69 69
of of
or or
led led
of of
or or
and and
and and
ester ester
both both
1992, 1992,
forest forest
of of
should should
pro
forests forests
is is
or or
1982, 1982,
number number
1985). 1985).
involve involve
sinks sinks
of of
have have
influ
supplied supplied
pools pools
and and
indicate indicate
a a
1985, 1985,
nitrogen nitrogen
al. al. is is
numerous numerous
(soluble (soluble
U.S. U.S.
Mitchell Mitchell
result result
Wiklander Wiklander
and and
(Mitchell (Mitchell
increased increased
Zhang Zhang
may may
sulfur sulfur
et et
Zech Zech
magnesium magnesium
Harrison Harrison
largest largest
a a
in in
weathering weathering
cases cases
reactant. reactant.
sulfate sulfate
with with
physico-chemi
major major
studies studies
constituents constituents
Henderson Henderson
a a
Studies Studies
ecosystems ecosystems
the the
Soils Soils
as as
Europe Europe
and and
Sulfur Sulfur
the the
and and
(C-bonded (C-bonded
Sparks Sparks
and and
1985, 1985,
1993, 1993,
(Rechcigl (Rechcigl
the the
(Ca), (Ca),
sulfate sulfate
in in
as as
1995 1995
The The
sites, sites,
sulfate sulfate
some some
forests forests
either either
including including
Eastern Eastern
and and
when when
sources sources
up up
1). 1).
1996 1996
of of
sur
over over
and and
al. al.
total total
of of
and and
These These
nutrient, nutrient,
sulfur sulfur soils, soils,
in in
in in
resulted resulted
(Johnson (Johnson
deter
in in
and and
and and
1986). 1986).
interacts interacts
in in
via via
et et
and and
May May
a a
roles roles
sulfur sulfur
Surface Surface
(fig. (fig.
Zucker Zucker
Mitchell Mitchell
(Foster (Foster
May May
directly directly
(K), (K),
occur occur
production. production.
al. al.
1989). 1989).
include include
has has
many many
This This
as as
calcium calcium
form form
total total
(Homann (Homann
help help
makes makes
Shriner Shriner
to to
forest forest
et et
from from
plots plots
soil soil
carbon, carbon,
al. al.
cycling cycling
Concern Concern
Canada, Canada,
sulfur sulfur
cycling cycling
elements, elements,
the the
(P), (P),
transformations, transformations,
limiting limiting
quantified quantified
that that
4 4
Rechcigl Rechcigl
to to
the the
1987, 1987,
1986, 1986,
studied studied
soils soils
nutrient nutrient
et et
problem. problem.
that, that,
organic organic
may may
by by
date. date.
of of
sulfur sulfur
soils' soils'
habitat habitat
Watwood Watwood
MOFEP MOFEP
in in
be be
1993 1993
potassium potassium
ecosystem ecosystem
1977, 1977,
sulfur sulfur
important important
al. al.
mobility mobility
total total
al. al.
and and
U.S., U.S.,
by by
forest forest
understanding understanding
in in
sulfur sulfur
this this
sulfur sulfur
and and
the the
were were
as as
et et
et et
sulfur sulfur
1992, 1992,
potassium potassium
1992). 1992).
indirectly indirectly
al. al.
a a
not not
that that
forest forest
data, data,
3, 3,
sulfate sulfate
of of
nutrient nutrient
of of
1 1
Schindler Schindler
of of
of of
1985, 1985,
the the
However, However,
et et
their their
or or
to to
in in
1, 1, plays plays
precipitation, precipitation,
in in
forest forest
Mitchell Mitchell
of of
organic organic
essential essential
and and
and and
August August
Jr.
in in
indicated indicated
such such
organic organic
better better
Loon Loon
compared compared
phosphorus phosphorus
interactions interactions
included included
a a
the the
an an
other other
and and
sites sites
compared compared
Lindberg Lindberg
acidic acidic studies studies
added added
cal cal
(Johnson (Johnson
input input
sulfur sulfur
to to
1992, 1992,
to to
1978), 1978),
precipitation precipitation
consideration consideration Lindberg Lindberg
Studies Studies
portion portion
soils soils 1978). 1978).
adsorbed) adsorbed)
that that
sulfur sulfur
Van Van
from from
sulfate; sulfate;
(Mg), (Mg),
(N), (N),
encing encing
Sparks Sparks
of of
Likens Likens
as as
Studies Studies have have
generally generally
Sulfur Sulfur
Transformations Transformations
carbon carbon
Spratt, Spratt,
similar similar
at at
when when
sites sites
G. G.
to to
of of
nutrients, nutrients,
soil soil
transformations transformations
post-treatment post-treatment
1,4 1,4
of of
measured measured
Transformations Transformations
Stolp Stolp
were were
in in
sulfur. sulfur.
in in
is is
1983). 1983).
ofMOFEP ofMOFEP
of of
with with
critical critical
neces with with
soil soil
dioxide dioxide
back
all all
forests forests
the the
the the
cycles cycles
of of
with with
carbon carbon
Hemy Hemy
the~ the~
of of
Environ
sulfur sulfur
to to
mineralization mineralization
pools pools
MOFEP MOFEP
to to
the the
1977, 1977,
capable capable
possess possess
Kirk Kirk
1988). 1988).
degradative degradative
play play observed observed
essential essential
Sulfur Sulfur
extensive extensive
primary primary
microorgan
Tennessee Tennessee
other other
in in
keeps keeps
form form
organic organic
up up
both both
al. al.
carbon, carbon,
and and
becoming becoming
and and
carbon carbon
involved involved
are are
soils soils
of of
to to
37403-2598. 37403-2598.
are are
lead lead
and and
presence presence
the the
measured measured
interacts interacts
and and
of of
et et
complex complex
as as
these these
Stolp Stolp
associated associated
recalcitrant recalcitrant
The The
splitting splitting
the the
that that
and and
of of
watersheds watersheds
plots plots
compared compared
species species
Element Element
Forest Forest
from from
the the
TN TN
lignocellulose lignocellulose
that that
of of
fungi fungi
also also
in in
contribute contribute
makes makes
(Tien (Tien
concentrations concentrations
sulfur sulfur
of of
their their
on on
differences differences
part part
Surface Surface
transformations transformations
1993, 1993,
relation relation
from from
cycling cycling
lignocellulose lignocellulose
data, data,
Carbon Carbon
soil. soil.
Biological Biological
and and
in in
system system
going. going.
energy energy
recycle recycle
University University
1996. 1996.
fungal fungal
decomposing decomposing
As As
plots plots
and and
of of (Crawford (Crawford
the the
of of
agents agents
relatively relatively
lignin lignin
mechanisms mechanisms
the the
parameters parameters
microorganisms microorganisms
to to
the the
large large
Carbon Carbon
possessing possessing
capable capable
soils soils
their their
in in
elements elements
the the
literally literally
atmosphere atmosphere
of of
greatest greatest
The The
and and
in in
for for
May May
Bartha Bartha
producers producers
this this
Soil Soil
are are
help help
magnesium. magnesium.
mine mine
and and
sulfur, sulfur, sulfate,
baseline baseline
to to
Most Most
and and
included included
with with
Chattanooga, Chattanooga,
face face
the the
Abstract.-Carbon Abstract.-Carbon
bacteria bacteria
the the
dependent dependent
carbon carbon
fungi fungi
elements elements
role role
these these
ecosystem. ecosystem.
within within
and and
to to
forest. forest.
providing providing
is is
Aspects Aspects
cellulose cellulose
in in
carbon carbon
oxidizing oxidizing
Professor Professor
provide provide
that that
decomposition decomposition
and and
it it
of of
and and
the the
ecosystems. ecosystems.
bacterial bacterial
Other Other
Sciences, Sciences,
the the
primary primary
keep keep
transformation transformation
major major
the the
soils soils
floor floor
transformations transformations (Atlas (Atlas
critical critical
degrading degrading
of of
responsible responsible
to to
a a
webs, webs,
) )
sulfur, sulfur,
elements elements
2
Associate Associate
1988). 1988).
1
Chattanooga, Chattanooga,
mental mental
abilities. abilities.
depolymerization depolymerization Certain Certain
(C0
forest forest producing producing
bacteria bacteria
linkages linkages
cellulases cellulases
releasing releasing
molecule, molecule,
carbon carbon roles roles
Thus, Thus,
lignocellulose. lignocellulose.
forest forest these these
sary sary
sequestered sequestered
producers producers
isms isms
and and
other other
play play
through through
energy energy
food food
bone bone
forested forested The The
~M©W~~------
/~ /~
Watwood Watwood forest forest
the the
nutrient nutrient
horizon horizon These These
sulfur sulfur
retention retention
by by disturbances disturbances
compounds compounds
back back
may may
by by
mineralization mineralization
alization alization trant, trant, via via
into into
sulfur sulfur
soil soil
or or
exchange exchange
forest forest
Ulrich Ulrich
Figure Figure
1986). 1986).
70 70
microbial microbial
possibly possibly
soil soil
abiotic abiotic
availability availability
microorganisms, microorganisms,
a a
accumulate accumulate
to to
ecosystem. ecosystem.
resulting resulting
variety variety
soils soils
organic organic
loss loss
has has
et et
microorganisms microorganisms
I.-Forest I.-Forest
In In
soil soil
forest forest
cations cations
of of
al. al.
et et
of of
sites, sites,
some some
mechanisms mechanisms
been been
from from
the the
the the
serving serving
al. al.
nutrient nutrient
solution solution
apparently apparently
1980, 1980,
origin origin
that that
of of
soils soils
sulfur sulfur
(McLaren (McLaren
(1993) (1993)
of of
added added
organic organic
in in
where where
mineral mineral
organic organic
found found
forest forest
LEACHING LEACHING
(i.e., (i.e.,
in in
nutrient nutrient
sulfur sulfur
ATMOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE
may may
lower lower
Wiklander Wiklander
may may
correlates correlates
as as
the the
as as
cations cations
compounds compounds
with with
ca+
demonstrated demonstrated
sulfate sulfate
cation cation
it it
soils soils
to to
contribute contribute
sulfur sulfur
soil. soil.
play play
or or
sulfate sulfate
then then
to to
sulfur sulfur
cycling. cycling.
potential potential
soils, soils,
may may
2
et et
be be
, ,
the the
plants plants
cations cations
positively positively
Mg+
al. al.
may may
somewhat somewhat
a a
within within
Organic Organic
be be
exchange exchange
then then
can can
1978). 1978).
with with
fraction fraction
sulfur sulfur
critical critical
however, however,
1985), 1985),
2
compounds. compounds.
(Strickland (Strickland
, ,
mineralized mineralized
Forest Forest
be be
and and
and and
of of
be be
for for
to to
within within
be be
the the
important important
forest forest
either either
that that
charged charged
adsorbed adsorbed
organic organic
released released
Within Within
microbial microbial
K+). K+).
and and
sulfur sulfur
taken taken
role role
converted converted
in in
loss loss
recalci
sites. sites.
organic organic
so so
A
miner
the the
f f
Thus, Thus,
hence hence
soils soils
in in
plant plant
ADSORPTION ADSORPTION
DESORPTION DESORPTION
et et
of of
up up
by by
the the
4 4
ion ion
al. al.
Sulfur Sulfur
2
so so
to to
Solution Solution
-
PPT PPT
Soil Soil
A A
K+ K+
Modified Modified
was was
changes changes
cutting cutting Ellington, Ellington,
whole-tree whole-tree
horizon horizon
cant cant
from from
soil. soil.
far far
as as
cation cation served served
cated cated
al. al. solution solution
EX})erimental EX})erimental
post-harvest) post-harvest)
only only
tems tems
adsorbed adsorbed
One One
spodsols spodsols
4 4
preliminary preliminary
2
and and
a a
(1989) (1989)
as as
t t
-
a a
result result
anthropogenic anthropogenic
change change
changes changes
the the
is is
that that
organic organic
reduction reduction
leaching leaching
for for
Mg
has has
the the
Cycling Cycling
from from
soils soils
in in
organic organic
Oa Oa
was was
sulfate sulfate
made made
2
MICROBIAL MICROBIAL
MO, MO,
lower lower
the the
ACTIVITIES ACTIVITIES
+ +
harvesting harvesting
of of
soil soil
harvesting harvesting
on on
were were
to to
observed observed
Mitchell, Mitchell,
of of
the the
effect effect
in in
a a
Forest Forest
study study
sulfur sulfur
greatest greatest
indicated indicated
sulfur sulfur
the the
organic organic
Deer Deer
significant significant
from from
no no
mineral mineral
solution solution
in in
sulfur sulfur
pool pool
loss loss
observed observed
Bs2 Bs2
the the
mention mention
disturbance disturbance
on on
of of
David, David,
in in
Run Run
pools pools the the
transformations transformations
of of
as as
(Mitchell (Mitchell
at at
of of
sulfur sulfur
the the
concentration concentration
short-term short-term
as as
horizons, horizons,
sulfur sulfur
New New
organic organic
horizons. horizons.
L_ L_
the the
surficial surficial
that that
a a
organic organic
timber. timber.
State State
ORGANIC ORGANIC
the the
SULFUR SULFUR
increase increase
were were
effect effect
result result
and and
for for
______
of of
Hampshire Hampshire
Hubbard Hubbard
cycling cycling
significant significant
and and
solution solution
sites sites
the the
Harrison Harrison
et et
Forest, Forest,
concemed, concemed,
of of
sulfur sulfur
that that
sulfur sulfur
with with
of of
Studies Studies
aL aL soil soil
SOIL SOIL
potential potential
exchangeable exchangeable
(ca. (ca.
forest forest
Mitchell Mitchell
in in
that that
the the
1989). 1989).
in in
of of
clear
horizons horizons
Brook Brook
the the
no no
in in
2 2
passed passed
1992 1992
from from
near near
harvest harvest
these these
ob
soil soil
indi
had had
____J ____J
years years
A
ecosys
signifi
of of
the the
for for
et et
As As this this
in in
71 71
& &
that that
and and
all all
were were
(3.C), (3.C),
are are
in in
the the
of of
the the
were were
were were
pro
be be
with with
17 17
follow
site site
Decem
all all
perma
date. date.
1995 1995
aspect aspect
helped helped
(8.C), (8.C),
sum
For For
in in
were were
Mis
located located
and and
study. study.
for for
sites sites
with with
were were
also also
collection collection
to to
1993 1993
of of
1994 1994
a a
plots plots
be be
replicate replicate
1996 1996
used used
1 1
with with
tempera
the the
the the
inherent inherent
similar similar
the the
ensure ensure
plots plots
10, 10,
sample sample
the the
predictable, predictable,
Plots Plots
that that
and and
MOFEP MOFEP
2, 2,
to to
collection collection
September September
different different
reflect reflect
effects effects
west west
this this
for for
randomly randomly
(MDC) (MDC)
1993 1993
Soil Soil
of of
had had
on on
harvests harvests
& &
10, 10,
plots plots
(18.C), (18.C),
for for
to to
experimentally experimentally
were were
soil soil
paired paired
To To
samples samples
& &
1 1
south south
August August
to to
1997). 1997).
for for
All All
Sites Sites
9 9
management) management)
three three
table table
4, 4,
1 1
for for
soil soil
& &
less less
treated treated
the the
changes changes
samples samples
MOFEP MOFEP
noise noise
and and
of of
be be
August August
sales sales
plots plots
& &
having having
9 9
were were
al. al.
harvest, harvest,
(i.e., (i.e.,
The The
sites sites
Soil Soil
of of
plot. plot.
Control Control
(20.C), (20.C),
1994 1994
site. site.
to to
in in
3 3
midslope, midslope,
watersheds watersheds (see (see
table table
the the
subset subset
with with
et et
completion completion
plots plots
nine nine
pool pool
4. 4.
June June
samples samples
these these
a a
being being
chosen chosen
March March
1996, 1996, much much
plots). plots).
treatment, treatment,
samples samples
south south
the the
23, 23,
plots plots
a a
preferably, preferably,
treatment. treatment.
plots plots
desirable desirable
each each
(see (see
of of
A-horizon A-horizon
timber timber
of of
1995 1995
plots plots
of of
March March
as as
designated designated over over
Because Because
the the
(18.C). (18.C).
necessary necessary
& &
of of
and and
are are
allow allow
mean). mean).
Conservation Conservation
uneven-aged uneven-aged
MOFEP MOFEP
paired paired
landscape. landscape.
below, below,
May May
(TC), (TC),
of of
located located
also also
(9.C), (9.C),
both both
and, and,
detection detection
collection collection
selected selected
3, 3,
even-aged even-aged
from from
22 22
uneven-aged uneven-aged
from from
1995, 1995,
parentheses]: parentheses]:
to to
sample sample
of of
of of
first first
three three
from from
[field [field
sampled). sampled).
enough enough
year year
Beginning Beginning
within within
TC), TC),
December December
site site
1, 1,
1996 1996
experimental experimental
the the
year. year.
or or
sampled sampled
of of
aspect aspect
carefully carefully
in in
23-25, 23-25,
(1 (1
Brookshire Brookshire
three three
these these
was was
each each
the the
were were
1994 1994
3, 3,
1994 1994
cutting cutting
May May
site, site,
locations locations
plots plots
sites, sites,
midslope midslope
the the
first first
advance advance
It It
in in
the the
likelihood likelihood
time time
the the
of of
plots plots
treatment treatment
enable enable
dates dates
first first
slope slope
8, 8,
& &
through through
sample sample
sites sites
1 1
in in
west west
May May
were were
established established
parameters parameters
random random
random random
procedures procedures
in in
described described
(32.C), (32.C),
location location
16, 16,
1995 1995
possible possible
the the
from from
on on
2 2
from from
within within
receiving receiving
from from
to to
& &
the the
collected collected
the the
for for
the the
at at
at at
September September
& &
7 7
of of
as as and and
as as
represented represented
same same
selection selection
and and
concems. concems.
and and
area~ area~
indicated indicated
maps maps
of of
Department Department
22, 22,
sampled sampled
even-aged even-aged
MOFEP MOFEP
aspect, aspect,
MOFEP MOFEP
within within
were were
MOFEP MOFEP
May May
figure figure
study study
15 15
1993 1993
sites sites
sample sample
greatest greatest
exact exact
harvest harvest
system. system.
& &
MOFEP MOFEP
low low
the the
the the
18, 18,
(5.C), (5.C),
(24.C), (24.C),
collected collected
sheds sheds
21 21
and and
Beginning Beginning in in
collected collected
March March
tures tures
ing ing
ber ber
chosen chosen
treated treated
(e.g., (e.g., basal basal
chosen chosen
unknown unknown the the
uneven-aged uneven-aged
the the
souri souri
For For
aspect aspect
(see (see
in in
south south
the the
west west
occurred occurred
sampled sampled mary mary
samples samples chosen chosen
placed placed
details details
sites sites
plots plots
sites sites
vided vided
each each
collected collected
nent nent
continuing continuing
above above
the the
measured measured
collected collected
this this analytical analytical
as as
locations locations
nine nine
At At
a a
+) +)
2
of of
of of
non
to to
in in
are are
of of
of of
root root
part part
Mg
exist exist
exist exist
surface surface
pulse pulse
Project Project
compli
sites sites
MOFEP MOFEP
report report
as as
study study
numbers numbers
the the
Deer Deer
below below
or or
signifi
and and
due due
of of
soil soil
and and
in in
followed followed
practices practices
long-term long-term
component component
harvest. harvest. following following
previously previously
in in
in in
years years
The The
microbial microbial
may may
may may
K+ K+
was was
to to
by by
fall fall
treatments. treatments.
This This
3 3
(Lundgren (Lundgren
microbial microbial
in in
non-manipula
transforma
activities activities
and and
this this
study study
post post
forested forested
sample sample
that that
that that
debris debris
undisturbed undisturbed
mineralization mineralization
(e.g., (e.g.,
years years
development development
study study
populations populations
in in
soil soil
constituents constituents
study study
Ecosystem Ecosystem
and and
1995). 1995).
harvest, harvest,
concentrations concentrations
Collection Collection
the the
METHODS METHODS
large-scale large-scale
10 10
practices practices
nearly nearly
observed observed
harvest harvest
1997). 1997).
the the
processing processing
in in
sulfur sulfur
the the
total total
available available
the the
years years
decline decline
other other
of of
this this
to to
activities activities
in in the the
uneven-aged, uneven-aged,
2 2
al. al.
apparently apparently
to to
and and
bacterial bacterial
management management
this this
in in
8 8
sulfur sulfur
production. production.
instrumental instrumental
AND AND
cations cations
transformations transformations
post post
Fritze Fritze
Forest Forest
decaying decaying
for for
et et
timber timber
short-term short-term
experimental experimental
of of
keep keep
sulfur sulfur
or or
led led
be be
soil soil
activity activity
generated generated
these these
involving involving
and and
3 3
to to
by by
changes changes
preliminary preliminary
and and
Sites Sites
or or
support support
marked marked
relationships relationships
relationships relationships
the the
the the
forest forest
to to
OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES
microbial microbial
lignocellulose lignocellulose
present present
findings findings
years years
from from
sulfur sulfur
materials materials
in in
sulfur sulfur
to to
Ozark Ozark
soils soils
to to
depleted, depleted,
of of
Studies Studies
that that
uneven-aged, uneven-aged,
2 2
data data
the the
management management
2 2
any any
materials materials
the the
nutrient nutrient
even-aged, even-aged,
need need
the the
soil soil
soil soil
selection selection
soils. soils.
of of
and and
project project
carbon carbon
of of
objectives objectives
bacterial bacterial
(Brookshire (Brookshire
MATERIALS MATERIALS
approximately approximately
Sample Sample
and and
Once Once
the the
appears appears
result result
organic organic
organic organic
site site
of of
forest forest
1997). 1997).
stimulated stimulated
determine determine
soil soil
determine determine
assess assess
determine determine
a a
Hence, Hence,
Missouri Missouri
Pietikainen Pietikainen
by by
organic organic
clearcut clearcut
indicated indicated
reductions reductions
A-horizon A-horizon
necessary necessary
major major
results results
carbon carbon
and and
soils. soils.
as as
on on
tive tive effects effects
tions tions
even-aged, even-aged, lignocellulose lignocellulose
manipulative manipulative between between
between between
MOFEP MOFEP
To To
To To
To To
To To
first first
the the
labile labile
1. 1.
cated cated
3. 3.
Sample Sample
4. 4.
2. 2.
1982, 1982,
(MOFEP) (MOFEP)
are: are:
of of summarizes summarizes
pre-treatment pre-treatment
soil soil
ofMOFEP. ofMOFEP.
soils. soils.
(Spratt (Spratt
microorganisms microorganisms
that that
activities activities
cant cant
approximately approximately
labile labile
Run Run
large-scale large-scale
The The
of of
have have
pattem pattem
harvest. harvest.
material material
at at
microorganisms microorganisms
been been The The
+ +
2 2
relationship relationship
ELT ELT
points points
plot plot
3 3 4 4
into into
soil soil
Sample Sample
(all (all
1 1
Table Table
72 72
As As
Ecologicallandtype Ecologicallandtype
Points Points
Soil Soil
1M! 1M!
measured measured
survey survey
55. 55.
the the
determined determined
17. 17.
samples samples
1.-MOFEP 1.-MOFEP
are are
C - C
ground. ground.
#1 #1
The The
ll'IE ll'IE
The The
marked marked
and and
ofMOFEP ofMOFEP
225·, 225·,
to to
IP IP
second second
first first
from from
are are
the the
#2 #2
by by
The The
70 70
Site Site
collected collected
of of
with with
center center
are are
9 9
8 8 9 9 6 6
8 8 9 9 6 6
6 6
5 5
5 5
5 5
7 7
7 7
7 7
4 4
3 3
4 4
8 8
4 4 3 3
3 3
2 2
2 2
2 2
plots plots
1 1
1 1
Dennis Dennis
1 1
the the
feet. feet.
point point
these these
location location
(ELT), (ELT),
not not
plots. plots.
plot's plot's
green/black green/black
sampled sampled
as as
MOFEP MOFEP
. .
is is
points points
#2, #2,
#1, #1,
Meinert Meinert
from from
at at
about about
Note: Note:
or or
center center
Plot Plot
of of
all all
located located
located located
landscape landscape
the the
positions positions
is is
other other
in in
two two
plots. plots.
sampled sampled
in in
flagging, flagging,
located located
26 26
58 58
34 34
70 70
55 55
65 65
67 67 39 39
65 65 42 42
* *
21 21
37 37
21 21
45 45
31 31
40 40
16 16
post): post):
18 18
16 16
15 15
14 14
14 14
3 3
9 9
3 3
sampling sampling
the the
indicates indicates
his his
in in
in in
plots, plots,
chains chains
soil soil
stand stand
stand stand
They They
study study
classification, classification,
within within
Sample Sample
about about
carbon carbon
1 1
and and
and and
positions positions
from from
that that 14
14
are are
ofMOFEP ofMOFEP
4 4
4 4
the the
are are
three three
the the
A-
located located
this this
the the
and and
samples samples
also also
plots plots
45·, 45·,
chains, chains,
first, first,
ELT ELT
within within
sulfur sulfur
as as
marked marked
in in
indicated indicated
estimated estimated
70 70
soils. soils.
also also
classification classification
stand stand
A, A,
feet; feet;
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol
alfisol alfisol
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
ultisol ultisol
alfisol alfisol
ultisol ultisol
ultisol ultisol alfisol alfisol
ultisol ultisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
the the
alfisol alfisol
alfisol alfisol
Soil Soil
transformation transformation
338. 338.
B, B,
at at
by by
plots plots
#14 #14
type
and and
Sample Sample
338·. 338·.
from from
by by
blue blue
by by
along along
C C
small small
2 2
is is
Dennis Dennis
the the
flags. flags.
are are
The The
determined determined
might might
B-
center center
found found
the the
blue blue
study. study.
centers centers
135", 135",
Meinert Meinert
change. change.
side side
flags flags
post post
in in
70 70
as as
of of
of of
the the
feet; feet;
inserted inserted
after after
of of
follows follows
a a
both both
ELT
17 17
17 17
17* 17*
19* 19*
17* 17*
17 17
17* 17*
17 17
17* 17*
17 17
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17 17 17* 17*
17 17 17 17
17 17
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
17* 17*
same same
ridge ridge
site site
his his
3 3
5, 5, on on
73 73
A
the the
the the
or or
the the
to to
not not
the the
on on
soil soil
placed placed
were were
the the
re
then then
deter
are are
of of
em em
overly
Mis
con
1993 1993
for for
vegeta
at at sterile sterile
B
removed removed
adminis
to to
Kabrick Kabrick
on on
and and
from from
horizon horizon
15 15
1994 1994
litter litter
and and
bag. bag.
in in
was was
soils soils
was was
the the
in in
soils soils
2 2
A A
transformation transformation
d.b.h. d.b.h.
and and
and and
ca. ca.
summed summed
2. 2.
Details Details
Cape Cape
cooler cooler
included included
cm
soil soil
woody woody
with with
taken taken
B-horizon B-horizon
the the
oak oak
August August
em em
of of
a a
A-horizon A-horizon
avoiding avoiding
MOFEP MOFEP
plot plot
in in
sulfur sulfur
study study
placed placed
found found
4 4
horizon, horizon,
Southeast Southeast
sample sample
soils, soils,
removed removed
the the
soil soil
in in
the the
100 100
laboratory laboratory
were were
was was
table table
by by
plots plots
per per
into into
a a
A A
a a
and and
at at
be be
from from
white white
spatula spatula
removing removing
September September
B-horizon B-horizon
distribution distribution
1997). 1997).
this this
A-horizon A-horizon
in in
depth depth
ca. ca.
in in
was was
were were
to to
3-82 3-82
3-30 3-30
oak> oak>
11-24 11-24
14-56 14-56
12-34 12-34
by by
12-81 12-81
than than
42-43 42-43
31-75 31-75
33-64 33-64
31-82 31-82
in in
Care Care
al. al.
(SMSU) (SMSU)
of of
A-horizon A-horizon
study study
stored stored
may may
carefully carefully
survey survey
sampled, sampled,
or or
(the (the
from from
Range Range
Number Number
alba) alba)
carbon carbon
taken taken
sharp sharp
et et
total total
cutting cutting
litter litter to to
A-horizon A-horizon
provided provided
a a
a a
B-horizon B-horizon
Finally, Finally,
The The
placed placed
this this
white white
area area
and and
soil soil
watershed watershed
plots plots
plots plots
darker darker
laboratory laboratory
to to
samples samples
and and
in in
presented presented
1994), 1994),
organic-rich organic-rich
The The
taken taken
the the
trowel, trowel,
an an
sampled sampled
collected collected
All All
a a
the the
1996). 1996).
used used
data data
spatula. spatula.
with with
and and
horizon horizon
the the
litter, litter,
bag. bag.
bag. bag.
of of
University University
in in
soil soil
to to bags, bags,
(Quercus (Quercus
(samples (samples
for for
the the
B B
of of
in in
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
much much
data data
down down
cut cut
layer, layer,
27 27
May May
were were
June June
plots plots
Plots Plots
Number Number
soil, soil,
soils. soils.
small small
MOFEP MOFEP
MOFEP MOFEP
(Brookshire (Brookshire
using using
trip trip
The The
sharp sharp
the the
oak oak
a a
floor floor
(1997). (1997).
sampled sampled
only only
State State
the the
(samples (samples
a a
on on
sample sample
sample sample
of of
the the
litter litter
sampled sampled
al. al.
a a
a a
et et
plots plots
trators trators
tion tion
methodology methodology
yield yield
mined mined
MOFEP MOFEP
horizon horizon
tamination tamination
collected collected
using using
White White
to to
carefully carefully
in in
horizon horizon
forest forest
collection collection
through through
UTC UTC
Sampling Sampling souri souri
Girardeau Girardeau
any any
through through
For For
soils). soils).
move move return return
samples samples
ing ing
generally generally
with with
Whirl-pac® Whirl-pac®
plots plots
--
4.3 4.3
0.3 0.3
7.0 7.0
3.1 3.1
5.6 5.6
7.6 7.6
11.1 11.1
10.7 10.7
+/-lSE +/-lSE
16.3 16.3
12.7 12.7
not not
A
sites sites
the the
May May
edge edge
the the
the the
grab grab
at at
3 3
MOFEP MOFEP
frozen frozen
these these
be
at at
plot plot
River River
plots plots
sample sample
through through
sample sample
the the
on on
sample sample
and and
were were
the the
be be
replicate replicate
paren
[field [field
1 1
and and
Peck Peck
near near
convex convex
12 12
h. h.
were were
per per
site site
at at
located located
water water
analyzed analyzed filtered filtered
2 2
September September
b. b. of of
the the
a a
from from
in in
in in
collected collected
Two Two
·q, ·q,
between between
d. d.
filters filters
of of
sampled, sampled,
in in
water water
oak oak
midway midway
(3 (3
could could
slope slope
·q, ·q,
dates dates
Current Current
Three Three
were were
in. in.
Tennessee Tennessee
other other
sites sites
were were
were were
was was
each each
figures figures
Number Number
Creek, Creek,
13 13
18 18
36.1 36.1
30 30
42.3 42.3
58 58
20.3 20.3
51.7 51.7
46 46
46 46
of of
1.5 1.5
samples samples
surface surface
(20 (20
the the
replicates replicates
streams streams
the the
each each
in in
to to
plots plots
chromatography. chromatography.
white white
the the
they they
> >
streams streams
1996 1996
acetate acetate
collected collected
habitat. habitat.
--
they they
running running
indicated indicated
There There
located located
Mill Mill
on on
surface surface
9, 9,
ion ion
(roughly (roughly
sample sample
and and
from from
from from
from from
1995 1995
refer refer
oaks oaks
following following
1995, 1995,
three three
1997). 1997).
samples samples
between between
Mean Mean
until until
habitats. habitats.
frozen frozen
one one
( (
the the
site site
were were
and and
Three Three
located located
area area
MOFEP MOFEP
where where
aspect aspect
the the
24, 24,
ice ice
University University
al. al.
and and
9), 9),
using using
white white
The The
May May
cellulose cellulose
Creek Creek
of of
one one
March March
and and
water water
-
slope, slope,
& &
et et
These These
3
water water
please please
on on
of of
on on
were were
in in
A A
the the
east east
located located
Cave. Cave.
collected collected
collected collected
watershed. watershed.
and and
23 23
(UTC) (UTC)
plots plots
plots plots
·c), ·c),
N0
the the
samples samples
to to
sampled; sampled;
with-
temperatures temperatures
·c). ·c). concave concave
7 7
watershed watershed
plots, plots,
sites sites
and and
sites, sites,
a a
sites. sites.
the the
plots plots
on on
These These
hours). hours).
(17 (17
Rodgers Rodgers
May May
0.45-)-lm 0.45-)-lm
placed placed
were were
were were
Soil Soil
(18 (18
Bend. Bend.
soil soil
locations locations
-and -and
1 1
5 5
All27 All27 8 8
6 6
9 9
3 3
7 7
4 4
2 2
6 6
Site Site
in in
the the
of of
2
stream stream
were were
9. 9.
sites sites
4
8, 8,
a a
2.-Number 2.-Number
MOFEP MOFEP
Bankers Bankers
in in
high high
Brookshire Brookshire
beginning beginning
north north
and and
the the
1995 1995
study. study.
S0
1996 1996
Owls Owls
site site
in in
and and
Table Table
5 5
collection collection Chattanooga Chattanooga
(within (within
for for
For For
site site
watershed watershed transported transported
of of
7 7
tween tween
Ranch Ranch
through through
2. 2. from from
21, 21,
at at
near near
samples samples
near near
pooled. pooled.
theses]: theses]:
collection collection area area horizon horizon
samples samples
and and
located located
total total Also Also bottom bottom
watershed watershed
collection collection watersheds, watersheds,
~OO©W~W------
-'~ -'~
were were
away away
Cuttings Cuttings
on on
chosen chosen
Waring Waring
et et
lignin lignin
Published Published
also also
analysis analysis
litter litter
pestle, pestle,
weight weight For For
weighed weighed
tent tent
ca. ca.
negate negate
although although
treated treated
are are
able able
below); below);
74 74
mine mine
frozen frozen moisture moisture
lignocellulose lignocellulose
1985, 1985,
determined, determined,
sulfate sulfate
incorporation; incorporation;
Mg+ Mg+
and and
ture ture
passing passing
extractable extractable
sieve. sieve.
into into
any any
cessing. cessing.
MOFEP MOFEP
figure figure
September September
each each
aliquots aliquots
collected collected
collected collected
each each
of of
sites sites
samples samples
Once Once
a1. a1.
Production Production
collection, collection,
its its
1 1
presented presented
the the
other other
and and
used used
throughout throughout
determination determination
four four
base base
determination, determination,
followed followed
week. week.
and and
from from
were were
1977, 1977,
plot plot
the the
of of
distribution distribution
at at
or or
Crawford Crawford
2. 2.
The The at at
was was
dried dried
changes changes
as as
samples samples
Blender Blender
the the
exactly exactly
watershed watershed
the the
the the
plots plots
the the
and and
(see (see
cellulose cellulose
of of were were
K+); K+);
were were
fractions: fractions:
-20'C -20'C
replicates replicates
soil soil
Unwanted Unwanted
lost. lost.
from from
from from
B-hortzon B-hortzon
for for
From From
before before
content content
recognizable recognizable
the the
techniques techniques
any any
processed processed
the the
sieved sieved
samples samples
Hackett Hackett
obtained obtained
1994, 1994,
sulfate; sulfate;
81 81
The The
soils soils
laboratory, laboratory,
the the
again, again,
a a
below). below).
then then
elemental elemental
processed processed
total total
were were
(Benner (Benner
mineralization. mineralization.
species species
on on
collected collected
stored stored
third third
the the
and and
the the
of of
Mter Mter
of of
individual individual
three three
as as
until until
August August
due due
and and
and and
were were
dried dried
the the
litter litter
continuing continuing
a a
through through
the the
14
samples samples
samples samples
the the
portion portion
(see (see
dried dried
throughout throughout
watershed watershed
MOFEP MOFEP
sulfur sulfur
samples, samples,
gram gram
pooled pooled
a a
C-Labeled C-Labeled
of of
and and
were were
a a
et et
one one
soils soils
for for
root root
total total
ground ground
different different to
3 3
to to
Crawford Crawford
the the
replicate replicate
further further
to to
fourth fourth
at at
plots-the plots-the
Dried Dried
separately. separately.
placed placed
second second
exchangeable exchangeable
was was
to to
MOFEP MOFEP
to to
years years
soils soils
et et
below). below).
a1. a1.
measure measure
litter litter
determine determine
from from
analysis. analysis.
percent percent
1993 1993
5'C 5'C
then then
the the
according according
at at
for for
percent percent
specifically specifically
be be
a1. a1.
material, material,
dry dry
not not
were were
content content
sulfur sulfur
replicate replicate
1977). 1977).
of of
a a
using using
then then
collected collected
60'C 60'C
were were
plots plots
were were
B-hortzon B-hortzon
radiolabeled, radiolabeled,
measurement measurement
soils soils
to to
2-mm 2-mm
and, and, A-horizon A-horizon
with with
1984, 1984,
in in
of of
woody woody
processing processing
in in
were were
weight weight
MOFEP MOFEP
mixed. mixed.
used used
until until
for for
sample sample
soil soil
plot plot
The The
Lignocellulose Lignocellulose
the the
1976, 1976,
measure measure
dried dried
sampling. sampling.
a a
Note: Note:
sealed sealed
moisture moisture
chopped chopped
moisture moisture
until until nearest nearest
measurement, measurement,
then then
35
and and
moisture moisture
equal equal
mortar mortar
used used
percent percent
within within
and and
sample sample
White White
and and
Beginning Beginning
S-sulfate S-sulfate
removed removed
Benner Benner
the the
samples samples
MOFEP MOFEP
to to
rocks, rocks,
polyethylene polyethylene
for for
June June
samples, samples,
exchangeable exchangeable
samples samples
plant plant
bases bases
basis basis
from from
label label
at at
Crawford Crawford
Watershed Watershed
all all
the the
site site
all all
subdivided subdivided
collection collection
a a
other other
elemental elemental
extract
soils soils
weight weight
vials vials
to to
soils soils
weight weight
60 60
constant constant
oak oak
14
samples samples
(see (see
3 3
and and
plot plot
data data
1994, 1994,
deter
up up
mois
chart chart
pro
based based
tissue tissue
and and
were were
C
8 8
the the
the the
con
to to
was was
days days
of of
(e.g., (e.g.,
et et
'C 'C
sites. sites.
from from
were were by by
(well (well
and and
were were
was was
in in
in in
a1. a1.
for for
of of
in in
a a
After After
into into
ing. ing.
was was
maintained maintained
were were from from
Elemental Elemental
into into
labeled labeled
ity. ity.
About About
and and incorporation incorporation
period period
requiring requiring
constant constant
lanine lanine
in in
cellulose cellulose
small small
placed placed
lig::lin lig::lin
length, length,
carefully carefully 50 50
bench. bench.
in in
was was
Under Under
into into
aged. aged. 14
SMSU, SMSU,
14
immediately immediately
to to
10 10
Analysis Analysis
Figure Figure
C-precursor C-precursor
C-glucose C-glucose
(Dried (Dried
the the
water water
distilled distilled
~ ~
ml ml
small small
suljilr suljilr
pieces pieces
for for
"
added added
smaller smaller
#70) #70)
The The
drying drying
kept kept
the the
14
Soils Soils
For) For)
cuttings) cuttings)
of of
(Crawford (Crawford
The The
Biology Biology
C-lignin" C-lignin"
to to
100 100
a a
(New (New
in in
MOFEP& MOFEP&
2.-Sample 2.-Sample
where where
ensuring ensuring
and and
the the
Shortly Shortly
hood, hood,
precursor precursor
as as
incorporation incorporation
Used Used
plants plants
cuttings) cuttings)
cleaned cleaned
illumination illumination
(Crawford (Crawford
ensure ensure
between between
in in
small small
cycling cycling
under under
A-horizon A-horizon
stems stems
no no
to to
H
smaller smaller
Exchangeable Exchangeable
remaining remaining
soon soon
thusly thusly
Extrafticns Extrafticns
(ICN, (ICN,
cellulose-labeled cellulose-labeled
out. out.
England England
late late
pieces pieces
2
immersed immersed
Bases Bases
0. 0.
the the
Wa~Soi/sONLY Wa~Soi/sONLY
AA AA
incubation, incubation,
to to
they they
larger larger
Department Department
the the
I I
was was
beakers beakers
thereafter, thereafter,
and and
(both (both
July July
either either
et et
maximal maximal
constant constant
that that
after after
Uniformly Uniformly
The The
with with
beakers beakers
50 50
of of
studies studies
was was
2 2
for for
cut cut
were were
was was
processing processing
cuttings cuttings
al. al.
Soils Soils
approximately approximately
et et
used used
these these
Samples Samples
and and
"
11Ci 11Ci
than than
Nuclear, Nuclear,
14
plants plants
the the
1993. 1993.
leaves leaves
the the
throughout throughout
a1. a1.
time time
cutting cutting
1977). 1977).
sterile sterile
ends ends
C-cellulose" C-cellulose"
used used
lignin lignin
process, process,
in in
taken taken
containing containing
placed placed
total total
3 3
------
tillation tillation
35
35
as as
by by
Extratons Extratons
of of
1977). 1977).
leaves leaves
water water
plants plants
to to
remainder remainder
sterile sterile
photosynthetic photosynthetic
illumination illumination
1 1
8 8
8-Sulfate 8-Sulfate
Uptake Uptake
hours. hours.
greenhouse greenhouse
the the
in in
forest forest
Liquid Liquid
Collected Collected
labeled labeled
total total
Quantified Quantified
em em
of of
the the
These These
keep keep
as as
I I
were were
and and
plants plants
distilled distilled
or or
for for
for for
Uniformly Uniformly
up up
the the
as as
Litter· Litter·
50 50
the the
Counting Counting
cuttings cuttings
the the
on on
in in
Scin
precursor precursor
cellulose cellulose
and and
all all
were were
The The
were were
distilled distilled
were were
possible. possible.
twigs) twigs)
the the
by by
11Ci 11Ci
carbon carbon
the the
72-
soils. soils.
kept kept
the the
30 30
length length
cuttings cuttings
At At
a a
& &
cuttings cuttings
precursor precursor
of of
groups groups
14
10 10
were were
the the
misting misting
transported transported
B-hori~on B-hori~on
of of
C-phenyla
remaining remaining
hour hour cuttings cuttings
total total
em em
that that
not not
the the
plants plants
H
72-hour 72-hour
Dried, Dried,
immersed immersed
used. used.
ml ml
while while
under under
at at
process
2
Analysis Analysis
were were
were were
Elemental Elemental
plants, plants,
0, 0,
labeled labeled
and and
in in
and and
H
mixed mixed
pooled pooled
lignin
dam
activ
of of
I I
Litter Litter
time, time,
for for
of of
and and
were were
2
and and
were were
0 0
the the
cut cut
cut cut
the the
Ground Ground
Soils Soils
of of 50 50
of of
as as
75 75
of of
the the
as as
and and
one one
1 g g 1
the the
0.1N 0.1N
the the
zero" zero"
or or
the the
tube tube
micro
indica
shaken shaken
each each
mg mg
NaOH NaOH
to to next next
on on
of of
The The
The The
in in
the the
the the
for for
NaOH NaOH
was was
removed removed
At At
NaOH NaOH
the the
each each
10 10
test test
this this
ml ml
served served
any any
the the
indicated indicated
"Time "Time
lignin lignin
were were
for for
N N
to to
Only Only
moisture) moisture)
used used
Fresh Fresh
from from
second second
added added
the the
2.0 2.0
2 2
ml ml
bottle bottle
gram gram
time time
ml. ml.
microcosm microcosm
incubation, incubation,
0.1 0.1
was was
studies. studies.
until until
several several
there there
syrtnge. syrtnge.
2 2
NaOH NaOH
Duling Duling
field field
C0
bottle bottle
was was
into into
This This
added added
14
the the
• •
approximately approximately
200 200
first first
via via
2
at at
0 0
matertal matertal
completely completely
was was
2
mixture. mixture.
C-labeled C-labeled
of of
exactly exactly
place place
incubation. incubation.
This This
syrtnge. syrtnge.
H
14
C0
was was
the the
microcosm microcosm
plastic plastic
back back
incubator. incubator.
soil soil
was was
in in
14
approximately approximately
was was
a a
additional additional
the the
g g
the the
loss loss
plant plant
microcosm microcosm
sealing sealing
of of
-r-~1--
place place
syrtnge. syrtnge.
the the
time-course time-course
of of
1 1
5-cc 5-cc
tube. tube.
expertments expertments
microcosm microcosm
a a
1993, 1993,
one one
to to
tube tube
a a
bottle bottle
added added
mineralization mineralization
monitored monitored
Next, Next,
into into
and and
distilled distilled
a a
locked locked
loss loss
matertal matertal
performed) performed)
(maintained (maintained
test test
expertments, expertments,
durtng durtng
second second
up up
leaks. leaks.
the the
and and
test test
(clean) (clean)
within within
soil soil
was was
left left
homogeneous homogeneous
used used
potential potential
a a
course course
into into
any any
it it
using using
of of
the the
the the
soil soil
durtng durtng
was was
effectively effectively
a a
extractive-free extractive-free
trap trap
study. study.
(August (August
plant plant
the the
0.5-ml 0.5-ml
2 2
The The
was was
was was
into into
minor minor
3.-Diagram 3.-Diagram
time time
study, study, in in
into into
placed placed
second second
C0
point point
of of
placed placed
immediately immediately
sealed sealed
time time
drted drted
sieved sieved
14
volume volume
lignocellulose lignocellulose
a a
initiate initiate
drawing drawing
the the
ensure ensure
cc cc
the the
in in
cosms. cosms. the the
cellulose cellulose
to to
cellulose cellulose
placed placed
lignin lignin
the the
occasion occasion
traps traps
sampling, sampling,
procedure procedure tion tion
was was
microcosms microcosms
To To
syrtnge syrtnge
minimizing minimizing
incubation, incubation,
NaOH NaOH
time time
NaOH NaOH
syrtnge syrtnge
via via the the
was was
by by
stoppe stoppe was was Figure Figure
rubber rubber
butyl butyl
bottle--
200 200
a a
in in
et et
C
in in
C
a a
the the
plant plant
fluid fluid
14
aZ. aZ.
liquid liquid
14
The The
sieve sieve
which which
"
vol:vol) vol:vol)
rubber rubber
was was
into into
micro
and and
a a
and and
et et
dry dry
g g
the the
hours. hours.
tygone tygone
recov
radiola
the the
The The
plant plant
was was
this this
the the
with with
and and
was was
0.1N 0.1N
combust
approxi
5 5
was was
placed placed
in in
washed washed
plant plant
extracted extracted
#30 #30
of of
(1:2 (1:2
the the
below below
of of
using using
a a
(Benner (Benner
C-phenyla
luer-lock luer-lock
a a
On On
the the
Soxhlet Soxhlet
butyl butyl
by by
30.8 30.8
The The
of of
hours. hours.
14
for for
extractive
chy, chy,
used. used.
modification modification needle, needle,
carefully carefully
Thomas, Thomas,
lignin lignin
the the
the the
a a
of of
first first
of of
extracted extracted
desiccated desiccated
Microcosms Microcosms
blender blender
a a
work work
screw-capped screw-capped
matertal matertal
tubing tubing
(DPM/g (DPM/g
(Benner (Benner
capacity) capacity)
48 48
in in
matertal matertal
years years
ml ml
and and
diameter diameter
was was
C-lignin C-lignin
was was
caps, caps,
matertal matertal
the the
All All
matertal matertal
thimble, thimble,
3 3
extracted extracted
(A.H. (A.H.
was was
Once Once
mixture mixture
Aliquots Aliquots
14
for for
(until (until
overnight. overnight.
Using Using
25 25
needle's needle's
through through
Mineralization Mineralization
below). below).
syrtnge syrtnge
stopper. stopper.
plant plant
using using
stored stored
diagram diagram
quantified quantified
produce produce
(3-ml (3-ml
1977). 1977).
hood. hood.
Suspended Suspended
tygone tygone
plant plant
Waling Waling
200-ml 200-ml
techniques techniques
small small
first first
a a
activity activity
oak oak
until until
then then
plant plant the the
one-third one-third
flask flask
plant plant
to to
screw screw
is) is)
approximately approximately
a a
determined determined
followed followed
6o·c 6o·c
the the
the the
aZ. aZ.
(see (see
pass). pass).
pass pass
of of
water water
hours hours
remained remained
and and
gage gage
radiolabeled radiolabeled
matertal matertal
C-lignin" C-lignin"
hours. hours.
of of
matertal matertal
which which
for for
The The
tube tube in in
the the
placed. placed.
at at
1985). 1985).
matertal matertal
et et
fume fume
the the
for for
14
the the
was was
still still
3 3
"
unincorporated unincorporated
extraction extraction
was was
was was
24 24
using using
percent-ethanol percent-ethanol
in in
a a
Experiments Experiments
will will
72 72
the the
labeled labeled
(again (again
of of
g g
al. al.
Next, Next,
the the
test test
specific specific
large large
was was
ofwhite ofwhite
no no
Over Over
would would
inserted. inserted.
95 95
stopper, stopper,
plant plant
length length
of of
the the
drted drted
et et
for for a a
determined determined
a a
(and (and
published published
through through
NJ), NJ),
water water
distilled distilled
placed placed
it it
counting counting
procedure procedure
weights weights
figure figure
placed. placed. removed removed
both both
31.4 31.4
Finally, Finally,
·c ·c
The The
to to
the the
place place
C-glucose C-glucose
within within
combustion combustion
unit, unit,
a a
free free
hours hours
that that
matertal matertal
Crawford Crawford
and and
with with
of of
was was
was was
were were
14
matertal matertal
clear). clear).
from from
was was
short short
particles particles
was was
C-Lignocellulose C-Lignocellulose
of of
approximately approximately
55 55
In In
with with
(see (see
until until
was was
24 24
a a
14
solution solution
were were
or or
freezer. freezer.
Benner Benner
lignocellulosic lignocellulosic
constructed constructed
at at
amounts amounts
ran ran
JliD JliD inserted inserted
were: were:
distilled distilled
plant plant
lignocellulose lignocellulose
clear). clear).
vartable vartable
1985, 1985,
approximately approximately
ensure ensure
previously previously
beaker, beaker,
al. al.
outside outside
stoppers stoppers
stoppers stoppers connected connected
tubing tubing
cosm). cosm).
was was
of of
cellulose cellulose
bottles bottles
Mineralization Mineralization
which which
-8o·c -8o·c
were were scintillation scintillation
matertal matertal
NaOH NaOH
beled beled
project, project,
NaOH NaOH
ing ing
Swedesboro, Swedesboro,
Schoniger Schoniger cellulose cellulose
ered ered 1984, 1984,
matertal) matertal)
cellulose." cellulose."
total total
a a
extractive-
removed removed
ran ran
mately mately
95-percent-ethanol:benzene 95-percent-ethanol:benzene
washed washed extracted extracted
fluid fluid
for for
(600 (600
extraction extraction
matertals, matertals,
conducted conducted
free free
lanine lanine
drted drted
with with
The The matertal matertal
ground ground To To
~~M@W~W------
76 76
in in
mineralization mineralization
was was
For For
in in
g g
formations formations
resultant resultant
processing processing
hours hours
tions. tions.
completion completion top top remainder remainder perature, perature,
added added
sulfate, sulfate,
tubes. tubes.
)lCi )lCi samples samples
and and
(in (in
sulfur sulfur
of of
technique technique
used used
Incorporation Incorporation
(with (with sieved sieved
(1988). (1988).
the the grounds grounds
helped helped lating lating
lose lose
tion tion
was was
placed placed
times times
From From
of of temperature temperature
every every
samples. samples.
aerobic aerobic placed placed
saturating saturating
sealed, sealed,
soil soil
(Benner (Benner
of of
the the March March
a a
NaOH NaOH
December December
of of
samples samples
containing containing
rate rate
35
sieved sieved
the the
in in
in in
counting. counting.
mineralization mineralization
found found
-8o·c -8o·c
over over
8-Sulfate 8-Sulfate
a a
3 3
this this
the the
in in
technique technique
in in
the the
35
directly directly
The The
pools pools
soil soil
each each
the the
in in
The The in in
fritted fritted
avoid avoid
except except
as as
to to
8-0rganic 8-0rganic
1\vo 1\vo
conditions conditions
high high
of of
were were
et et
the the
the the
subtracted) subtracted)
removed removed
and and
loss loss
under under
a a
a a
soil soil
This This
the the
maximal maximal
(used (used
5 5
point point
was was
of of
second second Na
soil soil
lignocellulose lignocellulose
freezer freezer
soils soils
al. al.
to to
occurred occurred
the the
of of
of of
reason reason
scintillation scintillation
dark dark
microcosm. microcosm.
days days was was
collected collected
time time
dark. dark.
slightly slightly
for for
rate rate
factoring factoring
sampling sampling
2
minimize minimize
the the
May May
the the
1993, 1993,
glass glass
lost lost
sampling sampling
samples samples
of of
of of
35
1985). 1985).
into into
were were
for for
was was
a a
soil. soil.
procedure procedure
added added
Maximal Maximal
Incorporation Incorporation
S0
were were
aerobic aerobic
on, on,
the the
in in
the the
35
of of
total total
incubator incubator
monitored monitored
Experiments Experiments
35
for for
course course
incubation). incubation).
of of
S-sulfate S-sulfate
the the
due due
from from
to to
technique technique
4
1996, 1996,
August August
Sulfur Sulfur
for for
S-sulfate, S-sulfate,
throughout throughout
Watwood Watwood
The The
12-ml 12-ml used used
change change
were were
, ,
porosity porosity
determined determined
nearly nearly
the the
breakage breakage
The The
duration duration
samples. samples.
was was
(within (within
different different
arrest arrest
recovered recovered
3 3
incubated incubated
Samplings Samplings
from from
time time
to to
of of
the the
to to
potential potential
to to
to to
dates), dates),
soil soil
the the
soils soils
period. period.
microcosms microcosms
vial vial
conditions, conditions,
Ace Ace
8 8
rates rates
microcosms microcosms
in in
determined determined
This This
of of
mineralization. mineralization.
rates rates
breakage) breakage)
added added
initiate initiate
4 4
conical conical
is is
Mineralization Mineralization
change change
pmols pmols
and and
involved involved
15 15
in in
the the
maintained maintained
weeks. weeks.
the the
microcosm, microcosm,
each each
any any
drying, drying,
into into
using using
for for
2 2
designed designed
of of
were were
Glass Glass
and and
(used (used
until until
of of
DPM DPM techniques techniques
of of
weeks weeks
amount amount
percent percent
of of
sieved sieved
Approximately Approximately
of of
25 25
watershed watershed
Experiments Experiments
the the
for for
incubation. incubation.
December December
liquid liquid
further further
using using
the the
(0.2 (0.2
In In
lag lag
at at
different different
the the
lignin lignin
technique. technique.
were were
sulfate) sulfate)
the the
organic organic
Fitzgerald Fitzgerald
centrifuge centrifuge
in in
to to
a a
then then
different different
further further
the the
field field
filter filter
for for
experiment experiment
while while
(back
Of Of
and and
periods periods
to to
modification modification
incubations. incubations.
for for
filter filter
ml, ml,
remained remained
50 50
techniques techniques
by by
of of
incuba
soil soil
were were
to to
scintilla
a a
made made
the the
of of
of of
the the collect collect
first first
or or
48 48
the the
at at
placed placed
trans
tem
1 1
)lm), )lm),
calcu
the the
modifi-
sticks sticks
ca. ca.
produce produce
water water
the the
was was not not
to to
sulfur sulfur
soil soil
were were
ml ml
sticks sticks
cellu
field field
plots plots
1993), 1993),
2 2
then then
the the
into into
This This
1 1
ml ml
was was
35
1 1
S
was was The The
fied fied
tions). tions).
tions tions
salts salts
ing ing
horizon horizon
incubation. incubation. 35
mineralization. mineralization.
incubations incubations
to to
35
tubes tubes
the the
after after
temperature temperature
and and
collection collection
addition addition
set set
conical conical
stored stored
Organic Organic present present
technique technique
ated ated
counting. counting.
Schoniger Schoniger
flask flask
aliquot aliquot
washes washes
combusting combusting
tubes tubes
then then
specific specific
soils soils ml ml
ture ture
dH
accomplished accomplished
centrifuging centrifuging
grams grams
and and
dH
frozen frozen
for for
six-
all all
from from
soils soils
pared pared
cation cation
)lCi )lCi
( (
1986). 1986).
S-organic S-organic
5-organic 5-organic
generate generate
2
2
of of
salt salt
up up
approximately approximately
sets sets
0 0 appropriate appropriate
0, 0,
by by
ofN~
35
0.3-ml 0.3-ml
placed placed
again again
was was
to to
were were
addition addition
50-cc 50-cc
was was
five five
(see (see
was was
of of
each each
the the
S-sulfate S-sulfate
wash, wash,
were were
and and
using using
followed followed
by by
desiccated desiccated
at at
total total
of of
liquid liquid
35
each each
mixture), mixture),
of of
centrifuge centrifuge
the the
were were
was was
soil soil
activity activity
of of
sulfur sulfur
Radiolabeled Radiolabeled
of of
S S
times times
the the
tubes. tubes.
-2o·c. -2o·c.
1.25 1.25
below below
removed removed
adding adding
removed removed
for for
the the
35
then then
of of
with with The The
combustion combustion
soils soils
dried dried
of of
present present
centrifuge centrifuge
approximately approximately
in in
shaken shaken
sulfur sulfur
S0
sulfur-labeled sulfur-labeled
dH
time time
soils soils
from from
of of
were were
aliquots aliquots
two two
Separate Separate
quantified quantified
mixed mixed
centrifuge centrifuge
(2,000 (2,000
Spratt Spratt
of of
the the
various various
repeated repeated
technique technique
scintillation scintillation
dH
of of
a a
by by
2
4 4
)lCi/ )lCi/
mixed mixed
specific specific
mineralization mineralization
0 0
A-horizon A-horizon
liberated liberated
for for
by by
dH
removed removed
were were
was was
of of
freezer freezer
time time
for for
One One
the the
at at
times times
courses courses
2
The The
with with
The The
nine nine
approximately approximately
mixing mixing
was was
each each
adding adding
0 0
halted halted
at at
was was
tubes tubes
the the
2 2
a a
2
the the
by by
in in
g. g.
after after
6o·c 6o·c
A-horizon A-horizon
thoroughly thoroughly
0. 0.
the the
x x
present present
and and
weeks, weeks,
0.3 0.3
salt salt
evenly evenly
-8o·c. -8o·c.
set set
of of
in in
incubated incubated
soil soil
35
times times
soil soil
g, g,
the the
washing washing
tubes, tubes,
dH
organic organic
This This
added added
sets sets
MOFEP MOFEP
soils soils
final final
four four
recovered recovered
of of
for for
The The
S0
flask, flask,
activity activity
details details
at at
by by
tube tube
the the
the the
of of
ml ml
10 10
combustion, combustion,
Morgan Morgan
for for
of of
(12 (12
by by
mixture mixture
from from
on on
from from
the the
2 2
of of
the the
was was
was was
extracts extracts
0 0
soil soil
4 4
counting. counting.
-8o·c -8o·c
the the
Strickland Strickland
soil. soil.
10 10
liquid liquid
of of
soils, soils,
radiolabeled radiolabeled
minutes). minutes).
remaining remaining
was was
soil soil
dried dried
distributed distributed
times times dH
up up
organic organic
time time
freezing freezing
at at
dH
a a
and and
72 72
in in
cc), cc),
(3.0 (3.0
dH
to to
and and
watershed watershed
following following
soils soils
mg mg
vo~ex vo~ex
soils soils
on on
subdivided subdivided
sulfur sulfur
salt salt
the the incubated incubated
the the
experiments experiments
which which
2
sites. sites.
of of
2
the the
to to
the the
to to
of of
hours. hours.
0. 0.
washes washes
initiate initiate
0 0
The The
2
at at
determined determined
immediately immediately
followed followed
1 g g 1
a a
0 0
course, course,
( (
designated designated
scintillation scintillation
using using
the the
these these
of of
ml ml
soil soil
a a
(see (see
1990). 1990).
for for
the the
2 2
wash. wash.
mix mix
mineralized mineralized
centrifuge centrifuge
was was
wash, wash,
mixture mixture
were were
the the
combustion combustion
The The
or or
soil soil
collected collected
total total
weeks. weeks.
the the
sulfur sulfur
of of
at at
centrifuge centrifuge
dH
mixer, mixer,
was was
1\venty 1\venty
the the
date date
point point
in in
soil soil
and and
salt salt
et et
below), below),
The The
the the
in in
field field
sieved sieved
the the
quanti
The The
first first
-8o·c. -8o·c.
remain
the the
extrac
among among
2
extrac
were were
dried dried
set set
a a
a1. a1.
0, 0,
soil soil
plots plots
of of
the the
the the
The The
at at
initial initial
An An
and and
by by
pre
gener
into into
mix
soils, soils,
of of
the the
of of
it it
2.0 2.0
were were
160 160
up up
At At
2o·c 2o·c and and
with with
by by
is is
the the
t
was was
0
A
to to
35
, , S S
77 77
by by
A A
as as
A
as as
the the
the the
of of
were were
all all
in in
were were
was was
on on
Soil Soil
and and
the the
S
for for
quanti
vial. vial.
all all
0 0
soil soil 35
to to
from from used used
determi
These These
the the
a a
2
soluble soluble
for for
number, number,
using using
deter
differ
counter. counter.
total total
samples samples
exactly exactly
1994. 1994.
in in
by by
samples samples
additional additional
of of
dates dates
which which
Care Care
samples samples
liquid liquid
dH
from from
curves curves
the the
radionu
S S
reactions reactions
"H" "H" counters. counters.
NaOH NaOH
was was
soils soils
Pools Pools
35
1993 1993
determined determined
the the
and and
quench quench
only only
samples samples
one one
were were
using using
mg) mg)
analyses analyses
the the
water water
necessary necessary
used used
centrifuga
September September
For For
June June
period, period,
into into
of of
C C
quantified quantified
the the
counting. counting.
1409 1409
both both
the the
acids, acids,
counter counter
of of
S S
of of
moisture moisture
30 30
14
washes). washes).
the the
sample sample
was was
dates. dates.
Counting Counting
instrument instrument
followed followed
35
scintillation scintillation
scintillation scintillation
quench quench
only only extracted extracted
was was
used used
0 0
for for
Sulfur Sulfur this this
made made
determined determined
sulfur sulfur
from from
obtained obtained
cocktail cocktail
2
until until
also also
a a
horizon horizon
August August
(ca. (ca.
scintillation scintillation
external external
of of hydrolytic hydrolytic
pools pools
1994, 1994,
and and
collect collect
quench. quench.
B-
but but
to to
dH
fractions fractions
other other
Wallac Wallac
The The
between between
XR) XR)
sulfur sulfur
(Beckman's (Beckman's
This This
flask, flask,
scintillation scintillation
organic organic
was was
C C
TA TA
Wallac Wallac
adsorbed adsorbed
percent percent
a a total total
After After
liquid liquid
sample sample
were were
to to
Finally, Finally,
fll fll
S, S,
1993 1993
were were
which which
14
the the
all all
From From
colors colors
specific specific
35
Quenching Quenching
and and
correction). correction).
same same
scintillation scintillation
color color
using using
TA TA
the the
scintillation scintillation
aliquot aliquot
the the
Gold Gold
these these
total total
on on
added added
the the
5000 5000
soils. soils.
were were
processed processed
and and
1996 1996
mixing mixing
comparability comparability
1995 1995
using using
Scintillation Scintillation
counterparts; counterparts;
for for
in in
on on
dark dark
an an
the the
for for
sulfate sulfate
of of
scintillation scintillation sulfate sulfate
(2-300 (2-300
litter litter
different different
LS LS
sampled. sampled.
added added
August August
September September
each each
rinsing, rinsing,
5000 5000
extracted extracted
of of
also also
liquid liquid
Schoniger Schoniger to to
dates. dates.
below). below).
counter. counter.
1994, 1994,
and and
quench quench
techniques techniques
May May
the the
on on
plots plots
the the
May May
Ultima Ultima
samples, samples,
on on
a a
in in
to to
no no
stick stick
centrifuged centrifuged
experiments experiments
sulfur sulfur
for for
LS LS
all all
the the
dried dried
of of
ensure ensure
Determination Determination
of of
soils soils
collected collected
Liquid Liquid
from from
in in
(see (see
significant significant
temperature. temperature.
samples samples
were were
present present
and and
using using
on on
to to
washed washed
due due
C C
rinse, rinse, until until
S S
with with
quantified quantified
filter filter
treated treated
adsorbed adsorbed
was was
total total
quantified quantified
were were
accounted accounted
Wallac Wallac
14
radiolabeled radiolabeled
35
Beckman Beckman
above above
0 0
2
room room
(initially (initially
fication fication
nation) nation) combustion combustion
carbon carbon performed performed
September September
and and
horizon horizon
Soil Soil
watershed watershed
soils, soils,
caused caused because because
soils soils
the the
prepared prepared
extraction extraction
and and
(Packard-
clides clides
monitoring monitoring
1994 1994
quantified quantified
biodegradable biodegradable
was was
also also taken taken
March March scintillation scintillation
Beginning Beginning
the the
counter counter
Quantification Quantification
Beckman Beckman
were were
the the
The The tions. tions.
dH
their their ence ence
mined mined
samples samples
soils soils
finally finally
were were
at at
washes washes The The
of of
in in
2N 2N
15 15
the the
soils soils
was was
filter filter
of of
soils soils
HCl HCl
1M 1M
to to
For For
of of
(2,000 (2,000
were were
was was
with with
wash, wash,
mixing mixing
any any
period period
, ,
base base
After After
bottom bottom
five five
also also
were were
vial vial
the the
water water 4
was was
deter
more more
collec
washed washed
fll fll
filter filter
scintilla
6N 6N
rinses). rinses).
the the
the the
dates dates
The The
between between
soil soil
trans
Fitzgerald Fitzgerald
a a
extraction. extraction.
soils soils
Soil Soil
used used
the the
carefully carefully
of of
water water
adsorbed adsorbed
of of
the the
in in with with
each each
this this
collected collected and and
one one but, but,
the the
(121·c, (121·c,
was was
300 300
each), each),
were were
soils soils
then then
through through
in in
Fractions Fractions
1993 1993
the the
fll fll
in in
strong strong
in in
N~SO N~SO
in in
was was
the the
0 0
and and
solutions solutions
of of
water water
samples, samples,
washes washes
incorporated incorporated
was was
soil soil
2 0), 0),
was was
temperature temperature
base base
of of
remained remained
2
removing removing
vial. vial.
the the
and and
sample sample
soils, soils,
salts salts
extraction extraction
and and
period. period.
centrifuged centrifuged
1M 1M
300 300
incubation. incubation.
The The
dH
pools, pools,
dates dates
the the
minutes) minutes)
dH
to to
the the
with with
pooled pooled
Sulfur Sulfur
of of
Between Between
fraction fraction
1993 1993
salts salts
S-sulfate S-sulfate
samples samples
supernatant supernatant
of of
that that
washes washes
the the
soil/rinse soil/rinse
fll fll
filtrate filtrate
These These
10 10
HCl HCl
extraction extraction
the the
present present 35
present present
autoclave autoclave
stick stick
strong strong
centrifugation. centrifugation.
stick, stick,
cooling, cooling,
were were
other other
fll fll
of of
vial. vial.
addition addition
recovered recovered
with with
on on
December December
1993, 1993,
fraction fraction
g, g,
a a
of of
without without
was was
(Watwood (Watwood
Soil Soil
the the
Cl). Cl).
and and
the the
each each
an an the the
with with
sulfate sulfate
added added
radiolabel radiolabel
times times
12-hour 12-hour
4
all all
acid/high acid/high
x x
sample sample
(200 (200
soil soil
the the
by by
in in
filter filter
a a
filter filter
washes, washes,
(200 (200
in in
soluble soluble
After After
and and
supernatant supernatant
scintillation scintillation
incubation incubation
each each
NH
on on
during during
six six
before before
and and
the the
S S
and and
above above
pipet pipet
sulfur sulfur
tubes tubes
filtrate filtrate
by by
35
December December
radiolabel radiolabel
washes). washes).
the the
with with
S-sulfate S-sulfate
a a
of of
successive successive
other other
the the
collect collect
radiolabel radiolabel
the the
1M 1M
sequential sequential
amount amount
(2,000 (2,000
strong strong
fraction fraction
each each
35
(as (as
washes washes
0 0
with with
of of
water water
extraction extraction
2
water water
sticks sticks
December December
a a
to to
all all
Ll Ll
placed placed
the the
S-sulfate S-sulfate
The The
adsorbed adsorbed
used, used,
.. ..
and and
to to J J scintillation scintillation
by by
hours. hours.
mixed mixed
extraction extraction
followed followed
August August
involved involved
labeled labeled
the the
the the
35
were were
and and
dH
washed washed
a a
the the
The The
three three
sticks sticks
a a
using using
surfaces surfaces the the
on on
collected collected
, ,
organic organic
20 20
pipet pipet
acid acid
of of
and and
4
successively successively
followed followed
fll fll
sulfur sulfur
during during
minutes), minutes),
filter filter
and and
For For
to to
centrifugation, centrifugation,
were were
to to
by by
were were
using using
centrifuge centrifuge
was was
washed washed
than than
P0
soil soil
for for
wash. wash.
added added
the the
in in
via via
10 10
2
(2-200 (2-200
the the
vial. vial.
filter filter
fate fate
August August soil. soil.
Recovery Recovery
the the
quantify quantify
g, g,
(2-300 (2-300
NaOH, NaOH,
added added
extraction extraction
sticks sticks
centrifuged centrifuged
PSI) PSI)
For For
hydrolysis hydrolysis
made made
Determination Determination
was was
into into
August August
tion tion
before before
time time
samples samples
ferred ferred
NaH the the
salt salt
stick stick
x x were were
the the
following following
onto onto
determine determine
Sequential Sequential
collected collected
the the
thoroughly thoroughly centrifugation, centrifugation,
collected collected
1988). 1988). rinses rinses
soluble soluble
represented represented
washed washed
each each tion tion
of of
centrifugation centrifugation
samples, samples,
soils soils
soluble soluble
mined mined
organic organic
to to
determined determined The The
• •
~ ~
August August
vortex vortex
The The
Adsorbed Adsorbed
the the
analyzed analyzed
acetate acetate
Five Five
peated peated determined determined supematant supematant
fuge fuge
Sulfur Sulfur (2,000 (2,000
repeated repeated
7.0. 7.0.
minute. minute.
mine mine and and
filtered filtered
The The the the
quantified quantified
phate phate and and
was was
soil soil
the the
August August
adsorbed adsorbed ml ml
from from
dH
filter, filter, Total Total
ferred ferred IlOOB IlOOB sulfate sulfate
collected collected
analyzed analyzed
sieving. sieving. bustion bustion
rection. rection.
January January
determined determined
sulfur, sulfur,
traceable traceable
graph graph
flask, flask, to to
CNS CNS
mg) mg)
analyzer analyzer
78 78
standardize standardize
2
of of
M(Q)lFJElP M(Q)lFJElP
mixing/ mixing/
0 0
soil soil
soil soil
remaining remaining
exchangeable exchangeable
Fitzgerald Fitzgerald
water water
adsorbed adsorbed
grams grams
of of
shaken shaken
tube tube
The The
2000 2000
the the
adsorbed adsorbed
20 20
washes), washes),
carbon carbon
I I
using using
solution solution
to to mixer, mixer,
x x
(Spratt (Spratt
= =
the the
atomic atomic
twice; twice;
soil soil
pool. pool.
and and
extraction extraction
was was
ml ml
was was
I993 I993
1993 1993
technique technique
g). g).
Total Total
Approximately Approximately
mM mM
To To
The The
was was
soil soil
two two
forK+ forK+ a a
tube tube
and and
1995, 1995,
on on
sulfate sulfate
along along
Sulfate)). Sulfate)).
soil soil
using using
soluble soluble
dried dried
by by
of of
filter filter
of of
samples samples
centrifugation centrifugation
for for
collected collected
validate validate
using using
The The
calculated calculated
resuspended resuspended
for for
a a
the the
collected. collected.
------
totaled totaled
to to
N~HPO N~HPO
times, times,
phosphate phosphate
dH
and and
and and
The The
Exchangeable Exchangeable
to to
available available
I5 I5
dried dried
used used
combusting combusting
standard standard
sulfate sulfate
and and
Shimadzu Shimadzu
was was
Sulfur Sulfur
adsorption adsorption
on on
was was
the the
I988). I988).
all all and and
sulfate. sulfate.
and and
a a
June June
with with
I5 I5
September September
funnel funnel
2
CNS CNS
soils. soils.
supernatant supernatant
ml ml
ion ion
0 0
pool pool
Leco Leco
centrifuged centrifuged
sulfur sulfur
soil soil
the the
bases bases
the the
procedure procedure
samples samples
sulfate sulfate
Morgan Morgan
for for
instrument, instrument,
thoroughly thoroughly
minutes. minutes.
was was
to to
pooled pooled
soil soil
the the
was was
Mg+
and and
collected collected
the the
chromatography chromatography
approximately approximately
5 5
4 4
in in
-
2000. 2000.
concentrations concentrations
filter filter
I994 I994
determine determine
was was
was was
soil soil
the the
Organic Organic
was was
CNS CNS
ml ml
(Water (Water
Sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine
by by
for for
fitted fitted
This This
final final
2 2
was was
was was
added, added,
a a
0.4 0.4
Both Both
Schoniger Schoniger
the the
were were
solution solution
the the
K+ K+
using using
HIC-6A HIC-6A
vial. vial.
spectrophotometer spectrophotometer
pool pool
and and
of of
analysis analysis
fraction fraction
procedure procedure
difference difference
an an
rinsed rinsed
use use
determined determined
and and
using using
1990). 1990).
in in
added added
samples. samples.
and and
2000 2000
1994 1994
g g
placed placed
used used
final final
total3 total3
supematant supematant
volume volume
Bases Bases
IN IN
The The
with with
(Simard (Simard
the the
aliquot aliquot
was was
of of
over over
the the
for for
Soluble Soluble quantified quantified
then then
mixed mixed
in in
on on
sulfur sulfur
This This used used
a a
and and
and and
Mg+
NH
soil soil
the the
Perkin-Elmer Perkin-Elmer
ion ion
was was
were were
these these
water water
volume volume
an an
elemental elemental
I I
filtrate filtrate
(two (two
funnel. funnel.
for for
to to
this this
collected collected
a a
0 0
the the
frozen frozen
Beginning Beginning
of of
flask flask
4
in in
ml ml
shaken shaken
2 2
3 3
the the
0Ac, 0Ac,
an an
0.45-J.Uil 0.45-J.Uil
was was
process process
minutes minutes
the the
extracted extracted
soluble soluble
ammonium ammonium
to to
(Organic (Organic
chromato
was was
were were
were were
drift drift
(ca. (ca.
using using
total total For For
ml. ml.
present present
then then
(Watwood (Watwood
I993). I993).
a a
Sulfate Sulfate
period period
project. project.
I-ml I-ml
for for
also also
of of
was was
NIS
deter
soils soils
mixture mixture
soluble soluble
centri
funnel; funnel;
com
in in
was was
trans
phos
pH pH
of of
200 200
after after
was was
re
The The
cor- the the
One One
the the
for for
a a
and and
used used
was was
was was
for for
in in
+ +
in in
I I
Figure Figure
were were
A-horizon A-horizon
spring spring ably ably
Samples Samples
compared compared
were were
horizon horizon
sample sample
Trends Trends
cluded cluded MOFEP MOFEP
variate variate
contains contains For For
Overall, Overall,
using using
Relationships Relationships
Varian Varian
possibili1y possibili1y
prepared prepared samples samples (alpha=O.lO) (alpha=O.lO)
photometer. photometer.
exchangeable exchangeable
-
-
1-
0 0
-e"' -e"'
-
-
0 0
ca ca
ca ca
E E
0~ 0~
E E £:-20 £:-20
0 0
C) C)
per per
carbon, carbon,
1 1
2 2
different. different.
obsetved obsetved
evident evident
through through
of of
a a
4.-MOFEP 4.-MOFEP
(fig. (fig.
in in
site, site,
Spectr Spectr
repeated-measures repeated-measures
dates dates
in in
Pearson Pearson
soil soil
plots plots
the the
the the
from from
collected collected
only only
10 10
25 25
15 15
in in
30 30
35 35
these these
with with
soils. soils. the the
May-93 May-93
of of 0 0
5 5
4, 4,
August August
largest largest
total total
3 3
line line
IN IN
for for
using using
Atomic Atomic
errors errors
9 9
was was
p presented presented Statistical Statistical three three years years data data bases bases AAlO AAlO September September among among in in Consideration Consideration samples samples represent represent NH analyses. analyses. • • both both The The correlation correlation represents represents seasonal seasonal carbon carbon MOFEPPlots MOFEPPlots from from in in plots, plots, 4 1993 1993 were were RESULTS RESULTS SYSTA'f® SYSTA'f® differences differences Jan-94 Jan-94 0Ac, 0Ac, seasons seasons due due of of 6 6 atomic atomic were were the the adsorption adsorption data data variables variables carbon carbon appendix appendix pre-treatment pre-treatment 7 7 9 9 6 6 here, here, collected collected to to A-horizon A-horizon determined determined to to late late over over pH pH mean mean to to Methods Methods quantified quantified I994 I994 set set The The comparisons. comparisons. May May matrix matrix analysis analysis mean mean adsorption adsorption 32 32 Oct-94 Oct-94 analysis. analysis. and and 5.03 5.03 7.0 7.0 summer summer and and 9 9 1 1 all all for for of of Date Date seasonal seasonal range range in in were were Jlmol Jlmol values values to to 1996, 1996, I), I), total total standards standards to to plots plots was was ~ ~ the the in in total total of of sulfur sulfur (SPSS, (SPSS, May May effects. effects. soils soils were were reduce reduce of of the the aU aU Jun-95 Jun-95 by by examined examined using using C/g C/g third third in in study study not not carbon carbon I I 9 9 numbers numbers of of and and variance variance early early carbon carbon I996, I996, 27 27 spectro trends trends A - a a early early notice pools pools 3 3 total total Inc.). Inc.). dry. dry. in multi 2 2 plots. plots. plots plots year year the the a a were were on on fall, fall, in in Feb-96 Feb-96 in in A-horizon soils by block or treatment indicated 70 no substantial differences. 60 9 Total sulfur in MOFEP plot A-horizon soils also exhibited marked yearly trends over the 2 years analyzed (p Organic sulfur production rates for A-horizon then stabilized, with a total of 51 percent of the soils over all dates and plots ranged from 1 to added labeled plant material mineralized over 39 nmol/ g dxy I d. Over the 2 years considered, the 5-week incubation. The lignin moiety of the organic sulfur production exhibited some radiolabeled plant material produced a similar seasonality (p=O.ll4, appendix 4), but no other time course of mineralization; however, there differences in the data were evident. was a notable lag period before the onset of 14 exponential C0 2 release (fig. 8-B). Comparison The presence of white oak on MOFEP plots used of cellulose and lignin mineralization indicates for the soil carbon and sulfur transformation that the cellulose moiety is much more labile, study was determined by summing all white being mineralized approximately twice as fast as oaks> 1.5 in. in diameter (table 2). Some the lignin moiety (1.8 to 2.5 times faster, as differences (p=O.l13, appendix 5) in the num calculated for all soils tested from August 1993 bers of white oak present on the plots sampled to June 1994). were detected when compared by block. No differences were obsetved in numbers of white Maximum rates of white oak cellulose mineral oaks on the plots in comparisons by treatment. ization, calculated from the exponential portion Plots in blocks 1 and 2 had similar mean num of time course experiments, exhibited seasonal bers ofwhite oak trees present (47.8 and 40.2, differences across the pre-treatment period. respectively), while plots in block 3, on average, The overall range of cellulose mineralization had many fewer white oaks (20.3). calculated for all plots and dates was from 0.02 to 1.18 mgCig dxyld (fig. 9-A). Substantial Lignocellulose was mineralized in the micro differences (p 900 - 350 ·--0 '6 (J) 800 (J) 300 -Cl) 700 -0 '6 'i5 250 ::E 600 ::E ,w500 ,w200 G) a.. ~ G) 400 > ~ 150 0 300 0 (,) (,) G) G) 100 a: 200 A a: ::E 100 ::E 50 8 a. a. c 0 c 0 0 150 300 450 600 750 900 0 150 300 450 600 750 900 Incubation Time (h) Incubation Time (h) Figure 8.-MOFEP plots, A-horizon soils- lignocellulose mineralization time course, August 1993, 32"C; mean values for aU plots +I- 1 SE, n=9; note differences in vertical scale; A) cellulose mineralization, B) lignin mineralization. 80 - 2 4 4 of of in in 81 81 SO SO (fig. (fig. A to to con the the 2 2 great 1-1mol/g 1-1mol/g Feb-96 Feb-96 soils, soils, treat across across ex 9). 9). 35 35 in in 2 2 summer. summer. Mg+ vicinity vicinity 76 76 the the trends. trends. other other summer summer water water A-horizon A-horizon to to 1993 1993 moisture moisture observed observed SO/- large large sample sample soil soil of of lignin lignin to to A-horizon A-horizon Mg+ 7 7 block block the the comparisons comparisons seasonal seasonal late late represents represents the the for for future future had had Jun-95 Jun-95 late late IPrr®~~~~fima~:~ IPrr®~~~~fima~:~ soil soil B) B) 12 12 in in by by in in were were or or soil soil K+ K+ A-horizon A-horizon 1995, 1995, the the appendix appendix line line fall fall from from surface surface winter winter over over August August dates, dates, seasonal seasonal Date Date differences differences in in while while of of from from exhibited exhibited or or , , Oct-94 Oct-94 A-horizon A-horizon late late 2 block block 8 8 site, site, no no exhibited exhibited and and greatest greatest little little streams streams in in OO sampled sampled in in fall fall detected detected MOFEP MOFEP ranged ranged also also Mg+ driest driest per per (p<0.01, (p<0.01, A-horizon A-horizon concentrations concentrations differences differences for for in in The The were were ranged ranged of of only only September September - either either exhibited exhibited plots plots late late K+, K+, 2 2 Jan-94 Jan-94 2 mineralization, mineralization, the the for for 4 4 were were exchangeable exchangeable dates dates no no treatment. treatment. in in 3). 3). plots plots 2 2 by by ~ ~ all all 9 9 on on moisture moisture Mg+ of of SO SO also also mineralization, mineralization, by by lowest lowest collected collected dates dates the the There There varied varied Mg+ were were For For differences differences concentrations concentrations while while 0 0 May-93 May-93 soil soil three three (table (table differences differences 0.4 0.4 had had 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 and and plots plots cellulose cellulose soils soils water water d:ry. d:ry. of of from from 0.35 0.35 0.25 0.25 Variation Variation 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.05 soils soils concentrations concentrations g g A) A) measured measured Some Some compared compared measured measured lowest lowest 10-A). 10-A). exchangeable exchangeable K+ K+ E E concentrations concentrations plots plots data data c::: c::: 0 0 ca, ca, CO'- ~C) ~C) '-"C '-"C values values C) C) c:::- ;:~ ;:~ ~~ ~~ ·-() ·-() ::iC) ::iC) 10-B). 10-B). .5 .5 :::; :::; lignocellulose lignocellulose centrations centrations MOFEP MOFEP (p=0.062), (p=0.062), dates; dates; Stream Stream were were d:ry. d:ry. comparisons comparisons of of changeable changeable was was all all variation variation seasonal seasonal The The samples samples est est like like soils soils Exchangeable Exchangeable A-horizon A-horizon horizon horizon (fig. (fig. concentration concentration 1-1mol/ 1-1mol/ ment. ment. soil soil scale; scale; oak oak or or mean mean or or vertical vertical fall fall dates dates 0.018, 0.018, white white plots plots that that 7 7 9 9 g g ~ ~ 2 2 also also 8 8 white white the the in in plots plots of of mgC/g mgC/g lowest lowest (compare (compare lignin lignin lignin lignin soils soils the the summer summer the the late late mineral plots plots and and all all sampled. sampled. Feb-96 Feb-96 correlation correlation rates rates or or represent represent sampled. sampled. in in the the treatment treatment for for on on cellulose cellulose soil soil cellulose cellulose soils- 0.37 0.37 late late the the 9 9 for for at at concentrations concentrations dates dates of of lignin lignin to to in in between between and and on on oak oak numbers numbers differences differences period period all all differences differences dates dates of of differences differences Jun-95 Jun-95 (r=0.012 (r=0.012 future future A-horizon A-horizon Pearson Pearson present present on on cellulose cellulose 0.01 0.01 fall, fall, rates rates mineralization mineralization the the occurred occurred the the the the through through a a highest highest A-horizon A-horizon white white note note A-horizon A-horizon 1 1 and and differences differences rates rates Date Date the the present present oak oak late late of of of of from from over over trees trees mineralized mineralized plots plots Oct-94 Oct-94 the the with with over over soils soils measured measured seasonal seasonal seasonal seasonal A A MOFEP MOFEP correlation correlation in in detected detected using using Lignin Lignin 8) 8) 7) 7) mineralization mineralization plots, plots, all all plots; plots; block block than than in in oak oak was was white white rates rates Lowest Lowest were were was was by by for for nwnbers nwnbers K+ K+ basis, basis, of of of of ranged ranged Jan-94 Jan-94 made made diameter diameter 9-B). 9-B). n=27). n=27). noticeable noticeable lignin lignin B). B). all27 all27 lower lower white white detected detected 2 2 9 9 A-horizon A-horizon lignin lignin 9- in. in. of of noticeable noticeable no no noticeable noticeable of of significant significant appendix appendix and and appendix appendix of of 1996; 1996; rates rates Comparisons Comparisons were were dates dates for for annual annual 9.-MOFEP 9.-MOFEP (fig (fig 1.5 1.5 mineralization mineralization oak oak 1 1 0 0 No No May-93 May-93 . . were were much much all all 9-A 9-A the the d d > > rates rates 1.2 1.2 08 08 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 an an mineralization. mineralization. mean mean May May I I K+ K+ >., >., E E (p=0.05, (p=0.05, concentrations concentrations of of On On Exchangeable Exchangeable exhibited exhibited mineralization mineralization (J (J studied studied number number and and test. test. respectively, respectively, sampled. sampled. oak oak lignin lignin (p<0.05, (p<0.05, Comparisons Comparisons d:ry d:ry mineralization mineralization indicated indicated ization ization exhibited exhibited over over mineralization mineralization figs. figs. winter. winter. were were Figure Figure The The White White c::: c::: ~- 0 0 c::: c::: CI)"C CI)"C CG CG ::::s ::::s CI)C) CI)C) ~ ~ ...... ...... =~ =~ :i~ :i~ ·- G) G) - -- 0 0 ------ ~M©WEW------ 80 2 5 3 3 ij 8 30 A 70 1 N 9 9 + C) 60 3 8 :E- 2 a (1)~50 9 jl"C mg40 ao ce 30 .s:::_cu:::i. 2 2 7 2 CJ 20 @! 7 >< 9 LIJ 7 5 10 I)! 0 +----+---+---+----+--' 0 May-93 Jan-94 Oct-94 Jun-95 Feb-96 May-93 Jan-94 Oct-94 Jun-95 Feb-96 Date Date Figure 10.-MOFEP plots, A-horizon soils -exchangeable potassium and magnesium, August 1993 to May 1996; numbers 1 through 9 represent mean values of three plots per site, line represents mean of all 27 plots; A) potassium, B) magnesiwn. sample dates (fig. 11). Sulfate concentrations pared by season. Sample site aspect and slope from all collection sites over all dates ranged location resulted in little difference in the B from 12 to 57 11M. horizon total carbon. From March to May 1996, the largest change in total carbon for litter, A-, Watershed Plots and B-horizon soils was measured for A-horizon soils collected from south and west aspect plots. The watershed plots, located in MOFEP sites 1, high in the landscape (figs. 12-A and 12-B). 3, and 4, represent a subsample of the larger The change in total carbon for these soils from carbon and sulfur study of MOFEP, including March to May was an increase of nearly 30 sample plots with both south and west aspect percent (from 18 to 23 !lmol/g chy). and north and east aspect, as well as plots positioned both high and low on the slopes. If A closer look at total carbon in A-horizon soils we consider data from two dates (March and from south and west aspect watershed plots May 1996). total carbon in watershed plots was high in the landscape indicated these soils greatest in forest floor litter on the winter followed the same basic pattem for total carbon sampling date (mean values across south and observed in A-horizon soils from the MOFEP west and east and west aspects, and both plots (see fig. 4). The highest concentrations of landscape positions were approximately 40 total carbon in these watershed A-horizon soils 11mol/ g chy), and somewhat lower in the spring (up to 30 !lmol/g chy) were measured in the (mean values ranging from 37 to 39 !lffiOl/ g dry, early fall; the lowest concentrations were ob figs. 12-A and 12-B, p<0.01, appendix 10). served in the winter (as low as 20 f.lmol/g dry, Total carbon in litter from watershed plots fig. 13). The only possible difference in A exhibited no noticeable differences when com horizon soil total carbon for watershed plots pared by aspect or slope position. In March (p=0.145, appendix 12). occurred when the data 1996, A-horizon soil total carbon ranged from were compared by season. Comparison of the 18 to 24 11mol/ g chy; the largest difference data by aspect or slope position indicated between the total carbon in litter and A-horizon minimal differences in the A-horizon soil total soil was found for samples from south and west carbon. aspect sites, high in the landscape. Total carbon in B-horizon soils exhibited noticeable Lignocellulose mineralization in A-horizon soils differences (p=0.086, appendix 11) when com- of watersheds also followed the general trends 82 ------··--·------ M©IFltiP • 45 45 40 40 35 35 s::- o>- s::- 30 .a"""... 30 o>- , .a""""-'ti CfS~25 25 00 00CfS~ CGE20 20 oE CGE t-- 15 t--oE 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 S& S& N& N& S& S& N& N& W- W- E- E- W- W- E- E- HI LO HI LO HI LO HI LO Landscape Location Landscape Location Figure 12.-Watershed plots, litter, A- and B-horizon soils- total carbon, March and May 1996; S& W=southwest aspect, N&E=northeast aspect, HI=near top of slope, W=near bottom of slope; mean values+/- 1 SE, n=9; A) March 1996, B) May 1996. obsenred for A-horizon soil from MOFEP plots over the period May 1995 to May 1996 (see fig. 30 -r------. 9-A). Noticeable differences in cellulose miner alization were obsenred for A-horizon soils comparing May 1995 and March 1996; May 25 1996 had the highest rates (fig. 14-A, p=0.024, appendix 13). The rates of cellulose mineraliza s>:20 tion in May 1995 and March 1996 ranged from .c""' 0.2 to 0.3 mgC/g d:ry/d for A-horizon soils from I.., all watershed plots. No notable differences in ~g 15 rates of cellulose mineralization were detected _o in comparisons of site aspect or slope location. SE • S&W-HI ~.s10 D S&W-LO White oak lignin mineralization in A-horizon --A--N&E-HI soils from watershed plots, as obsenred for MOFEP plots (see figs. 9-A and 9-B), was much ---X-- -N&E-LO 5 lower than cellulose mineralization for all dates and sample locations. The differences in rates 0+----r----~--~--~ of lignin and cellulose mineralization for water Apr-95 Aug-95 Nov-95 Feb-96 May-96 shed A-horizon soils ranged from 2.5- to 12.5- fold, with lignin mineralization always lower Date th211 cellulose mineralization (fig. 14-B). For all dates and plots, rates of lignin mineralization ranged from 0.02 to 0.08 mgC/g dry/d. Rates of lignin mineralization in A-horizon soils were Figure 13.-Watershedplots, A-horizon soils marginally greater in May 95 than March 96 total carbon, May 1995 to May 1996; S&W= (p=0.159, appendix 14). No differences in lignin southwest aspect, N&E=northeast aspect, mineralization for watershed plots were ob HI=near top of slope, W=near bottom of senred when compared by site aspect or slope slope; mean values +I- 1 SE, n=9. location. 84 85 85 in in the the 2 2 15). 15). to to soils soils 17). 17). May-96 May-96 fig. fig. plots plots bottom bottom plots) plots) 6). 6). con fall fall have have basic basic sulfur sulfur fall, fall, soils soils data over over also also mea all all March March (see (see sulfur sulfur 1995 1995 year year to to sulfur sulfur fig. fig. total total A-horizon A-horizon late late on on aspect aspect total total early early same same indicated indicated the the a a in in Feb-96 Feb-96 soils soils plots plots appendix appendix The The 3-year 3-year soil soil total total May May appendix appendix A-horizon A-horizon (see (see MOFEP MOFEP tend tend of of plots plots mineralization, mineralization, total total (highest (highest in in of of W=near W=near the the in in plots plots west west in in A-horizon A-horizon year year for for the the approximately approximately soil soil S&W-LO S&W-LO S&W-HI S&W-HI 1 1 differences differences -N&E-LO -N&E-LO plots plots of of for for include include trend trend horizon horizon Date Date and and found found aspect aspect slope, slope, Nov-95 Nov-95 to to (p<0.01, (p<0.01, May May MOFEP MOFEP with with percent percent the the • • B- cellulose cellulose 0 0 p=0.069, p=0.069, aspect aspect of of watershed watershed A-horizon A-horizon not not (p=0.022). (p=0.022). in in followed followed (loss (loss changes changes 50 50 A) A) ---X-- --.--N&E-HI --.--N&E-HI same same of of aspect aspect same same 16, 16, plots plots top top south south 1996 1996 the the sulfur sulfur from from plots plots concentrations concentrations did did east east A-horizon A-horizon mineralization, mineralization, concentrations concentrations observed observed May May Aug-95 Aug-95 the the the the for for (fig. (fig. west west concentrations concentrations the the scale; scale; although although May May study study from from and and total total by by 8 8 of of percent). percent). sulfur sulfur of of sulfur sulfur that that to to of of significant significant landscape landscape HI=near HI=near and and 35 35 higher higher the the however, however, ...------: ...------: dates dates substantial substantial pattern pattern watershed watershed 0-1----+-----+-----+-----1 0-1----+-----+-----+-----1 sulfur sulfur evident evident plots plots Apr-95 Apr-95 watershed watershed north north to to collection. collection. the the dry). dry). total total vertical vertical concentrations concentrations 0.1 0.1 in in approximately approximately 0.2 0.2 were were g g of of in in do do 21 21 for for March March sampled, sampled, in in lignocellulose lignocellulose south south organic organic not not aspect, aspect, indicates indicates watersheds watersheds oak oak seasonal seasonal MOFEP MOFEP Organic Organic high high of of sample sample sampled, sampled, sured sured The The 5) 5) lowest lowest year year centrations centrations data data Comparison Comparison base base sampling sampling was was somewhat somewhat than than sulfur sulfur that that J..lmOl/ J..lmOl/ concentration concentration Extending Extending losing losing from from exhibited exhibited from from white white of of on on differences differences for for the the in in soils soils and and and and west west sulfur sulfur 42 42 dates dates dry dry May-96 May-96 T T soils soils com had had note note A I I total total usually usually f f detected detected N&E=northeast N&E=northeast total total f f soils- to to ,' ,' g g I I , , sulfur sulfur the the f f approxi cases, cases, and and north north I I either either or or both both 1 1 l l measured measured slightly slightly total total of of aspects aspects 1 1 ' ' ~~~ ~~~ south south both both 27 27 sample sample dates. dates. had had was was n=9; n=9; sites sites in in all all (increases (increases in in on on were were had had sulfur sulfur A-horizon A-horizon differences differences total total on on J..lmolj J..lmolj by by from from noticeable noticeable Feb-96 Feb-96 In In very very litter litter aspect, aspect, 1996, 1996, both both south south 5 5 SE, SE, 17) 17) from from 15) 15) Substantial Substantial both both sulfur sulfur while while B-horizon B-horizon plots plots than than Litter Litter soils soils 1 1 A-horizon A-horizon soil soil 16). 16). sites sites total total to to soils, soils, had had for for aspect aspect had had in in on on 1- 2 2 May May of of both both sulfur sulfur either either + + total total notable notable 15-B). 15-B). S&W-LO S&W-LO S&W-HI S&W-HI soils, soils, soils soils ranging ranging Date Date dry dry -N&E-LO -N&E-LO 1996 1996 Nov-95 Nov-95 In In positions positions dates. dates. plots, plots, east east in in soils soils of of soils soils ranging ranging g g aspect aspect from from concentrations concentrations total total from from appendix appendix appendix appendix and and • • D D sampled. sampled. 1996 1996 two two watershed watershed appendix appendix and and B-horizon B-horizon soils, soils, values values samples samples W=southwest W=southwest than than ---X-- 1996. 1996. --.--N&E-HI --.--N&E-HI March March J..tmOl/ J..tmOl/ west west of of litter litter same same Soils Soils all all indicated indicated Aug-95 Aug-95 the the orB-horizon orB-horizon 15-A 15-A the the S& S& A-horizon A-horizon dates dates 4 7 7 4 of of ranging ranging landscape landscape A-horizon A-horizon A A north north mean mean mineralization. mineralization. in in A- A-horizon A-horizon on on for for and and concentrations concentrations March March lower lower (p<0.01, (p<0.01, the the with with concentrations concentrations to to (p=0.022, (p=0.022, date date the the (p<0.01, (p<0.01, March March or or (figs. (figs. 1996; 1996; soil, soil, concentration concentration and and -.------: -.------: dates. dates. dry dry and and in in 31 31 0~----r---~-----+----~ 0~----r---~-----+----~ 14.-Watershed 14.-Watershed in in concentrations concentrations Apr-95 Apr-95 with with 1 1 lignin lignin g g slope; slope; sulfur sulfur south south aspect aspect orB-horizon orB-horizon much much sulfur sulfur 0.4 0.4 aspect aspect 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.8 data data 1.2 1.2 different different litter, litter, of of B) B) May May samples samples comparisons comparisons compared compared pared pared increases increases sulfur sulfur east east essentially essentially aspect, aspect, increased increased sample sample for for west west highest highest J..tmOl/ J..tmOl/ Comparison Comparison this this from from collection collection sulfur sulfur differences differences the the in in horizon horizon all all studied studied total total analyzed analyzed mately mately were were litter litter greater greater Figure Figure Total Total CJ)~ CJ)~ 'S"C 'S"C 1-.,:; 1-.,:; c;o c;o _ _ oE oE ...... ::::~>- • • ...... -o -o - !e !e en~ en~ ="C ="C ::I ::I ...... o::::t o::::t ...... ::I~ ::I~ ~ ~ - _ _ Figure Figure p=0.019, p=0.019, 86 86 soils soils steadily steadily plots plots Figure Figure 30 30 50 50 40 40 60 60 20 20 10 10 Apr-95 Apr-95 0+-----~----~------+-----~ 0+-----~----~------+-----~ of of S& S& aspect, aspect, OO©IFJEJP OO©IFJEJP total total 20 20 30 30 40 40 50 50 10 10 60 60 S& S& mean mean ···················································································· ···················································································· 0 0 from from were were slope; slope; W=southwest W=southwest W=southwest W=southwest 16.-Watershedplots, 16.-Watershedplots, 15.-Watershed 15.-Watershed through through sulfur, sulfur, appendix appendix values values Aug-95 Aug-95 south south S& S& W- greatest greatest HI=near HI=near HI HI mean mean Landscape Landscape May May --A--N&E-HI --A--N&E-HI ---X-- ·······H······S&W-LO ·······H······S&W-LO and and +I- the the values values • • in in Nov-95 Nov-95 18). 18). top top Date Date 1995 1995 S& S& LO LO W- aspect, aspect, 1 1 aspect, aspect, next next west west the the -N&E-LO -N&E-LO SE, SE, S&W-HI S&W-HI of of plots, plots, A-horizon A-horizon +I- to to slope, slope, spring spring early early aspect aspect n=9; n=9; Location Location May May N&E=northeast N&E=northeast N&E=northeast N&E=northeast Feb-96 Feb-96 A-horizon A-horizon 1 1 litter, litter, N& N& HI HI -E- E- SE, SE, A) A) fall fall W=near W=near (fig. (fig. 1996; 1996; watershed watershed March March A- soils soils n=9. n=9. and and 17, 17, and and May-96 May-96 soils ...... N& N& LO LO declined declined A A from from 1996, 1996, bottom bottom B-horizon B-horizon aspect, aspect, B) B) May May Figure Figure landscape landscape sulfur sulfur J.liT"oll J.liT"oll south south 'S"C 'S"C en~ en~ c;o c;o _ _ ~~ ~~ HI=near HI=near 3 soils- -;: -;: HI=near HI=near ...... organic organic slope; slope; southwest southwest 1996. 1996. g g 50 50 60~------: 60~------: 60 60 50 50 30 30 4o 4o and and 20 20 10 10 10 10 over over 17.- Apr-95 Apr-95 total total 0~----+-----+-----~----~ 0~----+-----+-----~----~ 0 0 dry). dry). top top mean mean had had west west sulfur, sulfur, the the top top Watershed Watershed sulfur, sulfur, of of S& S& Soils Soils W- HI HI aspect, aspect, a a sample sample slope, slope, of of values values aspect aspect Aug-95 Aug-95 slight slight Landscape Landscape May May slope, slope, March March from from ---X-- ·······H······S&W-LO ·······H······S&W-LO --A--N&E-HI --A--N&E-HI W=near W=near N&E=northeast N&E=northeast +I- 1995 1995 • • plots, plots, plots plots period period increase increase S& S& W- LO LO W=near W=near both both Nov-95 Nov-95 and and Date Date 1 1 -N&E-LO -N&E-LO S&W-HI S&W-HI SE, SE, to to located located A A slope slope (from (from May May -horizon -horizon May May bottom bottom Location Location in in n=9. n=9. N& N& E- HI HI bottom bottom Feb-96 Feb-96 organic organic 1996; 1996; locations locations 1996; 1996; 33 33 low low aspect, aspect, of of soils soils up up in in slope; slope; of of S& S& to to N& N& LO LO E- the the May-96 May-96 - in in 38 38 W= W= K+ K+ . . 87 87 to to and and May May west west in in n=9 n=9 22 22 to to or or 22). 22). aspect aspect nmol/ nmol/ May May con water greater greater and and and and west west soils 10-A 10-A pattern pattern Potas SE, SE, than than through through of of east east W=near W=near date. date. 1 1 observed observed and and May-96 May-96 (from (from from from 1,300 1,300 March March compared compared and and while while N&E=north aspect, aspect, to to appreciably appreciably figs. figs. differences differences A-horizon A-horizon concentra fall fall percent, percent, dry. dry. sites sites south south March March +I- and and 2 2 exchangeable exchangeable appendix appendix in in were were slope, slope, soils soils not not 34 34 of of from from (see (see late late seasonal seasonal March March date date A-horizon A-horizon date, date, Mg+ south south of of 20-A). 20-A). 20). 20). percent percent some some from from Date Date K+ K+ aspect, aspect, (increases (increases north north aspect aspect values values by by J.lmol/g J.lmol/g 13 13 for for p>0.2, p>0.2, top top were were higher higher in in from from plots plots (fig. (fig. of of from from same same landscape, landscape, plots, plots, soils soils 30 30 data data east east between between approximately approximately 21) 21) A-horizon A-horizon mean mean the the the the was was to to plots plots 20-B, 20-B, soils soils about about 2 2 appendix appendix indicated indicated dates dates mineralization, mineralization, to to in in lowest lowest Mar-96 Mar-96 Comparison Comparison and and on on change change 22 22 1996 1996 HI=near HI=near MOFEP MOFEP concentrations concentrations by by compared compared approximately approximately increased increased Mg+ (fig. (fig. exchangeable exchangeable K+ K+ up up slope; slope; soils soils the the low low for for A-horizon A-horizon were were sulfur sulfur dry). dry). from from followed followed of of north north only only was was soil soil increased increased appendix appendix sample sample S&W=southwest S&W=southwest when when p=O.l04, p=O.l04, March March aspect, aspect, watershed watershed A-horizon A-horizon For For Highest Highest plots plots 19.-Watershed 19.-Watershed plots plots but but location location in in in in also also plots plots from from fourfold, fourfold, 1996 1996 the the 1996; 1996; bottom bottom east east organic organic B). B). J.lmol/g J.lmol/g spring spring observed observed A-horizon A-horizon dry/d. dry/d. 1996, 1996, 10- soils soils slope slope (p=O.l37, (p=O.l37, Exchangeable Exchangeable tions tions different different plots plots 25 25 sium sium in in May May increasing increasing shed shed aspect aspect centrations centrations on on Exchangeable Exchangeable as as A-horizon A-horizon than than winter. winter. g g mineralization mineralization aspect aspect with with Figure Figure 41 41 in in rate rate for for n=9. n=9. May May to to in in (fig. (fig. rates rates to to ob winter, winter, but but the the produc on on soils MOFEP MOFEP d d May May 30 30 SE, SE, sulfur sulfur ranged ranged I I horizon horizon from from watershed watershed W=near W=near supported supported May-96 May-96 1 1 in in in in the the differences differences A- A-horizon A-horizon A-horizon A-horizon N&E=north all all dry dry 1995 1995 trend trend measured measured 1996, 1996, (from (from based based highest highest sulfur sulfur +I- g g measured measured in in consistently consistently winter, winter, rates rates for for for for declining declining measured measured plots plots slope, slope, For For S&W-HI S&W-HI ranged ranged organic organic -N&E-LO -N&E-LO May May A-horizon A-horizon during during were were The The of of late late Feb-96 Feb-96 notable notable that that of of had had aspect, aspect, collected collected was was nmol/ nmol/ March March values values • • sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur 18). 18). sulfur sulfur d. d. production production top top organic organic percent percent plots plots seasonal seasonal I I observed observed In In plots, plots, rate rate spring. spring. ······H·······S&W-LO ······H·······S&W-LO with with --.l--N&E-HI --.l--N&E-HI ---X-- than than of of sites sites 300 300 34 34 plots plots (fig. (fig. dry dry the the production production watershed watershed 19) 19) mean mean to to through through the the declining declining g g Date Date late late Nov-95 Nov-95 sulfur sulfur samples samples production, production, rate rate organic organic organic organic organic organic mineralization mineralization production production 1996. 1996. lower lower date date dates, dates, HI=near HI=near fall fall from from 150 150 of of of of about about aspect aspect of of for for the the sulfur sulfur watershed watershed rates rates slope; slope; The The by by W=southwest W=southwest 1996, 1996, nmol/ nmol/ in in May May sulfur sulfur of of all all sulfur sulfur watershed watershed samples. samples. east east sulfur sulfur organic organic early early S& S& soils soils much much appendix appendix 7). 7). 55 55 Aug-95 Aug-95 supporting supporting aspect, aspect, sample sample with with May May dry) dry) lB.-Watershed lB.-Watershed and and to to for for organic organic and and g g was was (fig. (fig. from from In In from from 3 3 increased increased 1995 1995 from from the the measured measured fall, fall, 1996; 1996; bottom bottom east east organic organic production production organic organic organic organic 0+-----+-----t-----+--~ 0+-----+-----t-----+--~ 19). 19). Apr-95 Apr-95 approximately approximately of of soils soils soils soils March March Mineralization Mineralization 1996 1996 Figure Figure 70 70 60 60 served served of of plots plots May May tion tion (p=0.020, (p=0.020, plots, plots, J.lmol/ J.lmol/ late late from from 10 10 soils soils 40 40 comparisons comparisons basically basically over over then then 30 30 concentrations concentrations the the north north A-horizon A-horizon "- c c e e o:!2 o:!2 _, _, "->'o "->'o :::JC) :::JC) uc uc as as E> E> u u . . -5-50 -5-50 il. il. ;=s ;=s cne cne '2-20 '2-20 0 0 ------ ~ • OO Figure 20.-Watershedplots, A-horizon soils- exchangeable potassiwn and magnesiwn, May 1995 to May 1996; S& W=southwest aspect, N&E=northeast aspect, HI=near top of slope, W=near bottom of slope; mean values +I- 1 SE, n=9; A) potnssiwn, B) magnesium soils from south and west aspect sites. Com this report may be due to changes in soil mois parison of the watershed exchangeable Mg+2 ture content over the year. Moisture levels can data with that from the MOFEP plots (see fig. have pronounced effects on the activity of 10-B) indicates some differences in the two microorganisms (Atlas and Bartha 1993), and if datasets. For example, between March and May the parameter being tested is the result (either 1996, Mg+2 A-horizon soils declined somewhat direct or indirect) of some microbial activity, for MOFEP plots, but increased for watershed then it should be expected to differ by soil plots. moisture content. Whatever the difference detected in the pre-treatment dataset, having a DISCUSSION baseline of the parameter of interest, and knowing something of the natural variation over The pre-treatment portion of this study has several seasons occurring in that parameter sexved a vital role in helping to establish should help in comparing data collected after baseline data that will be used to determine if the experimental treatment. changes in the parameters measured after treatment might be due to the treatment. In looking at the data sets presented in this Natural variation in forest ecosystems is great; report, we found that soil total carbon varied however, if any trends in data sets can be from the litter layer down through the A and B determined prior to an experimental treatment, horizons. This would be expected, because the then a higher level of certainty of the treatment primacy source of carbon to the surface soils effect should be obtained. In the pre-treatment would be litter fall. As soil microorganisms carbon and sulfur transformation data pre decompose this litter, labile components of the , sented here, the data have been compared by litter will be released as C0 2 leaving behind season, replicate grouping of sites (block), site more refractile compounds to become part of aspect, and slope location (high or low). In the soil humus (Atlas and Bartha 1993). For many cases very noticeable differences (p<0;01) MOFEP soils, the major accumulation of organic in the pre-treatment data exist when compared carbon appears to be found in the A-horizon by season. This fmding reflects the variability soils, at least in a comparison of A-horizon soils that might be expected of biological processes with B-horizon soils from no deeper than ap over different seasons. In many cases differ proximately 15 em. The A-horizon soil total ences detected in the parameters measured in carbon was also found to differ by sample date. 88 in in of of 89 89 a a to to leaf leaf that that trees trees of of in in that that good good any any the the plots plots after after non is is (one (one har carbon carbon a a the the The The and and the the soil soil tree tree these these carbon carbon of of 1978). 1978). harvest. harvest. plots, plots, offer offer or or micro on on sulfur sulfur due due carbon carbon from from for for bacterial bacterial A-horizon A-horizon after after At At be be soils soils in in on on Fritze Fritze comes. comes. Although Although of of have have where where after after plots plots years years percent percent of of Forest Forest lignocellu lignocellu may may 1957, 1957, which which after after Because Because litter litter Forest Forest soil soil suggests suggests least least MOFEP MOFEP evidence evidence microorgan also also 10 10 and and generally generally of of 25 25 non-leached non-leached labile labile dcy). dcy). altered. altered. vegetation vegetation matter matter years years potential potential MOFEP MOFEP may may increase increase in in at at oak oak carbon carbon based based plots plots all all principal principal dcy, dcy, study study average average to to dominant dominant growth growth discriminate discriminate 2 2 here here these these 1982). 1982). as as State State to to represent represent mean mean the the transformations transformations for for from from to to estimation estimation years years a a 8 8 State State was was may may Henderson Henderson in in rate rate the the for for to to A-horizon A-horizon to to the the 2 2 woody-debris woody-debris finding finding the the the the not not roots roots in in or or processes processes first first in in white white to to Run Run greatly greatly of of the the J.lmol/g J.lmol/g organic organic of of and and 3 3 years years Run Run or or soils soils lignocellulose lignocellulose affect affect Reisenauer Reisenauer grand grand treatment. treatment. plots plots J.lmol/g J.lmol/g sulfur sulfur suggestive suggestive sources sources of of found found decrease decrease which which removing removing be be carbon carbon the the used used of of This This limiting limiting to to Pietikainen Pietikainen than than microbial microbial a a is is of of microbial microbial one one presented presented reduced reduced the the litter litter approximate approximate Deer Deer 2 2 is is by by (16.9 (16.9 also also The The and and (Lundgren (Lundgren changes changes Finland Finland be be Deer Deer for for 27.6 27.6 study, study, will will decaying decaying by by determined determined been been rates rates in in calculated calculated an an in in total total of of observed observed microbial microbial labile labile measured measured leaf leaf MOFEP MOFEP (Shriner (Shriner rates. rates. provision provision MOFEP MOFEP there there from from not not activity. activity. against against microorganisms, microorganisms, study study soils soils may may the the soil soil greater greater soils soils sampled, do do sampled, of of this this was was has has of of which which made. made. that that in in greatly greatly soil soil future future sources. sources. soil soil subsequent subsequent reduced reduced 1986). 1986). the the soils soils in in (Jordan (Jordan soil soil the the be be depleted depleted sulfur, sulfur, Hence, Hence, woody-debris woody-debris of of experimental experimental biomass biomass be be in in in in in in measured measured in in followed followed forests forests sites sites U.S. U.S. lignocellulose lignocellulose contribution contribution from from plots plots these these 1997). 1997). on on from from than than to to should should observed observed dates, dates, inputs inputs as as sulfur sulfur inputs inputs are are baseline baseline in in soils soils will will previous previous may may mineralization mineralization energy energy total total mineralization mineralization ecosystem ecosystem metabolic metabolic specifically specifically harvested, harvested, all all a a In In concentrations concentrations sulfur sulfur the the considerably considerably soil soil leached leached Stevenson Stevenson on on U.S. U.S. A-horizon A-horizon higher higher soils, soils, changes changes (Spratt (Spratt good good decaying decaying harvest. harvest. lose lose vest vest resulted resulted lower lower Total Total transformations transformations sources sources not not roots roots Clearcutting Clearcutting (1995) (1995) biomass biomass clearcut clearcut harvest, harvest, bacterial bacterial decrease decrease and and clearcut clearcut isms isms source source lower lower species species are are litter litter reduced reduced following following indicator indicator Lignocellulose Lignocellulose species species mineralization mineralization lose lose bial bial MOFEP MOFEP between between Therefore, Therefore, A-horizon A-horizon the the al. al. this this that that and and such such in in may may et et made made plots plots the the be be lignin lignin an an soils. soils. spe which which ligno emis the the to to stud oak oak miner soil soil cellu white white 2 2 with with lignocel between between working working predis to to to to similar similar in in or or the the to to species. species. soil soil of of the the microor for for of of was was forests. forests. availabil cellulose cellulose one one oak oak differences differences south south C0 Crawford Crawford plots plots different different substantial substantial mineraliza to to address address microbial microbial the the soils, soils, in in 14 to to white white primary primary of of Finally, Finally, vecy vecy Benner Benner in in of of mineralization mineralization is is might might activities activities To To of of the the rates rates indicating indicating of of that that required required by by soil soil species species differences differences possibly possibly C-lignocellulose C-lignocellulose A-horizon A-horizon parameters parameters white white Ozark Ozark detected detected correlate correlate 1976, 1976, lignin lignin 14 activity activity monitor monitor cellulose cellulose these these on on ecologists ecologists were were number number critical critical to to in in microorganisms microorganisms MOFEP MOFEP are are floor floor 1984, 1984, to to rate rate particular particular carbon carbon species species occur occur preferred preferred determined determined or or limitations limitations to to in in studies studies and and mineralization mineralization used used 1993). 1993). of of equipment equipment a a 1977). 1977). plant plant by by of of the the were were are are al. al. these these with with C-lignocellulose C-lignocellulose courses courses due due here here monitor monitor the the lignocellulose lignocellulose to to possible possible another. another. either either this this they they 14 found found microbial microbial forest forest was was microorganisms microorganisms al. al. et et indications indications in in physical physical forest forest is is to to be be A-horizon A-horizon other other of of from from temperature. temperature. Crawford Crawford from from with with et et microbial microbial lignin, lignin, It's It's chosen chosen to to oak oak lignocellulose lignocellulose the the soil soil of of and and Time Time used used Due Due oak oak expected expected Bartha Bartha nutrient nutrient species species the the radiolabeled radiolabeled cellulose cellulose with with for for activities activities since since processes processes of of sources sources of of here here may may nutrients nutrients and and and and soil soil be be of of due due was was exist exist amended amended on on present present and and (Benner (Benner decomposers decomposers tree tree diameter diameter mineralization mineralization white white correlations correlations lignocellulose lignocellulose to to absence absence White White be be using using plots. plots. Hackett Hackett future future decomposers decomposers Therefore, Therefore, rates rates used used surface surface of of major major mineralization mineralization in. in. number number activity? activity? the the rates rates soils soils compared compared activity. activity. measure measure metabolism metabolism or or No No might might of of decomposing decomposing soils soils assay assay trees trees found found obtained obtained in in oak oak if if (Atlas (Atlas microbial microbial the the microbial microbial experience, experience, may may essential essential the the lignocellulose lignocellulose moisture moisture structures structures microcosms microcosms Crawford Crawford in in of of oak oak soils. soils. ecosystem, ecosystem, variations variations 1977, 1977, A-horizon A-horizon >1.5 >1.5 known known the the of of consultation consultation aspect aspect from from were were over over lignocellulose of of lignin lignin to to choice choice means means dominant dominant of of and and MOFEP. MOFEP. the the soil soil those those the the al. al. white white turn turn studied. studied. 1985, 1985, question, question, cies cies tion tion studied studied oaks oaks determined determined presence presence soil soil cellulose cellulose white white lose, lose, Hence, Hence, species species pose pose metabolic metabolic in in similar similar adequate adequate Is Is et et and and forest forest sion sion found found to to alization alization in in ity ity microbial microbial after after ies ies the the on on One One west west lulose lulose microbial microbial lignocellulose lignocellulose producers. producers. ganisms ganisms producers. producers. activities activities foreshadow foreshadow changes changes The The as as larger larger recycle recycle in in rates rates The The These These • • ""' ""' The The sulfur sulfur horizon horizon the the other other fraction fraction sulfur sulfur soils. soils. Strickland Strickland 35 organic organic principally principally of of large large et et the the sites sites measured, measured, finding finding predominant predominant Organic Organic by by sulfur sulfur 90 90 Sulfur Sulfur forest forest there there are are ally ally during during A-horizon A-horizon of of 1986, 1986, greatest greatest researchers researchers 1992), 1992), those those has has appears appears total total content content sulfur. sulfur. have have Deer Deer good good total total MOFEP MOFEP One One trol trol not not 90 90 sulfur sulfur 1985). 1985). cant cant the the S-sulfate S-sulfate root root a1.. a1.. total total organic organic to to :OO organic organic fall fall reported reported methodology methodology State State part part have have soils. soils. to to potential potential around around reduction reduction sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur seasonal seasonal been been Run Run baseline baseline 1983, 1983, 99 99 soils soils is is used used Strickland Strickland It It soils soils utilizes utilizes production production over over indicating indicating in in of of release. release. do do the the must must is is Since Since sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur soils soils Dry Dry in in the the of of is is block block sulfur sulfur loss loss to to percent percent of of these these slightly slightly MOFEP MOFEP in in Forests Forests with with soils. soils. soil soil The The possible possible some some short-term short-term found found amended amended added added et et but but sulfur. sulfur. incorporated incorporated wetter wetter occur occur MOFEP, MOFEP, all all in in (David (David sulfur sulfur McLaren McLaren analyzed analyzed possibility possibility of of combustion combustion have have keeping keeping here. here. the the may may be be ------ of of al. al. form form MOFEP MOFEP an an this this when when concern concern to to dates dates also also or or the the total total increases increases the the lack lack of of it it soils soils (54 (54 sulfur sulfur due due 1986). 1986). soils soils world world obsetve obsetve of of may may treatment, treatment, and and to to used used extraction extraction higher higher for for that that plant plant to to A-horizon A-horizon soils not not be be included included sampling sampling presented presented found found magnitude magnitude et et study, study, of of method method Organic Organic represents represents percent, percent, that that the the sulfur, sulfur, underestimate underestimate of of MOFEP MOFEP clearcutting clearcutting analyzing analyzing when when and and with with to to with with aquic aquic somewhat somewhat a1.. a1.. et et sulfur sulfur in in obsetved obsetved Fitzgerald Fitzgerald (Amaral (Amaral soils soils be be organic organic incubations, incubations, substantial substantial on on that that here here in in (Mitchell (Mitchell litter litter A-horizon A-horizon origin origin a1.. a1.. Microbially Microbially different different the the 1982, 1982, into into total total techniques, techniques, in in in in sites sites inferred inferred any any drying, drying, require require this this comparing comparing findings findings compared compared 1985, 1985, when when or or used used are are in in sulfur sulfur this this MOFEP MOFEP samples samples periods periods in in to to rates rates of of p A-horizon A-horizon should should here here drop drop the the changes changes udic udic sulfur sulfur was was obsetved obsetved MOFEP), MOFEP), isotope isotope sampled. sampled. sulfur sulfur Wieder Wieder et et a a quantify quantify most most dried dried soluble soluble mostly mostly substantial substantial underestimated. underestimated. compound compound major major and and 1984, 1984, to to led led a1.. a1.. organic organic compared compared Schindler Schindler laboratories laboratories however, however, was was dried dried that that for for soil soil of of or or made made 1) 1) not not differences differences from from soils. soils. total total quantify quantify similar similar A-horizon A-horizon produced produced may may provide provide 1989). 1989). forest forest values values organic organic and and in in to to collected collected some some Zhang Zhang forest forest with with is is similar similar MOFEP MOFEP dominated dominated total total (Fitzgerald (Fitzgerald et et xeric, xeric, directly directly the the in in and and portion portion soils soils a a the the in in soils soils the the on on organic organic diverse diverse up up sulfur sulfur a1.. a1.. This This actu moist moist signifi sulfur sulfur soil soil Other Other the the con very very soils. soils. form form plots plots total total to to loss loss in in soil soil The The et et than than from from by by a a was was the the and and to to A in in a1.. a1.. of of greater greater whole-tree whole-tree finding finding soils soils Experimental Experimental ho:izon ho:izon much much Brook Brook ha.-vest, ha.-vest, A-horizon A-horizon State State though though transformations transformations term term different different clearcut clearcut control control clearcut clearcut hatvesting, hatvesting, reductions reductions mostly mostly Run Run organic organic sampling. sampling. hatvest, hatvest, differences differences higher higher comes comes annual annual treatment treatment that that production production Rates Rates horizon horizon wid! wid! porting porting those those play play of of sured sured Strickland Strickland the the this this the the Microbial Microbial a1.. a1.. amino amino of of fraction fraction substantial substantial organic organic organic organic adsorbed adsorbed 1986, 1986, 1982, 1982, soluble soluble organic organic 1984, 1984, soil. soil. methodology methodology soluble soluble maintenance maintenance State State a a down down rates rates (<10 (<10 Forest Forest thinner thinner soils, soils, of of Fitzgerald Fitzgerald Spratt Spratt for for study study role role from from than than acids) acids) organic organic for for suggests suggests sites. sites. no no contribution contribution sulfur sulfur microbial microbial total total soils soils sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur is is the the sites sites either either may may organic organic conclusion conclusion Abundant Abundant Watwood Watwood MOFEP MOFEP production production sulfate sulfate years). years). soils soils organic organic soils soils Forest Forest sulfur sulfur of of mention mention the the hatvesting hatvesting quantified. quantified. the the Mitchell Mitchell in in in in et et (p where where over over suggesting suggesting litter litter fraction fraction rates rates clearcut clearcut organic organic had had of of sulfur sulfur lignocellulose lignocellulose for for negatively negatively are are 1997, 1997, a1.. a1.. the the in in litter litter Forest Forest In In than than are are clearcut clearcut steep steep compounds compounds (Strickland (Strickland 2 2 sulfur) sulfur) any any at at over over Deer Deer the the in in two two sulfur sulfur that that addition, addition, to to 1986). 1986). et et much much in in used used present present before before fall. fall. formation formation (Spratt (Spratt involvement involvement 1) 1) of of soils soils the the In In no no of of great, great, sulfur sulfur A-horizon A-horizon et et fall, fall, a1.. a1.. 3 3 changes changes soils soils was was et et was was Strick Strick forest forest evidence evidence in in same same in in microbial microbial many many sulfur. sulfur. of of slopes slopes of of in in organic organic sampling sampling a a Missouri Missouri significant significant or or erosion erosion al. al. of of Run Run levels levels in in al. al. were were The The 1983, 1983, previous previous here here total total other other If If their their was was that that organic organic mineralization mineralization New New sites sites thinner thinner as as affect affect 8 8 made made organic organic the the found found the the at at of of 1993). 1993). appreciable appreciable (e.g., (e.g., (1989) (1989) 1997), 1997), in in to to soils soils period. period. A-horizon A-horizon et et and and years years a a State State implications implications have have control control mineralization mineralization least least may may found found would would found found microorganisms microorganisms of of sulfur sulfur found found organic organic MOFEP MOFEP Hampshire. Hampshire. However, However, result result in in study study Hubbard Hubbard than than forest forest Schindler Schindler sulfur sulfur a1.. a1.. 10 10 is is of of soils soils A- in in organic organic this this sites sites in in sulfur-containing sulfur-containing dates dates 2 2 litter litter Fitzgerald Fitzgerald sulfur sulfur (David (David litter litter available available years years the the study study substantial substantial 1982, 1982, came came sulfur sulfur horizon horizon Forest Forest not not change change have have years years requires requires in in the the the the the the to to for for This This not not in in of of (again, (again, from from of of sites. sites. compound compound soil soil the the in in A-horizon A-horizon in in sulfur sulfur layers layers soils, soils, made made were were soils soils Hubbard Hubbard correlate correlate layers layers whole-tree whole-tree production production these these quantities quantities timber timber soils soils been been control control prior prior that that soluble soluble to to Brook Brook MOFEP MOFEP of of Swank Swank in in Deer Deer et et detect detect sulfur sulfur after after mea et et short short total total were were suggests suggests that that Deer Deer in in soil soil a a sulfur sulfur A al. al. sup Al This This the the a1.. a1.. 1984, 1984, of of much much then then in in up up A after after pre to to than than Run Run all all et et a a in in 2 2 91 91 in in soils soils they they data data the the From From and and has has sulfur sulfur the the part soil soil sulfur sulfur retain retain of of rela pos from from A any any sulfur sulfur oc clearcut clearcut short in in (Spratt (Spratt These These status status the the corre we we in in 40 40 will will both both and and of of as as clearcut clearcut with with in in these these organic organic exchange exchange were were question. question. will will Com Com and and the the forest forest from from represent represent these these 2 2 by by any any precipita soils soils (1997) (1997) treatments, treatments, research. research. winter winter sulfur sulfur mineraliza of of in in have have from from soils soils organic organic organic organic conducted conducted were were baseline baseline ion ion bases bases mineralization mineralization soils, soils, hanrest. hanrest. this this that that have have were were (K+ (K+ Mg+ study study from from drained, drained, they they project project of of soil soil with with substantially substantially nutrtent nutrtent from from changes changes Ozark Ozark Because Because level level soil soil the the hanrest hanrest percent). percent). soils soils Goals Goals the the with with sites, sites, changes changes 2 2 Spratt Spratt in in sampling, sampling, deficit deficit to to evident. evident. and and that that Duling Duling identification identification bases bases collected collected indicate indicate ongoing ongoing of of ecosystem, ecosystem, well well this this loss loss 70 70 clearcutting. clearcutting. a a the the might might 1997). 1997). to to were were sulfur, sulfur, Mg+ A-horizon A-horizon K+ K+ sulfur sulfur answer answer be be with with disturbance disturbance after after of of 2 2 of of further further on on to to A-horizon A-horizon of of to to to to controls controls to to large large A-horizon A-horizon 1992). 1992). because because in in plots plots help help supplied supplied were were surface surface expertmental expertmental were were in in control control months) months) they they 1993). 1993). for for soil soil lignocellulose lignocellulose Mg+ 40 40 Missourt Missourt and and forest forest related related result result prtor prtor help help correlate correlate data data status. status. changes changes exchangeable exchangeable lead lead lignocellulose lignocellulose soon soon A-horizon A-horizon lead lead of of a a with with goals goals very very focus focus limit limit forest forest (Spratt (Spratt the the al. al. will will K+ K+ that that by by here here should should result result organic organic to to organic organic transformations transformations the the the the in in or or and and 2 2 and and as as with with for for Forest Forest a a as as of of need need study study of of et et Forest Forest may may the the of of to to years years that that K+ K+ exchangeable exchangeable samples samples cation cation data data might might order order as as Mg+ (Johnson (Johnson Post-treatment Post-treatment might might concentrate concentrate keep keep be be study study 10 10 The The soils soils this this plots plots in in nutrtent nutrtent adequately adequately A-horizon A-horizon sulfur sulfur shown shown here here State State loss loss processes, processes, State State occur occur minimal minimal between between levels levels long-term long-term to to result result the the evidence evidence to to relationship relationship in in and and that that compared compared for for know know of of a a soils soils soils soils soils soils including including a a previously previously the the 1997, 1997, help help 8 8 post-treatment post-treatment These These goals goals concentrations concentrations ecosystem, ecosystem, compared compared Watwood Watwood (on (on Run Run with with Run Run been been may may in in as as nutrtents nutrtents any any nutrtent nutrtent to to pre-treatment pre-treatment or or of of the the 3 3 there there curred curred sites, sites, transformations transformations studies studies Deer Deer already already that that sible. sible. transformations transformations sprtng sprtng term term ecosystem ecosystem tion tion and and transformations transformations watershed watershed potential potential continue continue and and presented presented of of son son 1997, 1997, microbial microbial These These The The ecosystem ecosystem tionships tionships adequate adequate nutrtents? nutrtents? tion tion matter, matter, Is Is horizon horizon exchangeable exchangeable percent, percent, lated lated sulfur sulfur reduced reduced to to provided provided reductions reductions Deer Deer surface surface sites sites selected selected have have surface surface changes changes nutrtents. nutrtents. sampled sampled vital vital of of in in the the in in As As of of soils soils as as of of A A B B of of Little Little them them that that this this soil soil was was organic organic organic organic for on on power. power. (Spratt (Spratt soils soils Deer Deer be alfisols alfisols the the mecha soil soil bases bases MOFEP MOFEP to to lower lower result result play play have have have have of of horizons horizons soil soil a a post and and K+ K+ atmo a a Other Other in in of of K K loss, loss, in in soils soils in in soils soils character Alfisols Alfisols 1992). 1992). range range A-horizon A-horizon soil soil deciduous deciduous and and of of forest forest A A prtmazy prtmazy of of sulfur, sulfur, and and be be other other As As 1982). 1982). may may effect effect of of retention retention these these and and the the al. al. to to classified classified Band Band exchangeable exchangeable A-horizon A-horizon of of One One , , This This source source concentrations concentrations retention. retention. 2 of of suggested suggested wide wide A-horizon A-horizon mineral mineral total total of of et et from from potential potential sulfur sulfur A-horizon A-horizon bases. bases. result result a a loss loss bases. bases. from from differentiate differentiate the the must must A-horizon A-horizon 1980, 1980, that that obsenred obsenred on on cations, cations, source source clearcut clearcut Mg+ clearcutting clearcutting were were K-supplying K-supplying from from relationship relationship compounds compounds layers, layers, between between of of comparing comparing on on A-horizon A-horizon in in , , base base of of availability availability Both Both exchangeable exchangeable 2 the the negative negative (the (the in in mineral. mineral. cation cation study. study. al. al. lower lower here, here, 1978). 1978). (1993) (1993) power power higher higher available available a a By By the the loss loss weathered, weathered, charactertstic charactertstic helps helps the the data data cations cations base base organic organic after after et et Ca+ in in litter litter study study noted noted is is these these al. al. the the the the (Ragsdale (Ragsdale of of with with ecosystems. ecosystems. limited limited evidence evidence of of a a placed placed aspect aspect et et of of soil soil that that predominant predominant have have ecosystem ecosystem sulfur, sulfur, horizons horizons process) process) pr'.unartly pr'.unartly ecosystem-wide ecosystem-wide play play indicating indicating much much soils soils noted noted this this concentrations concentrations nutrtent nutrtent sulfur sulfur role role that that ultisols. ultisols. highly highly 1986). 1986). loss loss exchangeable exchangeable than than A A Missourt Missourt on on exchangeable exchangeable their their utilizes utilizes good good K K the the Another Another in in to to presented presented been been those those or or baseline baseline elucidated. elucidated. nutrtent nutrtent adsorption adsorption be be accumulate accumulate to to of of soils soils and and forests forests reduced reduced al. al. Johnson Johnson the the demarcations demarcations of of they they is is is is exchangeable exchangeable forms forms have have might might the the forest forest the the in in of of K-supplying K-supplying lower lower to to be be comes comes to to leaching leaching is is et et Forest Forest data data the the has has organic organic correlated correlated (Hausenbuiller (Hausenbuiller contain contain in in Watwood Watwood organic organic soils, soils, in in important important plots, plots, U.S. U.S. role role deposition, deposition, with with the the (e.g., (e.g., sulfur sulfur sulfur sulfur level level these these from from of of alfisols alfisols fractions fractions Loss Loss sulfate sulfate by by may may There There tend tend tend tend ecosystems ecosystems leading leading sampled sampled to to ultisols. ultisols. higher higher with with of of distinct distinct State State ultisols ultisols soluble soluble the the horizons horizons limited limited vegetation vegetation retention retention these these their their eastem eastem trees trees MOFEP MOFEP sphertc sphertc the the base base and and In In than than the the and and producers producers horizons horizons istic istic have have is is either either sulfur sulfur 1997) 1997) types types Soils Soils ecosystems ecosystems positively positively production production soils. soils. ecosystem ecosystem and and study study very very cations cations soil soil emphasis emphasis physico-chemical physico-chemical ecosystem ecosystem tween tween organic organic the the (Schindler (Schindler researchers researchers Run Run soils. soils. sulfur sulfur organic organic treatment treatment nisms nisms sites, sites, especially especially plots plots coupled coupled ested ested resulted resulted Another Another generally generally obsenred obsenred ~ ~M©W~W------ As a result of the study in Deer Run State Dr. Ron Popham at SMSU and Dr. Mark Bzyant Forest, this project will concentrate on several at UTC were vezy helpful with the use of these things after harvest in the MOFEP plots. First, AA's. The statistical analyses could not have the status of microbial organic sulfur produc been performed without the expert help of Ms. tion and the pools of organic sulfur in A-horizon A. K. Spratt and the assistance of Mr. Steve soils will be carefully monitored after harvest. Sheriff. This work was supported by grants The pilot study indicated substantial changes in from the Missouri Department of Conservation these aspects of soil sulfur cycling. Future and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Na research will attempt to determine the relative tional Research Initiative Competitive Grants importance of microbial vs. plant derived or Program. ganic sulfur to the soil sulfur pool. Because litter drop from clearcut managed sites should LITERATURE CITED be noticeably less than from control plots, the role microorganisms play in the production of Amaral, J.A.; Hesslein, R.H.; Rudd, J.W.M.; Fox, soil organic sulfur may gain importance. Moni D.E. 1989. Loss of total sulfur and changes toring soil organic sulfur mineralization will also in sulfur isotope ratios due to dzying of be of great importance after harvest. If the lacustrine sediments. Limnology and Ocean balance between organic sulfur production ography. 34: 1351-1358. (both microbial and plant) and mineralization is shifted towards mineralization, then the poten Atlas, R.M.; Bartha, R. 1993. Microbial ecology. tial for nutrient loss (e.g., K+ and Mg+2) similar Fundamentals and applications. 3d ed. to that observed in the pilot study may exist. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Publ. Co. 563 p. Lignocellulose mineralization is expected to increase in the short-term following harvest Benner, R.; Maccubbin, A.E.; Hodson, R.E. (Lundgren 1982, Pietikainen and Fritze 1995), 1984. Preparation, characterization, and but later diminish along with litter fall. As with microbial degradation of specifically radiola the sulfur study, short-term changes in ligno beled [I4C] Lignocelluloses from marine and cellulose mineralization should be evident freshwater macrophytes. Applied and Envi during the 1997 study of watershed plots. ronmental Microbiology. 47: 381-389. Information from the lignocellulose mineraliza tion study will be helpful as an indicator of Benner, R.; Moran, M.A.; Hodson, R.E. 1985. microbial activity in these soils, and to some Effects of pH and plant source on lignocellu degree will be related to carbon cycling in these lose biodegradation rates in two wetland soils. Any correlations between lignocellulose ecosystems, the Okefenokee Swamp and a mineralization and sulfur transformations in Georgia salt marsh. Limnology and Ocean these soils after harvest will be noted. ography. 30: 489-499. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Brookshire, B.L.; Jensen, R.; Dey, D.C. 1997. The Missouri Ozark Forest Ecosystem The assistance of Mr. Randy Jensen and the Project: past, present, and future. In: MOFEP staff at Ellington was greatly appreci Brookshire, Brian L.; Shifley, Stephen R., ated throughout this work. Their help with eds. Proceedings of the Missouri Ozark enumerations of white oak on the sample plots Forest Ecosystem Project symposium: an used here is also appreciated. The help of the experimental approach to landscape re faculty and staff of the Biology Department at search; 1997 June 3-5; St. Louis, MO. Gen. SMSU was critical to completion of this work. Tech. Rep. NC-193. St. Paul, MN: U.S. This work could not have been completed Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, without the technical assistance of Mr. Kong North Central Forest Experiment Station: 1- Lee, Mr. Douglas Abner, Mr. Michael Geile, Mr. 25. John Mills, Ms. Debra Long, Ms. Staci Van Winkle, Ms. Melissa Eslinger, and Ms. Jennifer Crawford, D.L.; Crawford, R.L. 1976. Microbial Pulliam. The use of atomic absorption (AA) degradation of lignocellulose: the Lignin spectrophotometers both from the Chemistiy component. Applied and Environmental Department at SMSU and from the Chemistiy Microbiology. 31: 714-717. Department at UTC was greatly appreciated. 92 93 93 3- soil soil and and H.; H.; of of 91- NY: NY: New New D.S.; D.S.; and and forests. forests. and and Analy ap of of Ozark Ozark Agricul June June cycling cycling D.D.; D.D.; eds. eds. chestnut chestnut Forest Forest content content nutrient nutrient in in forest forest Proceed and and Sulphur Sulphur of of Bio NC-193. NC-193. deposition deposition Air Air Ecosystem Ecosystem Agricul 1985. 1985. using using a a R.S.; R.S.; Biology Biology York, York, Sulfur Sulfur D.W.; D.W.; p. p. of of 1997. 1997. 1997 1997 Miegroet, Miegroet, in in S.E., S.E., pine pine Huff, Huff, eds. eds. Brookshire, Brookshire, Shriner, Shriner, Sulfur Sulfur Rep. Rep. forest forest Cycling Cycling R.S. R.S. Soil Soil soils soils 1957. 1957. New New S. S. a a Sulfur Sulfur 1977. 1977. Department Department Water Water cycling cycling 146 146 Missouri Missouri Central Central vegetation vegetation Forest Forest ecosystem. ecosystem. 1992. 1992. Biology Biology Van Van In: In: R., R., Pierce, Pierce, 141-148. 141-148. in in in in and and G.S.; G.S.; yearbook yearbook D.D.; D.D.; experimental experimental the the Springer-Verlag: Springer-Verlag: and and 1986. 1986. U.S. U.S. Tech. Tech. 1982. 1982. N.M. N.M. H.M. H.M. Swift, Swift, sulphur sulphur 1992. 1992. Soil Soil 54: 54: Johnson, Johnson, S.E. S.E. 150-168. 150-168. research; research; North North Atmospheric Atmospheric F.H.; F.H.; D.D.; D.D.; Ozark Ozark an an woody woody Shifley, Shifley, for for The The cycling. cycling. J. J. Lindburg, Lindburg, Y. Y. NY: NY: Department Department In: In: 73-79. 73-79. 537-542. 537-542. DC: DC: forested forested 965-979. 965-979. Project. Project. J.I.; J.I.; Gen. Gen. J.M. J.M. Stephen Stephen 91-97. 91-97. In: In: Bacteria Bacteria D.; D.; a a eds. eds. Richter, Richter, ecosystems. ecosystems. data data 17: 17: 14: 14: clear-cutting. clear-cutting. 30: 30: of of U.S. U.S. D.W.; D.W.; deposition deposition York, York, MO. MO. 101-111. 101-111. Johnson, Johnson, Service, Service, labelling. labelling. inorganic inorganic Station: Station: Keer, Keer, Henderson, Henderson, Richter, Richter, Zhang, Zhang, Turner, Turner, Lindberg, Lindberg, Kelly, Kelly, by by deposition, deposition, Oecologia. Oecologia. nutrient nutrient Missouri Missouri S.E., S.E., 1982. 1982. landscape landscape Reisenauer, Reisenauer, Springer-Verlag. Springer-Verlag. Bormann, Bormann, S.E.; S.E.; Shifley, Shifley, MN: MN: transformations transformations New New Larsen, Larsen, fertility. fertility. and and to to symposium: symposium: B. B. J.S.; J.S.; the the Ecosystem Ecosystem R.G.; R.G.; forested forested L.; L.; D.W.; D.W.; D.E.; D.E.; Louis, Louis, D.W.; D.W.; M.J.; M.J.; NY: NY: M.J.; M.J.; pre-treatment pre-treatment Forest Forest D.W.; D.W.; Washington, Washington, J.; J.; constituents. constituents. forest forest of of H.V.; H.V.; G.E.; G.E.; soil soil Pollution. Pollution. forest. forest. Johnson, Johnson, Paul, Paul, of of affected affected St. St. five five and and Springer-Verlag: Springer-Verlag: and and Lindburg, Lindburg, 97. 97. cycling. cycling. In: In: chemistry, chemistry, Biochemistry. Biochemistry. sulphur-35 sulphur-35 Atmospheric Atmospheric Biochemistry. Biochemistry. Sulphur Sulphur as as Eaton, Eaton, 5; 5; geochemistry geochemistry York, York, St. St. Experiment Experiment ture, ture, proach proach Project Project ings ings Brian Brian sis sis Forest Forest environmental environmental ture. ture. and and oak oak organic organic Agriculture: Agriculture: Lindberg, Lindberg, Soil Soil Cole, Cole, in in Todd, Todd, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, Mitchell, McLaren, McLaren, Lundgren, Lundgren, Likens, Likens, Kabrick, Kabrick, Jordan, Jordan, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, Johnson, of of C. C. forest forest forest forest 13: 13: forest forest rel soil soil Man In: In: micro forest forest A.L., A.L., micro 1982. 1982. natural natural prin 507-520. 507-520. labeled labeled America America J.M.; J.M.; Wm. Wm. T.C. T.C. and and and and to to in in effects. effects. nature: nature: and and of of the the and and of of Relation Lindberg, Lindberg, Lindburg, Lindburg, Springer T.K.; T.K.; lA: lA: Regional Regional Lindberg, Lindberg, J.P. J.P. in in distribution distribution deposition: deposition: by by constituents constituents Kelly, Kelly, decomposition decomposition process. process. Research. Research. NY: NY: maple-birch maple-birch budgets. budgets. temperate temperate Springer-Verlag: Springer-Verlag: sulfur sulfur Pometto, Pometto, health health science: science: Science: Science: 1992. 1992. D.W.; D.W.; Kirk, Kirk, variety variety D.W.; D.W.; a a C.R.; C.R.; 1980. 1980. Society Society Ecology Ecology Environmental Environmental a a specifically specifically Nakas, Nakas, cation cation lignins lignins sulfur sulfur deposition deposition deposition deposition J.W.; J.W.; accumulation: accumulation: Environmental Environmental Sin Sin Strickland, Strickland, and and Soil Soil sulfur sulfur R.L.; R.L.; York, York, York: York: in in of of relationship relationship R.B. R.B. p. p. sulfur sulfur Dubuque, Dubuque, Forest Forest W.J.; W.J.; Arbor Arbor precipitation precipitation D.E. D.E. and and organic organic mediated mediated Microbial Microbial within within and and and and of of M.P.; M.P.; C-(Cellulose)-Lignocellu Base Base J.T.; J.T.; 43-51. 43-51. Forest Forest 1247-1251. 1247-1251. New New New New of of 611 611 14 Science Science Johnson, Johnson, 1978. 1978. their their P, P, Johnson, Johnson, sulfate sulfate Ann Ann impact impact Acid Acid decomposition decomposition Richmond, Richmond, 33: 33: Todd, Todd, C-labeled C-labeled 33: 33: 215-231. 215-231. N, N, In: In: Co. Co. 1977. 1977. In: In: Ash, Ash, 847-852. 847-852. inorganic inorganic Hornveck, Hornveck, Soil Soil 14 and and 1992. 1992. and and Applied Applied Crawford, Crawford, MI: MI: soil soil R.L. R.L. Harrison, Harrison, Connors, Connors, practices. practices. Applied Applied ecosystem ecosystem Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Atmospheric Journal Journal 12: 12: their their of of Preparation Preparation 1985. 1985. cycling. cycling. cycling. cycling. Mitchell, Mitchell, D.S.; D.S.; 46: 46: Canada. Canada. chemistry chemistry and and W.T.; W.T.; J.G. J.G. soil soil to to 275-340. 275-340. biologically biologically soil. soil. Publ. Publ. J.W.; J.W.; D.W.; D.W.; D.W. D.W. D.L.; D.L.; and and P.S.; P.S.; biodegradation biodegradation Formation Formation in in among among eds. eds. eds. eds. a a eds. eds. W.F.; W.F.; and and Arbor, Arbor, of of cycling. cycling. activity. activity. N.W. N.W. 1977. 1977. M.B.; M.B.; synthetic synthetic forest forest C-(Lignin)- environmental environmental patterns patterns evance evance Swank, Swank, S.E., S.E., Shriner, Shriner, S.E., S.E., nutrient nutrient Ann Ann 214-232. 214-232. Verlag: Verlag: and and nutrient nutrient ships ships ecosystems. ecosystems. S.E., S.E., ciples ciples Microbiology. Microbiology. Brown Brown 1983. 1983. 1077-1082. 1077-1082. materials. materials. lignin lignin Zeikus, Zeikus, of of solution solution agement. agement. forest forest soils: soils: Canadian Canadian 14 a a Organic Organic bial bial Microbiology. Microbiology. flora flora loses loses III. III. Journal. Journal. Johnson, Johnson, Homann, Homann, Johnson, Johnson, Hausenbuiller, Hausenbuiller, Hackett, Hackett, Foster, Foster, Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald, Crawford, Crawford, David, David, • OO«DIFJEIP------Mitchell, M.J.; Drtscoll, C.T.; Fuller, R.D.; Stolp, H. 1988. Microbial ecology: organisms, David, M.B.; Likens, G.E. 1989. Effect of habitats, activities. New York, NY: Cam whole-tree harvesting on the sulfur dynam brtdge University Press. 308 p. ics of a forest soil. Soil Science Society of Amertca Joumal. 53: 933-940. Strick, J.E.; Schindler, S.C.; David, M.B.; Mitchell, M.J.; Nakas, J.P. 1982. Importance Pietiltitinen, J.; Frttze, H. 1995. Clear-cutting of organic sulfur constituents and microbial and prescrtbed burning in coniferous forest: activity to sulfur transformations in an compartson of effects on soil fungal and Adirondack forest soil. Northeastem Envi total microbial biomass, respiration activity ronmental Science. 1: 161-169. and nitrification. Soil Biology and Biochem istry. 27: 101-109. Strickland, T.C.; Fitzgerald, J.W. 1984. Forma tion and mineralization of organic sulfur in Ragsdale, H.L.; Lindberg, S.E.; Lovett, G.M.; forest soils. Biogeochemistry. 1: 79-95. Schafer, D.A. 1992. Atmosphertc deposition and throughfall fluxes of base cations. In: Strickland, T.C.; Fitzgerald, J.W.; Swank, W.T. Johnson, D.W.; Lindburg, S.E., eds. Atmo 1986. In situ mobilization of 35S-labelled sphertc deposition and forest nutrient organic sulphur in litter and soil from a cycling. NewYork, NY: Sprtnger-Verlag: 235- hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochem 244. istry. 18: 463-468. Rechcigl, J.E.; Sparks, E.L. 1985. Effect of acid Swank, W.T.; Fitzgerald, J.W.; Ash, J.T. 1984. rain on the soil environment: a review. Microbial transformation of sulfate in forest Communications in Soil Science and Plant soils. Science. 223: 182-184. Analysis. 16: 653-680. Tien, M.; Kirk, T.K. 1983. Lignin-degrading Schindler, S.C.; Mitchell, M.J.; Scott, T.J.; enzyme from the hymenomycete Fuller, R.D.; Drtscoll, C.T. 1986. Incorpora Phanerochaete chrysosporiwn bonds. Sci tion of 35S-sulfate into inorganic and organic ence. 221: 661-663. constituents of two forest soils. Soil Science Society of Amertca Journal. 50: 457-462. Ulrich, B.; Mayer, R.; Kahanna, R.K. 1980. Chemical changes due to acid precipitation Shrtner, D.S.; Henderson, G.S. 1978. Sulfur in a loess-dertved soil in central Europe. Soil distribution and cycling in a deciduous Science. 130: 193-199. forest watershed. Joumal of Environmental Quality. 7: 392-397. Van Loon, G.W.; Hay, G.W.; Goh, R. 1987. Analysis of sulfur-containing components of Simard, R.R. 1993. Ammonium acetate-extract a soil treated with simulated acid rain. able elements. In: Carter, M.R., ed. Soil Water, Air and Soil Pollution. 34: 233-240. sampling and methods of analysis. Boca Raton, FL: Canadian Society of Soil Science. Watwood, M.E.; Fitzgerald, J.W. 1988. Sulfur Lewis Publishers: 39-42. transformations in forest litter and soil: results of laboratory and field incubations. Spratt, H.G., Jr. 1997. Microbial sulfur trans Soil Science Society of Amertca Joumal. 52: formations in A-horizon soils of a Missourt 1478-1483. Ozark Forest managed for timber production by clear-cutting. Soil Biology and Biochem Watwood, M.E.; Sommer, A.S.; Fitzgerald, J.W. istry (in press). 1993. Biological sulfur retention in surface soils as a predictor of ecosystem sensitivity Spratt, H.G., Jr.; Morgan, M.D. 1990. Sulfur to acidic precipitation. Soil Science fl'rends cycling in a cedar-dominated, freshwater in Agrtcultural Science). 1: 103-111. wetland. Limnology and Oceanography. 35: 1586-1593. Wieder, R.K.; Lang, G.E.; Granus, V.A. 1985. An evaluation of wet chemical methods for Stevenson, F.J. 1986. Cycles of soil carbon, quantifying sulfur fractions in freshwater nitrogen, phosphorous, sulfur, micronutri wetland peat. Limnology and Oceanography. ents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons. 30: 1109-1114. 94 380 p. Wiklander, L. 1978. Interaction between cations Zucker, A.; Zech, W. 1985. Sulfur status of four and anions influencing adsorption and uncultivated soil profiles in northern Ba leaching. In: Hutchinson, T.C.; Havas, M., varia. Geoderma. 36: 229-240. eds. Effects of acid precipitation on terres trial ecosystems. New York, NY: Plenum Press: 239-254. APPENDIXES Appendix 1.-ANOVA table, total carbon in MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 1993 to May 1996). Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 1.040 0.007 0.993 Treatment 2 60.612 0.400 0.694 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 151.410 F NumDF DenDF p Within sitet effects Year 92.68 1 4 0.001 Year*Treatment 0.446 1 2 4 0.668 Season 16.36F 3 2 0.058 Season*Treatment 0.8142 6 6 0.596 Year* Season 6.00)2 3 2 0.146 Year* Season *Treatment 0.2432 6 6 0.945 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. Appendix 2.-ANOVA table, total sulfur in MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 93 to May 96) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 51.006 0.130 0.882 Treatment 2 291.512 0.741 0.532 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 393.380 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 61.640 1 4 0.001 Year*Treatment 0.755 1 2 4 0.527 Season 4.96F 3 2 0.172 Season *Treatment 0.8262 6 6 0.589 Year*Season 26.5182 3 2 0.037 Year*Season*Treatment 0.2972 6 6 0.917 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. 95 + Ul Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 46.328 0.120 0.890 Treatment 2 260.543 0.675 0.559 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 386.223 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 66.632 1 1 4 0.001 Year*Treatment 0.6401 2 4 0.574 Season 3.7782 3 2 0.216 Season*Treatment 0.9452 6 6 0.527 Year*Season 13.8322 3 2 0.068 Year*Season*Treatment 0.3382 6 6 0.894 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. Appendix 4.-ANOVA table, organic sulfur production in MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 1993 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 9.745 0.582 0.600 Treatment 2 28.013 1.672 0.297 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 16.755 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 2.085 1 1 4 0.222 Year*Treatme:lit 0.8071 2 4 0.508 Season 7.9172 3 2 0.114 Season*Treamentt 0.3632 6 6 0.879 Year*Season 35.0862 3 2 0.020 Year*Season*Treatment 2.2352 6 6 0.175 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. Appendix 5.-ANOVA table, white oak enumeration (> 1.5 in. diam.), MOFEP plots Source DF :viS F p Block 2 606.827 3.959 0.113 Treatment 2 138.531 0.904 0.474 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 153.272 96 Appendix 6.-ANOVA table, white oak cellulose mineralization, MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 1993 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 0.029 6.254 0.059 Treatment 2 0.000 0.041 0.960 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 0.005 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 1.335 1 1 4 0.312 Year*Treatment 0.494 1 2 4 0.646 Season 502.7762 3 2 0.002 Season*Treatment 1.1872 6 6 0.420 Year* Season 9.2192 3 2 0.099 Year* Season *Treatment 0.9122 6 6 0.543 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. Appendix 7.-ANOVA table, white oak lignin mineralization, MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 1993 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 0.001 0.697 0.550 Treatment 2 0.000 0.298 0.757 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 0.001 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 19.0091 1 4 0.012 Year*Treatment 0.734 1 2 4 0.535 Season 34.3002 3 2 0.028 Season *Treatment 0.6872 6 6 0.670 Year* Season 46.3162 3 2 0.021 Year* Season *Treatment 0.9442 6 6 0.527 1 Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. 97 /~ ~M@W~W------ Appendix 8.-ANOVA table, exchangeable potassium, MOFEP A-horizon soils (August 93 to May 96) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 15.583 0.315 0.747 Treatment 2 187.124 3.777 0.120 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 49.549 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 60.624I 1 4 0.001 Year*Treatment 0.446I 2 4 0.668 Season 19.21F 3 2 0.050 Season*Treatment 0.7162 6 6 0.652 Year* Season 0.7322 3 2 0.621 Year*Season*Treatment 0.88F 6 6 0.559 I Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. Appendix 9.-ANOVA table, exchangeable magnesium, MOFEPA-horizon soils (August 1993 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Block 2 2023293 6.009 0.062 Treatment 2 3.111 0.009 0.991 Error A (Block*Treatment) 4 336.724 F NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Year 1.045I 1 4 0.365 Year*Treatment 0.275I 2 4 0.773 Season 345.5182 3 2 0.003 Season*Treamentt 1.0192 6 6 0.491 Year* Season 7.0652 3 2 0.127 Year*Season*Treatment 2.0832 6 6 0.197 I Systat® outputs analysis for year, with only 1 DF, in the univariate ANOVA table. F-value from univariate tables. 2 Pillai's Trace F. 98 99 99 p p p p 0.137 0.137 0.303 0.303 0.721 0.721 0.642 0.642 0.051 0.051 0.562 0.562 0.414 0.414 0.247 0.247 0.056 0.056 0.221 0.221 p p p p 0.246 0.246 0.750 0.750 0.265 0.265 0.086 0.086 0.125 0.125 0.000 0.000 0.016 0.016 0.858 0.858 96) 96) May May F F F F 1.632 1.632 3.448 3.448 0.146 0.146 0.293 0.293 6.824 6.824 1.837 1.837 0.831 0.831 6.476 6.476 3.094 3.094 0.667 0.667 and and 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1996) 1996) May DenDF DenDF (March (March DenDF DenDF and and plots plots 1.695 1.695 0.857 0.857 0.405 0.405 0.119 0.119 0.248 0.248 0.036 0.036 MS MS 1.080 1.080 0.111 0.111 0.167 0.167 0.139 0.139 0.306 0.306 3.342 3.342 MS MS (March (March watershed watershed plots plots NumDF NumDF NumDF NumDF of of soils soils 1 1 4 4 watershed watershed 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF of of B-horizon B-horizon litter litter 1.840 1.840 1.680 1.680 0.116 0.116 5.138 5.138 3.748 3.748 0.036 0.036 in in in in 15.958 15.958 413.279 413.279 carbon carbon carbon carbon total total total total tables. tables. tables. tables. table, table, table, table, (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) *ELT*Slope *ELT*Slope univariate univariate B B univariate univariate A A B B A A effects effects effects effects effects effects effects effects 0.-ANOVA 0.-ANOVA 11.-ANOVA 11.-ANOVA 1 1 from from from from site site Season Season Season*Slope Season*Slope Season*ELT Season*ELT Season Season site site Error Error Slope Slope Error Error Source Source ELT*Slope ELT*Slope ELT ELT Rep Rep Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope Season Season Season*ELT Season*ELT Slope Slope Error Error ELT*Slope ELT*Slope ELT ELT Rep Rep Source Source Error Error site site site site F-value F-value F-value F-value 1 1 Within Within 1 1 Between Between Appendix Appendix Within Within Between Between Appendix Appendix • • ...... , , Within Within 1 1 Between Between Appendix Appendix Within Within 1 1 Between Between Appendix Appendix 100 100 F-value F-value F-value F-value McrDlFJEIP McrDlFJEIP May May site site site site Error Error ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season* Season* Season*ELT Season*ELT Error Error ELT ELT Rep Rep Slope Slope Season Season Source Source Season Season Rep Rep Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope Season*ELT Season*ELT Error Error ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Error Error ELT ELT Source Source Slope Slope site site from from 1996) 1996) site site from from 13.-ANOVA 13.-ANOVA 12.-ANOVA 12.-ANOVA effects effects effects effects effects effects effects effects A A B B univariate univariate A A B B univariate univariate ------ (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) Slope Slope (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) ------ table, table, table, table, tables. tables. tables. tables. white white total total carbon carbon oak oak cellulose cellulose 12.618 12.618 inA-horizon inA-horizon 0.937 0.937 3.014 3.014 3.726 3.726 3.438 3.438 2.741 2.741 6.068 6.068 2.633 2.633 mineralization mineralization 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1 1 1 1 soils soils of of NumDF NumDF NumDF NumDF watershed watershed in in 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 A-horizon A-horizon 100.595 100.595 48.538 48.538 30.300 30.300 30.608 30.608 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.042 0.081 0.081 0.033 0.033 0.128 0.128 0.058 0.058 MS MS MS MS 3.700 3.700 0.473 0.473 plots plots soils soils DenDF DenDF DenDF DenDF (May (May 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 of of watershed watershed 1995 1995 3.879 3.879 0.792 0.792 1.015 1.015 1.948 1.948 1.398 1.398 0.122 0.122 0.016 0.016 3.320 3.320 0.304 0.304 1.602 1.602 F F F F to to May May plots plots 0.388 0.388 0.158 0.158 0.126 0.126 0.024 0.024 0.145 0.145 0.279 0.279 0.287 0.287 0.233 0.233 1996) 1996) p p p p (May (May 0.371 0.371 0.235 0.235 0.513 0.513 0.188 0.188 0.346 0.346 0.308 0.308 0.744 0.744 0.907 0.907 0.141 0.141 0.637 0.637 199 199 p p p p 5 5 to to 101 101 May May to to p p p p 0.107 0.107 0.926 0.926 0.023 0.023 0.805 0.805 0.415 0.415 0.239 0.239 0.521 0.521 0.491 0.491 0.534 0.534 0.512 0.512 1995 1995 p p p p (May (May 0.284 0.284 0.002 0.002 0.542 0.542 0.145 0.145 0.325 0.325 0.328 0.328 0.472 0.472 0.159 0.159 1996) 1996) plots plots May May F F F F 1.910 1.910 0.494 0.494 0.855 0.855 0.556 0.556 0.794 0.794 1.105 1.105 4.303 4.303 0.070 0.070 0.011 0.011 11.182 11.182 and and 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 watershed watershed 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 DenDF DenDF DenDF DenDF of of (March (March e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 e-03 plots plots 1.363 1.363 0.317 0.317 0.004 0.004 0.022 0.022 0.350 0.350 3.541 3.541 MS MS 0.001 0.001 0.378 0.378 0.765 0.765 0.654 0.654 0.364 0.364 0.607 0.607 MS MS soils soils A-horizon watershed watershed NumDF NumDF NumDF NumDF in in of of soils soils 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF mineralization mineralization 1.256 1.256 1.238 1.238 B-horizon B-horizon 0.629 0.629 2.979 2.979 1.532 1.532 0.444 0.444 3.272 3.272 54.672 54.672 in in lignin lignin oak oak sulfur sulfur total total white white tables. tables. tables. tables. table, table, table, table, (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) univariate univariate B B univariate univariate A A B B A A effects effects effects effects effects effects effects effects 15.-ANOVA 15.-ANOVA 14.-ANOVA 14.-ANOVA from from from from site site Season*ELT Season*ELT Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope Season Season Slope Slope Error Error ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Error Error Rep Rep site site ELT ELT Source Source Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope Season*ELT Season*ELT Season Season Slope Slope ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Error Error Source Source Error Error ELT ELT Rep Rep site site site site 1996) 1996) F-value F-value F-value F-value 1 1 Within Within Between Between 1 1 Appendix Appendix Within Within Between Between Appendix Appendix ~M@W~W------ ~ ~ Within Within Appendix Appendix Between Between 1 1 Within Within 1 1 Appendix Appendix Between Between 102 102 F-value F-value F-value F-value site site site site Error Error Rep Rep ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Season*ELT Season*ELT Season Season Error Error Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope EU EU Slope Slope Source Source Season Season Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Error Error Rep Rep Season*S1ope Season*S1ope Season*ELT Season*ELT ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Error Error ELT ELT Slope Slope Source Source site site from from site site from from 17.-ANOVA 17.-ANOVA 16.-ANOVA 16.-ANOVA effects effects effects effects effects effects effects effects A A B B univariate univariate A A B B univariate univariate (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) - table, table, table, table, tables. tables. tables. tables. total total total total sulfUr sulfUr sulfUr sulfUr inA-horizon inA-horizon in in 39.599 39.599 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.004 0.008 0.008 44.283 44.283 17.424 17.424 12.281 12.281 13.628 13.628 litter litter of of watershed watershed 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 DF DF 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 soils soils of of NumDF NumDF NumDF NumDF watershed watershed plots plots 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 (March (March 449.342 449.342 517.272 517.272 151.028 151.028 166.023 166.023 46.124 46.124 77.449 77.449 32.575 32.575 14.862 14.862 22.135 22.135 MS MS 0.218 0.218 0.304 0.304 MS MS 3.163 3.163 plots plots and and (May (May DenDF DenDF DenDF DenDF May May 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 1995 1995 96) 96) 0.868 0.868 0.021 0.021 0.147 0.147 3.425 3.425 1.099 1.099 2.192 2.192 5.211 5.211 0.015 0.015 3.104 3.104 0.009 0.009 to to F F F F May May 0.055 0.055 1996) 1996) 0.076 0.076 0.022 0.022 0.069 0.069 0.992 0.992 0.954 0.954 0.003 0.003 0.931 0.931 p p p p 0.450 0.450 0.416 0.416 0.892 0.892 0.721 0.721 0.136 0.136 0.909 0.909 0.153 0.153 0.228 0.228 0.933 0.933 0.077 0.077 p p p p Appendix 18.-ANOVA table, organic sulfur in A-horizon soils of watershed plots (May 1995 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Rep 2 140.957 0.990 0.448 ELT 507.906 1.039 0.415 Error A (Rep*ELT) 2 488.813 3.432 0.136 Slope 22.469 0.158 0.712 ELT*Slope 0.424 0.003 0.959 Error B (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) 4 142.440 pt NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Season 51.247 3 2 0.019 Season*ELT 9.943 3 2 0.093 Season*Slope 3.189 3 2 0.248 Season*ELT*Slope 14.791 3 2 0.064 1 F-value from univariate tables. Appendix 19.-ANOVA table, organic sulfur production in A-horizon soils of watershed plots (May 1995 to May 1996) Source DF MS F p Between site effects Rep 2 802.524 3.238 0.146 ELT 1 5.197 0.024 0.891 Error A (Rep*ELT) 2 215.256 0.869 0.486 Slope 25.568 0.103 0.764 ELT*Slope 49.916 0.201 0.677 Error B (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) 4 247.842 pt NumDF DenDF p Within site effects Season 50.038 3 2 0.020 Season*ELT 18.122 3 2 0.053 Season*Slope 1.132 3 2 0.501 Season*ELT*Slope 1.527 3 2 0.419 1 F-value from univariate tables. 103 • Appendix Between Between Appendix Within Within 1 1 104 F-value F-value ~«DlFIElP 1996, site site Rep EIT Error Rep ELT*Slope Error Slope Source ELT Season Error Season*ELT Season*Slope ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Error Slope Source Season Season*ELT Season*Slope Season*ELT*Slope site site from from 20.-ANOVA 21.-ANOVA oe data note: effects effects effects effects A A B B univariate univariate ------ (Rep*ELT) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) were table, table, tables. tables. log organic exchangeable transformed sulfor before potassium 4.396 0.116 6.467 0.418 0.854 0.435 1.358 1.789 mineralization analysis) DF 2 DF 2 2 4 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 inA-horizon in NumDF NumDF A-horizon 3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1 soils 78.118 21.653 44.639 70.757 27.946 MS MS 0.019 0.091 0.013 0.008 0.005 0.009 0.710 of soils watershed of DenDF DenDF watershed 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2 plots 2.029 7.000 0.838 0.485 0.564 0.631 0.010 0.395 1.417 1.104 F F plots (May (March 0.104 0.309 0.751 0.252 1995 0.137 0.761 0.579 0.752 p p to and May 0.246 0.118 0.343 0.412 0.494 0.415 0.558 0.578 0.925 0.564 p p May 1996) 105 105 1996) 1996) p p May May 0.770 0.770 0.337 0.337 0.098 0.098 0.201 0.201 0.912 0.912 to to p p 1995 1995 0.628 0.628 0.138 0.138 0.385 0.385 0.227 0.227 (May (May F F 1.190 1.190 0.098 0.098 0.094 0.094 4.392 4.392 3.522 3.522 plots plots 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 DenDF DenDF watershed watershed of of 6.722 6.722 6.962 6.962 MS MS 84.748 84.748 71.233 71.233 soils soils 312.877 312.877 1101.826 1101.826 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 NumDF NumDF A-horizon A-horizon in in 1 1 4 4 2 2 2 2 DF DF 1.740 1.740 0.715 0.715 6.401 6.401 3.556 3.556 magnesium magnesium exchangeable exchangeable tables. tables. table, table, (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*Slope+Rep*Slope*ELT)) (Rep*ELT) (Rep*ELT) univariate univariate B B A A effects effects effects effects 22.-ANOVA 22.-ANOVA from from site site Season Season Season*ELT*Slope Season*ELT*Slope Season*Slope Season*Slope Season*ELT Season*ELT Slope Slope Error Error ELT*Slope ELT*Slope Error Error Rep Rep ELT ELT Source Source site site F-value F-value 1 1 Within Within Between Between Appendix Appendix