Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei De Pàgines Web

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Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei De Pàgines Web C5 Servei de pàgines Web Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Descripció del servei. Servidors Web. Clients Web. Pàgines planes / actives Programació de pàgines actives. Conceptes. Pràctiques. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. World Wide Web. El WWW (acrònim anglès de World Wide Web, Teranyina d’abast mundial) o web és una xarxa de pàgines escrites en hipertext mitjançant el llenguatge de marcatge HTML i connectades entre sí mitjançant vincles, de manera que formin un sol cos de coneixement pel qual s’hi pot navegar fàcilment. Per accedir-hi és indispensable un navegador web. Va ser creada per Tim Berners-Lee quan treballava al CERN de Ginebra, Suïssa. Ell mateix dirigeix el W3C, l’organisme encarregat de mantenir-ne el funcionament. El web es basa en tres estàndards per funcionar: l’Uniform Resource Locator (URL), que s’encarrega de donar una adreça única per tal de localitzar cada pàgina; l’Hyper Text Transfer Protocol (HTTP), que especifica la manera com s’enviarà i es rebrà la informació entre el navegador i el servidor; i l’Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML), un mètode per especificar com s’ha de veure aquesta informació al navegador. Acompanyen a l’HTML el CSS, per definir aspectes de disseny. O el JavaScript per fer petites programacions dins la pàgina web. També s’ha posat de moda per a jocs i webs amb molts efectes visuals, l’Flash de Macromedia. En català, quan es parla de “web” en masculí es fa referència al sistema web o bé a un lloc web, però quan es parla de “web” en femení es fa referència a només una de les pàgines web del sistema. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Funcionament. La visualització d’una pàgina web normalment comença quan l’usuari introdueix una URL al navegador web o bé quan segueix un hiperenllaç cap a aquella pàgina o recurs. Aleshores la URL introduïda es tradueix a una adreça IP mitjançant DNS, una base de dades distribuïda globalment que conté les equivalències domini-adreça ip. Aquesta adreça IP és necessària per saber a quin servidor s’ha de dirigir la consulta. Després el navegador web envia la consulta al servidor HTTP concret i demanant per aquella pàgina en concret. La típica plana web ens retorna un arxiu en format HTML. Aquest arxiu és interpretat immediatament pel navegador en un procés anomenat parsing. Aleshores, quan el navegador ja sap quins recursos necessitarà per mostrar la pàgina, torna a fer una consulta HTTP demanant les imatges i altres recursos que formin part de la pàgina (arxius css, javascript, applets java..). Finalment, la web és renderitzada segons ho especifiqui el document HTML, el CSS, i altres possibles llenguatges. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Estàndards Web. Alguns estàndards de la www són: • L’ Identificador de Recurs Uniforme (URI), que és un sistema universal per a referenciar recursos a la Web. • El Protocol de Transferència d’Hipertext (HTTP), que especifica com es comuniquen el navegador i el servidor entre ells. • El Llenguatge de Marcat d’Hipertext (HTML), usat per a definir l’estructura i contingut de documents d’hipertext. • El Llenguatge de Marcat Extensible (XML), usat per a descriure l’estructura dels documents de text. • https (Hypertext Transfer Protocol sobre Secure Socket Layer) és la capçalera d’URI utilitzada per a indicar una connexió segura HTTP. Berners Lee dirigeix des de 2007 el World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), el qual desenvolupa i manté aquests i altres estàndards que permeten als ordinadors de la Web emmagatzemar i comunicar efectivament diferents formes d’informació. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Servidor web. El terme servidor web pot tenir un d’aquests dos sentits: 1. Un ordinador que accepta requeriments HTTP de clients, normalment coneguts com a navegadors web, i de servir-los pàgines web, que normalment són documents HTML. 2. Un programa que proveeix la funcionalitat descrita en el primer sentit d’aquest terme. Encara que els diversos programes servidors web difereixen en els detalls, tots comparteixen unes funcionalitats bàsiques. Tots els servidors web accepten requeriments HTTP des de la xarxa, i proveeixen respostes HTTP al client que ha fet el requeriment. Aquestes respostes típicament consisteixen d’un document HTML, però també poden ser simples fitxers de text, o altres tipus de documents. Normalment els servidors web també poden enregistrar informació sobre la seva utilització en un fitxer de bitàcora, també conegut com fitxer de registre, això permet al webmestre recol·lectar estadístiques fent servir programes analitzadors d’aquest tipus de fitxers. L’orígen del contingut enviat pel servidor s’anomena estàtic si prové d’un fitxer informàtic ja existent o dinàmic si ha estat generat per altres programes o per guions executats pel servidor web. Servir contingut estàtic és normalment molt més ràpid que servir contingut dinàmic. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Cada servidor web pot mantenir un nombre limitat de connexions de clients a la vegada (normalment entre 2 i 60.000) i pot servir només un nombre màxim de requeriments per segon depenent de la seva configuració, el tipus de requeriment HTTP, i els límits del maquinari i del sistema operatiu on s’està executant. Per superar aquests límits, els llocs web més populars fan servir tècniques com: • fer servir diferents URLs per servir contingut estàtic (ex. http://imatges.exemple.cat) i contingut dinàmic (ex. http://www.exemple.cat) per servidors web diferents; • fer servir molts servidors web agrupats per actuar com a un de sol, fent el que s’anomena balanç de càrrega. Els símptomes d’un servidor web sobrecarregat són: • els requeriments se serveixen amb (llargs) retards (entre 1 segon a uns quants centenars de segons); • es retornen al client errors HTTP 500, 503 (i a vegades també errors 404 sense sentit) • el refús de connexions TCP, o el reinici d’aquestes abans que cap contingut s’envii als clients. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de pàgines Web Servei de pàgines Web. Programari. Els quatre servidors web o servidors HTTP més comuns són: • Apache HTTP Server de l’Apache So=ware Foundation. • Internet Information Services (IIS) de Microso=. • Sun Java System Web Server de Sun Microsystems, pr(viament anomenat Sun ONE Web Server, iPlanet Web Server, i Netscape Enterprise Server. • Zeus Web Server de Zeus Technology. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de p"gines Web Servei de p"gines Web. Port. En inform"tica, un port ,s una forma gen(rica de denominar a una interf.cie per la que diferents tipus de dades poden ser enviades i rebudes. Aquesta interf.cie pot ser f.sica o a nivell de programari (per exemple, els ports que permeten la transmissi% de dades entre diferents ordinadors). IANA ,s la responsable d*assignar els n2meros de port TCP i UDP a cada usuari. Els ports ben coneguts (o well-know en angl(s) estan en el rang de 0 a 1023. Els n2meros de ports registrats (o registered port en angl(s) es troben entre el 1024 i el 49151. Finalment, els n2meros de port situats entre el 49152 i el 65535 s%n ports din"mics o privats i no tenen cap aplicaci% assignada per defecte. IANA no obliga a fer servir aquests ports, tant sols ,s una recomanaci%. En ocasions, els ports poden ser usats per aplicacions o protocols diferents als establerts per l*IANA. El 21 de mar- de 2001, l*ICANN va signar un contracte amb el govern dels EE.UU a on es comprometia a realitzar la funci% de l*IANA. Les taules que es mostren a continuaci% tenen un camp a on es mostra l*estatus d*O3cial si la combinaci% port-aplicaci% est" a la llista d*assignaci% de ports de l*IANA i No o3cial en cas contrari. Finalment, l*estatus Con?icte indica si el port el fa servir habitualment dues o m,s aplicacions o protocols. Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de p"gines Web Servei de p"gines Web. 80/tcp HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) - usat per transferir p"gines web O3cial 443/tcp HTTPS - HTTP sobre SSL (transmissi% encriptada) O3cial Andreu Serracanta Espinalt C5 Servei de p"gines Web Servei de p"gines Web. Servidor HTTP Apache. Desenvolupador: Apache So=ware Foundation Sistema operatiu: Multiplataforma Idioma: Angl,s Tipus: Servidor web Llic(ncia: Apache License P"gina web: http://httpd.apache.org/ Apache HTTP Server ,s un servidor HTTP (de p"gines web) de codi obert multiplataforma desenvolupat per Apache So=ware Foundation. Quan va comen-ar el seu desenvolupament l*any 1995, es basava inicialment en el codi del popular NCSA HTTPd 1.3, per' m,s tard es reescriuria completament. El seu nom prov, de que, originalment, consistia b"sicament en un conjunt de peda-os a aplicar al servidor NCSA: en Angl(s, a patchy server (un servidor apeda-at). El servidor Apache es desenvolupa dins del projecte HTTP Server (httpd) de l*Apache So=ware Foundation. Apache presenta entre d*altres caracter.stiques missatges d*error altament con3gurables, bases de dades d*autenticaci% i negociaci% de continguts, per' va ser criticat per la manca d*una interf.cie gr"3ca que ajudi a con3gurar-lo. Des d*abril de 1996 Apache ha estat el servidor HTTP m,s popular a la World Wide Web; des de mar- de 2006, tot i aix', ha experimentat una declinaci% de la seva quota de mercat A9B, perduda en major part contra Microso= Internet Information Services i .NET, fet servir per alguns dels grans proveidors de blogs.
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