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The Great Irish Famine: a Further Understanding of Its Complexities Through the Use of Human Communication Theory

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The Great Irish Famine: a Further Understanding of Its Complexities Through the Use of Human Communication Theory The Great Irish Famine: A Further Understanding of Its Complexities through the Use of Human Communication Theory Lisa Kelly Derby Submitted for the Qualification of Ph D Dublin City University Supervisor M r Luke Gibbons Department of Communication Studies Apnl 2000 I hereby certify that this material, which I now submit for assessment on the programme of study leading to the award of PhD is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the text of my work. Signed: ID No: %VO<iiO Chndiddti Dates 9 'l <i-2ax> TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES 4 ABSTRACT 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6 PREFACE 7 CHAPTER 1 . 10 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................10 Section 1 1 - Communication Theory and the Irish Famine 15 Section 1 2 - Preview of Chapters 18 CHAPTER 2 . .23 A PROFILE OF THE COMMUNICATORS ... 23 Section 2 I - Chapter Objectives 26 Section 2 2 - Communicative Contrast The Commissioners and the ‘Feeble Spectres’ 26 Section 2 3 - T h e ‘Feeble Spectres’ Cries from the Great Silence 38 Section 2 4 - Additional Communicators 44 Section 2 4 1- The British Administration 45 Section 2 4 2 - Organisations Involved in Relief 48 Section 2 4 3- Priests as Famine Spokesmen 60 Section 2 5 - M ayo \ County in Chaos 67 Section 2 6 - Chapter Conclusions 84 C H A P T E R 3 •• # * ** * • • • • * • *** ***** •****• •* * *• • • •« ** **• ** *• •• «• 87 FIELDS OF EXPERIENCE ............................................................................................................. 87 Section 3 l - Chapter Objectives 89 Section 3 2 - The Irish and English “U nderlap” 89 Section 3 3 - The Position of the Irish Language 90 Section 3 3 I ~ The Irish Language Historical Perspectives for Communication Theory 93 Section 3 3 2 - Application of Ethnography to Pre-Famine Speech Communities 98 Section 3 3 3 - Ethnography and Communication J0Ô Section 3 3 4- Ethnographic Differences 103 Section 3 3 5 - Specific Examples of Famine Communication 106 1 Section 3 4 - The Breach between Cultures 113 Section 3 41- Pre-famine Tension 1815 to 1845 113 Section 3 4 2-Breakdown of ‘CULTURALDETENTE’ 121 Section 3 4 3- Colonial Pressure for Advancement 128 S e c tio n 3 5 - D ivision b etw een O rg an ised R elig io n s 134 Section 3 6 - B ridgingthe “Underlap” Daniel O ’Connell 136 Section 3 7 - Achill Island Communication Delegation 140 Section 3 8 - A Field of Contradictions Gw eedore 144 Section 3 9 - Chapter Conclusions 150 C H A PT E R 4 ............................................. * * * •* • ftt • # * ** * • t« • **• ** **• * * t*«*f ««««••• • 155 CIRCULAR COMMUNICATION GONE AWRY ........................................................... 155 Section 4 l - Chapter Objectives 159 Section 4 2 - Failure to Encode the Right M essage 162 Section 4 3 - Failure to Decode the Message Properly 170 Section 4 4 - internal Operations of the Relief Commission 176 Section 4 41- Correspondence from Autumn of 1845 to Spring of 1846 178 Section 4 4 2- Day to Day Operanons of the Commission 188 Section 4 4 3- Correspondence from Summer of 1846 to Spring of 1847 194 Section 4 4 4- Correspondence of the Board of Works 203 Section 4 5 - Specific Examples of Circular Failure 207 Section 4 6 - Chapter Conclusions 217 C H A PT E R 5 . 219 VERBAL AND OBSERVATIONAL UNIVERSES IN CONFLICT ............................ 219 Section 5 1 - Chapter Objectives 222 Section 5 2 — Living in an ‘Age of Atonement’ 222 Section 5 21- Providentiahsm 223 Section 5 2 2- Morality and Economics 231 Section 5 3 - M oral and Political Economies Contrasted 234 Section 5 3 1- The Voice o f Nassau Senior 247 Section 5 3 2 - The Voice o f John Stuart M ill 254 Section 5 3 3- The Voice of Harriet Martmeau 257 Section 5 3 4 - The Voice o f Richard Whately 260 Section 5 4 - Backlash of ‘Progress and Poverty’ 266 Section 5 5 - Chapter Conclusions 279 SENDERS AND RECEIVERS . 284 Section 6 1 - Chapter Objectives 285 Section 6 2 - Voices and N ames 287 Section 6 3 - Souperjsm 300 Section 6 4 - Individual Communicators 316 Section 641- Sir James Dombratn 316 Section 6 4 2 -Sir Charles Trevehan 321 Section 6 4 3- Edward Nangle 325 2 Section 6 4 4 - Tony Blear 327 S ection 6 5 - Chapter Conclusions 328 C H A P T E R 7 ..........................................................................................................................................3 3 2 CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................... 3 3 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY 342 APPENDICES AI - El 3 List of Figures Figure 2 1 Organisation of Famine Network 51 Figure 2 2 Ireland Showing Location of County Mayo 68 Figure 2 3 The Core and Peripheral Regions of County Mayo 69 Figure 3 1 Field of Experience Overlap 88 Figure 3 2 Language Shifts and Switches 102 Figure 3 3 Poster m the Irish and English Languages 110 Figure 3 4 Changes in Rural Landscape 131 Figure 3 5 Field of Experience Model II 142 Figure 3 6 Routh to Trevelyan Application 142 Figure 3 7 Fr Monahan to Routh Application 143 Figure 4 1 Circular Communication Model 157 Figure 4 2 Ideal Model for Famine Communication 161 Figure 4 3 Administration of Famine Correspondence from Autumn of 1845 to Spring of 1846 179 Figure 4 4 Three Examples from Casebook 187 Figure 4 5 Successful List of Subscriptions 199 Figure 4 6 Swinford Local Relief Committee Appeals for Government Subsidy 201 Figure 4 7 Path of Communication within the Board of Works 205 Figure 5 1 Verbal and Observational Universes 220 Figure 6 1 Thirty Names of Illiterate Irish Individuals 289 4 Abstract The Great Irish Famine: A Further Understanding of Its Complexities through the Use of Human Communication Theory Submitted by Lisa Kelly Derby The Great Irish Famine cleared a minimum of two million Irish individuals from the land by either death or emigration These individuals, both those that died and those that left, did not have their needs met for many deep-seated political and economic reasons, but also because of failed communication practices It is this latter, neglected aspect of famine studies that is the focus of this thesis By using the lexicon of communication studies, many controversial aspects of famine historv will be analysed and discussed Each of the five chapters that make up the body of this thesis focuses on one main aspect of interpersonal human communication and incorporates famine data into the concept or model First, a basic profile of all the communicators that were involved in famine issues is given The degree to which those communicators shared a field of common experience is shown to correspond with their level of communicative efficiency Next, because the nature of communication is circular, there existed an ‘ideal’ model that would have preserved life and culture when famine struck In most circumstances, the circle of famine communication was thrown off track The details of a few of those derailments are described Additionally, the publicly accepted ideologies of providentialism and political economy were at odds with the observable realities of the Irish Famine In terms of human communication theory, the conflicts between the verbal and observational universes during the famine years are explained Finally, the basic human components of all famine communication are those who were sending messages and those who were receiving messages A final look at the senders and receivers is taken before the thesis is concluded The effects of the Great Irish Famine had world-wide impact By viewing the events of that catastrophe through the lens of interpersonal human communication, it is anticipated that similar situations can be avoided in the future and a step toward the healing of cultural memory can be taken 5 Acknowledgements Trust m the Lord with all your heart and do not lean on your own understanding In all your ways acknowledge Him and He will keep your paths straight Proverbs 3 5 - 6 In all areas of my life I acknowledge the power and love of my Saviour, Lord, and friend - Christ Jesus I do trust m Him with all of my heart and I don’t lean cm my own temporal understanding The path that I have had to follow for this PhD thesis has been difficult, but it has been straight and true and I am so grateful I am grateful for every circumstance and every person that the Lord has orchestrated to come mto my path and help me along on this four-year journey I first thank the Irish Government and the Department of Education for honouring me with the Famine Commemorative Scholarship, which has made this study possible Thank you also to Dennis Jaehne, James Walsh, and Lou Lewandowski from San Jose State University for your assistance in acquiring this scholarship You are greatly appreciated Next, I thank Luke Gibbons, my supervisor at Dublin City University He is one of the kindest and most brilliant individuals that I have ever had the pleasure to know His direction and guidance through the process of research and writing has been invaluable to me and I am grateful I also appreciate the willingness of DCU, and Paul MacNamara specifically, to listen to my suggestions on how to make the Communication Studies Department a more friendly environment for post­ graduate students Thank you to Barbara O’Connor for her help in implementing some of these suggestions \dditionally I thank Farrel Corcoran for reading my initial Master’s thesis and for his encouragement
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