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Proquest Dissertations Women and Canadian Politics: A Case Study of Toronto Women Candidates During the 2006 Federal Election in the Canadian Press Ceri Au, B.A. A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Journalism School of Journalism and Communication Carleton University Ottawa, Canada 2008 © Ceri Au, 2008 Library and Bibliotheque et 1*1 Archives Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de I'edition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Ottawa ON K1A0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44114-5 Our file Notre reference ISBN: 978-0-494-44114-5 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non­ L'auteur a accorde une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library permettant a la Bibliotheque et Archives and Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par telecommunication ou par Plntemet, prefer, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des theses partout dans loan, distribute and sell theses le monde, a des fins commerciales ou autres, worldwide, for commercial or non­ sur support microforme, papier, electronique commercial purposes, in microform, et/ou autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriete du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in et des droits moraux qui protege cette these. this thesis. Neither the thesis Ni la these ni des extraits substantiels de nor substantial extracts from it celle-ci ne doivent etre imprimes ou autrement may be printed or otherwise reproduits sans son autorisation. reproduced without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformement a la loi canadienne Privacy Act some supporting sur la protection de la vie privee, forms may have been removed quelques formulaires secondaires from this thesis. ont ete enleves de cette these. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires in the document page count, aient inclus dans la pagination, their removal does not represent il n'y aura aucun contenu manquant. any loss of content from the thesis. Canada 11 Abstract This thesis offers a case study of the print coverage of Belinda Stronach, Olivia Chow and Carolyn Bennett, three female candidates vying for seats in the Greater Toronto Area during the 2006 federal election. An exploratory study, this thesis used both quantitative and qualitative analysis to examine the extent and type of coverage each candidate received and the nature of the frames used to depict their personal lives, their physical appearance and the viability of their candidacies. Soft news stories were prevalent in coverage. These stories personalized candidates by emphasizing romantic, marital and familial relationships. This study supports the contention that younger, female candidates are more likely to be sexualized in coverage than older female candidates. Additionally, this study ascertained the acceptability of women who play multiple roles in the political sphere, as both candidate and political spouse, is expanding compared to findings in previous research. Ill Acknowledgements I am forever indebted to my supervisor, Eileen Saunders, for her patience, her guidance and her feedback. Over the years, she demonstrated an uncommon resilience to my haphazard pagination. Many thanks must also be given to the Journalism Faculty at Carleton, specifically to Allan Thompson, Graduate Studies Supervisor, and to Susan Harada. A special thank you is also due to Susan Delacourt, my external examiner, for her insightful comments. Thank you to my father and mother for their unwavering love and support, for instilling in me curiosity about the world, and above all for providing me with a foundation from which everything can flourish. To my sister, I am grateful for all your love, emails and phone calls of encouragement. To my friends Julie, Candice, Michael, Soriaya and Vero your moral support was boundless. And for Josh, who never once doubted that 'Project T-Force' would be completed - mission accomplished! This past year, I have been fortunate enough to witness incredible women in action on Parliament Hill. Seeing beyond the headlines, I more fully appreciate their sacrifices and struggles. For Tina Keeper and all the other women of courage who willingly step into the glaring spotlight of public life, I thank you. IV Table of Contents Abstract ii Acknowledgements iii Table of Contents iv List of Appendices vi Introduction 1 I. Understanding media coverage of elections and women candidates 5 1. Elections and Journalism 6 a. News determinants and political journalism in North America 9 2. Framing News 15 a. Constructing campaigns 17 b. Federal leaders and the national agenda 19 19 3. Political Women and the Press 22 a. The gendered divisions in politics and news 23 b. Visibility/Invisibility 24 c. When parity is not necessarily equality - Privatizing discourses 28 d. Viability for leadership 32 II. Research Questions and Methodology a. Research questions 38 b. Quantitative content analysis 38 c. Qualitative frame analysis 42 III. Prelude to a winter campaign 44 a. The political parties 45 b. The candidates 49 IV. Quantifying the coverage of Chow, Bennett and Stronach 52 a. The news coverage 52 b. Visibility 53 c. Privatizing discourses 57 d. Viability 59 V. Candidate coverage during the campaign 63 1. Carolyn Bennett 63 a. An amicable competition for St. Paul's 63 b. The maternal physician 65 c. A private affair 2. Olivia Chow a. A grudge match for Trinity-Spadina b. A battle of words c. "Her approach is somewhat disarming' d. "The wife of Jack Layton" 3. Belinda Stronach a. "The most riveting soap opera" b. A princess with friends in high places c. The Belinda watch d. Belinda: A daughter and a lover Conclusion Endnotes Appendices References Secondary references Primary references vi List of Appendices A. Coding Sheet B. Candidate Visibility C. Visual Coverage (photos and political cartoons) D. News Items by Type E. Candidate Appears Three or More Times in a News Item F. Privatizing Discourses by Type G. Candidates Described According to Professional Role H. References to Campaign Supporters I. References to Wealth or Power J. References to 'star' candidacy 1 "Being a woman in politics is like being Ginger Rogers. You have to do all the same dance steps as Fred Astaire, but you have to do them backwards and in high heels." Ann Richards, Former Governor of Texas Introduction She entered the fray for the Democratic Party nomination with a simple posting on her website: "I'm in" (Robert, 2008). In the initial period after Hillary Clinton declared her intention to become the first female President of the United States, her candidacy was generally welcomed by the media as a demonstration of political courage. She was lauded by journalists for her desire to break the "hardest and highest" glass ceiling" in American politics. Yet the novelty quickly wore off. Clinton's coverage went from glowing to what many commentators suggested was glaringly sexist. Reflecting on the spectacle of the Democratic primary race, Judith Timson wrote: "There are certainly legitimate reasons not to like Ms. Clinton, but that doesn't explain the very different treatment she has received in the media. While grown media men and women have swooned over Mr. Obama, confessing that he is so charismatic he gives them goosebumps, Ms. Clinton has been mocked, trivialized and denigrated in a way that should give every woman pause." (Timson, 2008, LI). Hillary Clinton's news coverage is a reminder that despite the increased participation of women in the political sphere, there are still significant barriers to full inclusion that remain. In no small part, gendered media coverage of female political participation is a hurdle to overcome. As former Canadian Prime Minister Kim Campbell stated, Clinton, "like all the candidates, will be judged on many factors — issues, 2 character, judgment, trust - and it should be the goal of all who care about the advancement of women that she be judged fairly on the same basis as the men" (Campbell, 2008). Campbell's hope for achieving gender equitable media treatment of politicians should not be reserved for the American political scene alone. Indeed, in light of the reduced number of female MPs elected to the House of Commons during the 2006 federal election, it is imperative that Canadian political press coverage be probed for its treatment of women. Inequitable press coverage of women candidates is not merely detrimental for the viability of women seeking elected office, but it is also harmful for the vitality of Canadian democracy. The significance of an election goes far beyond the determination of who won and who lost in the final vote tally. A staging-ground for the crystallization of a policy agenda, campaigns and elections are a time for wide-spread citizen participation in the democratic process (Graber et al. 1998:7). Buchanan maintains that the quality of a democracy is measured not only by evaluating campaigns and the electoral process, but also by evaluating the performance of political actors engaged in the process (2001:362). For example, negative advertising campaigns and media depictions of acrimonious campaign races often contribute to negative perceptions of the political process among citizens (Kern, 1991: p. 141). Taking into account that "national voting in all Western democracies is media- centered, in the sense that candidates depend primarily on mass communication to reach voters," (Patterson, 2000: p. 191) it is imperative that the mass media occupy a significant role in any study of larger democratic functions. 3 Much scholarly work has been devoted to the lack of gender parity in Western democracies. From institutional discrimination at the grassroots level of political party candidate selection (Bakopanos, 2004; Bashevkin, 1991) to the lack of personal convictions among women to seek public office (Lawless and Fox, 2005), there have been numerous theories to explain the dearth of female elected officials.
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