. Izdatel'stvo .\kade~niiNauk SSSII. 108.5. [Birds of Central .isia in the 1'lioccnc.j Trudy oiiI .Soi.l,t~.ko-.I loti~o/:rkoi l~i~lc~o~~r~~log~~l~c.sA~oi-I 992. 'I'lic ~nicrostruct~~reof a\.ian and dinosaurian - l.il/i/~6: -1 20. shell: phylogenetic implications. Pupmr iu :lviuu

- icti.) IOSS. II'ossiI reptiles and I)irtls of hlongolia.1 'T?tid>1 Pi~lco~zrolog~~,li~rt~rul Hisroyy .I lureti tn of Los At~~qcIts .iiioi Soi~~~~.~k/~-.Il~~/~~lj.koiP~zleo~irnlo~qicl~~~si~oi Com~~cy,SC~PUCP Scric.r 36: 36 1-3 73. /~.L~.~yic~I~t.iri34: 1-1 17. 1')04. [Eggs of theropodan and proroceratopsian dino- -100~.S\.nopsis of hlesozoic birds and early evolution of saurs from tlie Cretaceo~isdeposits of hlongolia and (:I;Iss .\vcs. .In.11irl~o/)~c~i;~'x13: 47-66. Kaza k1istan.l Pult~o~irologichc~skiiZhurnal2: 8 1 -9 5.

-- 1906 .\ nrn- ena~~tiornithidoS tlic hfongolian Late hlurzael , E':.hl. 1 948. [,\lot~goliutz Peop1c.s' Krpmblrc Plry.sico- (:retnccons, and a general appraisal of tlie lnfraclass Gco~hici~lL)e.icriprio~~.] hfoscow: State Puhlishing for I;nantio~~nithcs(.I\.es). l'alacnt~rologicul Iu.rrirtitc cf rhc Geography Literature, 314 pp. I\'I/.s.I-~~I~IIi.iiilvi~!g Scit,~~cr~s,Special lssm(,. hloscow: (ll)ruchev, \:,I. 1803. [Some words on tlie geological I'alaeontolo~icaI Il~stitute,60 pp. texture of Easterr1 hlorigolia along the caravan road , Kalandadze, N.N. and Reslietov, \:~. 1970. LFil-st froin Kjaklita to Kalgan.] Izve.sriya Isrocbtzo-Sihi~rkogo results of the Soviet-hlongolial~ Palaeoi~tolopical Ordc~lct~i' Im/~~.varorskop Russkop G~ogrnficheskogo Expedition. Pi-iinil(r 1970 (4): l 15. Ohsl~cl~esrva24 (3-4): 1 04-1 OX. Kurzanol: S.hl. IOSi. /.\I i~ni~nitlaeand the problel~iof the Orlo\: Yu.A. 19-52. [Works of Soviet palaeontologists in .] 'lifudy Sovinc.m~oiSovcrsko-4lotlgol>koi Central .\sia.] Pt-iteoda 6: 78-87. t~ul~~ot~rologicI~~~.rI~o~tr(.~~)edilirsii3 1 : I -9 5. Perle, .I.1979. [Segnosauridac, new hmily of carnivorous -and Kalandadze, N.K.1074. LLowcr Cretaceous sites of dinosaurs fro111 the Upper Cretaceous of hlongolia.] terrestrial vertel)rates of hlonsolia.1 Trtdy Sovltle.i~tloi '1 ktd~Sovnrt~.rr~ioi Sozicrsko-Alotzgol j-koi Pa'nlro~zrologich~~~rkoi Sot~cr.iko-Alo~igol~sA~oiPuI~.or~rologiche.rkoi l:kspt~dlrtrzi 1: Ek.yedilirsii 8: 45-5 5. 288-295. Rachkovskii, I.P. 1028. [Exploration of tlie hlongolian and Laws, J.R. 1993. /lnigo7~.iJi-onz rhr. Dm~les. '1 %r SearcA /iv Tannu-Tuva Peoples' Kepuhlics.1 pp. 260-264 in Ili~~o.ri/ti~-.~~ill rllc (;oh; L)t.r~,vr. .luckland: .lcadelny Orcl~cro D~:yur~~li~osri.4~\~SSSK ill 1925 godt~.Purr 11. Otchet Intcrprint, 138 PI). o iVamcl,nykl~Aom~zr~diroz~kakl,~ i Ek.ycclir.riikb. Leningrad: Lebedev:~. %..\. 1076. 7'lic detailed geological works in Izdatel'stvo .IN SSSR. North-IL'estel-II lfo~~~oli;l,pp. 76-70, 310-325 in -ai~d Lebedeva, %..I. 1932. [Short report on results of the

Or~l~ero L)qy(rr(,li~osrr . I.!' S,SSK 132 7 godt~.Ixningrad: work of the geological tearn of the expedition of the Izdatel'stvo .iN SSSK. .Acade~nyof Sciences of the USSK and Scientihc- 1934.[On the ~eologvof tlie <;urv;~iiSaykahan nloun- Exploration Corninittee of the hlongolian Peoples' t~1i11gro~~p ill Gol)~ .Ilt;~i.] '1irt~dy .llojlgol>koi Kortzis.rii Repri blic in 193 1.j Tvt~c!)~rllougol>koi Kon~issii-4.V SSSR t.\.,S.S.SK 18: 1-74, 6: 1-28. \lakull)t.ko\, N.hl. 1088. I'aleogrne flora of South Rasnitsyn, h.1'. (ed.) 1986. [Insects in early Cretaceous bio- il ongoli a. 1 'I >t~ri11 ,Soz~~rzi~.st~~oiSo~~cr.rl~o-~\fo~~goI>l~oi coenoses of hfongolia.] Trudy Sovvme.rrjloi Sovrtsko- I'irl~~orirolo~r~'l~~~.ckoiI:X..rl)rrlir.cir 3 5: 1-96, .Ilojzcqol?koi Pakojzrologiche.rkoi Ek.p~clir.rii2 8: 1-2 14. \ 1 ari 1101, N.I. 1 067. L(;cologioul l:.ul~lovuriojlsof rhe ,lto~zgo/iajl Resherov, V.Yu. 1070. [Early Tertiary Tapiroidea of l~co/~lc.r'Kc,/)'I)M/J/~L..~ hlosconr: Kedra, 843 pp. hlongolia and the USSR.] Trt~c/ySovme.rruoi Sovrrsko- , /,o~ic~ish;~in,L.1' ant1 Blagonra~rov, IF..\. (eds.) 1973. .\.for~~qol?hoiPa1eotztologiche.rkoi F;k.yedir.rii 1 1: 1-144. L(,~,olo~yof rl~c .\loii~olrrr~l l't,o/)lc.r' Kepirhlic. Ihl. I. Kiclithofen, F.\: 1 8 77. Chitm. F.rgeh~zi.r.re cig~jzerKeireu utld S~r~u~ixvil/)l~~~.1 Alosco~v: A'rtlr~~, 583 pp. rlarrztcf gt;qrtijlderr.r ,Stmdinz. Bat~dI. Berlin. Alnrtinsoll, (;.(;. 1082. [Upper Cretaceous ~nolluscsof I

Central Xlongolia.] 'li-tidy ,Soolnrst~iui Ko.criiskoi l>ower Cretaceo~~sdcposits 01' hlonyr PuIeuntulugi~~~~si(~uiLk~pJitsii 42: 123 8. SSSR 25 1: 209-2 12. Solov'ev, -1.N. and Shimanskii, \:N. (cds.) 1978. ['/kt 1081. [l

TYUL~Sovmrstuui Suvet~ku-Alo~iguIj.kuiPti/cuntolugicbL:rkui I'i~or.t~~~din~.ru/' ~br .\'ti/iunnl. I~ntli~i~!y n/ S,-ic,lii.! I I '8 ! i Ek.rpedit.rli 3 9: 1 -1 4.1. 12 560-1 2 573

-and Lebedcr, L:D. 1971. (Freshwater Neogene fish TUI~I~IIO~:~,'I'.:l. 1087. 17-he :I~IIIOLIIT(~~I~III;~,;I,II-\ !if &lunas of the Basin of the Great Lakes.] pp. 40--57 in X1ongolin.J Trttd)~ ,So:~~nrst~!w,SIJ:Y/.I~II- \I~,~PII!:~~~OI Trofimov, B.A. (ed.), Fr~auu .11~zozoyn i Kui~iuzqyu I'~ileulitol~~~ii'r!~t~.rkult;k.i/jrdit.rii 3 2: I -SO ugoii T~udy Suvmestlzoi ,Sovrt.rkuIClu~igool:~koi Yanovskaya, N.hl. 1980. 1The L)~.ontothc~-ccof Xlo~l~oil:~

Stiuchnu-I.r~.Ir~/uvut(~I>koiGculugichcrkoi Eksprditsii 3: 'I kur1~1,So~~nti~/nui Su~~~~t,i1~~1-.1l1j~i~ol:~~k~1i /'O/~,II///:!/IJ~![:!I,,.Y~I 40-.i 7. 1,,1>.r/)~~~/it.rii12 : 1 -2 I 0. .l'atarinoc, L.P. (ed.) 1970. [Fauna of the hlesozoic and -, K~~rocl~kin,1c.V. ~111~1l)e\ \,~tkii~,I,..\ l'j,'-'. ~i.ci(. I!;I~ Cenozoic of hlongolia.] T~udy.Su:~ml:rtuui Sovct.rku- Ergiliin Zoo 21s stratot! 1)c ot tlrc I.onCr (i!iy:,crL.I.) .I.tongul:rkoiPult~u~itulugi~heerkoi t:kspeditsii 8: 1-1 50. South-lastern hlongolia. pt,. 14-.: i iir 'i'ioli:~~~~,I;. \ -(ed.) 1981. [Fossil vertehrarcs of bIongolia.] 'f>~urly (ecl,),ttitintz, /;/oru i I~~IJ~/~~~I/~~I~~I/~~~~~Ilt~zt~:o;,i,)'h,1/1/1,:,! ;)/

Suvtnrast~iui Socetrku-Ilo~igul>kui Pi,lcuntolugicheskc,i Iloiigu/ii 'I >.ku~ (;eolugichc~.rkoi .\huch1~o-I.nrl~~~/oz~i11~~I~r1~ui(~colugichc:skoi l:k.r/~r~tlit~ii3 Lkspeditsii 3: 1-1 14. hlosco\v: S:luka. -1978. [First triconodonts fro111 hlongolia.] IDoklud~~:IT 1978.['The hipparions of Central .Asia./ 'lht(/)l.S~i~iiic~~t/i~/ SSSR 243: 2 11-2 16. Suvt~t.rku1lungoI:rkoi Pt1lc~uii/olug1ch~~s1~11iEks/~i'tl!/iii 7. -1980. 1Multituberculata and Synlnetrodo~~tafro111 the I-15.5.