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Vol. 68 No. 8

C IL) N TE N TS AUGUST 1 J 9 7 ON THE COVER

40 ALL ABOUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

31 BUILD THE POOR MAN'S PLASMA GLOBE

Since its earliest days, mankind has been fascinated by lightning and other kinds of high -voltage discharges. Even today, high -voltage experiments and displays remain among the NOW TO SERVICE MICROWAVE OVENS most popular areas of When size and efficiency are the electronics hobby. important, these supplies are Beams hard to beat. This month, we pre- Build the Poor Man's - Stephen J. Bigelow sent a way to have a Plasmá little high -voltage fun Globe A low cost way to nreee an eye catching eiaaay, 48 MAKE YOUR OWN PC of your own, without or aenieother high voltage aaVkatlana BOARDS breaking the bank to A1aNe your MO PC Boards invest in exotic display

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As a service to readers, ELECTRONICS NOW publishes available plans or information relating to newsworthy products, 'echniques and scientific and technological developments. Because of possible variances in the quality and condition of materials and workmanship used by readers, ELECTRONICS NOW disclaims any responsibility for the safe and proper functioning of reader -built projects based upon or from plans or information published in this magazine. Since some of the equipment and circuitry in ELECTRONICS NOW may relate to or be covered by U.S. patents, ELECTRONICS NOW disclaims any liability for the infringement of such patents by the making, using, or selling of any such equipment or circuitry, and suggests that anyone interested in such projects consult a patent attorney. ELECTRONICS NOW, (ISSN 1067 -9294) August 1997. Published monthly by Gernsback Publications, Inc., 500 BI- County Boulevard. Farmingdale, NY 11735- 3931. Periodicals Postage paid at Farmingdale, NY and additional mailing offices. Canada Post IPM Agreement No. 334103, authorized at Mississauga. Canada. One -year subscription rate U.S.A. and possessions $19.97, Canada $27.79 (includes G.S.T. Canadian Goods and Services Tax, Registration No. R125166280). all other countries $28.97. All subscription orders payable in U.S.A. funds only. via international postal money order or check drawn on a U.S.A. bank. Single copies $3.99. O 1997 by Gernsback Publications, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in U.S.A. POSTMASTER: Please send address changes to ELECTRONICS NOW, Subscription Dept., Box 55115, Boulder. CO 80328 -5115. A stamped self- address envelope must accompany all submitted manuscripts and /or artwork or photographs if their return is desired should they be rejected. We disclaim any responsibility for the loss or damage of manuscripts and /or artwork or photographs while in our possession or otherwise. 1

www.americanradiohistory.com A U G U S T 1 9 9 7 BUILD Electronics 56 BUILD THE D.I.Y. FUNCTION Now GENERATOR Hugo Gernsback (1884 -1967) founder Great for your workbench. LARRY STECKLER, EHF, CET, this battery- operated generator Editor -in -chief and publisher is equally comfortable in the field. Use it to generate accurate EDITORIAL DEPARTMENT sinewaves, CARL LARON, editor squarewaves, and JOSEPH J. SUDA, technical editor triangle waves at frequencies JULIAN S. MARTIN, associate editor of up to 100 kHz. - Skip Campisi TERI SCADUTO, assistant editor MICHAEL A. COVINGTON, N4TMI contributing editor SAM GOLDWASSER, service editor JEFFREY K. HOLTZMAN, computer editor DEPARTM NTS FRANKLIN J. MILLER, audio editor DON LANCASTER, contributing editor EVELYN ROSE, editorial assistant 21 COMPUTER CONNECTIONS Hacking the Pilot Palm ART DEPARTMENT ANDRE DUZANT, art director computer. RUSSELL C. TRUELSON, illustrator Holtzman - Jeff PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT RUBY M. YEE, production director KATHRYN R. CAMPBELL, production assistant KEN COREN, EQUIPMENT REPORT desktop production director RadioShack AC circuit -breaker LISA BAYNON, desktop production identifier. CIRCULATION DEPARTMENT THERESA LOMBARDO, circulation manager GINA GALLO, circulation assistant SERVICE CLINIC source of REPRINT DEPARTMENT How to service microwave charging current MICHELE TORRILLO,

1 reprint ovens. - Sam Goldwasser I bookstore Typography by Mates Graphics discharging load

porous separator Electronics Now is indexed in Applied TECH MUSINGS passes s Iphate one 63 but prey n s mixing Science & Technology Index, and Readers Understanding source impedance, Guide to Periodical Literature, Academic -...... Abstracts, the energy density of gasoline, and Magazine Article Sum- zInc copper maries. sulphate sulphate electrochemistry basics, and solution solution Microfilm & Microfiche editions are avail- more. - Don Lancaster able. Contact reprint bookstore for details. Zn t+ 2n'++ 20 Cu c-+ Cu+`+ 20 Advertising Sales Offices listed on page 116. A N D M O R E Electronics Now Executive and Administrative Offices 1 -516- 293 -3000. Subscriber Customer Service: 1 -800- 999 -7139. 4 EDITORIAL 14 NEW PRODUCTS 7:00 AM -6:00 PM Monday -Friday MST VISIT US ON THE INTERNET AT: WHAT'S NEWS 26 NEW LITERATURE www.gernsback.com

u Q&A 116 ADVERTISING INDEX

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www.americanradiohistory.com E A R N Y O U R

B.S. DEGREE E D 1 .1. IN 'rt»>,\ COMPUTERS OR

ELECTRONICS D0H't Miss Out

Most of you are familiar, no doubt, with the Free Information card that's included with every issue of this magazine. And if you've used it, you have probably noticed that there's usually a question or two on it to help us learn more about our readers' interests and activities.

Recently, we asked "Do you use the Internet ?" While a little over half who answered said that they did, nearly 49% said they did not. That result both surprised and dis- appointed me. If you are an electronics hobbyist and are serious about what you do, by missing out on the Internet, you are missing out on a golden opportunity. By Studying at Home Once, every city of any size had its own "Radio Row" where you could go to find just Grantham College of Engineering, now about any component you might need for just about any project. Unfortunately, in our 47th year, is highly experienced in those Radio Rows much "distance education" - teaching by corre- pretty disappeared decades ago. The result is that it has spondence - through printed materials, become increasingly difficult for hobbyists to find the parts that they needed. But, computer materials, fax, modem, and thanks to the Internet, there's now a "cyber" Radio Row. Parts distributors ranging phone. from the behemoth catalog houses to small mom-and -pop operations can be found No commuting to class. Study at your on the Web, and most offer on -line catalogs and ordering. If a part exists, you are own pace, while continuing on your almost sure to be able to track down a source for it on the Internet. present job. Learn from easy-to- under- stand but complete and thorough lesson But even more important are the information resources. Regardless of your area of materials, with additional help from our interest, you are sure to find Web pages, mailing lists, and other resources to learn instructors. more about it. Service Editor Sam Goldwasser's sci.electronics.repair FAQ Web Grantham offers three separate dis- page ( http:// www.paranoia.com- filipg/REPAIR/) is just one example of the kind of tance- education programs, leading to the resources that can be found. following accredited degrees; (1) the B.S.E.T. with Major Emphasis And almost every component has in Electronics. (2) The B.S.E.T. with manufacturer a site on the Web. There you can Major Emphasis in Computers. (3) The find product information, data sheets, application notes, and much more. B.S.C.S. - the Bachelor of Science in Computer Science. Finally, let's not forget our fellow hobbyists. Do you have a question that you just The B.S.E.T. programs now include can't get answered? Why not ask it on the appropriate sci.electronics newsgroup? Electronics Workbench Professional 5.0. If there's an answer out there, someone is almost sure to help. There's also the dis- An important part of being prepared to cussion forums on our own www.gernsback.com site, where you can interact with move up is holding the right college your fellow Electronics Now and Popular Electronics readers. degree, and the absolutely necessary part is knowing your field. Grantham can help Yes, I know that Internet access can be costly, but it can also be surprisingly afford - you both ways - to learn more and to earn able-as little as $5 a month for limited access through several major providers, or your degree in the process. even free through one of the many regional "freenets" or through many local pub- Write or phone for our free catalog. lic libraries. If you already own a computer -and most of you do-missing out on Toll free, 1 -800- 955 -2527, or see mailing one of the greatest opportunities ever made available to our address below. hobbyist community would be a shame. Accredited by the Accrediting Commission of the Distance Education and Training Council GRANTHAM Carl Laron College of Engineering Editor Grantham College Road 4 Slidell, LA 70460

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www.americanradiohistory.com II MEN1S A REVIEW OF THE LATEST HAPPENINGS IN ELECTRONICS

studies,' forensics testing, water analysis, sumers with high -speed Internet access Chip -Mounted Biology Lab agriculture, and biology, according to while eliminating any potential burden Biomedical researchers at the Univer- Mark Burns, associate professor of on local voice telephone networks. sity of Michigan (Ann Arbor) have devel- chemical engineering. Meanwhile, in early May the FCC oped a microchip that can analyze DNA made the Internet more affordable to immediately using just a small blood sam- educational institutions by approving a ple. The device might one day replace plan that gives schools and libraries dis- many of the expensive, less reliable, time - Striving for Internet counts on Internet access that range from consuming, and anxiety- generating 20% to 90 %. A maximum of $2.25 bil- medical, diagnostic, and genetic testing Affordability lion per year will be made available. The procedures used today. For instance, a CEMA, the Consumer Electronics funds, which will be raised by charging doctor could quickly scan a pregnant Manufacturers Association (Arlington, fees to telecommunications companies, woman's DNA to determine on the spot VA), has become an active member of the will be distributed according to the rela- if her baby was healthy, or determine if a Internet Access Coalition-a group that tive wealth of the school districts that patient's illness could be treated by includes industry powerhouses such as apply. Private schools are also eligible antibiotics. AOL, Apple, Compaq, CompuServe, under the plan. Application forms will be Current DNA testing requires a com- Digital Equipment Corp., IBM, Intel, available in the fall, and the program is plete molecular biology lab and a mini- Microsoft, Netscape, Novell, Oracle, and scheduled to begin in January 1998. mum of ten individual procedures that Sun Microsystems -in its fight against "For any school that has or hasn't must be performed by highly skilled tech- attempts by some telephone companies started to put themselves onto the infor- nicians. David Burke, assistant professor to impose "access charges" against mation superhighway, this should prove a of human genetics at UM, explains, "Our Internet access providers. Both groups serious incentive to get on it or increase goal is to automate the process by, in are concerned that additional charges the degree to which you make technolo- essence, shrinking the lab to fit on one would be passed on to consumers, ulti- gy an integral part of every student's edu- silicon microchip." mately inhibiting Internet use. cation," said FCC education task force In the research program supported "We cannot allow local telephone director Jamie Rubin. by the National Institutes of Health, companies, which already gain substantial Burke and his colleagues micro- fabricat- revenues from PC modem connections, ed components and integrated them into to impose further financial burdens on a DNA-analyzing chip just three cen- U.S. consumers," said Gary Shapiro, NEC -Compliance Software timeters (about one inch) long and one - CEMA president. "In this exciting age, A team o researchers at Georgia half centimeter wide. A thermocapillary when our members are producing Tech's School of Electrical and Computer pump mixes drops of pure DNA with an Internet -accessible TVs, phones, pagers, Engineering, headed by Dr. A.P. Sakis enzyme solution and drives the DNA and computers, we must ... ensure that Meliopoulos, has created a software pack- through five different components on all consumers can enjoy affordable access age that eliminates the guesswork when the microchip. to the wonders of the Net." determining whether electrical designs Conventional techniques are used to In a tentative decision made late last comply with the equipment -grounding fabricate the device, so it should be easy year, the Federal Communications requirements of the National Electrical to produce in large quantities, according Commission decided not to allow phone Code. Developed in cooperation with to Carlos Mastrangelo, assistant profes- companies to assess new charges. The the National Electrical Manufacturers sor of electrical engineering and com- FCC is seeking public comment on that Association (NEMA), the software up- puter science. Before mass -production tentative ruling, and also on the need for dates the information on grounding can become a reality, however, signifi- local telephone companies to provide developed by Eustes Soares, which has cant technical problems related to han- alternatives to voice telephone switches been used as a primary design guide for dling such small amounts of liquid, and for handling data traffic. The Internet years. interactions between liquids and solids Access Coalition supports the creation Validated by full -scale testing, the in the chip must be solved. Once those of competition to encourage the deploy- Steel Conduit Analysis (SCA) software issues have been resolved, the "biology ment of new digital technologies such as enables electrical engineers, system lab on a microchip" could open up the ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber designers, electricians, and inspectors to technology of DNA analysis to wider Line) and HDSL (High- bit -rate Digital confirm design parameters of grounding applications in population -based genetic Subscriber Line) that can provide con- systems that use steel electrical conduit. It

www.americanradiohistory.com facilitates the comparison of EMT, IMC, minutiae that is the only one recognized ic fabrication facilities or methodolo- galvanized rigid conduit, and conductors by law- enforcement agencies worldwide gies, allowing it to be relatively low -cost. stipulated in NEC Table 250 -95 to deter- as proof positive of a person's identity. A "We expect that ART'S ANC will be mine the optimum combination for the fingerprint scanner is used to capture an of interest for applications wherever the desired run. encoded record of each inmate's finger unique combination of good thermal The program's graphical user inter- when he is processed upon entering the conductivity and thermal properties is face allows analysis of a single steel -con- holding center. required," said ART'S director of techni- duit system, or steady -state analysis of an Upon discharge, the prisoner places cal marketing, Donald J. Bray. That electrical -power system, with or without the same finger on the scanner, where its includes electronic substrates and pack- steel conduit. The power system might image is compared to the stored print - aging, other microelectronic applica- include three -phase elements as well as or, more accurately, the stored algorithm tions, insulators for electrical switches non-symmetrical three -phase elements is compared to the new algorithm pre- and other components, high- perfor- or single -phase elements. The software sented by the live fingerprint. The mance gaskets, and radar windows. can be used to validate old electrical -sys- process takes a fraction of a second. The properties of ANC include tem runs, accurately calculate new system The software differs from other pro- moderately high thermal conductivity designs, evaluate different system set -ups grams that rely on the SAFIS (state (2545 W/mK), low dielectric constant for code compliance, calculate ground/ automated fingerprint identification sys- (5 -7), a CTE approaching that of silicon fault design with greater precision, and tem) database in terms of accuracy and (4.3 10 -6 °C), and good electrical resistiv- lower cost without sacrificing safety. The efficiency. With SAFIS -based systems, ity (1014 ohm-cm). A unique benefit is software, which costs $150, is available Higgins explained, "when you submit a the ability to tailor the ANC for a spe- from Georgia Tech Research Corporation fingerprint for a match, you might get cific application by choosing a particular (Office of Technology Licensing CRB 40 similar patterns out of a huge data- polymer that, in combination with the Building, 400 Tenth Street, Atlanta, GA base containing millions of prints. Then AIN perform, provides the desired 30332 -0415; Tel: 404 -894- 6287). you have to sit down and manually com- properties. pare each one until you believe that a match exists. PrintScan completely eliminates this tedious process and its inher- Fingerprint -Verification ent subjectivity." 12 -inch Silicon Software Wafers Sought An automatic fingerprint- verification Sematech, the consortium of Amer- system developed by PrintScan Inter- Low -Cost Thermally ican semiconductor manufacturers, national Inc. is being used by the Erie Austin, Tex., is sponsoring an interna- County Holding Center in Buffalo, New Conductive Substrate tional group to design silicon slices or York as part of a new way to process pris- The manufacture of many new elec- wafers that are 12 inches in diameter. oners and prevent unauthorized dis- tronic devices demands materials with These wafers are expected to permit charges. high thermal conductivity and good more economical manufacture of ever "With today's overcrowded detention dielectric properties- traits that larger, next -generation chips. The largest facilities, the wrong person can be disappeared to be mutually exclusive due to wafers now being produced have diame- charged occasionally because of a com- the specific nature of existing materials. ters of 8 inches. mon last name or a physical resemblance Aluminum Nitride Composites (ANC), The new group is called the 300 to the person who's supposed to be leaving developed by Advanced Refractory Millimeter (12 inch) Initiative because of the center," said Thomas F. Higgins, Technologies, Inc. (ART) of Buffalo, the diameter of the new wafer. It will con- Sheriff Of Erie County. "Or the papers New York, address the electronic/elec- sist of manufacturers from the United could get mixed up. It's happened four trical industry's need for one material States, Asia, and Europe. The joint or five times in the last several years." that possesses both good thermal con- research on larger diameter wafers is Overworked staff in over-crowded ductivity and a low dielectric constant. motivated by the increasing cost of man- prison facilities can't give every released ANCs provide the thermal conductivity ufacturing very large-scale integrated cir- prisoner the careful scrutiny that might benefits of aluminum nitride (AIN) with cuits. Most ICs are now made on 6 -inch be required to spot an impostor. Sheriff the low dielectric constants of polymers. wafers, but the most advanced manufac- Higgins expects the Jail Management By prefabricating a network of AIN, turers use 8 -inch wafers. System to reduce incorrect discharges to the company was able to create a high - Intel Corp. developed 6 -inch wafers, zero. performance composite that incorpo- but Micron Technology Inc. and IBM PrintScan software, installed on a PC rates both AIN and a polymer. The pioneered in 8 -inch wafers. However, the at the end of the processing line for technology differs from traditional AIN cost of developing the larger wafers is incoming and outgoing inmates, reduces fabrication in that the AIN is fabricated now prohibitive for even the largest IC each prisoner's fingerprint to an algo- into a porous preform into which a poly- manufacturer working alone. The objec- rithm, capturing an average of 15 to 18 mer is infiltrated, thereby creating a tive of the research is to grow even larger points (or "minutiae "), which are encod- dense structure with higher thermal diameter silicon boules with a minimum ed in a database. The PrintScan system conductivity than that attainable via tra- number of defects so that irregularities in uses "coincident sequencing " -a process ditional methods. And, also unlike tradi- the wafers will not be a cause for device of capturing and comparing fingerprint tional AIN, ANC does not require exot- rejection. 7

www.americanradiohistory.com Q&A READERS' QUESTIONS, EDITORS' ANSWERS

Figure 2 shows how to lay out the LED is fed by only one switch, you can More About Nard Drives... circuit as a matrix and put in diodes for replace its diode with a direct connec- In the April 1997 installment of Q &A, the connections you want to make. If an tion. Picking out which LEDs to light a reader asked how to install a Miniscribe with each switch is, of course, entirely +12V +12V 8051A hard disk, with 16 -bit IDE inter- up to you. face, in an 8 -bit 8088 -based PC clone. We said it couldn't be done. Reader Kinge Okauchi writes to tell us that JDR S1 S2 Microdevices sells a special IDE adapter The Case Of The for just that purpose. You can reach JDR at 1850 South 10th St., San Jose, CA Conductive Rubber 95112, or http: / /www.jdr.com. QI have worked on numerous electronic devices that incorporate an LCD display. Frequently the LCD simply lies on top of the printed circuit board. Interconnecting the ... and Frequency Displays two is a rubbery material, which I assume is The March installment of Q &A dealt conductive. Why doesn't it short out adjacent with how to add a frequency display to an contacts? - R. N. S., Royal Canadian old -style analog radio receiver. Reader Mounted Police, Regina, Sask., Canada David McKnight points out that the 1997 ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs gives A We're always glad to help the plans for just such a device. A PC -board FIG. 1- THANKS TO DIODES D1 and D2, Mounties solve a mystery. All the template is available from the ARRL; both switches can turn on LED2, but LED1 clues you will need are in Fig. 3. As programmed microcontrollers and corn- and LED3 are not linked shown there, conductive and noncon- plete kits are available from Radio Adventures Corp., RD #4 Box 240, + 12V Summit Drive, Franklin, PA 16323.

Spelling Words With LEDs QI am a radio amateur and would like to 1 put a display in the back window of my car to display my call sign, and also words such as "Hello," by lighting up different LEDs in a matrix. Would you be so kind as to show me a circuit design? -J. R., East London, South Africa DIODES 1N4001 A The challenge is, of course, that some of the LEDs are part of more than one message and need to be lit by more R1-R6 than one switch, but the outputs of the 1K three switches must remain isolated from each other for the sake of the other LEDs. What you need is called a diode matrix, and Fig. 1 shows the basic idea. The diodes act like anti- backflow valves and enable both switches to light LED2 while keeping LED1 and LED3 inde- FIG. 2 -A DIODE MATRIX MAKES IT EASY to see which switches go to each LED. If an pendent of each other. LED is fed from only one switch, its diode can be replaced by a direct connection.

www.americanradiohistory.com ductive layers of silicone rubber are lam- these circuits, make sure the motor does- between Full and 3/4 for a long time and then inated together vertically; as a result, the n't overheat, and don't let it remain in a quickly drops to Empty. rubber pads conduct only up and down, stalled condition -consuming power The fuel sensor is a variable resistance not sideways. without turning-for any length of time. ranging 0 -ohms empty to 90 -ohms full. My only idea is to convert the resistance into a voltage, scale that voltage with some op -amp circuit, and then convert it back to a resis- VCR Plus Smarter Fuel Gauge tance. How can I do that? -J. R., College Ql would like to set up my VCR Plus com- nn trying to build a fuel gauge linearizer Station, TX patible recorder to record shows that are few my car The current gauge is linear not listed in my TV Guide. Is there a way for with the depth ofgas in the tank, but since the AThis sounds like a complicated analog me to figure out the string of numbers (Plus- fuel tank is not rectangular (as is the case computing problem-or a simple dig- Codes) to identify them? - B. K. A., with most cars), it is obviously not linear with ital one. Use a microcontroller with an Lompoc, CA the number of gallons in the tank. The set -up analog -to- digital input, or measure the in my car is particularly bad -the gauge stays resistance by measuring the time taken to AAs far as we know, the VCR Plus code system has not been made public. Readers? AT $299.95

Constant -Speed Motor NO OTHER DESIGN Control WORKSTATION A number of years ago (like 20), I found GIVES YOU SO MUCH a circuit in a magazine and built a "constant" speed control for my wife's sewing FOR SO LITTLE. machine. A few weeks later, our house was robbed; they took the sewing machine and Large Breadboarding area Ava//eb/e the obviously well -built speed controller. My holds 24 ICS noow ...2,500 tie points with asseanbled Power Supply Life Time Guarantee! in wife has revived her sewing enthusiasm and Alt form °r N. . +5V fired, plus two variable ± 1.3 to x 15V DC I'd like to build another controller. Can you with short circuit Function Generator protection supply a circuit? -W. B., Apple Valley, CA ...sine/square/triangle ...plus TTL 8 TTL Logic Probe Indicators we can A We don't recall the circuit, but UL-CSA make an educated guess. The 20 -year- Approved old sewing machine probably has a "uni- Audio Speaker it will SA versal" motor, which means oper- NPTL ate on AC and DC over a wide range of voltages. Its built -in speed control is a rheostat (variable resistor). As you know, putting a resistor in series with a motor is not a very good way to slow it down. The reason? When the motor hits a heavy load, it slows down 7Wo and draws more current. That increases Pulsers OVER $600 WORTH resistor, OF WORLD CLASS the voltage drop through the IWo BNC Connectors slowing down the motor even further. for oscihoscopes Remainder TEST EQUIPMENT and counters of trainer now has FOR UNDER $300! Because of the resistor, the motor won't a 3 YEAR warranty maintain a constant speed under load. way the The PB -503 is a total design And a Triple Power Supply with potentiometers, audio experimenta- A much better to control plus lifetime guar- workstation. It has everything! fixed 5VDC, plus two variable 13 tion speaker... a on all breadboarding sockets! motor is to supply a constant voltage. Instrumentation, including a func- outputs ( +1.3 to 15VDC and 8 to antee You have everything you need right tion generator with continuously 15VDC). Throw in 8 TTL compatible If you want low speed, give it (say) 80 there in front of you! PB- 503 -one variable sine /square/triangle wave LED indicators, switches, pulsars, 120 volts, keep super test station for under $300! volts AC instead of but forms -plus TTL pulses. Bread- Order yours today!! the voltage constant regardless of load boards with 8 logic probe circuits. current. Can't Wait! Call Toll -Free For More Information One simple way to do this is to use a 1- 800 -572 -1028 Variac rather than a rheostat. That will r or the name of your local distributor give you an adjustable voltage with rea- GLOBAL CT 06512 sonably good regulation. Depending on 70 Fulton Terrace, New Haven, SPECIALTIES e 468 the kind of motor, a light dimmer might (203) 466 -6103 Fax: (203) -0060 with 9 even work. When experimenting CIRCLE 122 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com charge a capacitor. Then compute what A A duty cycle meter tells you what per- AAn automotive oscilloscope is like any the fuel gauge ought to read, and make it centage of the time a pulsating DC other scope except that it has a special do so by adjusting the duty cycle of a voltage is "on" and what percentage of capacitive voltage- divider probe that switching transistor. Figure 4 shows the the time it is "off." It's especially useful clamps around a spark -plug wire. So if general idea; you'll also need to provide a for checking motor -control circuits. You you can get hold of that probe, you're in crystal, a 5 -volt power supply, and a cou- can find complete plans for one in the business. ple of capacitors depending on the partic- article "Build a Duty-Cycle Monitor" in An alternative would be to salvage the ular microcontroller you choose to use. the May 1997 issue of our sister maga- inductive pickup from a timing light. (If The advantage of this approach is that zine, Popular Electronics. you have a timing light, rig it so you can you can implement any function whatso- disconnect the pickup from it and con- ever, no matter how nonlinear. For more nect it to the oscilloscope.) You won't see on fuel -gauge circuits, look back at the the same waveform as on a standard auto- June 1997 installment of this column. Automotive Scope motive scope, but you'll be able to tell Ois there any way I could use my oscillo- whether all the spark plugs are behaving scope as an auto -engine analyzer with a alike, and that's the important thing. simple add -on device? C. K. S., Incidentally, do not connect the Duty -Cycle Meter Waymart, PA oscilloscope directly to the spark plugs; Ql am planning to build a simple, inexpen- the high voltage would damage it. sive dwell (duty -cycle) meter to check the QI want to use my scope to view automotive computer-controlled fuel system of my car, ignition systems like the diagnostic scopes. but I do not have a schematic. Can you help? Is there an interface I could build to see the - S. V, Hillside, IL trace? -P. P, Cape Coral, FL How To Build It l am a freshman studying electrical engi- LCD PANEL zzeering. A while back 1 found a project I wanted to build from a schematic, but I'm not quite sure how. I have a generalpurpose PC board with 25 X 15 holes on it. I can place the parts in the holes and solder them 4- RUBBER in position, but how do I connect them IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII PAD together? Do I have to use wire, and, if so, what kind? Is there a much better way that l am unaware of? - D. K, Northfield, VT

CIRCUIT BOARD A That's a good basic question, and FIG. 3 -THE LCD AND ITS CIRCUIT BOARD are joined together by a pad made up of tiny maybe we should devote an article to strips of conductive and non -conductive rubber. Because of that construction, adjacent it sometime. There are many ways to contacts do not short. build a circuit, and, as Kipling put it,

+12V +12V A

FUEL GAUGE +5V +5V FUEL GAUGE MICRO- R1 CONTROLLER 3300 Q1 IRF510 A/D IN OUT SENDING SENDING UNIT UNIT (0-900) (0 -900)

FIG. 4- HERE'S HOW TO USE A MICROCONTROLLER to make a car's fuel gauge lin- 10 ear. You'll also need to add a crystal and power supply for the microcontroller.

www.americanradiohistory.com Whatever you're looking for... look to NTE! FIG. 5- REGARDLESS OF MANUFACTURER OR DEALER claims to the contrary, unless both the transmitting and receiving antennas are located quite high, reliable terrestrial reception is limited to 60 miles or less because of the curvature of the Earth. N1E WEBSITE "every single one of them is right "-at situation. Even before doing that, you least most of the time. might try swapping the locations of the http://www.nteinc.com It sounds like you have a "pad -per- two TVs to see if one of them is more hole" PC board with a separate piece of sensitive than the other. On -line cross- reference to over 259,000 copper for each hole. To make connec- semiconductors, 41,000 relays, and tions, you'll need to use wire. Magnet hundreds of capacitors, resistors, and wire (28 gauge) or Kynar -covered wire - flyback transformers wrap wire is handy for that; wrap the wire Receive It All? Product information and selector guides around the pins of the components 1v a follow -up to your March 1997 on all NTE product lines, with links to before you solder them in place. With "Q&A" question "Amplify it all? ", I want the NTE library of data sheets wire -wrap wire, you'll need to strip the to build a preamp for VHF channels 2 -13 to Free download of QUICKCrossTM insulation from the ends; magnet wire has receive stations 130 miles away. My TV software via FTP an enamel insulation that melts when you antenna is supposed to receive up to 160 miles, Locations of nearest NTE distributors solder. but can't because it isn't amplified. What A more convenient technique is to get kind of circuit should I use? I have a lot of a PC board that has some of the holes transistors. -V. S., Landis, Sask., Canada already connected together in rows. Then you can arrange your components A How tall is your antenna? The reason NM I?Lk:fTnQN1cS. INC'. to make the desired connections, adding we ask is that the curvature of the pieces of No. 22 wire as needed. earth limits how far away you can receive

Still more techniques for building cir- VHF signals, which travel in straight DOWNLOAD cuits are described in the ARRL Handbook lines (see Fig. 5). If the station's antenna of our ;T_ s- referencing for Radio Amateurs. Most circuits work is 1000 feet high and yours is 200 feet sott% are fine no matter how you build them. But if high, the maximum range is about 60 QUICHCross a circuit involves frequencies above 1 miles. To communicate across a 130 -mile MHz or signal levels below 0.1 volt, distance, you'd need antennas half a mile you'll need to build it compactly, isolate high at both transmitter and receiver. Now uu can inputs from outputs, and follow any other Reliable 130 -mile Tv reception is cross -reference layout instructions provided by the cir- only possible when the transmitter and over 259,000 cuit designer. receiver happen to be on mountaintops. semiconductors Otherwise, if the signal isn't reaching to NTE. your location, no amount of amplification NEW will help. If you do want to experiment TV Reception Problem with amplifiers, we suggest using com- CIRCLE 71 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD QI'm 17 years old and have been an avid mercially available ones; they're cheap, electronics 11. tricky build. hobbyist since I was I have and VHF amplifiers are to C ross-reference a problem with poor reception of TV chan- over 41,000 relays nels 39 and 50. I think the TV signal in my to NTE. room isn't too strong because on our other set, these channels work fine. Do you have a Writing to Q&A schematic for something I can build to As always, we welcome your ques- improve the picture on these channels? - tions; write to: Q &A, Electronics Now, B. B., Ridgewood, NY 500 Bi -County Blvd. Farmingdale, NY for a free :atalog or QUICKCross ", ones are Call 11735. The most interesting the handy cross- referencing tool AUHF amplifiers aren't easy to build answered in print, usually within nine for al NTE replacement parts. because at those frequencies, even months. Please be sure to include plenty half an inch of wire has enough induc- of background information (we'll shorten 1(800) 683-6837 tance and capacitance to affect the oper- your letter for publication). Ifyou are ask- www.nteinc.com ation of the circuit. Before adding an ing about a circuit, please include a complete amplifier, try making a better indoor diagram. Due to the volume of mail, we antenna. Sometimes all sorts of random regret that we cannot give personal wire shapes will work well in a particular replies. NTE ELECTRONICS, INC. 11 ACTION, NOT EMPTY PROMISES

www.americanradiohistory.com VCR Cross Reference NOW Find the right Part LETTERS for your VCR

SEND YOUR COMMENTS TO THE EDITORS OF VCRterence Re ELECTRONICS NOW MAGAZINE parts Numbers

than before. Also, the searchable article Index Request index is really helpful in tracking down I would like to buy copies of the when and where a particular article Annual Indexes for Electronics Now and appeared, and it will be even better when °» Radio- Electronics covering the 1980s (or it extends back further than a year or so. vitih Editi earlier) through 1996. I know I can pur- I hope that will happen in the near chase print copies from the publisher, future. but I want them as ASCII text files. I do have one request, however. As of Perhaps another Electronics Now reader now, there are no projects or articles on would be able to create ASCII files by line. If you could find a way to add With the scanning and converting (via OCR) the them, it would make a good and inter- text images into pure ASCII. If so, I can esting site into a wonderful one. How ISCET VCR be reached via e-mail at john.augus- about it? CROSS REFERENCE tine @gmiibbs.com or via standard mail A. EASTON at the address below. Via the Internet This 119 -page reference contains JOHN AUGUSTINE both model and part- number cross - references updated to include 1994 3129 Earl Street Plans call for us to be extending the index units. Laureldale, PA 19605 on a regular basis, eventually going back as far as ten years. VCR's are made in a few factories Regarding your request, I have some from which hundreds of different brand names and model numbers Boundary Scan Notes good news for you! While we will not be identify cosmetically- changed iden- I read the article, "Boundary Scan adding articles on our own site, there will tical and near -identical manufactured Testing" (Electronics Now, June 1997), in soon be a brand new on -line magazine called units. Interchangeable parts are very which the process presented was de- Poptronix. Located at www.poptronix.com, common. An exact replacement part scribed as a new test method. it willfeature the complete text and artwork may be available only a few minutes I was a test equipment designer at of selected articles from both Electronics away from you even though the IBM until I retired in 1982. My last Now and our sister magazine, Popular manufacturer supplier is out -of- stock. design was for the test of LSSD chips. Electronics, as well as such features as new You may be able to cannibalize scrap What IBM called LSSD (Logic Sensitive product and book reviews, an on -line store, units at no cost! Scan Design) is exactly the same as the and much more. The ISCET VCR Cross Reference Boundary Scan testing. To make things as accessible as possible is pre -punched for standard lòose- The first LSSD chips were probably to visitors to the site, the articles will be leaf binding.. .$38.00 plus $3.00 for built in 1980. At that time, they were presented in a variety offormats, including shipping for each Reference. tested with regular testers, which were .pdf, which is ideal for creating hard copies. Claggk Inc. not effective. All signals necessary to The site is still under construction, but VCR CROSS REFERENCE OFFER send and receive the serial patterns were should be on line and working shortly. P.O. Box 4099 considered as test patterns. The LSSD Check it out -I think you'll like what you Farmingdale, New York 11735 -0793 testers were able to take care of all signal find.- Editor Name progression. Business R. SABATTERIE Address Brunoy, France City Write To: Letters, State Zip Electronics Now Magazine, Phone Enclose Web Wonder 500 Bi- County Blvd., $38.00 for the Fifth Edition of the ISCET VCR Cross Reference and $3.00 for shipping for each I would like to congratulate you on Farmingdale, NY 11735 Reference. The the recent additions to your Web site on total amount of my order is Si Check enclosed -du not send cash. the Internet (www.gernsback.com). In Due to the volume of mail we or please charge my credit card. particular, the new discussion forums receive, not all letters can be ] Visa MasterCard Exp. Date / / Card No. give your readers a direct way to interact answered personally. All letters *nature with each other, as well as a great way to are subject to editing for clarity and length. \ ork State residents must add applicable local get article updates and corrections faster .ales as to total. US funds only. Use US hank check 12 L in' International Money Order. CB02 J

www.americanradiohistory.com Budget Project and Computer Books

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controller, and an RS -232 interface for data output to a printer or PC. The Model 898 has a suggested price of $995. B +K PRECISION 6470 West Cortland Street Chicago, IL 60707 -4098 Tel: 1- 800-462 -9832 Fax: 773 - 794 -9740

Amplifier Relay Buller CIRCLE 20 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD Designed to protect expensive radios from keying line voltage or current- relat- power supply features GPIB programma- ed damage, Ameritron's ARB -700 inter- 72 -Pin bility; linear, regulated power with dual SIMM Tester face box replaces conventional reed -relay ranges (0 to 15 volts, 7 amps and 0 to 30 B +K Precision's Model 898 is a port- buffer systems. The completely solid - volts, 4 amps); and low noise. able unit that tests the most common state interface has no moving parts to With its high accuracy and resolution, types of SIMMs ranging from 8 bits to 36 wear out, and has no mechanical contacts the HP E3632A can be used as a bench- bits. Optional adapters allow the testing to affect amplifier switching times or pro- top power supply and to test components of DRAM chips as well. The SIMM duce unwanted noise. and power -up assemblies. Engineers can tester uses up to 10 protocols to ensure The ARB -700 fully protects trans- program the unit with a personal com- complete testing of the chip. The full puter or controller via RS -232 or GPIB complement of tests can be executed interfaces. For increased versatility, the automatically, or the user can select indi- unit's dual -range, high -power output is vidual tests for execution. adaptable to the needs of specific applica- The Model 898 features heavy -duty tions. The power supply offers a front- 72- and 30 -pin sockets, six error- detec- panel- mounted control knob and two tion and -identification categories, 10 digital meters (voltmeter /ammeter) for selectable test protocols, and automatic convenience and ease of use. identification of general parameters and The HP E3632A costs $995. the speed of the SIMM under test. It has HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY a large LCD readout, a built -in micro- CIRCLE 22 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 14

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www.americanradiohistory.com The traditional range and function con- tool. No special tooling is required, and Because the interfaces are designed for trol switches and buttons are replaced by the need for soldering test leads to com- asynchronous communication, users can two multifunction pushbuttons located ponents is eliminated. connect with most serial devices simply on the fused test probes. The Quick Probe has a list price of by sending strings to and from the COM The fused test probes extend through $49. port. the front end of the belt pack and feature AG DEVICES OF COLORADO, INC. The one- and two -port versions of push -button switches positioned to be 1804 2475 Road PCMCIA -232 cost $195 and $295, easily accessible by the user's forefingers. Cedaridge, CO 81413 respectively; the one- and two -port ver- The buttons allow the user to change Tel: 970 -856-4308 sions of PCMCIA -485 cost $245 and the VOM's ranges and functions without Fax: 970 -856-4309 $345, respectively. having to look at the belt pack; the LED NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS annunciators in the display change as the 6504 Bridge Point Parkway different functions are selected. The Notebook PC Serial Interfaces Austin, TX 78730-5039 functions are arranged in sequence, and Two PC cards from National Instru- Tel: 1 -800-433 -3488 or 512- 794 -0100 selected by continually pressing the ments give notebook PCs control of seri- Fax: 512- 794 -8411 black button until the desired function is al devices for portable or remote E -mail: info @natinst.com selected. Pressing the red button sets the operations. The one -port PCMCIA-232 Web: http: //www.natinst.com VisualEYEzer to manual range. and two -port PCMCIA-485 are asyn- Each probe also contains a 1- amp/250- chronous serial interfaces that are com- volt fuse in its tip. If a fuse is blown due patible with Windows 95 Plug and Play Roller- Intluctor Antenna Tuner to user error or circuit malfunction, dam- for easier installation and maintenance. MFJ's 300-watt AirCore roller- induc- aging signals are prevented from going Application software packages such as tor antenna tuner provides continuous 6- any further than the probes. LabVIEW, LabWmdows/CVI, Compo- through 160 -meter coverage. 4 three - The VisualEYEzer digital VOM has nentWorks, and Measure, as well as digit turns counter and spinner knob a suggested U.S. list price of $369. development environments such as Visual gives users exact inductance control. And TRIPLETT CORPORATION C + +, can access the cards using standard the MFJ -969 has absolute minimum One Triplett Drive serial 1/0 functions. The PCMCIA -232 SWR, something that a tapped inductor Bluffton, OH 45817 and PCMCIA -485 deliver the additional just can't do. The roller inductor has an Tel: 1- 800-874 -7538 low -cost serial ports commonly needed in air core that can't burn up and features Fax: 419 -358 -7956 laboratory applications to communicate ultra- high -Q, low loss, high efficiency, Web: http: //www.triplett.com with devices such as scales and meters. and high power handling. They also raise the serial transmission rate from the standard of approximately SMD Probe 38 kilobits per second (kbits/s) to more The Quick Probe from AG Devices is than 115 kbits /s. an inexpensive tool used for fast and easy connection of test instruments to surface - mount components. The device consists CIRCI 26 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD of a weighted, non-skid base that holds a flexible shaft and a precision connection The exclusive Self-Resonance Killer point for attaching a test instrument. keeps potentially damaging self-reso- nances away from the operating frequency. A large, self-cleaning, wiping contact gives excellent low- resistance connection without contact arcing or burning. A solid 1/4 -inch brass shaft with self-aligning bearings provides smooth, non -binding operation. CIRCLE 25 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD You can match any antenna -dipole, vertical, inverted vee, random wire, The PCMCIA -232 and PCMCIA- beam, mobile whip, and more -with the 485 connect to RS -232 and RS -485 MFJ -969. You can use coaxial cable or devices, respectively. They include an en- balanced feedlines. The MFJ -969 fea- CIRCLE 24 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD hanced COM driver for Windows 95 that tures a lighted cross -needle SWR/watt- Offering a versatile alternative to tra- transmits data at rates up to 115.2 kbits/s meter, QRM -Free PreTune, an eight - ditional test methodology, the Quick and provides a function to support the position ceramic antenna switch, built - Probe quickly connects a test instrument, two -wire transceiver control mode of the in 50-ohm dummy load, and a heavy - such as an oscilloscope, to multiple types PCMCIA -485. Both use 16550- compati- duty 4:1 balun. QRM -Free PreTune lets of surface -mount components. It can be ble UARTs for full compatibility with PC you pre -tune your MFJ -969 into a built - used on most types of surface -mount COM ports. The PC operating system in dummy load, which makes your actual packages, and multiple types of test performs all board configurations -no antenna tuning faster and easier, without 16 points can be contacted with only a single jumpers or DIP switches are required. causing QRM.

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Measuring in at 3.8 by 2.2 by 0.9 inches, ; E A microchip in the stereophone circuit the device contains a microprocessor - e. . automatically locks the transmitter signal A- G ÌÌ¡ controlled video- switching system that ... onto the selected channel to prevent drift OmGHi ^ .l.h. can precisely sequence up to four color between audio sources. or black- and -white video cameras to a

single video output. Small enough to CIRCLE 28 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD easily hide or mount almost anywhere, it can be used for commercial, residential, The AutoTunerExtender can be used and specialty security and monitoring with any transceiver from 160 through purposes. Both the rate of sequencing 10 meters at up to 300 watts. It connects (one to 225 seconds) and the number of between the transmitter and the antenna video sources are switch selectable. with supplied SO -239 connectors, allowing you to bypass your transmitter's auto tuner and then adjust the knobs on the MFJ -914. An Off/Dummy Load setting on the unit helps protect the transceiver by connecting it to an external dummy CIRCLE 29 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD load and providing ground to your antenna when not in use. The stereophones provide exceptional

CIRCLE 27 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD The MFJ -914 AutoTunerExtender sound reproduction and extended fre- costs $59.95. quency response of 20- 20,000 Hz to The V4x1 comes with a 110 -volt MFJ ENTERPRISES, INC. deliver deep bass and treble clarity. transformer, or can run on a 12 -volt DC P. O. Box 494 Circumaural leatherette ear cushions power source, including batteries or solar Mississippi State, MS 39762 enclose the ear for maximum isolation. cells. That allows it to be used where Tel: 1- 800 -647 -1800 or 601- 323 -5869 The adjustable, padded headband is com- there are no standard electrical power Fax: 602- 323 -6551 fortable for long listening sessions. A dual sources, such as in motor homes and volume control on the stereophone ear buses. cup provides convenient level and bal- The V4x1 has a suggested retail price Cordless Stereophone System ance adjustment for a customized sound. of $199. The Koss JR/900 stereophone sys- The JR/900 cordless stereophone NETMEDIA, INC. tem operates on a 900 -MHz radio -fre- system has a suggested retail price of 10904 N. Stallard Place quency band-the highest power band $399.99. Tucson, AZ 85737-9527 for cordless stereophones available on KOSS CORPORATION Tel: 1- 888 -RUN-TABS (520-544-4567 in the consumer market. The system, 4129 North Port Washington Ave. Arizona) which consists of a battery- operated Milwaukee, WI 53212 Fax: 520 -544-0800 stereophone, the RF transmitter, and an Tel: 414- 964-5000 E-mail: [email protected] AC adapter, allows the listener to move Web: http: //www.homeautomation.com freely from room to room, and even out- doors, without experiencing signal break up. The signal can be transmitted Get your copy of the Automatic Tuner Extender through walls, ceilings, and floors, with CRYSTAL SET HANDBOOK Go back to antiquity and build the a 150 feet in any direction. The I I IF SF I The MFJ -914 AutoTunerExtender range of CRYSTAL radios that your grandfather built. I InNDBOOK increases your automatic tuner's match- JR/900 uses built -in NiCd batteries that Build the "Quaker Oats' type rig. wind coils that work and make it ing range, allowing it to match nearly any provide 5 to 10 hours of use between look like the 1920's! Only $10.95 antenna automatically. The heavy-duty, rechargings. A battery recharge circuit plus $4.00 for shipping and handling. Claggk Inc., P.O. Box 4099, wide -range impedance -transforming built into the transmitter is activated Farmingdale, NY 11735. USA device has been designed for the flat- test when the stereophones are hung from Tr Funds ONLY! USA and Canada - no foreign orders. Allow 6 -8 weeks frequency response and the lowest loss. the transmitter. for delivery. MA01 The MFJ -914 will transform your At the heart of the system, the trans- 20 antenna impedance up or down by as mitter provides five stereo transmit chan-

www.americanradiohistory.com COMPUTER CONNECTIONS

BY JEFF HOLTZMAN

Hacking the Pilot

US ROBOTICS (USR) IS KNOWN TO MOST AS A MANUFAC- which is how older models get the software upgrade. The memory cards have a TURER OF MODEMS. SEVERAL YEARS AGO, USR PUR- proprietary form factor, but they use standard memory chips. Information is CHASED A THEN -UNKNOWN COMPANY CALLED PALM COMPUTING. available on the Web on how to perform the upgrade yourself at considerable sav- PALM'S CLAIM TO FAME IS DEVELOPMENT OF THE FIRST WIDELY ings over the $129 list price of the USR upgrade. Just don't expect warranty ser- successful PDA (personal digital is called the Palm Pilot. The Palm Pilot vice if you do it yourself. assistant), the Pilot. (USR was itself includes version 2.0 of the OS, upgraded However you get it, the memory gobbled earlier this year by network apps, and a backlight for the LCD dis- upgrade is worthwhile for another rea- pioneer 3Com.) play. You can upgrade earlier Pilots to son: it doubles the data -bus width, For those unfamiliar with it, Pilot is the current OS and app level, but you which essentially doubles CPU -memory about the size and shape of the average cannot add backlighting. The backlight bandwidth. A free benchmark program scientific calculator. However, it does is worth having. is available, so you can perform before not rely on three or four dozen dedicat- The base model includes 512K of and after comparisons. ed keys for input; rather, it is a stylus - memory; an upgrade to 1 MB is avail- The Pilot runs on two AAA batteries, based device that depends on manual able. The memory upgrade card which last 10 -20 hours. There is no input from the user via handwriting includes the system software on ROM, input for a charger or AC adapter. The recognition or an on- screen keyboard. Pilot has a single 10 -pin I/O port that is The screen is touch sensitive, so you can RESOURCES basically a serial interface with two extra use some apps, such as the built -in cal- pins for input and one for output. Palm Pilot ($299), Palm Pilot Pro ($399, -one culator, with your fingers. includes built -in memory upgrade), Pilot comes with a "cradle" that is basi- Pilot is not based on any version of memory upgrade ($129), clip -on modem cally just a simple interface between the DOS, Wmdows, or Windows CE. It runs ($129) card-edge contacts on the unit itself, and its own proprietary operating system and US Robotics a standard nine -pin cable that attaches applications. However, there are several 1565 Charleston Road to a serial port. Information on the port's ways of getting data from Pilot apps into Mountain View, CA 94043 pin-out appears in Table 1. standard PC apps. Internally, it runs a Tel: 800 -881 -7256 The cradle has a single button, used to Motorola 68000 -family CPU, and the Internet: www.usr.com /palm initiate a "hot -sync" program that syn- official development software (from chronizes data between the Pilot and a MetroWerks) runs only on a Macintosh. Code Warrior for Pilot ($299) PC application. The Pilot itself has a However, several Intel-based software Metrowerks, Inc. power button, four reassignable buttons solutions are available and more are on 2201 Donley Drive for launching apps, two buttons for Suite 310 the way. scrolling the display, and a well- recessed Austin, TX 78758 Who buys Pilots? A few months ago, Tel: 800 -377 -5416 reset switch on the back of the unit. I would have suggested trendy execs and Internet: www.metrowerks.com The display measures 6cm wide by other yuppie types. But since purchasing 8cm high. The upper 6 X 6 square is one of my own, I have come to a quite Parallel Port Complete ($39.95) where the LCD pixels (160 X 160) different conclusion. By Jan Axelson appear. The bottom 6 X 2 rectangle is ISBN: 0- 9650819 -1 -5 where you enter data. The rectangle Hardware Basics Lakeview Research also contains several pseudo -dedicated The original product is called the 2209 Winnebago St. "buttons" (really part of the overall Madison, WI, 53704 Pilot 1000; with a memory upgrade, it's touch -sensitive screen) for launching a Internet: www.lvr.com sold as the Pilot 5000. The latest version calculator, a cross -application find 21

www.americanradiohistory.com lection of shareware, freeware, and com- TABLE 1 -PILOT PORT PINOUT mercial applications, games, and utilities. Table 2 describes several Web sites, and DB9F Signal Pilot Cradle Signal Table 3 describes several utilities that I 1 CD have found useful, interesting, or both. 2 RXD 6 TXD 3 TXD 8 RXD Prove It's Not A Toy 4 DTR I bought my Pilot to solve three 5 GND GND 6 DSR problems: 7 RTS 5 CTS 1) I am often in an odd place when an 8 CTS 7 RTS idea strikes, and seldom do I have pencil 9 RI and paper. Now I have a convenient, Shield 10 pF to gnd. unobtrusive solution. 2 NC 2) I don't have lots of appointments, 3 Input but the ones I do have are extremely 4 HotSync switch critical. In addition, I need a (strong, 9 HotSync switch + repetitive) nudge to make sure all my 10 Output business paperwork gets filed with the government on time. TABLE 2 -WEB SITES FOR PILOT INFORMATION 3) I'm usually involved in several projects at once, and tracking and prioritizing URL Description associated tasks, as well as personal ones, http://www.usr.com/palm/ US Robotics' official home is a battle I've been fighting for years. page for Pilot, lots of links In just a few weeks, problems one and to other sites two have been solved, and things are http://www.massena.comidarrin/pilot/luiz/ Detailed hardware informa- looking good for number three as well. hardware.htm tion And I'm not having to drastically alter http://pilot.cc-inc.com/stinger/stingersoft.cfm Downloads, news, net info anything I do, nor make allowances for http://www.massena.com/darrin/pilot/index.html Extensive software develop- technical lapses on the product side. ment information There are definitely things I wish were http://www.inforamp.net/-adam/piloV Misc. downloads different, but straight out of the box, http://www.nicholson.com/rhn/pilot.html Tiny basic Pilot is useful. http://homel.pacific.netsg/-kokmun/basic.htm Tiny basic apps One of my first tasks was to run through every nook and cranny of the http://the-tech.mit.edu/Pilot/ News Pilot to see how it operated and what http://www.metrowerks.com/products/cw/pilot/ Code Warrior for Pilot goodies might turn up. In so doing, I used (MetroWerks) Pilot's memo application to take notes. http: / /web2. airmail .net'srsimmon /pilot /hardware/ Hardware info (memory Table 4 summarizes my findings. (If there upgrades) seem to be lots of cons, that should not http://www.mot.com/SPS/ADC/pps/prod/ Motorola CPU info detract from my overall highly favorable 3XX/mc68328.html impression of the device.)

utility, an application launcher, and a me; without it, I wouldn't be discussing Weren't You Just Saying ... menu actuator. the Pilot here, and I would have left it in You may recall a rant here recently The inner 3.7 cm of the lower rec- the "toys for yuppies" category. about how a low -end or used laptop tangle is for handwriting recognition. would provide much better overall value Pilot uses a technology known as Built -In Software than one of the new miniature machines. Graffiti, which requires you to enter Pilot includes the following applica- Wasn't I saying the virtue of extreme stylized characters; you cannot just enter tions: scheduler with daily, weekly, and portability was overrated? Am I not con- your normal sloppy handwriting. You monthly views; address book; to -do list tradicting myself? can start using Graffiti right away, manager; text editor; calculator; cross - No (well, maybe just a little). I looked because most characters are very similar application search utility; desktop syn- closely at the Wm CE and proprietary to normal letters. There are differences, chronization utility; a game to help teach machines like Psion and Sharp Zaurus. I but picking them up occurs rapidly. If Graffiti strokes; security manager; and would still rather have an old sub -note- you forget a stroke sequence, on -line memory display /manager. There is also a book than one of those, because you can't help showing all characters is available. "program manager" that allows you to type on them. Pilot doesn't fit either cat- I found that within two hours I could switch among applications. There is no egory. I view it as an electronic replace- write correctly formed sentences at a opening or closing of either apps or files. ment for a daily planner plus journal plus reasonable rate; speed and accuracy Whenever you switch out of something, address book. increase with usage. With just a little its state is saved, and when you return, practice, it is possible to take notes in that state is restored. Opportunities 22 real time. That was a critical factor for Also, there is a small but growing col- l' S R hasn't released much technical

www.americanradiohistory.com high- level, sort-of- object- oriented, sort - TABLE USEFUL PILOT UTILITIES 3- of-Basic -like environment for building Program Description GUI apps. Also, USR states that a PilotMark Memory bandwidth benchmark and Microsoft Visual C ++ based develop- comparison into ment environment, which originally was CASL Pilot development environment due around the end of 1996, will be FontDisp Displays all built -in fonts available soon. PilHack Dump memory in hex and ascii HexCalc Hexadecimal calculator Hourz Shareware ($20) app for tracking billable hours Bottom Line Invaders Space Invaders port for Pilot Is pilot a fun and cool gadget? CBasPad Tiny Basic Definitely. Is it helping me do my job more effectively or efficiently? Definitely. That's a win -win situation. TABLE 4 -PILOT PROS AND CONS Pros Cons Bookshelf Evenness of backlight Incomplete backlight covering only the If you want to learn about PC -based upper 6 x 6, not the pen -input area, parallel ports, then you need a copy of Jan so it's hard to use in the dark Axelson's Parallel Port Complete. Jan cov- Consistent use of categorization Weak calculator (but PD hex calculator ers different port types (standard, PS /2, available) EPP, ECP), provides many examples of input and output interface circuits, and Autosave No built -in programmability sample code mostly in Visual Basic. She Nice drag and drop in calendar and Significant glare; angle must be adjusted does touch briefly on doing port I/O memo list carefully using other products such as Turbo Simplicity of operation Poor recognition of some punctuation Pascal, Delphi, and assembly language. and commands. The hook includes timing diagrams, Space efficiency of add -on utils Weak text editor (No hanging indents, information on current draw, cable specs, no outline mode, no hyperlinking) port detection, device drivers, and more. Ease of learning Soft case Good stuff. Ease of use No built -in telecommunications That's all for now. Until next time, Dedicated use of lower rectangle for input you can stay in touch via e-mail at jkh @acm.org. No charger input, especially via cradle No documented "hacker" inputs 4K limit on memos Even though has `title bar' have to drop down to Graffiti area to activate menus No repeating to -do's (repeating dates fill calendar w /junk) CABLE CONVERTER No drawing application DIAGNOSTIC TEST CHIP

No spreadsheet application GAD FULL ACTIVATION OF CABLE CONVERTER Program manager is weak WE STOCK A COMPLETE LINE OF CHIPS,TOOLS, WIRELESS QUICK INSTALL TEST BOARDS AND Desktop manager awkward, weak DIAGNOSTIC CUBES FOR ALL CONVERTERS! ** *ANYONE IMPLYING ILLEGAL USE WILL BE * ** DENIED SALE.WE SELL PRODUCTS ONLY!! TO TECHNICIANS OR CABLE REPAIR FACILITIES!! detail, but information is nonetheless to code in C on a Mac using Metro - # I IN CUSTOMER SERVICE & TECH. SUPPORT! available. For example, a guy in Japan has Werks' Code Warrior development sys- *ALL ORDERS SHIP WITHIN 24HRS, UPS/ FED -X. *PRIORITY NEXT DAY SHIPPING AVAILABLE! figured out how a miniature Apple have a to use tem. Some people put together *SALE= BUY S TEST BOARDS AND GET I FREE. Newton keyboard with the Pilot. Others package for creating Pilot apps on a *MON -FRI - 8AM -7PM - SAT 1OAM -2PM EST. *WEB PAGE HTTP: //WWW.800-GOCABLE.COM are figuring out how to access the input PC using the public- domain GNU C and output bits in the I/O connector. The compiler and some other tools. Someone VISA VISUAL l' e. -3 memory and address buses are available else has created a Pilot emulator that runs COMMUNICATIONS INC. ORDERS /CATALOG 1$00 -GO -CABLE via the memory expansion card, so there on a PC and executes ( "interprets ") actu- TECHNICAL SERVICE DEPT. 717- 620 -4363 EST. 1976 are opportunities there as well. Seems to al Pilot binaries. And still another person me an IR interface for cable -free file has created a version of Tiny Basic that ANTIQUE RADIO transfer and printing would be useful. executes on the Pilot, providing (mostly) CLASSIFIED Free Sample'. !7,0 I!, And there are probably lots of vertical - textual I/O, Peek and Poke statements, Antique Radio's market opportunities, such as point -of- and access to the serial port. There is also Largest Circulation Monthly. Articles, Ads & Classifieds. presence status indicators in medical and a growing body of public- domain TB 6 -Month Trial: $19.95. 1 -Yr: $38.95 ($55.95 -1st Class). manufacturing environments. programs. A.R.C., P.O. Box 802 -L19, Carlisle, MA 01741 Phone:(508) 371 -0512 VISA/MC Fax:(508) 371.7129 The broadest opportunities are prob- Another option is a p -code type envi- ably in software. The canonical method is ronment called CASL, which gives you .1 23

www.americanradiohistory.com EQUIPMENT REPORTS RADIDSHACK AC CIRCUIT BREAKER IDENTIFIER

breaker that powers the correct AC out- Quickly discover which outlets, let, the receiver should respond as before. If the receiver does not respond with the switches, and light fixtures sensitivity at minimum, increase the sen- are protected by which sitivity slightly and try again. Repeat until circuit breakers. the receiver responds. Then record the location of the circuit breaker and turn it off. The receiver should stop responding. You can also use the Identifier to determine which wall switch supplies CIRCLE 15 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD power to an AC outlet or fixture. Before you use the Identifier with a dimmer switch, make sure to turn the dimmer There are always a few tasks around power to the fixture and remove the switch to its brightest position. Plug the the house that most homeowners light bulb; remove only one light bulb Identifier's transmitter into the outlet or do not get around to until it suddenly from fixtures with two or more bulbs. fixture as before, then turn on the receiv- beconies urgent. In many cases, one of Screw a light- socket plug adapter (avail- er and set it to its highest sensitivity. those tasks is making a record of which able at many hardware stores) into the Turn on the wall switch, then hold outlets, switches, and light fixtures are open socket, plug the transmitter into the front of the receiver next to the controlled by which circuit breakers (or the adapter, and then turn the power on switch. If the wall switch indeed supplies fuses). to the fixture. power to the AC outlet or fixture, the Unfortunately, when trouble strikes, If power is indeed present, the indica- receiver will respond. If not, locate or when it is time to do some mainte- tor on the front of the transmitter lights another wall switch and repeat the test. nance or upgrades on your home's elec- up. Next, take the unit's receiver, switch it At only $29.99, the AC Circuit trical system, that means going through a on, and position the tapered end of the Breaker Identifier (61 -2722) will find trial -and -error process, switching off sev- receiver next to the transmitter. Note many applications in your home, the eral circuit breakers until you find the that the receiver beeps repeatedly (about homes of neighbors, the office, and shop. correct one. Generally, no harm is done. six times per second) and the receiver's It was even successfully used by this However, a running air conditioner could LED indicator flashes brightly each time reviewer to quickly unsnarl a rat's nest of pop its own circuit breaker when the lat- it beeps. power cables used by a rock band. One ter is switched off, then on. Or some Now it's time to put the unit to work. important feature is that only one person alarm clocks and microwaves might have Bring the receiver down to the circuit is required to use the Identifier, no mat- to be reset, and some VCRs might have breaker (or fuse) panel. If you have multi- ter how big the house. to be reprogrammed. And we don't even ple breaker panels, place the tapered end For more information on the Identi- want to think about what could happen to of the receiver next to each in turn (it is fier, circle 15 on the Free Information a computer that happened to be running not necessary to open the panel's door). Card, contact RadioShack (One Tandy while all this was going on. When you find the correct one -the one Center, Ft. Worth, TX 76102) directly, There is a better way. The Radio - that controls the outlet or socket into or visit your local RadioShack store. la Shack AC Circuit Breaker Identifier lets which you plugged the transmitter-the you easily and safely locate the circuit receiver will beep repeatedly and its indi- breaker (or fuse) that powers an AC out- cator will flash brightly. The sensitivity let or light fixture. You can also use it to control should be at maximum for this help you find the specific wall or dim- check. mer switch that supplies power to an AC Once you've found the correct panel, fixture. you can use the Identifier to determine which circuit breaker within the panel Using the Identifier controls the outlet of interest. Reduce the To use the Identifier, simply plug its receiver's sensitivity to minimum. Then transmitter into a standard AC outlet move the receiver up and down over the that has power supplied to it. To connect row (or rows) of circuit breakers. When the transmitter to a light fixture, turn off you move the receiver over the circuit 24

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fions for satellite television, and Internet The Enhanced CD Fact Book Digital Satellite TV operation and access. A complete guide by Dr: Frank Baylin to troubleshooting and repairing satellite Version 2.0 Baylin Publications systems is also presented. by josh Warner 1905 Mariposa Apple Media Program Boulder, CO 80302 Tel: 1- 800 -825-2145 or E-mail: fbaylin @baylin.com Digital Literacy 1- 303 -297 -2258 outside the U.S. Web: http: //www.baylin.com by Paul Gilster Fax on Demand: 1- 800 -462 -4396 or $50 plus $4 shipping and handling John Wiley b Sons, Inc. (1- 800-263 -3394 in Canada) This book is a 605 Third Avenue Web: http:/ /www.amp.apple.com/ completely re-wri- New York, NY 10158 -0012 imt/imt.html tten (right down to Tel: 1- 800 -225-5945 Free downloading; nominal fee for the title) version of Web: http: //www /wiley.com hard copies the popular Ku- $22.95 The increasingly Band Satellite TV. The Internet is popular enhanced ds The scope of the the fastest grow- CD is a type of original was ex- ing form of pop- compact disc that s panded to cover all ular media -but contains interac- ON FREE CIRCLE 338 aspects of world- using it requires llx" Enlxm tive content as INFORMATION CARD wide digital satel- itaì an entirely new Fat tic, well as music. lite television systems. mind -set. Without Users can play the The book begins with a look at the those new think- disc on audio -CD basics of satellite -TV systems, including ing skills, which or CD -ROM play- CIRCLE 340 ON FREE the fundamental concepts of communica- 1iteray the author of this INFORMATION CARD ers. This book tions, digital modulation methods, the PA üI GILSTER book calls "digital offers developers effects of noise, and frequency alloca- CIRCLE 339 ON FREE literacy," the bene- and consumers a source of definitive tions. Following a brief study of analog INFORMATION CARD fits of the Internet information on the enhanced CD format. video and audio methods, there is a chap- might be diminished or lost. The book, which can be downloaded ter dedicated to the study of video com- This book shows readers how to meet for free from AMP's Web site, explains pression, the MPEG -2 standard, DVB, the intellectual demands of the electronic different methods for creating enhanced and channel- encoding techniques. age by mastering the Internet. It doesn't CDs. It charts the evolution of the for- The next four chapters cover the com- explain how to navigate the Net; instead, mat and lists resources available to inter- ponents of a satellite circuit -the uplink, it teaches the basic thinking skills and active music developers. The book the satellite, and the receive site. Included core areas of competence needed to includes interviews with top -selling are in -depth descriptions of the launch- thrive in an interactive environment. artists Paul Simon, Bonnie Raitt, Billy ing, operation, and maintenance of satel- The book explains how to evaluate Joel, and No Doubt; record producers lites; the design and operation of each sources of information found in news Phil Ramone and Don Was; and many component at the receive site; and the groups, bulletin boards, and other online other music and multimedia industry differences between analog and digital sources. It demonstrates how to focus executives and artists. components. search strategies and how to use hyper- The book provides full coverage of text and hypermedia to literally chart aspects of digital satellite your own path through vast pools of the practical DSO Applications in High Speed TV, with an overview of selecting equip- information. The book discusses the type ment, accessories, and encryption and of questions you should ask when viewing Electronics scrambling methods. A comprehensive a Web site, and teaches methods for sep- from LeCroy Corporation look at installation methods includes a arating form from content. It shows you 700 Chestnut Road discussion of upgrades -from C- to Ku- how to integrate the Net's massive flow Chestnut Ridge, NY 10977 band, from single- to multi-feed opera- of information into something that has Tel: 1- 800-553 -2769 tion, and from analog to digital reception. meaning in your everyday business and Web: http: //www.lecroy.com The book also covers conventional and personal life. Finally, it provides a Free IF distribution systems, mobile applica- glimpse of the future of digital literacy. This application note is targeted to 26

www.americanradiohistory.com design and test cases. "Special Value" items include the from QST maga- engineers in fields Snappy Version 2 video grabber, Casio zine's "New Ham

... 1 where high -speed color digital cameras, low-cost Ethernet Companion" sec- electronic signals network cards and 3Com Ethernet cards, tion, written from are important, color -coded patch cables, and a 16 -bit the perspective of such as communi- sound card with enhanced I/O. "Derek's the amateur -radio 111111111111111111111111111111111111 cations, micropro- High Tech Corners" appear throughout newcomer. The cessor -based sys- the catalog, offering technical pointers articles are all tems, automotive and informed opinions on a wide range of brief, easy -to -read, and informative. FREE electronics, and electronic and computer topics. CIRCLE 341 ON CIRCLE 344 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD aeronautics. INFORMATION CARD Together, they Topics include the contain the key in- effect of oscilloscope bandwidth on fast Master Catalog 1991 formation needed to get started in ham transients, glitches, and signal edges; from Jensen Tools Inc. radio and to operate a ham radio station sample -rate considerations; and how to 781 5 South 46th Street like a pro. Selected articles from QSTs achieve high effective bandwidth in a dig- Phoenix, AZ 85044 -5399 "The Doctor is IN" section are also in- ital scope. Most important, the applica- Tel: 1- 800 -426-1194 or 602- 968-6231 cluded. They present straightforward and tion note gives examples of how to effi- Fax: 1-800-366-9662 or 602- 438 -1690 entertaining answers to common ham ciently solve typical measurement prob- Technical FaxBack: 602- 968 -6241 questions, and include important tips and lems including making measurements in Web: http://www.jensentools.com pointers for experienced hams and begin- the presence of noise, interchannel-tim- Free ners alike. ing measurements between two sig- Aimed at techni- The book covers all aspects of getting nals, effects of crosstalk, debugging sig- cians and engi- on the air. It describes operating prac- nal dropouts (such as microprocessor neers throughout tices, explains the theory of-and pre- crashes), timing problems due to clock the United States sents plans for building- simple anten- skew, and metastability. The note con- and around the nas, offers plans for building useful sta- cludes with a discussion of probes and world, the Jensen tion accessories, and shows how to oper- probing technique. Master Catalog is ate 2 -meter repeaters. Other topics in- a comprehensive clude SWL, digital modes, and linking offering of prod- up with ham satellites. ucts for the elec- PC Products & Electronic CIRCLE 343 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD tronics industry. Components Catalog Among the new Starting & Running a Successful from JDR Microdevices items featured are a pair of tool kits - 1850 South 10th Street one for electronics equipment service Newsletter or Magazine San lose, CA 95112 -4108 and the other with inch and metric tools by Cheryl Woodard Tel: 1- 800 -538-5000 for servicing domestic and foreign Nolo Press Fax: 1-800-538-5005 equipment. A wide range of test instru- 950 Parker Street BBS: 1- 408 -494 -1430 ments is also offered, including the new Berkeley, CA 94710 Web: http://www.jdr.com SIMMCheckII advanced memory-mod- Tel: 1- 800 -992 -6656 Free ule tester, an infrared temperature-mea - Web: http: //www.nolo.com This 115 -page, suring device, and an instrument for mea- $24.95 full -color catalog suring loop current in telephone systems. Last year, close to is full of products The Jensen line of hand tools, selected 1000 new maga- for computer and and designed to meet the special needs of zines hit the news- electronics hobby- the electronics industry, has been expand- stands, but less ists and profes- ed with the addition of a 35 -piece super than half of them sionals. Product adapter set and many new tools with made it to the sec- categories include ergonomic designs. ond issue. E -zines motherboards, and newsletters floppy and hard don't fare much CIRCLE 342 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD drives, program- Best of the New Ham Companion CIRCLE 345 ON FREE better -most e- INFORMATION CARD mers, prototyping edited by Steve Ford, IT BSI:111. zines fold before gear, printers, software, PC cables, ICs, The American Radio Relay League they break even. fax/modems, industrial components, 225 Main Street This book, written by the co- founder diagnostics, input devices, discrete Newington, CT 06111 -1494 of PC World, PC Magazine, and Macworld, components, accessories, test equip- Tel: 860 -594 -0200 shows publishing entrepreneurs how to ment, tools, kits, and connectors. New E -mail: ead @arrl.org turn their dream publications into suc- to this catalog (#59) are motherboards Web: http: //www.arrl.org/ cessful business ventures. Drawing on with the Pentium Pro processor, pre - $12 dozens of real -life examples, the book configured network servers, educational This book presents a truly "new" take on shows new publishers how to avoid cost - robotic kits, and ATX motherboards and ham radio -it's a compilation of articles continued on page 70 27

www.americanradiohistory.com BY SAM GOLDWASSER

Servicing Microwave Ovens

CAN YOU REMEMBER BACK TO WHEN YOU ACTUALLY HAD listed, looking for one with similar symp- toms may point you in the right direc- TO USE THE REAL OVEN TO DEFROST A TV DINNER, OR tion. Also, there are links to other interesting microwave -oven sites. So if you WHEN THE TERM "NUKE" WAS NOT USED FOR ANYTHING OTHER have Internet access, be sure to note both of those Web addresses. THAN BOMBS AND POWER REACTORS? WHILE THOSE DAYS MIGHT Repair or Replace seem prehistoric, they only predate com- filipg/REPAIR/. The material to be With new small- to medium -size VCRs and PCs, not dinosaurs. presented over the next two months is microwave ovens selling for $60 to $125, Unlike most consumer electronics actually a brief summary of what could be it doesn't make a lot of sense to spend $60 products, the microwave oven has not found there. For those looking for more or more to have one repaired. Even full - changed much in the last 20 years; touch information, my database is an excellent size ovens with full- featured touch pads pads have pretty much replaced mechan- place to start. You might find the descrip- can be found for $200 to $300. So you ical timers, but that's about it. And since tion of how a microwave oven works a should seriously consider replacement microwave cooking is microwave cook- particularly useful introduction to micro- before making a large investment in saving, an old but working microwave oven wave repair. ing an older oven. will heat foods just as well as a brand new A second site worth noting is at However, if you can handle the repair one. http: //www.yup.com/microtech. This yourself, the equation changes dramati- It is important to note that microwave site also includes a "Tech Tips Database" cally, assuming your time is free. The ovens are extremely reliable devices. with hundreds of solutions to common educational aspects might also be There is a good chance that a unit will problems. Even if your exact oven is not appealing as you will learn a lot in the operate for ten years or more without requiring repairs of any kind -and at performance levels that are virtually the same as the day it was first taken out of the box. But that is not to say that they never fail. In this month's column and the one that follows, we are going to look at the things that do go wrong with microwave ovens and point you toward the kinds of safe repairs you can make. Specific manufacturers and models will not be covered. Instead, the most common problems and their most likely causes are described. In many cases, you will be able to take it from there, do what is required, and save an oven that would otherwise have gone to the junk heap. Before we get started, I would like to be sure that you know that there are two really good on -line microwave -oven- repair databases the on Internet. One is MICROWAVE OVENS ARE GENERALLY so reliable that even a ten -year -old unit with a mine, located at http: //www.paranoia. mechanical timer can work as well as the day it first came out of the box. 28

www.americanradiohistory.com process. In addition, many problems can If circuit boards need to be removed wave oven or other electrical device be solved quickly and inexpensively. from their mountings, place insulating connected to the same fused circuit. material between the boards and any- (2) Blown main household fuse. Likely Safety Guidelines thing that they might short to. Hold due to problem elsewhere in your Microwave ovens are one of the most them in place with string or electrical home. dangerous consumer appliances to ser- tape. Prop them up with insulated sticks (3) Open thermal protector or thermal vice. Very high voltages at potentially made of plastic or wood. fuse inside microwave oven. very high currents -a decidedly perilous If you need to probe, solder, or other- (4) Defective controller or its power combination -are present when the oven wise touch circuits with the power off, supply. is operating. Those dangers do not go discharge large power -supply capacitors (5) Clock needs to be set before other away even when the oven is unplugged, as with a resistor (see below). functions will operate (on some mod- there is an energy storage device -a Don't attempt repair work when you els only). high -voltage capacitor-that can retain a are tired. Not only are you likely to be dangerous charge for a long time. If you careless, but your primary diagnostic Symptom: No response to touch pad. have the slightest doubt about your tool- deductive reasoning -will not be Cause: knowledge and ability to deal with operating at full capacity. (1) Door is not closed (some models). those hazards, replace the oven or Finally, never assume anything with- (2) You waited too long (open and close have it serviced by a professional. out checking it out yourself first. Don't door to wake the oven up). Careless troubleshooting can not take any shortcuts. (3) Controller is confused (pull plug for only fry you with high voltages at high a minute or two to reset -when you currents, but can microwave irradiate Discharging the HV Capacitors reinsert it you will probably have to you as well. When you remove the metal The high -voltage capacitor must be reset the clock as well). cover of a microwave oven, you expose discharged EVERY TIME after the (4) Defective interlock switches. dangerous-potentially lethal -circuit - oven is turned off, even if it appears to be (5) Faulty controller or its power supply. ry. You may also be exposed to harmful dead. A number of faults can leave the (6) Touch pad or controller board has levels of microwave emissions if you run capacitor with an even greater charge been contaminated by over- enthusias- the oven with the cover off and the than would normally be present in a tic cleaning. waveguide to the oven chamber has been properly operating oven. Use a 25,000 - (7) Defective or damaged touch pad. damaged or misaligned. to 100,000 -ohm resistor with one end As mentioned, there is a high- voltage securely connected to the chassis-a clip - Symptom: Oven works but display blank. capacitor in the microwave-generator cir- lead is convenient for that. Touch each of Cause: cuit. Always ensure that it has been com- the capacitor terminals with the non- (1) Defective controller or its power pletely discharged before even thinking grounded end of the resistor for several supply. about touching or probing anything in seconds. Then, to be doubly sure, short (2) Broken display panel. the high- voltage power circuits. Remem- across the capacitor terminals with the (3) Oven needs to be reset (pull plug for ber, that capacitor can store dangerous blade of a well -insulated screwdriver. I a minute or two to reset). amounts of power even after the oven has also recommend leaving a clip lead in been turned off and unplugged from the place, shorting across the capacitor ter- Symptom: Incorrect controller operation. wall outlet. minals as added insurance while working. Cause: To further prevent the possibility of At most, you will blow a fuse if you forget (1) Previous or multi-part cook cycle not electric shock, do not operate the oven to remove it before powering up the completed. with the cover off if at all possible. If you microwave oven. (2) Controller is confused (pull plug for must do so, follow this list of guidelines: a minute or two to reset). Don't work alone-in the event of an The Simplest Problems (3) Defective controller or its power emergency, another person's presence Next, we will cover a variety of com- supply. may be essential. mon problems and nearly all possible (4) Touch pad or controller board has Always keep one hand in your pocket causes. To aid in your troubleshooting, I been contaminated by over- enthusias- when anywhere around a powered line - have listed the causes in their approxi- tic cleaning. connected or high- voltage system. mate order of likelihood, but you'll of (5) Defective or damaged touch pad. Wear rubber-soled shoes or sneakers. course need to do a little bit of diagnos- Don't wear any jewelry or other arti- tic work on your own to determine the Symptom: Erratic behavior. cles that could accidentally contact cir- actual trouble spot in the specific oven Cause: cuitry and conduct current, or could get you are troubleshooting. Note that (1) Previous or multi-part cook cycle caught in moving mechanical parts. while we are covering a large variety of not completed. Set up your work area away from pos- problems, we cannot cover everything (2) Bad connections in controller or in sible grounds that you might accidental- that might go wrong. microwave generator. ly contact. (3) Faulty relay. Know your equipment- microwave Symptom: Totally dead oven. (4) Defective controller or its power ovens use the chassis as ground return Cause: supply. for the high voltage. In addition, do not (1) No power to AC outlet (household (5) Bad contacts or connections on assume that the chassis is a suitable fuse or circuit breaker open because mechanical timers. ground for your test equipment. of overload caused by fault in micro continued on page 70 29

www.americanradiohistory.com RETAILERS THAT SELL OUR MAGAZINE MONTHLY

Alaska Marvac Dow Electronics Maryland R &E Electronics 265 -B Reservation Road 4991 Rt. 209 Mark Elec. Supply Inc. Frigid North Co. Marina, CA 93933 Accord, NY 12404 1207 W 36th Avenue 5015 Herzel Place Minuteman Electronics Anchorage, AK 99503 Beltsville, MD 20705 Unicorn Electronics 37111 Post St., Suite 1 Valley Plaza Fremont, CA Amateur Radio Center California 94536 Johnson City, NY 13790 1117 West 36th Street HCS Electronics Baltimore, MD 21211 Ohio California Electronics 6819 S. Redwood Drive 221 N. Johnson Ave. Cotati, CA 94931 Massachusetts Philcap Electronic Suppliers El Cajon, CA 90202 275 E. Halted Specialties Co. U -Do -It Electronics Market Street Ford Electronics 3500 Ryder Street 40 Franklin Street Akron, OH 44308 Santa Clara, CA 95051 8431 Commonwealth Avenue Needham, MA 02194 Oregon Buena Park, CA 90621 Metro Electronics Michigan 1831 J Street Norvac Electronics All Electronics Sacramento, CA 95814 Purchase Radio Supply 7940 SW Nimbus Avenue 14928 Oxnard Street Beaverton, OR 97005 HSC Electronics 327 East Hoover Avenue Van Nuys, CA 91411 4837 Amber Lane Ann Arbor, MI 48104 Pennsylvania Sacramento, CA 95841 Norwest Electronics Gateway Electronics of CA Business & Computer Bookstore 33760 Plymouth Road 9222 Chesapeake Drive Colorado 213 N. Easton Road San Diego, CA 92123 Livonia, MI 48150 Gateway Electronics of CO Willow Grove, PA 19090 2525 Federal Blvd. The Elec. Connection Mac's Electronics Texas Denver, CO 80211 37387 Ford Road 191 South "E" Street Westland, MI 48185 San Bernardino, CA 92401 Centennial Electronics Mouser Electronics 958 N. Main Street 2324 E. Bijou Elec. Parts Specialists Mansfield, TX 76063 Electronics Warehouse Colorado Sps., CO 80909 711 Kelso Street 2691 Main Street Connecticut Flint, MI 48506 Tanner Electronics Riverside, CA 92501 Signal Electronics Supply Minnesota 1301 W Beltine 589 New Carrollton, TX 75006 Orvac Electronics Park Avenue W. Hartford, CT 06110 Acme Electronics 1645 E Orangethorpe Ave. Electronic 224 Washington Avenue N. Parts Outlet Fullerton, CA 92631 Cables & Connectors Minneapolis, MN 55401 3753 B Fondren 2198 Berlin Turnpike Houston, TX 77063 Say -On Electronics Newington, CT 06111 Missouri GMD Electronics 13225 Harbor Blvd. Electronic Service Prod. Gateway Electronics Of MO 2625 S. Loop Hwy. Garden Grove, CA 92643 437 Washington Avenue 8123 -25 Page Blvd. Alvin, TX 77511 North Haven, CT 06473 JK Electronics St. Louis, MO 63130 Electronic Parts Outlet 6395 Westminster Blvd. Georgia William Elec & Ind Supply 17318 Highway 3 Westminster, CA 92683 Norman's Electronics, Inc. 803 Davis Blvd. Webster, TX 77598 3653 Clairmont Road Sikeston, MO 63801 Marvac Dow Electronics Chamblee, GA 30341 Washington 980 S. A Street New Jersey Illinois Oxnard, CA 93030 Amateur Radio Supply Co. Tri State Elex Lashen Electronics Inc. 5963 Corson Ave., Ste 140 21 Broadway Kandarian Electronics 200 W. Northwest Hwy. Seattle, WA 98108 Denville, 1101 19th Street Mt. Prospect, IL 60056 NJ 07834 Wisconsin Bakersfield, CA 93301 Kansas New York T.V. -VCR Repair Whitcomm Electronics Electronic Hobby Shop Sylvan Wellington Co. 1306 W. Madison St. 105 W. Dakota #106 309 E. McKay 269 Canal Street P.O. Box 64257 Clovif, CA 93612 Frontenac, KS 66763 New York, NY 10013 Milwaukee, WI 53204

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www.americanradiohistory.com BUILD THE POOR -MAN'S PLASMA GLOBE

Man has been fascinated This plasma globe uses an ordinary, decorative by high- voltage electricity ever since our dis- light bulb -and the power supply is great for tant ancestors became smart enough to realize that lightning other high- was dangerous. However, it was thousands of years until man discovered that lightning was MARC SPIWAK electrical in nature, and later was able to produce the effect on his own. Today, experimenting with high voltage is one of the most popular activities among electronics hobbyists. It's fascinating to create you own miniature lighting, plasm . globe storms, and other hig voltage effects. The plasma -globe displ described here is based on solid -state power supply th produces a low- power, hig voltage, high- frequency electri cal discharge. The main step -up transformer is simply a TV -flyback transformer with a new primary winding. To prevent overheating, the reworked transformer is submerged in mineral oil. The plasma globe itself is an ordinary 100 -watt clear -globe light bulb. Many other high -voltage experiments with bizarre effects can be conducted using the power supply. It is powered from a 12 -volt DC supply, so you don't need to get involved with AC- line current. This is one of those projects that will make you feel just a bit like a mad scientist.

The Circuit. Figure 1 is a schematic of the high- voltage power supply. It is simply a step - up transformer driven by an AC signal. Input power is supplied to the circuit through 10 -amp fuse F1 and switch Si. The circuit requires an input of 12- to 14- volts DC at 5 to 7 amperes. Since the power input is DC

www.americanradiohistory.com instead of AC, the transformer's standard TV flyback transformer to Construction. The Plasma Globe is input signal is generated by IC1, a which a new primary winding is one of those projects in which the Silicon General SG3525A pulse - added during construction. The vast majority of your time will be width- modulator circuit. That com- secondary winding is part of the spent more in mechanical con- ponent has two outputs that are original transformer. A snubber net- struction than in actual electronic 180° out of phase. The amount of work consisting of R6 and C3 con- assembly. If you do not have time that both outputs are off (the trols any energy caused by the access to the necessary tools to "dead" time) is set by Rl. transformer's leakage inductance. make the base, individual compo- The output frequency of IC1 is Otherwise, high -voltage spikes nents and a kit of all parts is avail- made variable by potentiometer able from the source given in the R3, with R2 setting the upper limit. Warning! This article deals with and Parts List. While the parts themselves That way, the operating frequency involves subject matter and the use of are not exotic, you might find your- can be tuned to the frequency materials and substances that may be self spending a lot of time and hazardous to health and life. Do not needed by T1 and any particular effort shopping at many different attempt to implement or use the informa- load connected to it. If you are stores for the various items needed. tion contained herein unless you are thinking of connecting a voltage Some experienced and skilled with respect to of the more unusual items multiplier to the as output an exper- such subject matter, materials and sub- required include a TV flyback trans- iment, varying the frequency will stances. Neither the publisher nor the former, PVC drain -pipe parts for the run the circuit out of resonance. author make any representations as to tank, and mineral oil to fill it. That will give you a variable high - the accuracy of the information contained There is no PC board for the voltage DC supply. herein and disclaim any liability for dam- Plasma Globe because many of The outputs from ICI are ampli- ages or injuries, whether caused by inac- the traces wouldn't be able to fied by Ql and Q2, a pair of MOS- curacies of the information, misinterpreta- handle the current. Instead, a 2- tions of the directions, FET transistors in a push -pull config- misapplication of inch square piece of perforated the information or otherwise. uration. Since the transistors are dri- construction board and point -to- ving a highly inductive load (the point wiring is used. The parts - step -up transformer), Ll and Cl would quickly break down the tran- placement diagram in Fig. 2 is UST decouple the transistors from IC1, sistors. The center tap of T1 's prima- one suggested layout design that keeping the RF energy generated ry is RF- grounded by C4 and C5, you can follow if you choose. Parts by the transistors away from the IC. bypassing any high frequencies placement is not exactly critical, Any parasitic oscillation that that appear at that point. The high - except for Q1 and Q2 if you either appears at the gates of Ql and Q2 voltage output of the power supply buy a pre -drilled base from the is eliminated by R4 and R5. is the result of T1's secondary coil source given in the Parts List or The step -up transformer, Ti. is a resonating at around 50 to 70 kHz. make one from the plans in this article. Holes in the base are used to 12VDC F1 mount the transistors. That way, the 10A S1 O +0 base can be used as a heatsink for "P'"oce the transistors. Bolting the transistors to the base is also a simple way to L1 a mount the circuit board to the unit. C1 1 mH °a 100/25 r If you're not using an aluminum A base, or choose another method of 15 R4 mounting the circuit board to the

R6 base, you'll need to come up with 1052 some sort of heatsink arrangement R1 for the transistors. If you are using 1052 C4 2200/25 one of those bases, make sure that IC1 12 c2 SG3525 the holes on the transistor tabs line 3300pF 4p11 up with the holes drilled on the base before you solder anything to C5 the transistor leads. .47 0á R2 C3 Wire -wrap connections can be 1K .01 used for 9 2 16 51St the connections that are not drawn in color -those connections must be made with 20 -gauge R3 wire. However, instead of using wire 10K wrap, it might be easier to simply bend the component leads over and solder them to one another wherever they are supposed to I. ig. I . The Poor Man's Plasma Globe is built around a high -voltage power supply. Transformer TI interconnect. Be sure to insulate is a modified television flyback transformer. Colored connections must carry a up to 7 amps. 32 current any connections that cross.

www.americanradiohistory.com Flyback Transformer. Any black - and -white flyback transformer will do for the Plasma Globe. The easiest and cheapest way to get a transformer is to find one surplus. A specific part number is not important- black- and -white flyback transformers are somewhat generic in design. A suitable flyback is available from the source given in the Parts List if you have difficulty finding one or are not interested in buy- ing a complete kit. The modifications to the flyback transformer are detailed in Fig. 3. There is usually some sort of circuit board that has several pins in it. Those pins are connected to the transformer's primary windings. The primary windings are usually made from enameled magnet wire. There will also be a heavier, insulated wire. That wire is the ground connection of the high -voltage secondary winding. Since a new primary will be wound onto the flyback, any connections to the original primary can be discarded. Fig. 2. The circuit is built on a 2 -inch square piece of perforated construction board. The colored wires are 20 gauge in order to carry the heavy currents involved. However, the ground connection for the secondary winding is need- Six 20 -gauge wire leads must be and lengths. You'll trim them down ed, so it is important to identify that soldered to the finished board. to fit when it comes time for the wire first. Figure 2 indicates their positions final wiring. Unscrew the two nuts that hold the circuit board in place and remove the base. Clip off the wires HV from the circuit board. Verify which OUTPUT is return wire by WIRE wire the secondary measuring the resistance to the secondary high -voltage wire that sticks out of the top of the trans- CORE HALF former. There will be a low resistance between the two wires. Clip ORIGINAL off the wires from the old primary as SECONDARY close to the body of the trans- WINDING former as possible. The metal bracket that holds the 0.02- INCH -THICK transformer core together is now SHIM removed. The core halves are brit- tle, so be careful when doing the following steps. One end of the bracket passes through the body of HV RETURN WIRE the transformer and the other is more or less free -a bit of glue holds it in place. Bend the glued B+C side of the bracket away from the I core halves so that you can twist it 0.02- INCH -THICK CORE back and forth. Wiggle it until it SHIM HALF slides out of the transistor body; you might even have to "unscrew" it. the flyback transformer. Parallel-wind 15 turns of I8 -gauge magnet wire Fig. 3. It's easy to modify Once the bracket is freed up the with electrical tape. Don't forget the 0.02 -inch onto a 1',6- inch -long bobbin and wrap winding core half thick shims between the core halves when reassembling. Use a nylon wire tie to hold the modified enough, the bottom transformer together. should slide out of the core. The 33

www.americanradiohistory.com REAR the proper thickness from a hobby VIEW TOP VIEW FRONT vww shop or craff store. SIS INCH I The transformer core halves, 1 -INCH 1.38 h CHER `INCH INCHES shims, primary winding, and sec- /8. INCHES 4- INCHES ry (S1)' ondary winding are reassembled as shown in Fig. 3. A nylon wire tie can be used to hold the modified (CHASSIS ONO)' 1-1/2- transformer together. Do INCHES - 2- 3/4-INCHES not use --. 5-INCHES 2 1/4 INCHES the original metal bracket as it only (021' helps to overheat 763- the transformer in INCH its modified form. You can extend 2 -12- NCHES the ground return and output leads INCH1, later on if necessary. 1 -INCH k3/4 I INCH

1-12- Mounting Base. If you bought the INCHES-' N INCHES 1.1/2- INCHES complete kit, then you already SIDE VIEW have a ready -to -use chassis. If you 'SEE TEXT FOR DIAMETERS I 1 -12-INCHES want to make your own, you can follow the dimensions given in Fig. 4 and make one out of sheet alu- -12-INCH minum. The cutout on top of the Fig. 4. You can make your own aluminum chassis by following this plan. base can be made by punching 1- inch holes spaced 13 /4- inches cen- metal bracket and any spacers business card is usually about 0.012 - ter-to- center. Cut and file the that might be located between inches thick, so two layers of busi- remaining material. the core halves are no longer ness -card stock placed between The following holes should be needed, so they may be discard- the core halves on each side of the drilled to match the size of the ed. Set the transformer winding and transformer should do the trick. hardware you're using. Drill a hole the core halves aside for the Check the shim thickness with a for the chassis ground in the posi- moment in a safe place. caliper if you can, as the thickness is tion indicated. That hole should be The new primary will be wound somewhat critical. An alternative is a clearance diameter for a 6 -32 onto a bobbin. The bobbin can be to purchase some sheet plastic of machine screw. Drill holes for poten- a piece of rolled -up cardboard or plastic, plastic tubing, or any similar PARTS LIST FOR THE POOR MAN'S PLASMA GLOBE arrangement. The RESISTORS bobbin should nuts, 6 -32 x 1/2 inch screws and nuts, be about 11/4 inches in length with (All resistors are 1/4 -watt, 5% units #6 solder lugs, mica insulators for Q1 unless otherwise an outside diameter of 5/8 inch and indicated.) and Q2, wire strain relief, perforated an inside diameter of inch. Take R1-10-ohms construction board, 20 -gauge wire, 18- 1/2 R2 -ohms two lengths of 18 -gauge magnet -1000 gauge wire, 6 feet of 18 -gauge magnet R3-1 0,000-ohms, wire and mark the ends of one potentiometer, wire, metal chassis, 3 -inch flat PVC wire panel -mount "A" and "C." Mark the ends of the end cap, 3 -inch PVC top cap (3 -inch R4, R5-51-ohms curved PVC other wire "B" and "D." or soft plastic), 6 -inch R6- 10- ohms, 3 -watt, non -inductive length of 3 -inch diameter PVC tube, Holding the "A" side of the first (not wire -wound) mineral oil, hardware, etc. wire and the "B" side of the second wire together, parallel wind 15 turns CAPACITORS Note: The following items onto the bobbin. That type of wind- C1- 100 -1,F, 25 -WVDC, electrolytic are available C2- 3300 -pF, -WVDC, from Information Unlimited, PO Box ing is called a bifilar winding -the 50 polyester C3- 0.01 -1F, ceramic -disc 716, Amherst, NH 03031, Tel: 800- first wire (winding A -C in Fig. 1) will C4- 2200 -p.F, 25 -WVDC, electrolytic 221 -1705, 603 -673 -4730, Fax: 603- be loops 1, 3, 5, etc. and the second C5- 0.47 -p.F, 250 -WVDC, polyester 672 -5406, web: http://www.amaz- wire (winding B -D) will be loops 2, 4, ingl.com: Complete kit of all parts 6, etc. There will be 30 loops of wire SEMICONDUCTORS including flyback, PVC parts, hard- on the bobbin -15 for each wind- ICI- SG3525A pulse -width modulator, ware, and pre -formed, pre -drilled alu- ing. Wrap the bobbin with electri- integrated circuit (Silicon General) minum base (TCL5 -K), $49.50; cal tape Q1, Q2- IRF540 MOSFET transistor Flyback transformer (TCL /SUPPLY), to hold the windings in $14.50; place. Leave about 5 inches of wire Modified flyback ADDITIONAL PARTS (TCLFLYIO), $24.50; for the leads. Scrape the enamel 12 -volt, 7 -amp AND MATERIALS DC power supply, $39.50: Complete coating from the ends of the wires S 1-SPST 7 -amp switch kit plus power supply (COM- and tin the ends. Connect wires "B" T1- Television flyback transformer BOTCL), $79.50. Please add $5 and "C" together. (see text) shipping and handling on orders up to New shims for the core halves Ll -1 -mH choke coil $25, $7.50 on orders up to $50, and are made from a non -conductive FI -10 -amp fuse $10 on orders up to $100. NH resi- Fuse holder, X 3/8 34 material that is 0.02- inches thick. A 6 -32 nylon screws and dents must add appropriate sales tax.

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www.americanradiohistory.com tiometer R3 and switch Si on the front side and holes for the fuse holder and power-wire bushing on the rear side. Holes for the mounting tabs of Q1 and Q2 are drilled to the same center-to- center spacing as the transistors. They should be centered side -to -side within the

rear panel and 1 inch from the top. If you followed the parts layout in Fig. 2, the holes will be 11/2 inches apart. The holes for Q1 and Q2 must be de- burred to prevent the transistors from shorting through the mica insulators. Mount a 3 -inch flat -bottom PVC cap onto the top of the base. The cap should be centered on the chassis -ground hole and the elon- gated slot in the top of the base. Glue or double -sided tape can hold it in place for now. Using the chassis DRILL AND TAP -ground hole in the base as a guide, drill the same size hole through the PVC cap. Using detail "C" in Fig. 5 as a guide, place a 6 -32 screw with a solder lug on each side through the ground hole and PVC cap and tighten in place I ( CAP with a nut. Drill three additional LUG holes in the PVC cap for the trans-

SCREW former-wire lugs. Those holes should be equally spaced within the elon- DETAIL "B" gated slot in the base. Each hole receives a screw and pair of lugs In the same way the chassis- mount- ing screw was installed. Bend the lugs on each side of all four screws up at a right angle and seal the holes over the screw heads and nuts on both sides with epoxy or hot -melt glue. Do not get glue on the parts of the lugs where you will apply solder. Main Assembly. Mount the circuit board to the underside of the chassis as shown in Fig. 6. The mounting screws for Q1 and Q2 hold the board in place. Be sure to use nylon screws, and put mica insulators between the transistor tabs and the chassis before mounting. Place some double -sided tape under the board to prevent any accidental shorts to the chassis. Use Fig. 6 as a guide when making the final wire

Fig. S. Solder the transformer primary leads and LUG ground lead to the top lugs as shown. The transformer LOCKWASHER ground lead can he lengthened if necessary. The light bulb is attached to the output by modifying a plug -in socket as shown in detail "A." The center prong is DETAIL "C" 38 bent 90 degrees and has a hole drilled through it.

www.americanradiohistory.com connections on the underside of the chassis. Use 18 -gauge wire for the power -input leads. Those wires MICA WASHER are indicated in color. 02 (01 SIMILAR) Turn the assembly upright and solder the transformer primary leads to the top lugs as shown in Fig. 5. The transformer ground lead is connected to the chassis -ground lug. It can be lengthened with 18-gauge wire if necessary. Insulate the splice with heat -shrink tubing. Re -check all soldering and wiring, and check the transistor tabs with an ohmmeter to make sure that they are not shorted to the chassis. Do not cement the PVC pipe to the PVC cap just yet, because once you do so, the transformer can't be accessed without a hacksaw if testing shows that there is a problem. If you want to run it for more than just a few seconds at a time, the transformer must be submerged in mineral oil both for its cooling and insulating effects.

Testing and Final Assembly. Since Fig. 6. The circuit board mounts to the underside of the chassis with nylon screws. Use mica insu- the circuit draws 5 to 7 amps when lators between the transistor tabs and the chassis. Put double -sided rape under the board to prevent tuned to the resonant frequency of shorting to the chassis. Use 18 -gauge wire where indicated to carry the heavy currents. TI, a 12- to 14 -volt DC power supply with a current capacity of at least 7 from the output. Any discharge base cap. In a few seconds, a liq- amps is needed for the Plasma sparks can hurt, maim, or even kill. uid -tight seal that will never come Globe. That's quite a bit of current, Connect the 12 -volt power supply apart will form. The tube can then so an ordinary power supply just with an ammeter in series and turn be filled with mineral oil to the top won't do. A car battery will work, on switch Sl. The standby current of the transformer. but that's hardly convenient. You should be about 1 amp. Slowly turn Drill a small hole in the center of can build a power supply, but you'll R3 clockwise and note that the cur- the top cap. Install a screw, solder need a very large transformer, an rent rises to about 2 amps with some lug, and nut as shown in detail "B" in exotic high-current regulator, and corona visible at the output. At that Fig. 5. The arrangement is similar to some beefy capacitors -an current level, the circuit can be used the connections at the bottom to expensive proposition and a full - continuously without risk of over- the tube. The high -voltage wire blown project by itself. It's much heating the transformer. Continue from T1 is soldered to the lug. The cheaper and easier to buy a turning R3 clockwise and note a top cap does not have to be ready -made power supply. A fixed sharp jump in current to around 7 cemented onto the tube as long as 12-volt, 7 -amp bench -top supply is amps. The output terminal's high - the Plasma Globe is always kept in available from the source given in voltage discharge will come to life. an upright position. the Parts List. Such a power supply Do not run it for more than a few can be useful on a test bench for seconds at that level or the trans- At The Top. The plasma globe itself years to come, which might make former will likely overheat. is simply a decorative 100 -watt such a purchase a wise investment. If everything is working, you're clear-globe light bulb attached to Another alternative is a 10 -amp ready to seal the PVC enclosure the output. Those types of bulbs are car-battery charger, which is also tube. Slide the tube down over the usually found in specialty lighting useful off the test bench. transformer into the base cap to stores. Detail "A" in Fig. 5 shows one Turn potentiometer R3 fully coun- make sure everything fits properly. If way to connect a light -bulb socket terclockwise and make sure that the output lead is too short to to the output. Use a socket that switch Si is in the off position. reach the top of the tube, lengthen plugs right into an AC outlet. Bend Connect one end of a test lead to it with 18 -gauge wire and insulate the prong that goes to the center the chassis ground and place the the splice with heat- shrink tubing. contact of the bulb. The other other end about an inch from the Remove the PVC tube, apply PCV prong is cut off flush with the bottom bare -output wire of Ti. It is very plumbing cement to the bottom of of the socket. The center prong is important to keep your body away the tube, and slide it back into the Continued on page 47 39

www.americanradiohistory.com ALL ABOUT SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES

While more complex than their linear counterparts, where efficiency and size are concerns, switching supplies are hard to beat. STEPHEN J. BIGELOW

ower supplies are used to variations and explain their theory can easily develop up to 160 -volts convert an AC -line voltage of operation. We'll also look at DC across the input filter. Those volt- into some fixed or variable some typical applications, the ages can be dangerous and must value of DC voltage and current. advantages and disadvantages of always be treated with respect. The energy that the power supply both switching and linear supplies, The second rectifier In a switch- delivers can then be used to drive and even some basic repair and ing supply is the output rectifier. A an electrical load such as a radio, calibration issues. variety of rectifier circuits could be television, computer, or other circuit. Let's start our discussion by look- used here. The simplest, but least Most of us are quite familiar with ing at Fig. 1. That illustration shows a effective rectifier is the half-wave the conventional linear -regulated block diagram for a simple switch- rectifier shown in Fig. 2B. More (or "linear ") supplies that are most ing power-supply circuit, and high- often, the full -wave rectifier of Fig. often used for that task. While those lights each major segment for clos- 2C is used as the output rectifier; are relatively simple and inexpen- er inspection. The first section we'll that's because it strikes an accept- sive, they are only up to 50% effi- look at are the rectifiers. able compromise between simplic- cient, and can become quite large ity and effectiveness. and run quite hot. Rectifiers. One of the key steps in The chief drawback of the full - For some applications, there is a converting an AC signal into DC is wave rectifier is that it requires a better alternative-switch -regulat- rectification. In rectification, a net- center tap in the secondary wind- ed (or "switching ") power supplies. work of semiconductor diodes ing of the transformer to serve as Those supplies use a clever tech- works to pass only one polarity of the ground reference. Because of nique to "chop" unregulated DC at AC to the rest of the circuit. The sin- that, the bridge rectifier shown in a very high rate, then reconstruct gle- polarity alternating signal is Fig. 2D is also commonly used; a the DC signal for use by the outside called "pulsating DC." bridge rectifier requires more world. That high- frequency switch- The first rectifier normally found diodes, but eliminates the need for ing technique causes very little in the switching supply is the input a secondary center tap at the temperature rise in the supply so it rectifier. It directly performs the ini- transformer. can run much cooler. Also, smaller tial conversion of AC line voltage There are two important factors components can be used in build- into pulsating DC. A bridge rectifier, to keep in mind when working with ing a switching supply, so the supply such as the one shown in Fig. 2A, is rectifier diodes in a power-supply can be manufactured in a smaller almost always used as the primary application -Peak Inverse Voltage package. However, the key advan- rectifier network since the design (PIV) and Forward Current (IF). The tage to those supplies is high effi- develops its own ground reference PIV refers to the maximum voltage ciency-switching supplies can and isolates the rest of the supply that the diode can stand in the reach an efficiency of 85 %. from the AC line. reverse -biased (or off) state. A In this article, we will examine Use caution when working with good rule of thumb is for the PIV to switching power supplies in depth. the input rectifier circuit. The 120 - be at least twice the peak voltage 40 We will look at some of the circuit volts AC at the input of the rectifier applied to the network, plus a 50%

www.americanradiohistory.com SENSE SIGNAL

INPUT INPUT RF SWITCH OUTPUT OUTPUT RECTIFIER FILTER CIRCUIT RECTIFIER FILTER DC -0 OUTPUT AC J- J- INPUT /O T T

HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSFORMER INPUT CIRCUIT OUTPUT CIRCUIT

Fig. 1. This block diagram of a simple switching power supply highlights the major sections of the circuit. safety margin. For example, if the (50 to 60 Hz), so a fairly large value of a typical switching power supply. input rectifier diode will be exposed of capacitance is usually need - The transformer used in the switch- to an AC line voltage of 115 Vrrns, ed-a value between 1000 and ing supply must operate at the fre- the peak voltage is Vrrrrs x 1.414 2200 mF is typically used. Additional quency of the switching circuit (20 (115 Vrrns X 1.414 = 162 VPK). The capacitors can be added in paral- kHz or higher). A conventional 60 -Hz minimum PIV for those diodes lel to increase the total amount of power transformer will not work at should then be (162 VPK x 2) + (162 filter capacitance and allow more high frequencies. What is needed VPK X 0.5), or 405 VPIV Higher PIV energy storage. That means that instead is a small, light, transformer ratings are acceptable. Common there will be less discharge designed for optimum magnetic rectifier diode PIVs are 50, 100, 200, between pulses- therefore, ripple coupling at the switching frequency. 400, 600, and 1000 volts. will be lower. Use extreme caution Turns of wire wrapped around a Forward current is the maximum when dealing with values of toroidal coil are offen used. amount of current that the diode capacitance above 5000 mF.Those Even though the size and shape can pass in the forward- biased (or can store enough energy to of the switching supply transformer on) state. It should exceed the become a shock hazard. may be different than that of 60 -Hz maximum expected current by at Since the capacitors used in the transformers, the principle of "mag- least a 50% safety margin. As an output filter will be operating at the netic coupling" remains the same. example, if 1 amp is expected to frequency of the RF switching cir- That is, the high -voltage pulsing flow in the input rectifier, the rectifi- cuit (20 kHz or more; more on that applied to the transformer's prima- er diodes should have an IF rating later), much smaller values can be ry windings will generate a strong of (1 amp) + (1 amp x 0.5), or 1.5 used there. Effective filtering of the magnetic field that will alternate as amps. high- frequency AC can be accom- the DC pulses on and off. The core plished using values up to 470 mF. of the transformer carries that field Filters. Filters are used extensively When selecting capacitors for to the secondary windings where in switching power supplies to use here (or in any application), the an alternating signal is generated. smooth out the pulsating DC from working -voltage rating (WVDC) That principle is also known as the rectifiers to form a steady DC must be considered. Here, the "transformer coupling." signal. As with linear supplies, working voltage should be more capacitors are usually used as fil- than 50% above the peak voltage RF Regulator /Switching Network. ters in switching supplies. of the pulsating DC. The heart of every switching power Capacitors are energy-storage As an example, if the output filter supply is the RF regulator, also devices that will charge up to the is being fed by pulsating 24 VDC known as the switching regulator. It peak level of pulsating DC, then dis- from the output rectifier, the peak is that critical circuit that rapidly charge slightly between pulses to voltage from those pulses is approx- chops the filtered DC from the input sustain current to the load. Figure 3 imately 24 V x 1.414, or 34 VPK. filter at 20 kHz or higher. That circuit shows the effects of filtering on a After adding a 50% safety margin, is also responsible for providing the pulsating -DC signal -a larger cur- the working voltage would be (34 regulation necessary to keep the rent drain will discharge filter VPK) + (34 VPK x 0.5), or 51 WVDC. DC output constant. capacitors more deeply than a Although there are several varia- small current load.That charge and High- Frequency Transformer. A tions of switching circuits, the Pulse - discharge signal across the filter is transformer is used to convert high - Width- Modulation (PWM) technique called ripple. voltage, chopped DC into a lower is by far the most popular. Figure 5 is Turning back to our block dia- voltage secondary AC signal. Figure a block diagram of a basic PWM gram, the input filter operates at 4 shows a generic transformer that switching circuit. the frequency of the line voltage interfaces the input and output sides That circuit operates as a 41

www.americanradiohistory.com "closed- loop" control network. The final DC output voltage is constantly sampled and checked against c 160VPK -set PULSATING factory reference voltage. That DC sample creates an error signal in an AC INP! 1T error amplifier. The error signal is used SIGNAL to 12OVR'as RECTIFIER control the pulse width of the DIODES switching signals out of the pulse - width modulating circuit, which is usually a variable pulse -width oscil- o lator. The varying pulse -width signal a from that oscillator drives a switching transistor, which chops the unregulated DC from the input filter ALTERNATING SIGNAL at a high frequency. A high -frequency step -down transformer CHOPPED DC INPUT reduces the high -voltage pulses into a low-voltage alternating signal. The "new" AC signal is then re- PULSATING DC rectified and re- filtered in the output circuits to form the final DC out- RECTIFIER put voltage. The output is sampled DIODE w again and used to adjust the errer o- signal accordingly. That "closed STEP -DOWN loop" control will continue as long TRANSFORMER - as the supply is turned on. b It is the constant checking and adjustment of the closed -loop sys- ALTERNATING tem that allows the switching sup- SIGNAL ply to maintain its constant output CHOPPED DC voltage. As load conditions INPUT change, the DC output voltage will PULSATING h DC tend to vary Those variations will be sensed by the switching circuit and compensated for automatically. RECTIFIER DIODES Now that we've seen how a basic switching regulator works, it is o- - -- time to look STEP -DOWN at some variations and TRANSFORMER applications. O The Hybrid Switching Regulator. It c is not always necessary to use a high- frequency transformer in AI TEPNATING switching designs. The transformer is SIGNAI used only to convert high -voltage CHOPPED DC INPUT pulses to a low- voltage signal. If the unregulated DC into the switching circuit is already at a useful voltage, then transformation is unnec- PULSATING DC essary. As an alternative, a standard 60 -Hz power transformer can be used to step down the AC line voit - RECTIFIER age before the input rectifier, as STEP -DOWN DIODES shown in Fig. 6. Notice the striking TRANSFORMER similarity between the input portion o of Fig. 6 and a normal linear DC supply. d That type of hybrid circuit combines the simplicity of linear Fig. 2. A switching supply contains both an input and output rectifier. The input rectifier is usualhv supplies with the efficiency of a bridge type as shown in A. The output rectifier could be a half-wave (B), full -wave (C), or bridge switching circuits. 42 (0) type. A working 5 -volt DC, 500 -mA

www.americanradiohistory.com transistor turns off and current stops FILTERED DC in rectifier, the polarity of LIGHT LOAD the output LOAD the choke's potential will reverse and provide some extra current to help sustain the load, further reducing ripple. A slightly different pulse -control circuit is used with the forward PULSATING switcher. That is necessary since the DC variations in the output current require changes in pulse-timing parameters to provide optimum performance. Like the flyback switcher, however, the pulse -control circuit still controls the energy delivered to the transformer, which IL translates into control of the DC output voltage.

FILTER CAPACITOR Push -Pull Switcher. Above 200 RECTIFIER DIODES watts, a more sophisticated approach is needed. A push -pull switching circuit is a high -capacity design that can be used in switch- Fig. 3. The effects of, filtering on a pulsating -DC signal: A larger current drain will discharge ing supplies up to 600 watts. In that ter capacitors more deeply than a small current load, and the charge and discharge signal seen type of switching arrangement, across the filter is called ripple. shown in Fig. 10, two independent pulse -width modulation circuits are power supply based on that con- ry voltage reverses and has a "fly- used to drive each side of the cept is shown in Fig. 7. In it, a back" effect that allows current to switching- transistor network, which National Semiconductor LM341 lin- flow through the output rectifier to allows high currents to be devel- ear voltage regulator is made to the output filter. The pulse width oped in the supply. oscillate, and performs the actual controls the energy stored in the Ripple in the push -pull circuit conditioning of the DC output sig- transformer -thus controlling (or can be significantly reduced by nal. Oscillation frequency in the cir- regulating) the ultimate DC output carefully balancing the timing of cuit is governed by the ratio of R2 voltage. each PWM circuit. Done properly, and R3, with feedback being deliv- Flyback switching is limited to that allows the outputs of push -pull ered by inductor Ll. The actual about 100 watts due to the current circuits to have the lowest ripple switching of the unregulated DC is requirements of the transformer content of any switching supply. performed by Ql. and the limitations of peak current Notice that the output rectifier in the switching transistor. For appli- and the output filter of that circuit The Flyback Switcher. The flyback cations above 100 watts, the for- are essentially the same as the for- switching configuration, shown in ward switching circuit, which is dis- ward switcher. Two sensing signals Fig. 8, is generally found in switching cussed next, is often used. are taken from the DC output to supplies up to about 100 watts. As serve as sample voltages in each can be seen in the diagram, very The Forward Switcher. A forward pulse -width modulator. few components are needed to switching circuit like the one shown form that type of circuit, which in Fig. 9 is most effective in 80- to Switching -Supply Disadvantages. makes it an economical arrange- 200 -watt supplies. The circuit repre- While switching supplies offer many ment for low -power supplies. sents a serious improvement in rip- advantages, they are far from ideal The high-frequency transformer ple suppression as it uses a bridge and present many problems of is critical in this application, since it rectifier, which by nature of its their own. For example, switching not only steps down voltage, but design, provides much less ripple power supplies are highly efficient provides isolation and current limit- than the half-wave rectifier used in because the high- energy, shorting from the AC line. The primary the flyback switcher. To reduce rip- duration DC pulses (chopped DC) and secondary windings are ple further, an inductor (or "choke ") created by the high- frequency wound in opposing directions so could be added in series with the switching cause very little power that when the pulse control circuit filter capacitor. Then, when the dissipation -and therefore very lit- turns on the transistor, current flows switching transistor is on and the tle power wasted -in the switching through the transformer, but the output rectifier is conducting, the transistor. That, in turn, reduces the output rectifier does not conduct. choke will establish a potential power loss in the system. Less power When the transistor turns off, prima- across itself. When the switching dissipation also means that less 43

www.americanradiohistory.com know that there are several types of circuits where switching supplies HIGH -FREQUENCY probably should not be used: TRANSFORMER Extremely sensitive radio receivers and electronic instruments that AC DC must accurately measure small sig- INPUT i OUTPUT nals are just a few examples of that. STEP -DOWN In spite of those difficulties, there are a variety of techniques that are SENSE SIGNAL used to combat the effects of noise: Careful shielding and grounding Fig. 4. As shown here, a high frequency transformer is used to couple the switching supply's input of the switching components and and output circuits. outer case can go a long way toward reducing transmitted RE heat is generated in the power result, it is possible for any and all Interconnecting cables used in supply, which can extend the work- conductors in the switching por- the vicinity of the supply should be ing life of the semiconductor tions of the supply to act as anten- well shielded, and the shielding components. nas and transmit those frequencies should be common -grounded to However, in order to achieve over remarkably long distances. the supply circuit. that advantage, DC is usually Under the right conditions, the RF Electronic filtering components chopped at frequencies of 20 to 30 generated by switching supplies such as capacitors and inductors kHz, and switchers are currently might cause interference to other could be added to the design of being built to operate at up to 500 nearby pieces of electronic equip- the supply to suppress many of the

kHz; units that switch at up to 1 MHz ment. Even the very circuits that the RF emissions. will be available in the near future. supply is meant to drive might be Changing the physical orienta- But, each of those operating fre- susceptible to the disturbances that tion and position of components in quencies fall well within the RF RF can cause. With that potential for the supply, as well as the location of (radio- frequency) spectrum. As a noise production, it is important to the supply itself can alter (and

SWITCHING COMPONENTS HIGH -FREQUENCY OUTPUT TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNREGULATED AND FILTER REGULATED DC INPUT _ - p STEP NETWORK DC OUTPUT ó DOWN

MODULATED SENSE SWITCHING-- --PULSES SIGNAL

ERROR AMPLIFIER OUTPUT VOLTAGE CONTROL

PULSE -WIDTH MODULATING CIRCUIT REFERENCE VOLTAGE

Fig. 5. The switching network used in a switching supply is shown here in block- diagram form. That 44 circuit operates as a "closed- loop" control network.

www.americanradiohistory.com INPUT CIRCUIT OUTPUT CIRCUIT 60Hz TRANSFORMER

CHOKE LINE AC REGULATED VOLTAGE u DC

OUTPUT ADJUST

MODULATED PULSE WIDTH

Fig. 6. In the hybrid switching supply, a standard power transformer is used to step down the AC line voltage before the input rectifier. This design combines the simplicity of a linear supply with the efficiency of a switching supply. It also eliminates the need for the high frequency transformer sometimes reduce) the effects of of time to correct the width of age, but it can take up to ten times RF outside of the supply, each pulse. If the demands of the longer to correct for those changes When working with new switch- load change, it could require sever- than with a linear regulator. ing power -supply designs, be pre- al pulse cycles to fully compensate That phenomenon also makes it pared to experiment with different for the change. A linear regulator, more difficult to provide the rated layouts and techniques to optimize on the other hand, is able to com- output voltage at full load current, performance. Often, noise and pensate for continuous load so switching -supply load regulation grounding problems may have to changes almost instantly. can be as low as 1%. While that be solved by trial and error. As an example, consider a seems fairly poor, especially when Switching supplies must be switching power supply providing you consider that a well- designed designed to conform to FCC Class an output of 5 volts at 1 amp. If the linear supply can achieve better B requirements, as well as the load should change suddenly and than 0.1% load regulation, it is still European standard VDE 0871 for draw 2 amps, the output voltage fine for most applications. Class B RF products. from the supply will tend to drop. Of Ripple voltage is an undesirable A switching power supply's abili- course, the sense signal will feed- signal that rides on the DC output ty to continually adjust the output back to the PWM circuit, which will signal. Its magnitude is greater in voltage is not quite as good as that adjust the pulse width and provide the output of a switching supply of its linear counterparts. That is additional energy to the transformer than a linear supply, sometimes because it takes a certain amount to restore the original output volt- exceeding 10 mV peak -to -peak. A

RECTIFIER DIODES SWITCHING 1N4004 =18V DC TRANQSISTOR (UNREGULATED) L1 .5mH 2N4033 AC LINE CHOKE VOLTAGE 120V

D5 1N2071 R1 Cl C2 5000 1000µF 1µF 5V 3 LM341 O 500mA DC OUTPUT + R2 1 4700 C3 C4 T2µF 200µF R3

.552 .749'

Fig. 7. The complete schematic for a practical 5 VDC, 500 -mA hybrid oippIv is shown here. 45

www.americanradiohistory.com Supply Service Precautions. Per- forming service on a switching HIGH FREQUENCY power supply can be a tricky busi- STEP -DOWN AC INPUT TRANSFORMER ness. Switching supplies are much VOLTAGE REGULATED more complex than comparable DC OUTPUT linear supplies, and very demand- N ing in terms of their requirements. That can make any service job difficult. There are, however, a number SWITCHING of basic rules that can be followed TRANSISTOR when making service decisions. Be careful of high voltage! Typical switching supplies can work PULSE SENSE SIGNAL with DC voltages easily in excess of CONTROL 150 volts, even higher voltages CIRCUIT and can be generated in 220 VAC European models. Use extreme Fig. 8. For low -voltage supplies up to 100 watts, the flyback switcher shown here is an economical caution when taking measure- arrangement. ments. Unplug the supply and allow all filter capacitors to discharge fully before doing any work ón the HIGH FREQUENCY STEP -DOWN circuit. TRANSFORMER Watch out for the shielding. Shielding and grounding techniques CHOKE are carefully employed to suppress V REGULATED DC OUTPUT RF signals within the supply. Replace and re- solder any shielding, and re- secure all grounds before operating SWITCHING TRANSISTOR the serviced supply. Otherwise, the supply may cause unpredictable RF PULSE CONTROL SENSE SIGNAL interference to other equipment. CIRCUIT Use only exact replacement parts. A switching supply is a fairly intricate assembly of components, Fig. 9. The forward switcher shown here provides improved ripple suppression. It is practical for supplies delivering between 80 and 200 watts. each chosen to provide a certain effect in the circuit. Replacing com- comparable linear supply can usu- the advantages and disadvan- ponents with values other than the ally keep ripple to less than 1 mV tages of linear and switching sup- original value can seriously impair

peak -to- peak. plies, Table 1 compares the key the supply's performance. For To make it easier to compare parameters of each. example, replacing a timing com-

SENSE -SIGNAL B

P.W.M. CIRCUIT B

INPUT OUTPUT RECTIFIER RECTIFIER SWITCH TRANSFORMER NETWORK CHOKE AC INPUT VOLTAGE REGULATED DC OUTPUT INPUT OUTPUT T FILTER FILTER QA P.W.M. CIRCUIT A

SENSE -SIGNAL A

Fig. 10. While more complex- than the other designs presented, the push -pull configuration shown here can be used in 46 supplies up to 600 watts.

www.americanradiohistory.com TABLE 1- COMPARISON OF LINEAR AND SWITCHING POWER SUPPLIES PLASMA GLOBE Parameter Switching Supply Linear Supplty (Continued from page 39) Efficiency 60 to 80% 30 to 50% RF Noise Can be a problem Usually negligible bent 90 degrees. Drill and tap a unless shielded hole through the bent prong so that Transformers Smaller, lighter, Requires bulky it can be attached to the small high- frequency 60 -Hz magnetics screw in the top cap. Whenever magnetics possible, use clear burned -out

Ripple 10 to 40 mV pk -pk 1 to 5 mV pk -pk light bulbs -they work just as well as good ones. Regulation 0.3 to 1% (VFL) 0.05 to 0.1% (VFL) Power/Weight Ratio 30 Watts /lb. (avg.) 15 Watts /lb. (avg.) Temperature Rise 20 to 40 deg. C 50 to 100 deg. C above ambient above ambient Reliability Cooler operation Runs much hotter improves the and can degrade reliability reliability ponent in the PWM circuit with a Much less power is wasted in a component of a different value switching supply than in a linear can effect the switching frequency, supply, so more output power can which, in turn, may render any RF usually be developed for the same suppression techniques (which amount of input power. Another have been optimized for the origi- advantage is compactness. Even nal frequency) ineffective. Also, use though more components are only the same type of parts. If a needed to make a switching sup- tantalum capacitor must be ply, they can be much smaller. That replaced, it should be replaced results in a smaller overall assembly, with a tantalum capacitor of the There are some disadvantages same value. The same is true for all encountered in switching supplies. other components. RF noise is the most serious of those. Leave calibration adjustments The high- frequency signals gener- alone. Some versions of switching ated by the switching network can supplies may contain one or more cause serious interference in other adjustments to alter such things as circuits. A variety of noise- suppres- Here is a standard television -flyback trans- current output, voltage reference, sion techniques are used to keep former. Modifying it by adding a new primary or some aspect of the switching cir- the RF under control. Regulation winding is the heart of the Poor Man's Plasma cuit. Unless the tools and instru- and ripple are not as good as in a Globe. ments are available to perform a comparable linear supply, but a proper service alignment, it is usual- switching supply will still work well in Many interesting experiments ly best to leave those adjustments many applications. can be carried out with the Poor alone. Otherwise, an improper As switching frequencies rise Man's Plasma Globe. You can test adjustment can degrade the sup- and RF suppression techniques different incandescent light bulbs ply just as much as the use of an become more effective, switching for various effects, try lighting up flu- improper component. power supplies will become the orescent tubes, or even connect a preferred supply for high -power mini -Jacob's Ladder to the output. Conclusion. The switching power applications where efficiency and If you try the Jacob's Ladder, don't supply, like all other power supplies, size are critical. S2 expect much in the way of dra- must convert an AC line voltage matics. You need a lot more than 7 into some value of DC voltage and amps to climb a big ladder. current that is used to power an BE A TEACHER. The one important thing to electrical load. A switching supply remember with any high -voltage accomplishes that by chopping a BE A HERO. experiment is safety! Nikola Tesla high -voltage, unregulated DC sig- would routinely adjust his high -volt- nal at very high frequencies (radio age equipment with one hand in frequencies), transforming the Call his pocket in order to prevent any chopped DC into a lower- voltage accidental shock from zapping his AC signal, then re- rectifying and re- 1- 800 -45- TEACH. heart. His death at the ripe old age filtering the AC signal into the of 86 is testimony to the fact that desired DC voltage. one can never be too cautious The primary advantage of the AWllieBnviuM around electricity- high -voltage or t} This Publication switching technique is efficiency. ixnci otherwise. S2 47

www.americanradiohistory.com MAKE YOUR OWN PC BOARDS USING TONER - TRANSFER PRODUCTS Once you've learned how, there's no easier way to make PC boards, especially ifyou need more than one.

What's the easiest way to LARRY BALL unwanted copper. Let's take a clos- make ten or twenty identi er look at how each step is done. cal printed circuit boards? Well, while there's many obtain with each. We'll also cover Creating the Artwork. Unless different techniques you could use, tips to save you money when using you're using artwork from a maga- in my experience toner-transfer TTPs, and help you get better results. zine article or the like, you'll have to products are your best bet! TTPs fall into two broad cate- create your own using a PCB draw - Now, perhaps you've heard that goriest transparencies and coated ing program. If you are already they don't work very well, or that papers. Transparencies are ironed familiar with those programs, you they're a hassle to use. Well, the on and carefully peeled off, while know what's involved and how truth is that toner-transfer products coated papers are ironed on and easy it can be. Unfortunately, space (which we'll refer to as TTPs) require soaked to remove the TTP However, prevents us from going into those time and effort to learn to use prop- aside from that difference, the steps programs in any great detail. erly, but once that effort is expend- and procedures followed when However, the good news is that the ed, they'll save you an enormous using all TTPs, which are described January 1996 issue of Electronics amount of work, time, and money. below, are pretty similar. The PCB Now features an excellent article For the balance of this article, artwork is usually created using a on the subject. It is a great introduc- we'll show you how to use TTPs, and computer program. The artwork is tion to the topic and features dis- help you decide which UP is best transferred to the TTP with a laser cussions of some of the most popu- for your needs. We'll look at printer (although it can be trans- lar packages on the market. DynaArt's Toner Transfer System, ferred using a copying machine, as Techniks' Press -n -Peel (both blue in the case of magazine artwork). Transferring the Artwork to the and wet versions), and Meadow- The artwork is then ironed onto an TTP. Once the artwork has been lake's TEC -200 Image Film; explore extremely clean printed- circuit created, it must be transferred to the similarities and differences of board (PCB), the UP is removed the TTP Whether you're using a laser those products; and most impor- and the PCB (which now has the printer or copying machine, be sure 48 tantly, compare the results you can artwork on it) is etched to remove to print your artwork on ordinary

www.americanradiohistory.com Avoid getting fingerprints or dust on the UP since they degrade its performance. Once the artwork is transferred, the UP can be carefully stored for later use.

Preparing the PCB. A properly prepared PCB can make the difference between a good toner transfer, or a frustrating, wasted effort. After you de -burr the board's edges, it has to be thoroughly cleaned. There are expensive chemicals that will do the job, such as London Chemical's Loncoterge, but the usual solution is to scrub the board with an abrasive cleaner (like Comet) until It's completely spotless, turns a hot pink color, and water forms sheets on it. Never forget that the end product of the transfer is directly related to how After you create the PC -board pattern using any PCB drawing program, it is output on a standard clean the board is! laser printer. Use the printer's darkest setting and select the straightest possible paper path. Place Next, to improve adhesion, rough multiple images on a single sheet to conserve the toner- transfer media. up the surface with Scotch -Brite, steel wool, or 400 -to 600- grit paper to check its orientation and 10xx, 50xx series, and Kodak three - wet /dry sandpaper. In my experi- quality. It's better to waste a sheet digit model- number machnes. ence, regardless of which UP is of copy paper than a sheet of UP Since the toner will become the used, 400 -grit sandpaper seems to Large copying machines work actual etch resist, all copying work best. better than small ones. For exam- machines and laser printers should Once that is done, rinse the ple, DynaArt recommends Xerox be set to their darkest settings. board with rubbing alcohol and dry it with a paper towel or blow dryer. Allowing it to air dry usually results in tarnish on the PCB.

Transferring the Artwork to the PCB. TTP manufacturers suggest several methods of transferring the artwork from the UP to the PCB. The most common method is to place the PCB on a flat, heat -resistant surface, with the UP on top of it, and the iron on top of the TTP; and then to apply moderate pressure for a specified time at a specified tern - perature. The times and temperatures specified by the manufacturers are provided in Table 1. There's an alternate method that is useful for large PCBs and /or paper-based TTPs: Place several pieces of thin cloth on a flat surface, the UP on the cloth, the PCB on the TTP and the iron on top of this stack. Slightly more time is needed when using this "upside- down" method. Still another method for small After ironing, paper -hayed lTPs are soaked in water to remove the paper from the PCB Be patron boards is recommended by the as peeling the paper before it has soaked off could produce poor results. makers of TEC -200. They suggest 49

www.americanradiohistory.com heating the PCB itself, and then TABLE -1 placing the TTP on top of the heat- MANUFACTURER'S RECOMMENDED TIMES AND TEMPERATURES ed board and using a small rubber Product Time Temperature print roller to apply the TTP Since different toners melt at dif- TEC -200 not specified 265 -295 degrees F; "wool" setting ferent temperatures, you'll have to DynaArt 2 -3 minutes 300 -350 degrees F (possibly more); experiment to find the time and "cotton" setting temperature that works best with Techniks PNP 45 -100 seconds 200 -225 degrees F or higher; "steam" your toner and system. Generally, (Wet and Blue) setting it's okay to use more time (up to several minutes more). The times, manual paper feed and auxiliary inches. As expected, it was found temperatures, and techniques that paper exit were used to provide a that TTPs are easier to use with have worked well for the author are paper path with the least number smaller PCBs. given in Table 2. of bends. Toner was transferred to What about motion? Well, when over 60 identically cleaned PCBs, Techniks' PNP WET. In the heating the PCB and TIP with the and over 20 were etched. Sizes var- author's opinion, PNP WET is the iron, Techniks suggests that you ied from 4 by 5 inches to 11/2 by 2 most forgiving TTP tested. It works concentrate on getting one corner inches. The benchmark was 2 by 4 well over a wider range of temper- to adhere, and then apply the heat using a circular motion, especially TTP TIPS towards the outer edges. Usually, If the artwork doesn't transfer com- a "super fuser" to replace the iron in the pletely, the most likely causes are: not -transfer just moving iron toner process. the every 30 sec- enough time, PCB not clean enough, tem- onds will provide even heat and perature too low, or uneven heat and /or To save money on their TTP, DynaArt pressure. pressure. also suggests cutting it into pieces slight- Once the artwork is ironed on, ly larger than your PCB artwork, and tap- If the edges of your artwork appear ing the pieces on a sheet of copy paper transparency -based TTPs are "squashed" on the PCB, you probably (with a paper -type tape, and on the lead- cooled and then carefully peeled used too much pressure. ing edge only), and then sending the copy backwards 180 degrees. Paper - paper/TTP combination through the print- Don't leave based TTPs are carefully placed in the iron in one place more er. If your printer won't pass two sheets of than 30 seconds even when transferring water to soak the UP The UP will paper taped together, you'll need to cut an the TTP to a PCB smaller than the iron. It appropriate hole in the copy paper. peel off on its own in a few minutes needs to be moved to provide even heat (avoid the temptation to help it!). In and pressure. Another idea for getting the most out of either case, the PCB will usually your TTPs is to put multiple images on a When ironing need to have transferred a transparency, you can single page. the art- usually tell when it's ready by looking for work touched up with an etch - the pattern to become more apparent. When drawing your PCB artwork, resist pen. Inspect the PCB with a remember that larger traces and pads are magnifier to see if you've missed All copying machines and laser printers more forgiving in the toner transfer should be set on their darkest settings! any tiny holes or cracks in the process. If traces. you consistently get more Whether you're using a laser printer or Etching your PCBs in a heated bub- than a couple of "drop outs" in your a copying machine, be sure to print your bling tank will save you an enormous traces, you'll need to adjust your PCB on ordinary paper first to check its amount of work; the December 1989 orientation and quality. time, temperature, pressure, PCB issue of Radio Electronics has an excellent article on one you could build your- cleanliness, or technique. Allow your iron to heat up for several self. The PCB is now ready to etch, minutes to give a consistent temperature. and should be etched immediate- Gaps in traces on finished PCBs may Here's a method that is useful for large ly for best results. Waiting will allow be repaired with a Circuit Works conduc- PCBs and /or paper -based TTPs. Place tive pen. the PCB to tarnish, and may result in four pieces of thin cloth on a flat surface, a poorer final product. the TTP on the cloth, the PCB on the TTP, Techniks (PNP WET /BLUE) recom- and the iron on top of this stack. Slightly mends that the image transfer sheet be more time is needed Product Comparisons. An article to use that "upside- cut leaving at least' /4 -inch around the cir- down" method. cuit pattern. like this one would be incomplete

without some more in -depth dis- When printing on TTPs with a copier or Leave no more than a 1/2 -inch border of cussion of the various products and a printer, use the paper path with the least clear film around the pattern, when usinc number of bends. the results obtained with each, as TEC -200 Image Film, to avoid distortior in the transferred artwork. well as some product-specific hints Paper -based TTPs can be sprayed with. and techniques that the author has lacquer after printing, and then soaked to TEC -200 Image Film could be used to

found helpful. For these compar- obtain a see -through sheet of artwork create a mirror image of your artwork . isons, note that all printing was useful for making faceplates and decals. when used in a copier. For best results, a clean white sheet of paper should be done with a new OKIDATA OL600e DynaArt suggests replacing your drum placed on top of the film being copied. The laser printer using an OEM toner- with an "acrylic" high- capacity drum and film used to make the intermediate copy and -drum cartridge. The printer your toner with high- density "graphics" can then be cleaned with an organic sol- toner. They sell those products, as well as 50 was set on its darkest setting. The vent and reused.

www.americanradiohistory.com TEC With TEC- NAMES AND ADDRESSES Meadowlake's -200. 200, it is easy to consistently get Product Price and Suppliers clean, sharp transfers. However, the DynaArt Toner Transfer System 5 sheets /$15.00 clean, sharp image can be deceiv- (paper -based product) DynaArt Designs 3535 Stillmeadow Lane ing. When using TEC -200, you'll need Lancaster, CA 93536 to strike a balance between a high- Tel: 805 943 -4746 er temperature (which will give the best adhesion), and a lower tem- Techniks Inc. Press and Peel 20 sheets /$30.00 will give you the (BLUE is transparency based) Techniks Inc. perature (which (WET is paper -based product) P.O. Box 463 darkest, most solid traces). Also, Ringoes, NJ 08551 avoid excessive pressure, which will Tel: 908 788 -8249 make the traces squash internally and become "see-through." "See - TEC -200 5 sheets /$3.95 (transparency -based product) DC Electronics through" traces will result in tiny P.O. Box 3203 holes in your etched PCB's. Scottsdale, AZ 85271 Once you've found the proper Tel: 800 467 -7736 temperature and pressure, this easy, consis- Loncoterge (copper cleaner) $17.75 /quart product will give you Part #CU3-1QT Kepro Circuit- Systems tent results. It's best applied using 630 Axminister Drive the right-side -up method with one Fenton, Missouri 63026 thin sheet of cloth between it and Tel: 800 325 -3878 the iron. Note: Single sheet quantities of toner-transfer products are available from Futuretech (P.O. Box 6291, Gulf Breeze FL 32561, Tel: 904 932 -9682): DynaArt Designs DynaArt's Toner Transfer System. $3.50 /sheet, Techniks Press and Peel (both WET and BLUE) $2.00 /sheet, DynaArt's Toner Transfer System can Meadowlake TEC -200 $1.15/sheet. Sample pack of one each of all four toner trans- give you sharp PCB images with few fer products $8.50 /pack. Add $3.00 for shipping and handling. Florida residents add it tolerate 7% sales tax. "drop outs," but won't inconsistent or sloppy application atures, times, and pressures. It usual- sure and correct temperature, or techniques. To get consistent results, ly applies cleanly with very few you'll lose fine detail in your traces. your time, temperature, and pres- "drop outs." The end result (etched Furthermore, the coating is so thick sure must be very consistent. It also PCB) is among the best tested. This that you have to be more careful requires more pressure than other UP works well when applied using while touching up any "drop outs" TTPs. Unless you're transferring your the "upside-down" method with four as the etch -resist pen must fill in artwork to a PCB larger than your thin sheets of cloth placed under- both the "drop out" and the transi- iron, the right- side -up method is best neath it. tion between the thickness of the for this product. coating and the PCB. Fortunately, Techniks' PNP BLUE. PNP BLUE is this technique usually requires very Conclusion. The good news is that different than other TTPs in that it little touching up. all the TTPs tested will do the job. The transfers a coating in addition to The durability of the extra coat- bad news is that even with the ones the toner. The coating /toner com- ing makes it one of the most reli- that are easiest to use, you'll need bination sticks extremely well to the able TTPs tested. To get the best to do some trial and error experi- PCB and provides extra protection results, this product should be mentation to get the correct com- during etching. applied using the right- side -up bination of time, temperature, and On the down side, you have to method with a thin sheet of cloth pressure for your printer's toner, and be very careful to use a light pres- between it and the iron. to get a feel for using the product. Even then, one or two small "drop TABLE 2-AUTHOR'S SETTINGS outs" per PCB are to be expected. TTPs require effort on the part of Product Time Conditions learn TEC -200 31 minutes 250 degrees the user. But once you the "permanent- press" setting best methods, TTPs will save you light pressure loads of time, money, and effort. To help reduce the learning curve a 41/2 minutes 410 degrees DynaArt in "linen-high" setting bit, many of the points addressed heavy pressure this article, as well as a few additional ones, are summarized in the Techniks 4 minutes 310 degrees box titled "UP Tips." S2 PNP WET "wool- cotton" setting upside down method

Techniks 3 minutes 275 degrees PNP BLUE "wool" setting BUY BONDS light pressure 51

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www.americanradiohistory.com SKIP CAMPISI BUILD THE By now, most hobbyists are familiar with -and have possibly even tried -one or more of those multi- waveform function - D.I.Y. generator chips. A few extremely versatile examples are the ICL8038, the XR -2206, and the MAX038 monolithic generators. All of those devices provide sine -, square -, and triangle-wave outputs with assort- ed other features. However, in spite of their sophisti- cation, those chips do have their shortcomings. It is, after all, difficult to pack all of the required circuitry onto one substrate. The first thing you will notice is that the minimum required power supply is 10 volts at moderate current levels. This means that at a bare minimum, two 9 -volt FUNCTION batteries driving ±5 -volt regulators would be needed. However, the current demands would preclude GENERATOR the use of batteries. A line- operat- ed power supply would be more reasonable, eliminating the possibility of a portable unit. The waveforms generated by Here's a handy way to bring your test bench out the chips are largely quite good for a single- frequency design. into the field: a function generator that is small, Unfortunately, most variable -frequency designs result in a square - lightweight, and battery powered! wave whose duty cycle doesn't remain constant as the frequency is varied. That, in turn, causes non - symmetrical triangle waves, which gle waves, and smooth sinewaves in Fig. 1. With only three op -amps in results in sinewave distortion to vari- over a frequency range of 10 Hz to its circuit, that basic design is capa- ous degrees. 100 kHz at a nearly constant duty ble of only low frequencies. It does Trimming the sinewave output cycle. For true portability, a built -in illustrate, however, the feedback into a smooth shape can also be analog frequency display meter principles involved in all generator rather trying. The most common has been included for accurate designs. drawback is what can be frequency setting. A hysteresis amplifier is a stan- described as a "blurb" at the maxi- As with any complex design, dard op -amp using positive feed- mum excursions. That defect is diffi- some compromises have been back (through Ra) to achieve a cult to get rid of. It occurs because made to achieve optimum perfor- voltage- comparator-like response. the maximum amplitude of the tri- mance. The unit provides very A feature of hysteresis amplifiers is angle wave must be held constant good waveforms throughout its fre- that there are two reference levels. over the entire frequency range for quency range. It has been inten- When the output changes state, the sine- shaping circuit to work tionally limited to 100 kHz for negli- the reference level is switched from properly. That is extremely difficult to gible propagation -delay problems. one to the other. For example, let's do in any design due to propaga- The output swing is limited to ±1.5 say that the two reference levels tion delays in the circuitry. volts in order to work within the are set at 2 volts and 4 volts. If the Those problems have been elim- constraints of the 5 -volt power sup- output switches high when the inated in the Do- It- Yourself Function ply voltage. input rises above 4 volts, the input Generator presented here. It is would have to drop below 2 volts designed to operate on one stan- The "Classic" Function Generator. for the output to switch back to the dard 9 -volt battery with a low cur- In order to obtain a good under- low state. Thus, its output has only rent draw, making it easily portable. standing of how a typical function two stable levels- positive -maxi- Unusual techniques have been generator works, we will discuss the mum voltage, and negative -maxi- 56 used to provide squarewaves, trian- "classic" function generator shown mum voltage, which are both near

www.americanradiohistory.com the supply -rail voltages. Hysteresis is provided via the voltage divider r, r, composed of Ra and Rb. Rb The integrator is also a standard WV - op-amp with a capacitor (CT) providing negative feedback. If LAI a con- 1 stant voltage is applied to input resistor RT, a constant current 1,1 charges the capacitor causing the output voltage to ramp up or down. For a starting point, assume that the hysteresis amplifier's output is at a negative voltage. The integrator op -amp will try to make its inverting input equal to the ground refer- o o o ence on its non -inverting input. The Jan_ M voltage applied across CT will HYSTERESIS INTEGRATOR SINE -WAVE charge it at a linear rate, so the AMPLIFIER (TRIANGLE) SHAPER (SOU AREWAVE) integrator's output voltage will ramp up positively. Voltage divider Fig. 1. A classic function generator provides sinewave, squarewave, and triangle-wave signals. Ra -Rb holds the hysteresis amplifier's non -inverting input below ground until the integrator's output put voltage becomes negative piece -wise linear function fitter. It is voltage becomes positive enough enough to pull the input below built with diodes and resistors. The to pull the input above ground. ground, starting the cycle again. values of the function -fitter compo- At that point, the hysteresis As you can see, the hysteresis nents are selected by trial- and -error amplifier's output shifts to a positive amplifier's output is a squarewave to approximate a sinewave by using voltage. The integrator's non- invert- and the integrator output is a trian- the breakpoints provided by the ing input is now too high, so CT gle wave. If the ground references diodes at different voltage levels. begins to discharge at the same are exactly halfway between the Surprisingly good results are linear rate at which it was charged. supply voltages, symmetrical wave- achieved using that method. The integrator's output voltage forms are obtained. However, it is sensitive to tempera- ramps down. The hysteresis amplifi- The sinewave- shaping circuit is a ture variations, input -voltage varia- er's input is held above ground by standard op -amp with a special tions, and exhibits the "blurbs" men- Ra and Rb until the integrator's out- negative- feedback circuit called a tioned before. Analog multipliers PARTS LIST FOR THE DO-IT-YOURSELF FUNCTION GENER ATOR SEMICONDUCTORS R3, R15-3300-ohms cif), C22- 5- 50 -pF, variable ICI, IC7- LM3080 transconductance R4 6200-ohms Cl 1- 180 -pF, polystyrene amplifier, integrated circuit R5-500-ohm potentiometer C12-0.0022-11F, Mylar IC2- TLC555 CMOS timer, integrated R6, R11, R19R21, R26-10,000-ohms CI3- 0.022 -µF, Mylar circuit R7, R9, R24-4700-ohms C1/1 0.22 -µF. Mylar IC3- TLE2071 JFET op -amp, integrated R8, R13-1000-ohm potentiometer C17- 10 -11F, 16 -WVDC, electrolytic circuit R 10-2700-ohms C23- 20 -pF, ceramic -disc IC4 -79L05 5 -volt voltage regulator, R12, R25-22.000-ohms integrated circuit R14-10,000-ohm potentiometer ADDITIONAL PARTS IC5- LM2917 frequency /voltage R16, R17-2000-ohms AND MATERIALS converter, integrated circuit R18-1000-ohms SI -Rotary switch, 2 -pole, 4- position, IC6- TLE2074 quad JFET op -amp, R27-25,000-ohm potentiometer non -shorting integrated circuit S2 -Rotary switch, 1 -pole, 4- position, LEDI -Red light- emitting diode, CAPACITORS non -shorting low -power Cl, C4, C16, C19, C20. C21 -1 -11F, S3- Toggle switch, single -pole, D1 D3- 1N4148 silicon diode 16 -WVDC, tantalum double -throw C2, C15 -0.001 -11F, ceramic -disc J1 -BNC connector. panel- mount, RESISTORS C3, C18- 0.1 -µF, ceramic -disc female (All resistors are '/a -watt, 5% units unless C5- 0.01 -1,LF, ceramic -disc B1-9 -volt battery otherwise noted.) C6- 910 -pF, Mylar, see text M1- 100 -µA panel meter, analog R1, R23 -5600 -ohms C7 0.01 -µF, Mylar Battery holder, 9 -volt battery R2, R22- 10,000 -ohm potentiometer, C8- 0.1 -µF, Mylar connector, enclosure, P.C. board, panel panel -mount C9 -1.LF, Mylar knobs, wire, hardware, etc. -I 57

www.americanradiohistory.com W, R11 R21 10K -a. -6.5V Ri I( C23 5.6K 20pF 4 J1 14 IC6-a 1/4 TLE2074

12 6 - R22 R3 10K 3.3K

---K ShNr--1NY R23 R24 C2 5 6K 4.7K R4 .001 6.2K

5 IC 8 10 LM3080 5 4 R5 R15 3.3K +2.SV 3 50052 ' --- IC5 LM2917 R25 R6 C2.pg 10K R16 D1 R17 22K = 1/16 2K 2K 11 12 1N4148 _ C20 D2 1/16 IC6-c 2 Sl-a 1N4148 IC2 100 KHz 100 Hz * 1/4 TLE2074 S1-b +2.5V TLC555 0 O-O R18 O O O 1K 3 10KHzp Q1KHz 1q R20 D3 1 1N4148 10K 71C 7R PR R19 +2.5V t íT iC -2.5V C4 C6 C7 C9 4C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C3 C5 C8 11. 10K 1/16 .01 910pF .01 .1 1 50pF 180pF. .0022 .022 .22

R26 10K R7 R8 R9 4.7K 1K 4.7K ) -6.5V S3 IC4 C AiN 91** W1- 2 M1 4 C16 + 79L05 100NA 1/16 LED1 I+) IC3 rk°O K 015 TLE2071 B1 9V .001 R10 R27 3 7 2.7K IC17 C18 C19 + 25K 7 0/16 1/16

Fig. 2. Although the Do-It-Yourself Function Generator is an extremely comple_ circuit, it draws much less current than an all -in -one film lion- generator chip. That feature alone makes the Function Generator handy as a portable battery- powered unit.

have been used with much suc- much circuitry has been packed ±2.5 -volt supply is provided by 103, cess, along with various other inge- into the all -in -one chips. a TLE2071 JFET op -amp. The refer- nious circuits. Further information on High speed, low voltage ICs ence level is adjusted by R8. Setting those alternative approaches can have been chosen in order to keep the ground reference level gives us be found in the "Think Tank" current drain to a minimum for the ability to make the output columns in the November 1991 and extended battery life. A standard 9- waveforms symmetrical. The nega- June 1996 issues of our sister maga- volt alkaline battery feeds IC4, a tive common -mode input -voltage zine, Popular Electronics. 79L05 negative 5 -volt regulator, in range for IC3 (and IC6) is limited to Now that we understand the an unusual power-supply configu- signals greater than 4 volts above basics of function generator design, ration. The supply provides ±2.5 the negative supply rail. Therefore, we can examine our Do -It- Yourself volts to the main circuit and -6.5 the negative supply voltage must Function Generator in detail. volts to IC3, a TLE2071 JFET op -amp, be -6.5 volts for proper operation. and 106, a TLE2074 quad JFET op- The integrator portion of the About The Circuit. Unfortunately, amp. Function Generator is built around to successfully design a function Those op -amps were selected ICI, a LM3080 transconductance generator circuit that will operate for their ±2.25- to ±19 -volt supply amplifier, which is configured as a at low supply voltages over a rela- range, a 40- volt-per- microsecond current pump. The constant positively large frequency range, the slew rate, and a 10 -MHz unity -gain tive or negative current needed for monolithic waveform generators bandwidth. There are currently no triangle -wave generation is sent are out of the picture altogether. appropriate substitutes available through Sl -a to C6 through 09, pro- Even a quick glance at Fig. 2 will for IC3 or IC6. ducing the triangle wave. Variable 58 give you an appreciation of how The ground reference for the frequency control is provided by R2

www.americanradiohistory.com occurs when the input is at its maximum. At that point, the gain applied to the input will vary from a maximum of 1.85 at zero volts to a minimum of 1.00 at ±830 millivolts. The frequency -doubled output of IC6 -c allows both the positive- and negative -input excursions to be shaped equally.

A gain change from 1.85 to 1 applied to the triangle -wave input produces an extremely good sinewave approximation. The waveform generated is actually parabolic in shape, and about ±830 millivolts in amplitude when loaded by R22. If you compare the parabolic waveform to a true sinewave, you will note that the zero- crossings are slightly steeper than the sine, and that the peaks J are slightly rounder. The result is a low percentage of harmonic distortion- comparable to the monolithic generator chips. To see the distortion on an oscilloscope, the display will have to be one half cycle of the waveform and as large as possible on the screen. Above about 10 kHz, propa- Fig. 3. /f you want to use the same perJboard suggested in the text, this guide shows you where to gation delay will become notice- install jumper wires. Don't forget to drill the additional holes for the ground connection. able as a very small "glitch" at the peaks of the sinewave; however, and IC6 -a, which varies the Input for the sinewave- shaper por- performance is not compromised. transconductance of IC1. The out- tion of the circuit. The various waveforms are put current is a function of both The sinewave- shaper network is buffered and amplified by IC6 -d. the transconductance and input formed by IC7 and IC6 -c. The trian- Any particular waveform is select- voltage. gle wave input is buffered by IC6-b. ed by S2. The output voltage, con- The hysteresis amplifier is corn - Another transconductance amplifi- trolled by R22, can be varied from posed of IC2, a TLC555 CMOS timer, er is used for IC7, which is config- zero to -±1.5 volts. The output avail- which has all of the components ured as a variable -gain circuit. The able at J1 is stable under loads of built into it for very fast switching. As gain of IC7 is controlled by IC6 -c. up to 100 pF. Standard coax up to the triangle wave swings between Because IC6 -c is configured as a 36 inches in length can be used. IC2's threshold voltages, which are negative absolute -value circuit Output current capability of ±30 1/3 and 2/3 of its supply voltage of 5 that receives its input from IC6 -b, its milliamps or more is typical. volts, IC2's output provides the output is double the input frequen- The overall range of the output squarewave input for 1C1. The fre- cy. With a triangle wave at ±830 mil- frequency is selected by S1 -a and quency range is set by R5, limiting livolts on the input, the negative - Sl -b, which are ganged together. the input voltage to about ±50 mil- absolute output is between zero The display is a 100 -microamp ana- livolts, and -830 millivolts. The current gen- log panel meter. The display is read The full -scale frequency range is erated through R14 /R15 is applied directly as a percentage of full selected by SI -a in four steps: 100 to IC7's bias input at pin 5. It varies scale. A reading of 45 microamps

Hz, 1 kHz, 10 kHz, and 100 kHz. The at a ratio of 1.85 to 1. The bias cur- with Si set to the 10 -kHz range frequency of each range is set with rent linearly controls the transcon- would indicate 45% of 10 kHz, or4.5 R2. That allows the division of each ductance, and thus the gain of IC7. kHz. range by about 10, yielding a linear The positive peak- output volt- Meter M1 is driven by 105, an output frequency change of 10% age from IC6 -c (zero volts) pro- LM2917 -a frequency -to- voltage to 100% of full scale on each range duces a gain that is 1.85 times high- converter. The display is calibrated setting. Typical output voltages for er in IC7 than at the negative peak - by R27. Selecting C12 -C14 in exact the squarewave are ±2.5 volts, and output voltage. The positive peak decade multiples will assure accu- ±830 millivolts for the triangle wave. occurs at the input's zero -crossings. racy at the lower ranges. The 100 - The triangle wave provides the The negative peak ( -830 millivolts) kHz range is calibrated separately 59

www.americanradiohistory.com by C10. An accuracy of ±1% is typ- has a lot of exposed lead, such as should be matched. A simple way ical with the unit. R4 and R15, slide some insulated to do that is to measure the con- sleeving over the leads. That will duction of a small group of diodes Construction Tips. Circuit -board help prevent accidental shorts. using the diode -test function on a fabrication and layout techniques Small- diameter plastic tubing or DMM. Select three diodes that mea-

are not critical to the design. The insulation stripped from an 18- sure within about 1 % of each other. author elected to use perfboard. gauge wire will work well to insulate The actual value is not important - One important consideration to the exposed component leads. only that the three values are as keep in mind, however, is that the Although it is not necessary, close to each other as possible. The lead lengths should be kept as using sockets for the ICs makes values of R16 to R17 and R19 to R20 short as possible. One way to do repairing the unit much easier if should also be as close to each that is to place the passive compo- needed. Also note that the capac- other as possible. The value of R18 nents as close as possible to their itors associated with Si (C6 -C14) should be 50% of R17. If you do not respective ICs in order to prevent are mounted on the board instead want to match resistor values, you any cross coupling of signals. of the switch. That makes wiring the may use I% units for those resistors. A suggested perfboard layout is switch much easier. As there are many panel controls shown in Figs. 3, 4, and 5. That layout It might be difficult to find a suit- involved, lay out the front panel of is based on a general -purpose able source for 06 -a 910 -pF value the enclosure carefully. The photo- board available from RadioShack. is not one that is in great demand. graph of the author's unit at the The catalog number for the board An acceptable substitute would be beginning of this article only shows is 276 -168, The board measures 23/4 to assemble one by placing a 0.01- one possible arrangement. About inches by 33/4 inches and has foil µF capacitor in series with a 0,001- two dozen connections will be pads and power busses, making µF unit. Those two values in series made between the board and point -to-point wiring a simple job. result in a combined value of 909 panel components, so good initial Before installing any compo- pF- obviously not exact, but, at only positioning will allow those connec- nents or wires, a series of small holes 2 pF off, the error is under 0.25 %. That tions to remain as short as possible. will have to be drilled in the board is certainly close enough to not It is important to connect R21 in order to mount some of the com- affect circuit operation at all. and C23 between the grounded ponents to the ground distribution For best sine shape, the forward side of R22 and the fast rise -time trace. That trace is a U- shaped foil conduction voltages of Dl -D3 squarewave output at S2. Those pattern that surrounds the main pattern in the center of the board. Drill 11 holes -4 for the jumper wires, 5 for the components, and 2 C9 C8 for the panel controls. The locations -05- R`1 for the holes can be seen in Figs. 3 C7 C27 102 C6 and 4. Use a .040-inch diameter R6 drill. Drill the holes in the approxi- R26 mate positions shown so that a R5 R25 component lead can be soldered IC5 to the U- shaped ground trace when inserted through the hole. C21 IC1 Following the locations shown in C14 Fig. 3, install jumper wires on the C17 C13 C16 --+ board. For short jumpers that only C12 R4 3 connect holes that are next to C11 IC3 C15 IR24 each other, scrap component R23 leads may be used. A better - C20 D3 choice might be insulated wire C2 i19 wrap wire. Using that type of wire -R9 E -R18- --1. RB would prevent any accidental IC4 R20 010 D2 shorts that would make trou- D1-R16- rl` bleshooting much more difficult. For ClsC{ R15 C18 the longer wire runs, follow the rout- R14 ing that is indicated in Fig. 3. That Cl R12 will let the wires lay in between the IC7 R13 "`I C22 components. R1 R3 { Next, install the components in the locations shown in Fig. 4. Some of the components will have to be Fig. 4. After the jumper wires am soldered in place, the components are installed in these locations. in mounted vertically order to fit in Several components need to he connected to the ground trace, so drill additional holes for those con- 60 the space allowed. If a component nections before installing the parts.

www.americanradiohistory.com peak. If a squarewave output can-

M1 not be seen and all of the wiring is correct, replace IC1. Although rated to provide at least a -±1.5-volt output swing with a 5 -volt supply, some substandard LM3080 units may not be able to even achieve the ±830 millivolts necessary to trigger the TLC555 timer. Select the "CAL" position on S2. A frequency -doubled triangle wave should be displayed. Rotate R8 back and forth and note the waveform changes. Set R8 so that all of the negative maximum excursions are exactly equal in voltage. That S1-b setting gives the best overall sym- metry. J1 Select the squarewave output with S2 and adjust R5 for an oscilloscope display reading of 1000 Hz, or a 1- millisecond time period. Adjust R27 for a full -scale display of R22 100% on Ml, the frequency-display meter. Select the sinewave output with S2. Adjust R13 for a smooth sine S2 shape, and set R14 for a ±1.0 -volt signal on the oscilloscope display. Both R13 and R14 tend to interact to some extent, so a little trial and error might be necessary to achieve the correct results. C23 1 Set S1 to 100 kHz full -scale, leaving R2 at full clockwise. Adjust C22 R21 for the best sine shape. Select the squarewave output with S2, and

Fig. S. Once the pofhoard is wired and populated, the panel controls are wired up by following this adjust R2 for an oscilloscope dis- connection diagram. Check the circuit against the schematic diagram before applying power. Extra play reading of 100 kHz, or a time care now will avoid burned-out components later! period of 10- microseconds. Adjust

010 for a display of 100% on MI . This components terminate the square- panel components. When satisfied, completes the calibration of your wave lead. That connection will install the ICs in their sockets and D.I.Y. Function Generator. eliminate any "ringing" of the install the battery in its holder. squarewave throughout the rest of Going Further. The monolithic the circuit. The squarewave output Set -Up And Calibration. Connect function generator chips offer a lead itself should also be kept away an oscilloscope (set up for direct couple of other features not dis- from any other leads. DC coupling) to J1 with a standard cussed yet, such as swept frequen- Any suitable plastic enclosure 50 -ohm BNC -cable assembly. The cy and variable -duty -cycle func- that can hold all the components cable should not be longer than tions. Those features are definitely and has room for the panel controls three feet. feasible on the Function Generator. and displays can be used. A simple Set the Function Generator up as Since IC1 is essentially a current - tilt stand was fabricated from follows: controlled oscillator, the frequency heavy -gauge coat -hanger wire All trimpots to mid -rotation can be changed by switching the (1/8 -inch diameter) and held in S1 for 1.0 kHz connection between R4 and pin 5 place with '/8 -inch cable clamps R2 full clockwise of IC1 to another source. By varying on the bottom cover. S2 to squarewave output that control current in a linear or Double -check all of your wiring R22 to mid -rotation logarithmic fashion, the oscillator on the board, paying particular Turn on the power and set the will sweep its frequency over quite attention to component polarities, oscilloscope to display a couple of a large range. and install the board on spacers in cycles. Adjust R22 to display the The current needed by the oscil- the enclosure. Connect all of the squarewave at 2.0 volts peak -to- lator is about 45 microamps for 10% 61

www.americanradiohistory.com of full scale on each range and about 450 microamps for 100% of full scale. If a current that sweeps from 450 nanoamps to 450 microamperes is input to pin 5 of IC1, with Si set at 100 kHz we can sweep from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The ratio of the sweep range would be 1000 to 1! The usable linear range of control current for ICI is between

about 100 nanoamps and 1 mil - liamp. The absolute maximum value is 2 milliamps before damage occurs. Quite a wide range of sweep frequencies is possible. Of course, for other ranges, different values for C6 -C9 may be chosen to suit. The reference for the current input is the -2.5 -volt rail for proper operation, as pin 5 is actually one diode drop (0.7 volts)_ above that supply rail. The generation of sawtooth or rectangular waveforms is easily accomplished with the circuit, simply by varying the duty cycle of the oscillator. As the input voltage to pin 3 of ICI is typically about ±50 millivolts, a shift in the ground reference voltage applied to pin 2 over a similar voltage will vary the duty cycle from 0% to 100 %. Take a look you give It is a simple matter to switch out closer before the ground connection on pin 2. Apply a variable voltage from an external source that is capable of Support research and education through the organization ±50 millivolts. That source has to be referenced to the zero -volt circuit ground for proper operation. That technique will have little, if any, you trust: The American Heart Association. Before you effect on output frequency. As you can see, a lot of performance has been squeezed from a 9 -volt battery- powered instrument. give, look for our heart and torch. To learn more call It is very simple to operate, yet provides accurate and predictable results. Three separate waveforms are available for any test we wish 1- 800 -AHA -USA 1. to perform, with all controls easily accessible. The unit can also be American Heart modified for many different features, which are limited only by your Associations. Fighting Heart Disease imagination. S2 and Stroke

!!! BROADCAST FARTHER !!! The model 220 is a 80- 110MHz RF amplifier that connects to mono or stereo FM transmitters and produces a powerful 2 -15 watt signal which could broadcast up to 5 miles or more! Requires 50 -150 mW drive. Step by step plans complete with part source PLUS $2 S &H information and antenna designs ... ONLY 14 NO c.o.d.s Progressive Concepts 800 586 STREAMWOOD. IL 60107 62 (630)736 -9822 FAX:(630)736 -0353 ©1:11 01995, American Heart Association. This space provided as a public service.

www.americanradiohistory.com BY DON LANCASTER

Understanding Source Impedance, Electrochemistry ßsìcs, The Energy Densìty of Gasoline, and More

AN INDEPENDENT RESEARCHER HAS SENT ME A PAIR OF For instance, in a real capacitor, the Thevenin resistance equals the ESR, NEW ENERGY CELLS TO EVALUATE. HE GENUINELY which is short for Effective Series Resis- tance. The ESR gets very important in FELT THAT THOSE DEVICES REVEALED HIS NEW BATTERY capacitors used in switch -mode power supplies. At higher currents, that ESR BREAKTHROUGH. THE CELLS EASILY PRODUCED ONE NET WATT OF causes internal heating and limits rates of charge and discharge; it also totally trash- power. On examination, the electro- RESBN60.PDF on www.tinaja.com. es efficiency. chemical devices appeared to be solid- More on patents can be found in All those highly touted supercaps ly based on traditional chemistry and WHEN2PAT.PDF on the same Web from a decade back never made it out of physics. The volume and weight energy site. the gate because their ESR was often densities didn't look that bad either. The One good thing came about from ridiculously high for most applications. lab work certainly appeared to be credible examining these cells. It suggested some Some new supercaps, based on carbon and competent. very interesting column topics. aerogels, seem to be solving the high On the other hand, I felt that the internal- resistance problem. Polystor is researcher was not nearly as far along as Understanding Source one source for those. Anyway, even he felt he was. In my opinion, the internal Impedance using dozens of Farads of supercaps, cell resistance appeared way too high, Almost any energy supply consists of you'll still have trivial total energy stor- perhaps by two orders of magnitude or one or more voltage sources, perhaps age compared to, say, an AA cell, and more, for any marketable technology. His with a current source or two, and an absurdly bad voltage regulation to boot. ultimate energy density claims were unavoidable collection of resistors. In a battery, the Thevenin resistor is based upon yet unproven developments. However, a math trick called Thevenin's called the internal resistance. The inter- The stability, reaction separation, and Theorem tells us that we can always nal resistance causes heating on charge longevity did not seem well established. reduce the source to an equivalent single and discharge, and a possible explosion Far more attention needed to be directed voltage in series with a single resistor. on a dead short. The internal resistance towards studying what others are doing Thevenin's theorem is very handy in determines your charge-discharge effi- in the field, especially on a somewhat simplifying circuit analysis. Should AC ciency. It also limits the maximum deliv- similar emerging battery technology. sources also get involved, you're also erable current. Internal resistance is usu- Unfortunately, not all research is yet on likely to need to deal with capacitors and ally nonlinear, changing somewhat with the Net. For serious big -bucks develop- inductors. In that case, Thevenin tells us load current, moderately with time, and ment on major products, you still have to we can use a single voltage source with a dramatically with state of charge or aggressively seek out the industry- insider series RLC impedance. remaining cell life. trade journals or the scholarly publica- Just how do you measure a cell's inter- tions, as well as using the tech libraries nal resistance? The usual stunt to mea- and conferences. NEED HELP? sure source impedance on plain old elec- Be sure to use the premium search Phone or write all your US Tech tronics is to hang a variable load resistor services such as Inspec, Compendex, or Musings questions to: on your source, and then adjust that load MathSci found on Dialog. But don't for- Don Lancaster until your terminal voltage drops to one get that patent searches are at best a Synergetics half of its open-circuit value. At that minor and a uselessly mind -rotting Box 809 -EN point, the load resistor matches your Thatcher AZ, 85552 sideshow focusing on losers and internal one, and your Thevenin source -one Tel: 520 -428 -4073 failures. voltage ought to be exactly double the More on doing personal research US e -mail: don @tinaja.com output voltage. Web: http: / /www.tinaja.com can be found in PRIMREST.PDF and That obvious "load to half voltage" 63

www.americanradiohistory.com new from Don LANCEISTER ACTIVE FILTER COOKBOOK The sixteenth (I) printing of Don's bible on analog rsource op -amp lowpass, bandpass, and highpass active

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Ask the Guru I or II or Ill $24.50 If = 0.5, you have Hardware Hacker II, Ill or IV $24.50 a a pure current source with rsource = oO Micro Cookbook I $19.50 PostScript Beginner Stuff $29.50 If a = 0.9 and R = 56052, then rsource 70S2 PostScript Show and Tell $29.50 = Intro to PostScript Video $29.50 PostScript Reference II $34.50 PostScript Tutorial /Cookbook $22.50 FIG. 1-ALMOST ANY ENERGY SOURCE can be replaced for analysis with its Thevenin PostScript by Example $32.50 Understanding PS Programming $29.50 equivalent of a single voltage source in series with a single internal resistance or imped- PostScript: A Visual Approach $22.50 ance. Here is the "two resistor method" I often use to find the equivalent Thevenin values. PostScript Program Design $24.50 Thinking in PostScript $22.50 LaserWriter Reference $19.50 Type 1 Font Format $16.50 route may not perform so well with bat- resistance, there is also a Norton equiva- Acrobat Reference $24.50 Whole works (all PostScript) $380.00 teries because extreme currents might be lent where you can replace a circuit with Technical Insider Secrets FREE involved. Instead, you can try my alter- a single current source and a single inter- nate method, which is shown in Fig. 1. nal loading resistor to ground. This is an POSTSCRIPT SECRETS A Book/Disk combination crammed full of free In it, you connect a "reasonable" load example of duality and can give you fonts. insider resources, utilities, publications, resistor and workarounds, fontgrabbing, more. For most any then measure its terminal another powerful analysis tool. More PostScript printer. Mac or PC format. $29.50 voltage. You'll then double the load by details on Thevenin and Norton equiva- placing an identical resistor in parallel. lents can be found in any old circuit the- BOOK-ON- DEMAND PUB KIT Then you re- measure your terminal volt- ory book. Ongoing details on Book -on- demand publishing, a new method of producing books only when and age. From the ratio of those two voltages However, note that neither Thevenin as ordered. Reprints, sources, samples. $39.50 and the math in Fig. 1, you can calculate nor Norton can tell you what is actually a realistic value of internal cell resistance. inside THE CASE AGAINST PATENTS going on of the source. They sim- For most individuals, patents are virtually certain An accurate digital voltmeter will be ply could not care less. A supply having to result in a net loss of sanity, energy, time, and needed money. This reprint set shows you Don's tested any time the cell internal resis- real current sources and real internal and proven real -world alternatives. 28.50 tance is very low. Make sure, of course, resistors to ground will run much hotter that your resistors can handle the power. and be ridiculously less efficient than a BLATANT OPPORTUNIST I A cell's internal resistance consists of box with real voltage The reprints from all Don's Midnight Engineering sources and series columns. Includes a broad range of real world, two components: Those are the true resistors only. Voltage sources are most proven coverage on small scale technical startup ventures. Stuff you can use right now. $24.50 value caused by the ohmic conductance efficient when open circuited. Current of the electrolyte, minus a time varying sources work best when short circuited. RESOURCE BIN I offsetting value of back -emf from chem- A complete collection of all Don's Nuts & Volts ical columns to date, including a new index and his cell depolarization. Electrochemistry Fundamentals master names and numbers list. $24.50 Measuring the higher-frequency AC Electrochemistry is that branch of sci- I I impedance of a cell gets ugly in a hurry. ence that handles the conversions of FREE SAMPLES Highly specialized and quite costly chemical and electrical Check Don's Guru's Lair at http:/ /www.tinaja.com energy. Your usual for interactive catalogs and online samples of instruments are required. The process is electrochemistry starting point is a chap- Don's unique products. Searchable reprints and reference resouces, too. Tech help, hot links to called EIS, which is an acronym that ter in any college -level physical chemistry cool sites, consultants, email: dongtinaja.com means Electrochemical Impedance Spec- textbook. Important uses of electrochem- FREE US VOICE HELPLINE VISA /MC troscopy. Gamry is a product and infor- istry include batteries, fuel cells, hydro- SYNERGETICS mation source for that. gen production, photosynthesis, corro- Box 809-EN Thatcher, AZ 85552 An aside: Just as there is a Thevenin sion prevention, metal refining, catalysts, (520) 428 -4073 equivalent where you can simplify a cir- electroplating, electroforming, water 64 CIRCLE 205 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD cuit to a single load and a single series purification, and electrolysis.

www.americanradiohistory.com The key to electrochemistry is redox, source of or reduction and oxidation. Certain charging current chemical reactions remove electrons in an oxidation process. An oxidation normally takes place at the anode, or most ()""".o- negative terminal of a cell. Other reac- WA, tions add electrons in a process called reduction. Reduction normally will hap- discharging load pen at the cathode, or most positive terminal. These are typically called half cell porous separator reactions and must be paired. passes sulphate ions mixing Many reactions are reversible. Adding but prevents external electrons may cause them to proceed in one direction, but forcibly removing electrons causes them to go in zinc copper the other. sulphate sulphate One classic electrochemical cell is solution solution shown in Fig. 2. It is called a zinc- copper galvanic cell. Multiple cells in series formed a popular early battery. As Zn HZn+++20 Cu H Cu+++20 shown in the figure, there is an external or conductive current path through an electric circuit and an internal or ionic current path that can travel through an When CHARGING, copper oxidizes to When DISCHARGING, zinc oxidizes to electrolyte. copper sulphate while zinc sulphate zinc sulphate while copper sulphate get reduces to copper. The cathode gets An electrolyte is any solution in reduces to zinc. The cathode will as the gets larger. larger as the anode gets smaller. which ions, or charged atom(s) that have smaller anode too few or too many electrons, can freely Negative sulphate ions go right to left. Negative sulphate ions go left to right. pass. The conduction of an electrolyte The electrons go counterclockwise. The electrons go clockwise. depends upon how many ions are present. Most electrolytes are liquids. FIG. 2 -A COPPER ZINC ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL. When discharging, the zinc oxi- -sulphate Anyway, turning back to our cell, we dizes into a zinc -sulphate electrolyte, while copper reduces out of the copper electrolyte. Sulphate ions pass through the porous separator while the electrons pass basically have got a bucket of glop -two through an external electrical load. glops, actually, for there is a porous separator in the middle of the cell. That sep- external electric circuit and return to ode to the anode. In a discharging elec- arator might be some unfired ceramic or your copper cathode. Those electrons trochemical cell, the negative ions also anything else that could pass ions freely should combine with the copper ions all travel from the cathode to the anode. while preventing the two solutions from and reduce elemental copper out onto But since the anode is the electron mixing. Other approaches to separation the cathode. The copper cathode thus source for the rest of your electrical cir- are actual distance, special geometries, or gets larger as more and more ions are cuit, the cell's anode ends up as the most the use of selective current densities, but converted by the incoming electrons. negative terminal in your system. their objectives are the same: you always Meanwhile, negative sulphate ions are While cell is discharging, the elec- have to keep your anode reaction at the traveling from left to right, thus driving tron flow in Fig. 2 is clockwise, while the anode and the cathode reaction at the the external electron flow. As more and standard conventional current is coun- cathode. Otherwise, your cell shorts out. more electrical energy is removed, the terclockwise. Note that the arrow on the The glop starts out as a sulphuric - remaining chemical energy will deplete charging- current source points in the acid and water solution. But zinc in acid (conservation of energy and all). When conventional- current (or hole -travel) readily becomes an ionic zinc -sulphate all of the zinc is gone, the process stops. direction. The electrons actually go the solution on the left. Copper in acid read- That process is reversible. If you other way. ily forms an ionic copper -sulphate solu- apply external electric energy from a Where does the cell voltage come tion on the right. Your left glop is a zinc current source (such as any current -lim- from? Once again, zinc has a greater anode in a zinc -sulfate solution. The ited generator or another battery), you tendency to ionize than does copper. right glop will be a copper cathode in a can force the electrons to go in the other Those tendencies form what is known as copper -sulphate solution. direction. In which case, the copper goes the electrode potential series (or electro- Not all elements are equally likely to into ionic solution and thus releases motive series) of Fig. 3 and are usually ionize. Thus, the favored zinc goes into electrons while the zinc goes out of solu- compared against a neutral or hydrogen solution, giving up electrons to the tion by consuming electrons. This time electrode. anode in its oxidation reaction. The zinc around, the zinc is getting bigger and From that figure, we see that zinc has anode gets smaller as more and more of the copper smaller. a tendency to reduce that is -0.76 volts it reacts into the ionic zinc-sulphate How does that big old minus sign less than neutral. Copper really does like solution. end up on an anode? In any vacuum to reduce, so its reduction ionization The electrons go out through your tube, the electrons all go from the cath- tendency is positive by 0.34 volts. 65

www.americanradiohistory.com Together those add to 1.10 volts, which ELECTRODE POTENTIAL SERIES is the theoretical open- circuit voltage of a zinc -copper cell. ELEMENT REACTION VOLTAGE Terminal electrode potentials are related to the oxidation potentials and Lithium Li H Li* -3.00 reduction potentials of the involved Rubidium Rb H Rb* -2.93 reactants. If you are interested in more Potassium K H K* -2.92 ++ on this, see any physical chemistry book Barium Ba <-4 Ba -2.90 for all the gory details. Strontium Sr H Sr ++ -2.90 Battery making is not a new or exot- Calcium Ca H Ca ++ -2.87 ic field. For example, you can make an Sodium Na H Na+ -2.72 electrochemical cell by placing a nail and Magnesium Mg <-> Mg ++ -2.37 a copper wire into a lemon, and a lot of Aluminum Al <-4 Al + ++ -1.67 electrochemistry was done over a centu- Manganese Mn H Mn" -1.10 ry ago, so there is a rich body of litera- Zinc Zn H Zn ++ -0.76 ture to tap. Chances are your "new" idea Chrominium Cr H Cr + ++ -0.70 has been thoroughly plowed. On the Iron Fe H Fe ++ -0.44 other hand, there are some really big Cadmium Cd H Cd ++ -0.40 bucks waiting for the first practical solar + ++ Indium In H In -0.34 cell replacement that mimics photosyn- Thallium TI <-4 Tl+ -0.34 thesis, or for improved laptop computer Cobalt Co <-4 Co ++ -0.28 or cellular phone replacement batteries. Nickel Ni H Ni ++ -0.25 Before you start experimenting, it is Tin Sn H Sn ++ -0.14 important to note that there are all sorts Lead Pb H Pb ++ -0.13 of hazardous materials involved with all electrochemical lab work. Those materi- Hydrogen Pt /H2 H H+ 0.00 + ++ als include such things as cyanide and Antimony Sb H Sb +0.15 + ++ hydrogen. Bismuth Bi <-4 Bi +0.20 Arsenic As H As + ++ +0.20 A good set of electrochemical web Copper Cu H Cu' +0.34 links is at www.electrochem.org /ecs/ intpgs.html Also check www.cmt.anl. Oxygen Pt /OH- H 02 +0.40 gov/estir /info.html, and the book list at Silver Ag H Ag+ +0.80 www.cmt.anl. gov /estir//books.htm The Mercury Hg H Hg2 ++ +0.80 Amazon Books folks at www.amazon.com Palladium Pd H Pd ++ +0.83 list 600+ electrochemistry books. Among Gold Au H Au+ +1.70 the Usenet newsgroups of interest are sci.chem.electrochem and sci.chem.electrochem.battery I have provided a few FIG. 3- ELECTRODE POTENTIAL SERIES determines the output voltage of an electrochemical cell. other places to go for useful help on elec- Output voltage is the sum of the anode and cathode potentials. On a zinc - copper cell, 0.34 - ( -0.76) = 1.10 volts. trochemistry in this month's resource sidebar.

nc nc nc nc Energy Density of Gasoline TMPO3/04 The "cubic goodness" of any new battery technology is measured by its energy density, which is specified using a pair of numbers. One tells you the weight the for +5 vdc at 1 mil of cell the punch delivered, and is usually specified in watt- temperature output hours per kilogram ( Wh/kg). The second tells you how much room the cell takes up for the punch delivered and is usually specified in watt t2 -hours per liter n (Wh/1). For instance, the energy density of a in = - 400 Temperature Centigrade 235 (t1/t2) lead -acid battery is often specified as 25 Temperature in Fahrenheit = 455 - 720(t1 /t2) Wh/kg and 60 Wh/1. Lithium batteries can provide 400 Wh/kg and up to 1000 t1 is nominally 10 milliseconds. Wh /1. Interestingly, from light lithium t2 varies from 25 to 50 milliseconds. up to heavy lead the ratio of volume density to the weight density always 66 FIG. 4- ANALOG DEVICES' TMP03 /04 temperature sensor features a digital output. seems to stay roughly between two and

www.americanradiohistory.com ELECTROCHEMISTRY RESOURCES Advanced Battery Technology Electroanalysis Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 913 Trssler Street 303 NW 12th Avenue Box 882 Madison Sq. Sta. Boalsburg PA 16827 Deerfield Beach FL 33442 New York NY (814) 466 -6559 (954) 428-5566 (212) 989 -5800

Analytical Electrochemistry Electrochemical Society Journal of Power Sources 2540 Olentangy River Road 10 S Main Street PO Box 564 Columbus OH 43210 Pennington NJ 08534 1001 Lausanne (800) 848 -6538 (609) 737-1902 Switzerland Association of Battery Recyclers Electrochemical Technology PO Box 707 Journal of Solution Chemistry 10 South Main Street Troy AL 36081 233 Spring Street Pennington NJ 08534 (334) 566 -1563 New York NY 10013 (609) 737 -1902 (212) 620 -8000 Battery & EV Technology 25 Van Zant Street #13 Electrochimica Acta Metal Finishing Norwalk CT 06855 655 Avenue of Americas 126 Oakley Avenue (203) 853 -4266 New York NY 10010 White Plains NY 10601 (212) 633 -3903 (914) 333-2500 Battery Council International 401 N Michigan Avenue Electrodeposition Chicago IL 60611 Plating & Surface Finishing 2540 Olentangy River Road (312) 321 -6610 12644 Research Pkwy Columbus OH 43210 Orlando FL 32826 The Battery Man (800) 848-6538 (407) 281-6441 100 Larchwood Drive Largo FL 34640 EPRI Journal Rocky Mountain Institute (813) 586 -1408 PO Box 10412 1739 Snowmass Creek Rd Palo Alto CA 94303 Snowmass CO 81654 Biosensors & Bioelectronics (415) 855 -2000 The Boulevard, Langford Lane (970) 927-3851 Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB Gamry Instruments Inc. United Kingdom Russian Journal of Electrochemistry 607 -C1 Easton Road 233 Spring Street Catalysis Reviews Willow Grove PA 19090 New York NY 10013 270 Madison Avenue (215) 830 -9886 (212) 620 -8000 New York NY 10016 (800) 228 -1160 Home Power Solid State Ionics PO Box 520 Chemical Abstracts Service PO Box 211 Ashland OR 97520 PO Box 3012 1000 AE Amsterdam (916) 475 -3179 Columbus OH 43210 The Netherlands (800) 848 -6538 International Journal of Hydrogen Doklady Physical Chemistry Energy Surface Engineering #1001 233 Spring Street 5th Fl The Boulevard, Langford Lane 150 5th Avenue New York NY 10013 Kidlington, Oxford OX5 1GB New York NY 10024 (212) 620 -8000 United Kingdom (212) 924 -3950 three. That holds true regardless of the pound. From a MSDS sheet, we find that ter than lead acid and around 9.6 times battery technology. the specific gravity of gasoline is 0.71. A better than lithium. The obvious question for electric kilogram is 2.2 pounds, so we get 46,200 That suggests that a 20- gallon tank cars is "How does the battery energy BTUs per kilogram. Since a liter of water of gasoline weighing 116 pounds might density compare to gasoline ?" However, weighs one kilogram, we get around get replaced by a mere 69,736 pounds of I've been unable to find any published 32,802 BTUs per liter when we adjust for lead acid batteries. Yes, you will have to source for the energy density of gaso- gasoline's lower specific gravity. adjust for delivered efficiencies and line. There's a free Incredible Secret Now, a kilowatt hour equals 3413 such, but no matter how much you Money Machine II in it for you if you BTUs, so we will get 13.54 kilowatt fudge those numbers, we clearly are not can lead me to one. hours per kilogram, which is equal to there yet with today's battery technolo- Anyway, let's work around that for 13,540 watt hours per kilogram, and gy -not by a country mile. now. We'll start by fishing out the good again adjusting for specific gravity, about From the foregoing, it is difficult not old Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 9613 Wh/1. On a weight basis, gasoline to conclude that hybrid vehicles make an from CRC Publishing. That rather mas- is thus 542 times better than lead acid, awful lot of sense, while the pure electrics sive volume tells us that gasoline can and 34 times better than lithium. On a remain monumentally stupid. You can deliver just under 21,000 BTUs per volume basis, gasoline is 160 times bet- find lots more on hybrid vehicles from 67

www.americanradiohistory.com NAMES AND NUMBERS rates. More on all this in my Incredible Analog Devices The Last Straw Secret Money Machine II and in my PO Box 9106 PO Box 42000 Resource Bin reprints. Norwood MA 02062 Tucson AZ 85733 (617) 329-4700 (520) 882-3848 Integrated Thermometers Semiconductor sensors have now Applied Microwave & Wireless MedianiX gone way beyond simple temperature 2245 Dillard Street 100 View Street Ste 101 measurement. They now include Tucker GA 30084 Mountain View CA 94041 such (770) 908-2320 (415) 960-7081 features as built -in set points, a full ther- mostatic action, deadbands, and elaborate California Eastern Labs National Semiconductor digital communications, sometimes over 4590 Patrick Henry Dr 2900 Semiconductor Rd a single wire. Two leading sources here Santa Clara CA 95054 Santa Clara CA 95052 include Dallas and Analog Devices. (408) 988 -3500 (800) 272 -9959 I've been meaning to do a roundup on these, but let's instead look at two exam- Clement Engineering Navtech ples. Figure 4 shows us the Analog PO Box 1086 2775 S Quincy St #610 Devices TMPO3 and TMPO4 sensors, Severna Park MD 21146 Arlington VA 22206 which can directly (410) 268-6736 (800) NAV-0885 measure temperature and output it as a digital data stream to a Dallas Semiconductor Oxbridge microcontroller. Their temperature out- 4401 Beltwood Pkwy S 150 5th Ave #202 put is a duty-cycle modulated waveform Dallas TX 75244 New York NY 10011 from 20 to 50 hertz. Your high time is (214) 450 -0400 (212) 741-0231 fixed at 10 milliseconds. The low output time is proportional to the temperature. Dialog Information Services Plessey /GEC A fairly simple duty cycle calculation as 3460 Hillview Ave 1500 Greenhill Rd shown gives you the temperature in Palo Alto CA 94304 Valley Scotts CA 95067 Fahrenheit or Centigrade. (415) 858 -2700 (408) 438 2900 The operating range is -40 to +100 In Vivo Metric Synergetics degrees centigrade. Typical accuracy is PO Box 249 Box 809 half a degree. Response time varies with Healdsburg CA 95448 Thatcher AZ 85552 the package -25 seconds in free air for (707) 433-4819 (520) 428 -4073 their TO -92 "transistor" pack and 50 seconds for the eight pin SO -8 minidip. Intele -Card News Unlimited Fun Options Operating current is just under one mil - PO Box 9739 Box 119A liamp at five volts. The Woodlands TX 77387 Kingston NM 88042 The TMPO3 is an open collector, (713) 362-7141 (505) 895-5608 while the TMPO4 gives a TTL /CMOS compatible output. Either interfaces Amory Lovins at his Rocky Mountain The long time number two in this beautifully with the Basic Stamp from Institute at www.rmi.org, as well as in field was the International Standard Parallax or any PIC. More details on Home Power magazine. Two good battery Periodicals Dictionary from Oxbridge. But these are found on the PIC Library Shelf texts include the Handbook of Batteries & these people are now freely online, com- on www.tinaja.com Fuel Cells from McGraw Hill and the plete with search capability, at their Web Battery Reference Book sold by Butter- site, www.mediafinder.com Because of New Tech Lit worth- Heinemann. Additional resources that, they are now ridiculously cheaper, There's lots new on the GPS front. on batteries appear in RESBN58.PDF on faster, and better than Ulrich's. For example, the new Global Positioning my www.tinaja.com Not all is perfect, however. For exam- Products Handbook from Plessey, a single ple, such industry trader journals as ITS chip GPS- receiver front -end by Califor- Ulrich's Move Over World or EDM Today are not yet listed. nia Eastern Labs, and scads of products I have long been a fan of Ulrich's But because you can instantly list yourself and information from Navtech GPS Periodicals Dictionary. Back in hard copy, online, I would expect most periodicals to Supply. this has been by far your most important shortly appear. Their direct contact ser- From National Semiconductor comes technical tool, anytime ever. Ulrich's vice also does not seem to work. Out of a free Transmission -Line Rapidesigner tells you about all the trade journals, the two dozen media -kit requests I slide chart. From the MedianiX folks, user magazines, and scholarly pubs placed, I have yet to receive a single one. there are data sheets on the unique available everywhere in the world - Speaking of which, let's repeat the MED25101 Digital Karaoke Audio around 85,000 of them. usual scam: The way to get a review copy Processor and a MED25005 Surround - Needless to say, these trade journals of most ad- supported magazines is to Sound Chip. are essential for electronics. But I have contact their ad department and request a Clement Engineering has a low cost yet to find Ulrich's on the web. I strongly media kit. That sometimes gets you a free telemetry circuit for use with balloons feel that their "must subscribe" policy on subscription as well. I call this the SCAR and such. Bio- potential skin electrodes 68 their CD ROMs is outrageously snotty. technique, short for sample copy and ad are being sold by In Vivo Metric.

www.americanradiohistory.com New trade journals for this month include Intele -Card News on phone cards and Applied Microwave dr Wireless on high- frequency communications. The Last Straw is a newsletter on straw -bale home construction! Check out their "Role in the Hay" classifieds. The newest of Levitrons now "levit" higher, and up to 24 -hours and longer! Contact Mike Sherlock at his Unlimited Fun Options for details. To pick up all the fundamentals of digital integrated circuits, check my TTL Cookbook and CMOS Cookbook. The latter is now freshly republished by Butter- worth- Heinemann and should be in stock in all major bookstores. Autographed copies are available per my nearby Syner- getics ad. I've just added an "automatic news - group finder" as a NEWSLIST.HTML on my www.tinaja.com You also can find bunches of reprints there, surplus bar- gains, a consultant's network, and anno- tated hot links to lots of unusual and useful Web locations. Most of the mentioned items appear in the "Names & Numbers" or "Electrochemistry Re- sources sidebars. Be certain to check there first before calling our US tech hclpline. ALL RIGHT ALREADY, so a U.S. Savings Bond isn't the most

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www.americanradiohistory.com SERVICE CLINIC (2) Exposed sharp metal edges. Symptom: Light does not work. Cause: continued from page 29 Symptom: Fuse blows when cook cycle (1) Burned -out bulb. starts. (2) Bad connections. (6) Power surge at start of cook cycle Cause: confusing controller. (1) Defective interlock switches or mis Symptom: Fans or turntable not working. (7) Microwave leakage into electronics aligned door. Cause: bay. (2) Shorted HV capacitor, HV diode. (1)Gummed -up lubrication or bad (3) Shorted magnetron (probably won't motor bearings. Symptom: Malfunctioning touch -pad blow main fuse, but will blow HV (2) Loose or broken belt. keys. fuse when one is used). (3) Bad motor. Cause: (4) Defective Triac. (4) Bad thermostat. (1) Touch pad or controller board cont- (5) Old age or power surges. (5) Bad connections. aminated by cleaning. (6) Defective HV transformer. (2) Defective or damaged touch pad. (7) Short in wiring. Winding It Up (3) Controller is confused (pull plug for There you have it, team. The symp- a minute or two to reset). Symptom: Fuse blows when turning off. toms that are most common, together (4) Faulty controller. Cause: with what most often causes them. If you (1) Defective Triac (doesn't turn off do decide to get under the hood of your Symptom: Oven does not start. properly). microwave, make sure you do not forget Cause: (2) Defective relay. the safety considerations we outlined in (1) Defective start button. (3) Shorting wires. the beginning-the life you save may be (2) Faulty interlock switches. your own! (3) Door is not securely closed. Symptom: Always cooks on high setting. Next time, we will take another look (4) Faulty controller. Cause: at microwave ovens and touch on some (5) You waited too long. Open and close (1) Faulty relay or Triac. of the more interesting things that go door to wake oven up. (2) Faulty controller. wrong, and what you can do about them. In the meantime, if you have any ques- Symptom: No heat -everything else Symptom: Cooking starts as soon as door tions about how you can service some seems normal. closed. particular piece of electronics equip- Cause: Cause: ment, visit the sci.electronics.repair (1) Blown fuse in high -voltage (HV) (1) Shorted relay or Triac. FAQ homepage, which is located at transformer primary circuit or HV http://www.paranoi.com/-filipg/REPAI fuse (if used). Symptom: Heats, but power seems low. R/. If you have comments or question- (2) Bad connections (particularly to (1) Low line voltage. son what we've discussed here, you can magnetron filament). (2) Magnetron with low emission. e -mail them directly to me at sam@ (3) Open thermal protector or thermal (3) Faulty controller or set for wrong s td avi d s. pi cke r. com. fuse. mode. (4) Open HV capacitor, HV diode, HV (4) Stirrer (or turntable) not working. transformer, or magnetron filament. (5) Intermittent connections to mag NEW LITERATURE (5) Shorted HV diode, HV capacitor netron filament or elsewhere. (will blow a fuse), or magnetron. continued from page 27 Symptom: Heats, but shuts off randomly. Symptom: Fuse blows when closing or Cause: ly mistakes and maximize their chances of opening door. (1) Overheating caused by blocked air success. It focuses on the day-to -day Cause: vents or inoperative cooling fan. business of publishing- managing sub- (1) Defective interlock switches. (2) Overheating caused by bad mag- scriptions, selling advertising, and fend- (2) Misaligned door. netron. ing off competitors while keeping up a (3) Bad connections in controller or in regular production schedule. Symptom: Loud hum and /or burning microwave generator. The book offers advice on raising smell. (4) Faulty interlock switch or marginal start-up money, finding the best readers Cause: door alignment. and turning them into loyal customers, (1) Shorted HV diode, magnetron. (5) Faulty controller. and using ancillary products to boost (2) Burned, carbonized food residue in (6) Overheating caused by extremely your bottom line. In addition, developing oven chamber. high line voltage. a circulation strategy and using the most (3) Shorted winding in HV transformer. efficient marketing channels, attracting (4) Frayed insulation on HV wiring. Symptom: Buzzing noise when heating. top -notch talent, and finding a publish- (1) Fan blades hitting support or shroud. ing home on the Internet is discussed. Symptom: Arcing in or above oven (2) Vibrating sheet metal. Also included is a valuable list of chamber. (3) Vibrating transformer laminations. resources for publishers, including pro- Cause: (4) Turntable or stirrer hitting some fessional associations, reference books, 70 (1) Burned, carbonized food deposits. debris. courses, and Web sites. ea

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Home Theatre In -Floor Subwoofer Dayton Loudspeaker Co:" To fully appreciate the potential of movie soundtracks, a dual voice coil subwoofer is a must! Many film special effects are extremely demanding in the low frequency range and require a subwoofer that can duplicate explosions, earth- quakes, even the footsteps of Tyrannosaurus Rex! This subwoofer fits the bill by featuring a 10" dual voice coil woofer for true stereo operation and high pass filters for your main speakers. The most unique feature of this subwoofer is the fact that it is designed to be mounted in between the floor joists in new and existing home constructions. Simply mount the in -floor sub to the joists and mount a heat register grill above opening in subwoofer front enclosure. The subwoofer is now totally out of view and ready to rumblel Includes detailed installation manual. Specifications: 10" dual voice coil treated paper cone woofer with poly foam surround *Frequency response: 30 -100 Hz Nominal impedance: 8 ohms per coil Power handling: 100 watts RMS channel /140 watts x max SPL: 89 dB 1W/1m Dimensions: 27" D x 14 -5/8" W ffl 9" H Net weight: 29 lbs. #EN- 300 -445 $13995 c1 EACH ó 30 day money back guarantee $20.00 minimum order We accept Mastercard, Visa, Discover, and company C.O.D. orders 24 hour shipping Shipping charge = UPS chart rate + $1.90 ($5.00 minimum charge) Hours 8:00 am - 8:00 7m VISA. ET, Monday - Friday 9:00 am - 5:00 pm Saturday. Mail order 18003380531 for estimate on orders ex- customers, please call shipping 240 E. First Et., Dayton, OH 45402 -1257 ceeding 5 lbs. Foreign destination customers please send Phone:437 -222 -0173 Fax: 937- 222 -3644 U.S. funds for catalog. Quantity pricing availat le $5.00 E -Mail: sales ®parts -express.com 75 CIRCLE 262 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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Force Field/ SK Kit for Wireless lion _$29.50 3 Mi Telephone knitter Re -direct costly toll calls from pay phones! U Vehicle ir Tune -able 80-130 Mhz Undetectable TELCON3 Plans (credit to purch) ..$10.00 Electrifier Only transmits when phone is used TELCON3K Plans/Kit . »..._. $99.50 Flrellaii Gun - Make hand and shock balls, shock wands VWPM7K Kit/Plans $39.50 TELCON30 R. . to Use Shoots flaming ball two ` capacity. Great tor special and electrify objects. Great payback for those wiseguys! Extended 3 Mi Voice Transmitter remote fire starting. CAUTION WIRED! RREBALL Pleas (dangerous product). $10.00 SHKIK to Assemble Kit _._$19. Play Ultra-Sensitive Mike Crystal Clear Telephone Taping System Turnes 80-130 MHz. Electric Tapes Phone Conversation Extends FMV1 K Kit/Plans ..__..____..__... $39.50 DARKNESS! Charge Gun Tape X4 Check Local Laws before .: Life is Precious - TAP 'X R High IR Night Vision Duality PROTECT r "Drop-in" (1m1) illuminator. Scope with IR Stuns & immobilizes attackers 3 Mi Tracker Transmitter Telephone 5010 : to Use $199.50 15 feet away! Check your state Tunable Output Transmitter laws for legality. More knockdown Uses FM Radio Easily tunable over FM radio. Never needs power than most handguns. No Excellent Signal Beacon battery! #DROPIN Kit/Plans S 19.95 permanent ID coded. HOD1K Kit/Plans _.. _. ___ .._...... 9.50 EE (Creditable to purch) $10.00 HWD CONTROL! ç-¿ ECG10 Charge Gun, Ready to Use, rN Places subjects under your Includes FREE Stun Gun! $249.50 control. Programmable audibe 111, 111- STUN GUNS sold separately: & visual stimuli with biofeedback, Induces w Bounce Laser L stener STUN100100,000 Volts $34.50 strange & bizarre halucinations without Aim at window and listen to sounds from TUN200 200,000 Volts $49.50 drugs. Caution - not FDA approved. 1000' Potato Cannon reflected light. CAUTION - Not for illegal MINI12 Plans $15..00 Not a Toy! Uses electronic or piez use. LWB3 Plans $10.00 MIND2K Kit and Plans ...._ ...... _ $49.50 nggnition. CAUTION REQUIRED! VISIT US ON THE WEB! LWB3K Kit/Plans "req's yid tripod) ...... $149.50 MIND20 Assembled Unit S69.50 POT1 Plans (dangerous product) ... $10. http: / /www.amazingl.com Dept ENS -7, Box 716, Amherst, NH 03031 CATALOG! 24 Hour Phone TION 603. 673-473C' FAX: 603-672-5406 FREE with Order or 800 -221 -1705 Phone: sent $1 P &H Orders Only Please! ?UNLlM171ED MC, VISA, COO, Checks accepted Please acid $5.00 S & H

www.americanradiohistory.com REMOTES NEW NEW NEW The PRIMER 8085 Based Microprocessor NEW NEW Training and Control System shows you how 3.5" x 2.75" 2.75" a 2.75" to program by example. Examples & exercises in the Self Instruction manual take you from writing simple programs to controlling motors. Start out in Machine language, then move on to Assembler, & then continue on with optional C, Basic, or Forth Compilers. 3 Channel Receive' 6 Chan Reviver with Digital Outputs This trainer can be used stand alone via Channel 1 - 5 amI Relay, N /0, N/( All Channels OR Programrnble for y, with the keypad and display or connected to a PC Channel 2 and 3 Cigital Outputs Momenta Lctched latched Condition Compatible with 2 Button or 4 Button Remote 3060 -3D Sec. Timed Outpis with the optional upgrade ($49.95). The Upgrade includes: an RS232 serial Code Hopping Receiver at 434 Mho Code H>pp>ing Receiver at 434 Hho & Assembler/Terminal software. port & cable, 32K of battery backed RAM, Compatible with Al Garage Doors and Compotibé was 2 Button a 4 Button Remote Measuring Temperature Some Car Alarms Compotibk, wits Some Car Alarms Using a Photocell to Detect Light Levels

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The PRIMER is only $119.95 in kit form. The PRIMER Assembled & Tested 2 Button 3 Channel Remate 4 Button -15 Channel is $169.95. Please add $5.00 for shipping within the U.S. Picture shown with Extra Long Ronge 134 Mho with Extra Lorgy Bange 434 MC: S.A.W. Resonator upgrade option and optional heavy -duty keypad ($29.95) installed. S.A.W. Resonator Push Cnrlbindion of Buttons together for Push Both Buttons together for Channel 3 a t n l and 2 together or Channel 5 1 985 - 1997 EMAC, inc. OVER Street Smart Security 800-908-4737 11 EMAC WAY, CARBONDALE, IL 62901 12 7147 University Avenue La Mesa, CA 91941 618 -529 -4525 Fax 457 -0110 BBS 529 -5708 YEARS OF SERVICE World Wide Web: http: / /www.emacinc.com Send, Fax or Call Order In - Use Credit Cord or Ctecx. Fax (619) 462 -0652 "7 -WAY COPY CAT 1295.00' NEW! 7 -Way StarTac $1995.* Does.. 1. MOTOROLA (incudes elite and EE3)! 2. NEC (includes Upgrade P100- 200 -300 -400 -600 -700)! 3. AUDIOVOX (does new 800 & 850)± Your Old Copy 4. PANASONIC! 5. SONY (H333)! 6 MITSUBISHI -DIAMONDTE.L! at NOW 7. GE-ERICSSON (includes new version)! toa 7-Way We offer complete upgrade options on older units as well as new with EE3 and replacement cables. We also offer used and refurbished units. & StarTac For a compete catalog, visit us on the web at www.celltec.com *cables optional units are so or :1»:1GIl4d114JE CL]_illI_ jiIil/'ll1il:Tïlol-l*/17111

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www.americanradiohistory.com Synthesized Mini -Peeper FM Stereo Transmitter Micro Video Microprocessor controlled for easy freq Super small, high quality Camera programming using DIP switches, no drift, your signal is rock fully assembled B 8 W solid at the time - lust like the commercial stations. Audio quality Super Pro FM Stereo CCD TV camera the size is excellent, connect to the line output of any CD player, tape of an ice cube! Provides excellent pictures in low light (2 lux, or deck or mike mixer and you're on -the -air. Foreign buyers will Radio Transmitter use our IR -1 Infra -Red light source to invisibly illuminate an appreciate the high power output capability of the FM -25; many entire room on a pitch black night! Imagine the . r.sibllilies.. folks A truly professional Caribbean use a single FM -25 to cover the whole island! build it into a smoke detector, wall clock, lamp, . r , radio. flew, improved, clean arA hum -free runs on either 12 VDC or frequency synthe- Exact same camera that's in big buck detective catalogues and 120 VAC. Kit comes complete with case set, whip antenna, 120 sized FM Stereo stores. Kit includes: fully assembled CCD camera module, con- VAC power adapter - easy one evening assembly. transmitter station in nectors, interlace PC board kit with proper voltage regulation one easy to use, FM-25, Synthesized FM Stereo Transmiller Kit $129.95 and filtering, hook -up details, even a mow microphone for sensi- handsome cabinet. tive sound! Two models available: Wide Angle Lens 3.6mm/12, Most radio stations adjustable focus lens, 92 degree view; Pinhole Lens 5.5mmi4.5, require Tunable a whole 60 degree view. The Pinhole Lens is physically much flatter and FM equipment rack to provides even greater depth of focus. The camera itself is 12" hold all the features square. The Wide Angle Lens is about 1" long, Pinhole Lens Stereo we've packed into the FM -100. Set frequency with easily the about 1/2 ", interface PC board is 1" x 2" and uses RCA jacks for Up/Down freq buttons and the big LED digital display. Plus easy hook -up to VCRs, Ns or cable runs. Power required is 9 Transmitter there's input low filtering that gives great sound no matter pass to 14 VDC @ 150 mA. Resolution: 380 x 350 lines. Instruction what the source (no more squeals or swishing sounds from cheap manual contains ideas on mounting and disguising the Mini - A lower cost alternative to our high performance transmitters. CD player inputs!) Peak limiters for maximum 'punch' in your Peeper along with info on adding one of our TV Transmitter kits Offers great value, tunable over the 88 -108 MHz FM audio - without broadcast over modulation, LED bargraph meters for easy . (such as the MTV -7 unit below) for wireless transmission! band, plenty of power and our manual goes into great detail out- setting of audio levels and a built -in mixer with mike and line level MP -1, Wide Angle Lens CCD N Camera Outfit $168.95 lining aspects of antennas, transmitting range and the FCC rules inputs. Churches, drive -ins, schools and colleges find the FM-100 MP-1 PH, Pin -Hole Lens and regulations. Connects to any cassette deck, CD player or to be the answer to their transmitting needs, you will too. No one CCD TV Camera Outfit $189.95 mixer and you're on -the-air, you'll be amazed at the exceptional offers all these features at this price! Kit includes sharp looking audio quality! Runs on internal 9V battery or external power from metal cabinet, whip antenna and t20 voll AC adapter. Also runs 5 to 15 VDC, or optional 120 VAC adapter. Add our matching on 12 volts DC. MicroStation case and whip antenna set for a nice finished look. We also offer a high power export version of the FM -100 that's FIIF10A, Tunable FM Stereo Transmitter Kit $34.95 fully assembled with one watt of RF power, for miles of program Synthesized coverage. The export version can only be shipped outside CM, Matching Case and Antenna Set $1495 the USA, or within the US if accompanied by a signed statement that UHF TV the unit will be exported. RF Power FM -100, Professional FM Stereo Transmitter Kit $299.95 Transmitter FM- 100WT, Fully Wired High Power FM-100 $429.95 Now you can be in The same league as James Bond. This Booster transmitter is so small that it can fit into a pack of cigarettes even including a CCD TV camera and battery! Model airplane Amplifier Speech enthusiasts put the MTV -7A into airplanes for a dynamite view from the cockpit, and the MTV-7A is the transmitter of choice for Descrambler balloon launches. Transmitter features synthesized, crystal con- Add some serious muscle to your signal, boost power up to 1 trolled operation for drift -free transmission of both audio and watt over a frequency range of 100 KHz to over 1000 MHz! Scrambler video on your choice of frequencies: Standard UHF TV Channel Use as a lab amp for signal generators, plus many foreign users 52 (which should only be used outside of the USA to avoid vio- employ the LPA-1 lo boost the power of their FM Stereo trans- Decode all that gibberish! This is the lating FCC rules), and 439.25 MHz or 911.25 MHz which are in mitters, providing radio service through an entire town. Power popular descrambler / scrambler that you've read about in all the the amateur ham bands. The 439.25 MHz unit has the nifty required: 12 to 15 volts DC at 25OmA, gain of 38dB at 10 MHz, Scanner and Electronic magazines. The technology used is advantage of being able to be received on a regular 'cable- 10 dB at 1000 MHz. For a neat, professionally finished look, add known as speech inversion which is compatible with most cord- ready N set tuned to Cable channel 68, or use our AN-74 tie optional matching case set. less phones and many police department systems, hook it up to converter and receive it on regular TV channel 3. The 911.25 LPA-1, Power scanner speaker terminals and you're in business. Easily config- Booster Amplifier Kit $39.95 MHz unit is suited for applications where reception on a regular ured for any use: mike, line level and speaker output/inputs are CIA, Matching Case Set for LPA -1 Kit $14.95 TV is not desired, an ATV-79 must be used for operation. The provided. Also communicate in total privacy over telephone or LPA-1MR, Fully Wired LPA-1 with Case $9995 MTV-7A's output power is almost 100 mW, so transmitting range radio, full duplex operation - scramble and unscramble at the is pretty much 'line-of-sight' which can mean many miles! The same time. Easy to build, all complex circuitry contained in new MTV 7A accepts standard black and white or color video and custom ASIC chip for dear, clean audio. Runs on 9 to 15VDC, has its own, onboard, sensitive electret mcorphone The MTV- RCA phono type jacks. Our matching case set adds a super nice 7A is available in kit form or fully wired and tested. Since the professional look to your kit. latest in SMT (Surface Mount Technology) is used to provide for SS-70A, Speech Descrambler/Scrambler Kit $39.95 the smallest possible size, the kit version is recommended fur CSS, Custom Matching Case and Knob Set $14.95 experienced builders only. Runs on 12 VDC @ 150 mA and SS- 70AWT, Fully Wired SS-70A with Case includes a regulated power source for a CCD camera. World's smallest FM transmitter. Size of a sugar cube! Uses $79.95 MTV7A, UHF TV Channel 52 Transmitter Kit SMT (Surface Mount Technology) devices and mini electret con- AC12.5, 12 Volt DC Wall Plug Adapter $9.95 $159.95 denser microphone, even the battery is included. We give you MN -7AWT, Fully Wired Channel 52 Transmitter $249.95 two complete sets of SMT pans to allow for any errors or MTV -7A4, 439.25 MHz TV Transmitter Kit $159.95 mishaps -build it carefully and you've got extra SMT parts to Tone -Grabber MTV- 7A4WT, Fully Wired 439.25 MHz Transmitter $249.95 huid another! Audio quality and pick -up is unbelievable, trans- MTV -7A9, 911.25 MHz TV Transmitter Kit $179.95 mission range up to 300 feet, tunable to anywhere in standard Touch Tone MTV7A9WT, Fully Wired 911.25 MHz Transmitter FM band 88 1o108 MHz. 7/8"w x 3/8"h x 3/431. $269.95 ATV-74, 439.25 MHz Convener Kit $159.95 FM-5 Micro FM Wireless Mike Kit $19.95 Decoder / ATV -74Wí Fully Wired 439.25 MHz Converter $249.95 Dialed phone numbers, ATV-79, 911.25 MHz Converter Kit $179.95 Reader repeater codes, control A1V -79WT, Fully Wired 911.25 MHz Converter $269.95 Crystal codes, anywhere touch - tones are used, your TG -1 will decode and store any number it Controlled hears. A simple hook -up to any radio speaker or phone line is all RAMSEY ELECTRONICS, INC. that is required, and since the TG -1 uses a central office quality 793 Canning Parkway Wireless decoder and microprocessor, it will decode digits at virtually any speed! A 256 digit non -volatile memory stores numbers for 100 Victor, NY 14564 Mike years - even with the power turned off, and an 8 digit LED display allows you to scroll through anywhere in memory. To make it easy Super stable, Mt free, not affected by temperature, metal or to pick out numbers and codes, a dash is inserted between any Order Toll -free: 1-800-446-2295 you body! Frequency is set by a crystal in the 2 meter Ham group or set of numbers that were decoded more than 2 seconds Sorry, no tech info or order status at this number band of 146.535 MHz, easily picked up on any scanner radio or apart. TheTG -1 runs from any 7 to 15 volt DC power source and meter 2 rig. Changing the crystal to put frequency anywhere in is both voltage regulated and crystal controlled for the ultimate in Technical Info, the 140 to 160 MHz range -crystals cost only five or six dollars. stability. For stand -alone use add our matching case set for a Order Status Sensitive electret condensa mike picks up whispers anywhere clean, professionally finished project. We have a TG -1 connected Call Factory direct: (716) 924 -4560 ir a room and transmit up to 1/4 mile. Powered by 3 volt Lithium up here at the Ramsey factory on the FM radio. It's fun to see the !pair of watch batteries which are included. Uses the latest in phone numbers that are morning dialed on the radio show! D11CV=R 9IT surface mount parts and we even include a few extras in Although the TG -1 requires less than an evening to assemble case you sneeze and loose a part! (and is fun to build, too!), we offer the TG -1 fully wired and tested in FM-6, Crystal Controlled FM Wireless Mike Kit $39.95 matching case for a special price. ORDERING INFO: Satisfaction Guaranteed. Examine for 10 days, it not TG-1, Tone Grabber Kit... , $9995 FM4WT Fully Wired FM4 $69.95 pleased, return in original form for refund. Add $4.95 for shipping, han- CTG Matching Case Set for TG-1 Kit $14.95 dling and insurance. Orders under $20, add $3.00. NY residents add 7% TG -1\VT, FullyWired Tone Grabber with Case $149.95 sales tax. Sorry. no CODs. Foreign orders, add 20% for surface mail or Call for our Free Catalog ! AC12.5, 12 Volt DC Wall Plug Adapter $9.95 use credit card and specify shipping method. CIRCLE 266 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 80

www.americanradiohistory.com Prices Effective July 2 Value Md Selection imam One Source... through August 29, 1997 To take advantage .. of these prices. you must supply this f spe ice code: CODE: ENS37

Speaker Repair Kits EVd' An ideal alternative to expensive or "no Monger available" l.YA CORP taw speaker drivers. You can now repair your existing woofer 2 Meter Ham Transciever by replacing Its rotted or damaged foam surround and Get the features normally found in dust cap. Surrounds and dust caps sold in pairs. All kits more expensive handheld units, like include specially formulated adhesive. CTCSS encode /decode and DTMF Order # Description Kit paging) Includes 7.2V battery pack and wall charger. 50 -2726 61fß" kit $15.95 50 -2731 8" kit 17.95 #111-4004 ...Only $199.00 50 -2736 10" kit 18.95 Computer Monitor 50 -2741 12" kit 19.55 raw -2746 15" kit 20.95 Repair Tech Disk 50 Software easily Installs on PC 50-2751 2'/<" dust caps 2.09 compatible computers. Simply key 50 -2756 33//" dust caps 2.29 in monitor model or chassis number 50 -2761 41fß" dust caps 2.49 and case histories with problems and solutions are displayed. Your own problems /solutions can be TEMA' DMM added. 3'f digit LCD display DMM #81 -2475 Only measures AC /DC voltage, DC $29.95 current, resistance, transistors The Modem Guide and batteries under a load. Comprehensive list of over MEW #72 -2055 170 differnt modems and their complete settings. Also lists all major Reg. $31.95 Only $22.95 manufacturers, with U.S. offices, and phone, fax, Internet and E -mail 2A Selectable Voltage Power addresses for each. Supply #81 -2418 Only 9 2.95 Ideal for powering projects, or for use as a battery eliminator. Regulated output Is switchable Audio taw to 3,4''h,6,7'14,9or12volt. Amplifier Boards #28.2200 Usefull mono audio amplifier circuit is easily Reg. $20.50 Only $14.95 incorporated into many projects. Each operates from a single 24VDC Digital Soldering Station supply and provides Grounded tip, 340-875°F adjustable 30Hz-18KHz frequency temperature and a variety of response. replacement tips make this unit Order # Output leg) perfect for a variety of HK00028 1 Watt $6.99 applications Including SMD. H K00029 5 Watts 12.95 #21 -1590 H K00030 15 Watts 20.95 Reg. $119.00...Only $79.00 HK00031 20 Wa its 22.95

Same Day Shipping! Visit MCM's Website at In stock orders received by 6:00 p.m. (1(0UR1IME), ore shipped the some da www.mcmelectronics.com 1- 800 -543 -4330 Hours: M -F 7 a.m. -9 p.m., Sat. 9 a.m. -6 p.m., EST. MCM ELECTRONICS® 650 CONGRESS PARK DR. CENTERVILLE. OH 45459 A PREMIER FARNELL Company

CIRCI. E 331 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 81

www.americanradiohistory.com Check Out What We Have To Offer: Fantastic DMM Offer!!! Don't let the price fool you. This meter is a digital multimeter designed for engineers and hobbyists. Equipped with 5 functions and 19 ranges. Each test position Is quickly and easily selected with a simple turn of the FUNCTION /RANGE selector rotary switch. Rubber Boot Included General Our Display: 3-1/2 Digit LCD, 21 mm Figure Height Best with Automatic Polarity Offer Overrange Indication: 3 Least Significant Digits Blank Ever Temperature for Guaranteed Accuracy: on a 23 °C±5 °C RH <75% Temperature Ranges: Operating: 0 °C to 40 °C (32°F to 104°F) Storage: -10 °C to 50 °C (14 °F to 122 °F) High

Power: 9V Alkaline or Carbon -Zinc Battery(NEDA 1 Quality Low Battery Indication: BAT on Left of LCD Display Full Sized Dimensions:188mm long x 87mm wide x 33mm thick DMM Net We1gD Dc Voltage (DCV) Range: Resolution :: Accuracy: n 0 0 20omV 100pV any qty 2000mV lmV z(1 +2dgts) 20V lomV %rdg Resistance (0) 200v 10omV Range: Resolution: Accuracy' Developer This product is used as the de- 1000V 1V 2000 100m0 veloper on our positive photo- resist printed Maximum Allowable Input: 1000V DC 20000 10 or Peak AC. 20K0 100 ±(1.2%rdg+2dgts) circuit boards. Includes instructions. 50 gram DC Current (DCA) 200KO 1000 package, mixes with water, makes 1 quart. Range: Resolution: Accuracy: 200oKO 1K0 PRICE EACH 200pA 100nA 20M0 1041 ±(2%rdg +10dgts) CAT NO DESCRIPTION 1 10 25 2000pA 1pA Maximum z(12%rdg+2dgls) Open Circuit Voltage: 2.8V 20mA 10pÁ POSDEV Positive Developer S .95 S .80 S .50 200mA lOOpA Diode Test 10A 10mA s(1.2%rdg+2dgts) Measures forward voltage drop of a Etching Tank This handy etching sys- Overload Protection:mA Input. 2A/250V semiconductorlunctlon In mV test cur- tem will handle PC boards up to 8" x9", two fuse. rent of 1.5mA Max. AC Voltage (ACV) at a time. Ideal for etching your PBsPCB's! Range: Resolution: Accuracy: System includes n 200V 100mV t(12%rdgr10dgis) ohFE Test ytm icue an arair pmpump foro etchantthn Measures transistor hFE. 750V 1V agitation,gtto, a temsaialthermostatically controlledotold Frequency Range: 45Hz-450Hz haeheater foro keepingepn etchantthn att otmmoptimum Maximum Allowable Input: 750V rms temperature and a tank that holds 131.35 Response: Average Responding. Cali- tmeaue ad tn ht hls gallons off etchant. A tight fitting lidi iss also brated In rms of a Sine Wave. Titaln ecat ih itn as suppliedupid tot preventrvn CAT NO DESCRIPTION PRICE evaporationvprto whenhn ssesystem iss ntnot bigbeing ue.used. TpclTypical ecigetching 9300G Rugged High Quality DMM with Rubber Boot $19.00 tmtime iss rdcdreduced tot 4 minutesiue onn 1 o.oz. cpecopper board!or! RDCSREDUCES CAT NON DESCRIPTION Switchable Scope Probe Sets CT ECITO PRICERC ETCHINGTHN TIME!IE 122 -70070 EcEtch Tankak SseSystem $37.95 (SelectableXl /Ref/X10) These high quality scope probe sets are for oscillo- Removeableeoebe HrHard Driverv Racksak scopes up to 60MHz (model HP 9060) or Theh idealda solutionouin frfor poetnprotecting highlyihy snitvsensi- 4`\_ 150MHz (model HP9150). Both sets include tive data.aa Or,r buyu onen computeroptr adand alwallow a handy storage pouch and include an IC test - idvdaindividual userssr too kekeep theirhi hardad diedrive wtwith hook adapter for the probe. The BNC connector rotates to theirhi ownw applicationsplctos adand stset -ups.us Justut trturn avoid cable tangle or kink. Cable length is 1.4 meters. theh systemytm ofoff, liftit tethe hnlhandle andn theh hardad PRICE EACH diedrive pppops rightih out.u. KyKey lclock Includednldd tot CAT NO DESCRIPTION 1 10 100 HP -9060 Scope Probe Set DC -60MHz $16.49 $14.49 511.58 avoidvi accidentalcietl oor unauthorizednuhrzd rmvlremoval. HP -9150 Scope Probe SetDC- 150MHz 24.95 21.95 18.62 Includesnlds hrhard driverv activityciiy LDsLED's. Rackak i-in- cludeslds mutnmounting hardware,adae keylock,elc, fotfront Etching Chemicals /Ferric Chloride pnlpanel LDLED, convenientovnet plpull outu handle.ade Madeae A dry concentrate that mixes with water to make fofrom highih ipcimpact ABSB plastic.lsi. FtFits inn 52"5.25" bybay. 1 pint of etchant, enough to etch 400 sq. inches Features:etrs Idealda foro Hardad DieDrive PraiiyPortability SleSolve SfwrSoftware Dataaa Security Issues Carry Your Hard of 1 oz board. PRICE EACH Scrt sus Cry Yu ad DieDrive BtenBetween HmHome andn Officefie EcEach Usersr CnCan HvHave Hisi orr HrHer ProaPersonal Hardad DieDrive CAT NO DESCRIPTION 1 5 CTCAT NON DESCRIPTION PRICERC ER -3 Makes 1 pint $3.50 52.75 ECITO SpecialHDRACKpcaHRC-D -IDE Foro IDED Hardad DieDrive $49$14.95 SEE OUR ON -LINE CATALOG AT 1111111 www.cir.com 1111111 82 ..... CIRCLE 332 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com Digital Panel Meters (LCD & LED) 3 -1/2 Digit LCD 3 -1/2 Digit LED 4 -1/2 Digit LCD\ PM -328: 4 -1 /2D LCD Digital Panel Meter Don't let the prices fool you. These digital Features panel meters are not surplus, so even If you 200.00mV Full Scale Input Sensitivity design them into an ongoing manufactured Single 9V DC Operation product, you can be assured of continued Decimal Point Selectable 11 mm LCD Figure Height availability. These high quality digital panel Automatic Polarity Indication meters are decimal point selectable with Low Battery Detection and Indication guaranteed zero reading at zero volts Input. High Input Impedance ( >100 Mohm) Applications Include: Specifications -PM-128/PM-129 Specifications - PM -328 Maximum input : 199.9mV DC Maximum input : 199.99mV DC Voltmeter Capacitance Digits) Maximum Display : 1999 counts (3 -1/2 Digits) Maximum Display : 19999 counts (4 -1/2 Thermometer Meter w /Automatic Polarity Indication w /Automatic Polarity pH Meter LUX Meter Indication Method : PM -128 - LCD Display Indication dB Meter LCR Meter PM -129 - LED Display Indication Method : LCD Display : In the Display Watt Meter Other Industrial Measuring Method : Dual -Slope Integration Overrange indication "1" Shown A/D Converter System Input Impedance : >100 Mohm Current Meter & Domestic Uses + + -5 <80% RH) Overrange indication : 1" Shown in the Display Accuracy : -0.05% (23 °C, PM -128: 3 -1 /2D LCD Digital Panel Meter Reading Rate Time 2 -3 Readings per sec. Power Dissipation : lmA DC

Input Impedance >100 Mohm Decimal Point : Selectable w/Wire Jumper PM -129: LED Panel 3-1/2D Digital Meter Accuracy : +40.5% (23 + -5°C, <80% RH) Supply Voltage : 9V DC Features Power Dissipation : PM -128 - 1mA DC Size : 67mm x 44mm 200mV Full Scale Input Sensitivity PM -129 - 60mA DC Decimal Point : Selectable w/Wire Jumper PM -128 - Single 9VDC Operation AS LOW AS $5.25 ea. Supply Voltage : PM -128 - 9V DC PM -129 - Single 9VDC Operation PM-129 - 9V DC PRICE EACH Decimal Point Selectable Size : 67mm x 44mm PM -128 - 13mm Figure Height CAT NO DESCRIPTION 1 10 25 100 250 Automatic Polarity Indication PM -128 3-1/2 Digit LCD Panel Meter 59.90 57.09 S 6.40 S 5.86 55.25 Guaranteed Zero Reading for 0 Volt Input pM -129 3 -1/2 Digit LED Panel Meter 11.49 9.54 8.67 7.95 6.95 High Input Impedance (> 100Mohm) PM -328 4-1/2 Digit LCD Panel Meter 19,88 16.40 14.90 13.66 11.93 Ball Bearing 12V DC Fans These High Quality Fans feature Ball Bearings and Brushless DC Motors. All of them are designed to meet UL, CSA & VDE Standards. Design these fans into power supplies, computers or other equipment requiring PRICE EACH NO 1 10 25 100 additional air flows for heat removal. CAT C AT NO S 9.88 S 6.38 55.48 $4.87 These fans are regular Circuit Specialists 0 -12 9.38 5.91 5.41 4.71 stock items they are not surplus. CSD401-12 - CSD 8025 -12 8.88 5.85 5,19 4.49 5.29 4.59 INDUSTRY BEST PRICING! CSD 9225 -12 8.95 6.14 CSD 1225-12 11.45 8.96 7.82 6.85 Specifications RATED START INPUT STATIC DIMENSIONS VOLTAGE VOLTAGE CURRENT AIR FLOW PRESSURE SPEED NOISE LEVEL WEIGHT (g) CAT NO (MM) (V) (V) (A) (CFM) (INCH-H50) (RPM) (dB) 26 20 CSD 4010 -12 40x4oxlOmm 12 7 0.06 5.1 0.19 5,500 28 65 CSD 6025 -12 60x60x25mm 12 5 0.13 13.7 0.165 4,500 31 8C CSD 8025 -12 80x80x25mm 12 5 0.16 37.8 0.177 3,000 2,800 37 95 CSD 9225 -12 92x92x25mm 12 5 0.32 42 0.18 42 135 CSD 1225 -12 12N120<25 mm 12 5 0.35 62 0.180 2,500 SOLDER SOLDER "'LDER CCD Camera - IR Responsive As Low As $85!! SOLDER SOLDER LDER This black and white monochrome CCD Cam- era is totally contained on a PCB (70mm We stock high quality ó0 /40(Sn %/ Pb%), .031 " x 46mm). The lens is the tallest cornpo- .031" diameter. This is prime JIS and 63/37, nent on the board (27mm high from solder that we maintain as a certified the back of the PCB) and it works regular stock item (It is not "Left -overs with light as low as 0.1 lux. It is IR, Rejects or Surplus ") and you can buy it Responsive for use in total dark- from us at a fraction of the price that ness. It comes with six IR LED's on board. It connects to any to. you are used monitor, AUX or video Input on a VCR or through a Tired of Paying Inflated standard to TV. Works with a REGULATED 12V power Prices for Solder? PRICE EACH video modulator a supply (11V-13V). Hooks up by connectiong three wires: red to CAT NO DESCRIPTION 1 10 25 12V, black to ground (power & video) and brown to video RH60-1 1 -Ib. Spool, .031", 60/40 S 6.90 S 5.96 $ 5.30 signal output. RH63 -1 1 -Ib. Spool, .031", 63/37 6.95 6.10 5.41 RH60 -4 4.4 -lb. Spool, .031 ", 60/40 24.00 21.90 17.92 Power Supply Regulating Kit for CA -H34 This simple RH60 -TUBE 6 -oz. Tube, .031", 60/40 .99 .89 .79 kit is designed to fit onto the back of the CA -H34 CCD to PRICE EACH camera. It resolves the problem of hooking up the camera UNREGULATED supply (which damages the camera) by DESCRIPTION 1 5 an CAT NO supply. CA -H34A PCB Mounted IRCCD Camera $99.00 $85.00 providing safe regulated power from any 12V -14V DC A34 Power Supply Regulating Kit 56.95 It also provides regulated 12V DC from a 12V AC source. SEE OUR ON -LINE CATALOG AT www- cir -com INC. RECEIVE OUR LATEST 132 PAGE CATALOG! CIRCUIT SPECIALISTS, It's chock full of all types of electronic equipment SINCE 1971 and supplies. We've got I.C.'s. capacitors, resistors, pots, inductors, test equipment, breadboard- 800 -811 -5203 ing supplies, PC supplies, industrial computers, 602 -464 -2485 data acquisition products, personal comput- 602 -464- 5824(FAX) ers and computer parts, plus much, much more. FAX us your name and address or call 800 -811- 5203, ext. 5, to leave a message on our catalog WE ACCEPT: request line. 83 CIRCLE 332 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com DIGITAL STORAGE WHITE -STAR ELECTRONICS TEL: 405- 631 -5153 FAX: 405- 631 -4788

OSCILLOSCOPES CONVERTERS: 20 50 100+ Regal CR -83 45 39 35 * New, Panasonic TZPC 145 75 69 65 WITH PORTABLE DQN -5 (2 or 3) (unmodified) 45 39 35 DRZ -3 Pi (unmodified) 70 Channel Plain 35 32 29 SPECTRUM MODULES DRX -3 PJ (unmodified) 60 Channel Plain 32 30 27 ANALYZER, CONVERT PC'S INTO DVM, FREQ. MULTIPURPOSE Call FREE catalog. COUNTER, TEST AND for 405- 631 -5153 AND DATA MEASURING LOGGER. INSTRUMENTS. REMOTE CONTROL o-41R I. HAND UNITS- 20 50 100+ =°Ó .uY °n. Vpp 0000 Jerrold Replaces: 400/450/550 4.95 4.50 4.25 f -0UJ. . Scientific Atlanta: 075/175/475 4.95 4.50 4.25 P -0alf 8600: On screen display 7.50 7.00 6.50 I > Pioneer: BR 81, 82 4.95 4.50 4.25 Panasonic: Call for model # 7.50 7.00 6.50 Zenith: All 4.95 4.50 4.25 AENNEf Rf i7i7E Tocom: 5503 -VIP, 5503 -A 7.00 6.50 6.25 _namnii N Universal: 4 in I RIM 7.50 7.00 6.50 IIlit\ $IN1M1111) Call for Oak, Hamlin, Regal-83, Regency, lri R 5 ltl t11 E l4 MMEN Texscan, and all others. Tamper -Bit tools: (10 -lot) EN0-0121P[ p Jerrold compatible bits: 2.0 .Y/al 0340 Y.p .1U 100 `0. .. ° °. 1/4" Stacom Bit $8.00 V M! Tr1,0 La. ..-0 p Oval Round D $20.00 °° 11217:1L:1 nsra, :os:` Tors Bit: ° ,:, Tocom T -8 $8.00 Zenith T- 10,T -15 $8.00 Pioneer T-20 $8.00 Scientific Atlanta T-20 $8.00 Pio 63XX Oval $20.00 VISA r-T Bit Driver Handle $4.00 "0_ We carry most remote hand units. If you don't find the one you re looking for. we can locate for you. Why lug a scope around? Toss one of our modules into Specializing in large quantities. your laptop case or tool kit. For a multi -purpose test HOURS: Monday thru Friday 9 am to 5 pm Central Time. device, plug to a PC parallel port and use the PC Call for FREE catalog.

screen. Continuous, delayed, or triggered sweeps can CIRCLE 321 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD be frozen on the screen, printed out, or saved to disk. Frequency Spectrums DC to 25 MHz.

Allison now provides PICO TECHNOLOGY Ltd. Don't rent! Own! portable test equipment, including high -speed scopes, and multi channel data loggers. Pico and O -Scope modules accept standard probes and work with 286 or Cable TV faster PC's.

FEATURES: OPTIONS: Descramblers PORTABLE UNITS TO 25 PROBE SETS MHz AUTOMOTIVE PROBES We'll Beat Any Price! USES PRINTER PORT BATTERY PACKS Same Day Shipping! USES STD. PROBES SOFT & HARD CASES 30 Day Money Back Guarantee! 0-Scopes Made in U.S.A. Picos Made in U.K. Same Day Shipping Credit Cards /C.O.D. Includes Cable, Software & Manuals One Year Warranty! 0-Scope Ip (DC- 5OKHz, single trace) $189. 0-Scope I I (DC-500KHz, dual trace) $349. PICO (ADC 200/20) (DC- 10MHz, dual trace) CALL Have make and model number of equipment used in your area PICO (ADC 200/50) (DC- 25MHz, dual trace) CALL REPLACEMENTS FOR MOST SYSTEMS PICO pc based data loggers from $99. CALL TOLL FREE Shipping within U.S. UPS Ground $7.50(Second day $11.50) SEND CREDIT CARD INFO., M.O., or CHECK,OR CALL CD Electronics 1- 800 -980 -9806 1-800-684-9135 Allison Technology Corporation 8343 CARVEL, HOUSTON, TX. 77036 U.S.A. NO NEW JERSEY SALES! PHONE: 713- 777 -0401 FAX: 713- 777 -4746 BBS: 713- 777 -4753 Anyone implying theft of service will be denied assistance. http: //www. atcweb. corn 84

www.americanradiohistory.com IF YOU CAN'T FIND WHAT YOU ARE LOOKING FOR. CALL FOR OUR PHONE ORDERS 800-445-0697 LATEST CATALOG #231 CONTAINING OUR ENTIRE PRODUCT LINE OF OVER 4,000 ITEMS, MOST AT BELOW WHOLESALE PRICES! i i ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (EMF) DETECTOR This is a complete EMF detector utilizing 3 SMD ICs and 10 bright LEDs that indicate relative strength of EMF energy. Operates on one 9V battery (not included). As soon as you press the on /off button, the unit runs a "self -test" by lighting all 10 LEDs, then it resets itself and indicates the relative EMF strength by the quantity and color of LEDs that light. Size of unit is about 3 5/16" x 2 3/8 ". These are brand new and prime, but without the outer G8317 plastic case. They were made in 1995 and feature some of the latest technology $8 95 in portable relative EMF detection. We suspect that when the board was installed In the case, the completed unit sold for $80 -$100 retail, but now you can buy it for a fraction, of that price and make your own case Of you wish). We were amazed by the EMF energy emitted even from a small laptop computer within close proximity. We have no data or schematics, but all you need to do is connect a 9V battery and you're in business. Super blowout price! 5 for $40.00 10 for $75.00 100 for $600.00 Radiosonde (Type 1) Transponder 2) G8343 This is a rare return of an old favorite. This late model Radiosonde was (Type made for tracking all types of weather data. These were to be sent aloft Radiosonde attachgdtoawee ther balloon (not included).E chisabout101 /2 long These are similar to the type 1 x 3 3/e thick x 8 wide. Inside of the removable cardboard sleeve is radiosondes, but these receive signals in a styrofoam chamber housing a sophisticated 8 IC circuit board the 403MHz range and have a- circuit known as a which has sensors attached to measure atmospheric pressure, G5058 commutator and Meteorological Data Oscillator (what- temperature and humidity. As it gathers the information, it that means). They have the same basic transmitter as the $6.95 ever transmits the data at about 1.677 giga- units described at left. They were made to measure temperature and hertz (GHZ). These are prime, brand new 2/$12.00 humidity but we aren't sure about pressure. These have the following parts: a 4016 IC, units that were waiting shipment from a 4022 IC, a 78M15 regulator IC, 2 ICM 7555 ICs (or equivalent), an RCA 3404 IC and the manufacturer (Space Data Corpo- a large quantity of resistors, capacitors, several coils and transistors. Size about a foot , 1 \

ration) to the government when the from end to end , and 2 3/8" wide. Has 2 wire antennas for the receiver and a brass nose contract was cancelled. These are cone transmitter antenna. We don't have the spec or schematics, but these are new complete except for the battery. We connected functional units. Sorry, no humidity sensor, thermister or battery included. Comes in a two 9V batteries in series and the unit worked 1,1% styrofoam box. NOTE: These were meant to be mounted in an outer chamber and sleeve perfectly from them. Sorry, no schematic avail- (sold below). able. The main board contains the following ICs: 7555, CD4051, CD4520, Transponder Chamber and Sleeve LM324, 4151, TLC27L (2 pcs.) and a 78M15C voltage regulator. It also has the This is optional as it is not part of the electronic circuit. precision T05 case pressure sensor, hygristor sensor holder (with the hygristor It consists of a very large punch out corrugated plastic (humidity) sensor plate in a sealed container ready to insert into the holder), chamber which has certain surfaces colored black (we thermistor for temperature measurements and nose cone transmitter antenna assume it has something to do with the temperature assembly. Great for experimentation, building your own weather equipment, measurement function) You also get the outer cardboard sleeve. studying high frequency transmission, as a source for useful parts or just great You will need to assemble the chamber and sleeve yourself (just punch out and fold up), for a conversation piece. These cost the government a bundle to have made but and insert the styrofoam box (from the G8343 above) into it. Brand new; shipped folded we are selling them at a giveaway price. Hurry, get your Radiosonde today! in halt. G8344 $4.00 Radiosonde(Typel) Without Humidity Sensor and Box Radiosonde Humidity Sensor Assembly Complete radiosonde as Brand new humidity sensor plate and holder made for use described with Radiosondes. The humidity sensor plate is a r? above except 411100 small 2 1/2" x 11/16" x 1/16" plastic plate on which these do not have the humidity W M has been deposited a surface material which causes sensor assembly and the styrofoam container box. These are new units that have the resistance of the sensor logo up as the humidity the transmitter nose cone, pressure sensor and temperature sensor attached. rises. Very sensitive - you can just breathe on it from a foot away and the resistance will Simply apply battery power and these will start transmitting data, however they go way up momentarily. Approximate resistance measured in Arizona on the day this was do not have the humidity sensor assembly with humidity sensor plate. Brand written was about 11,280 ohms. Control music by breathing, measure the humidity in new, but no other info. G5578 $4.95 your house or operate a relay by breathing are just a few of the possibilities - use your imagination! Brand new made by Victory Engineering. The sensor plate comes in a sealed For Phone Orders Call 800 -445 -0697 plastic container and has not been opened. Complete assembly with 1 ft. long 2 wire to (602) 661 -8259 cable. G5069 complete assembly $1.89 or Fax Your Orders replacement sensor plate only $1.25 Customer Service: (602) 451 -7454 G5070 Transmitter Nosecone for the Radiosonde circuit Visit us Online at: http: //www.goldmine- elec.com These are brand new transmitter nose cone assemblies board. They contain 1 transistor and an adjustable cap. They have only 3 wires that

Minimum USA and Canada Order. $10.00 (plus $5.00 Shipping and Handling). We need to be connected to main board to provide transmission at over 1 GEIZ. Size ELEC'i accept MasterCard, Visa and personal checks, however, we cannot accept personal 0 ' 4" to tip of brass antenna. Brass cone is about checks on orders utside the united States. about from circuit board base L1)AtIÌVE Amount minimum shipping a handling). Minimum Forelpno Orda $50.11 (plus $10.00 1 5/8" Dia. at base. Prime - but no specs or schematic. G5190 $1.00 Radiosonde Tiny Thermister in Plastic Box ELECriPO/e These were made to be used with the transponder radiosonde (08343). They feature a tiny wire (almost invisible) thermister that, 00117E0 4 at about 75°F has almost 10K of resistance. As the temperature PO Box / 5408 increases, the resistance goes down. These are brand new with Scottsdale, AZ 85261 color coded leads that plug into wires on the transponder radiosonde. G8411 $1.00 85

www.americanradiohistory.com TIMELINE INC.1' Over 1 1 years and 29,000 customers and still growing L Liaolo CRYSTAL DISPLAYS MONITORS 240x64 dot LCD with built -in controller. Norte -Eo-o how s.mc! TTL Comes with pinout. 12V at 1.4 Amp input Horizontal frequency AND 4021ST-E0. Unit is EL back -lit. $69.1Ne or 2 for $129." or 15Khz. Ability to do 40 and 80 column. 5 inch Amber $25.00 7 OPTREX. DMF5005 (non back -lit) $49." or 2 for $89 " inch Amber $25.00 20 character x 8 line 9 inch Amber or Green $25.00 The built -in controller allows you to do text and graphics. 71SL x 2%H 5" COLOR MONITOR $39: "' Alphanumeric -parallel interface Flat Faceplate 320 x 200 Dot Resolution CGA & Hercules Compatible 16x1 $7.00 20x2 $10.00 40x1 $8.00 12 VDC Operation 15.75101z Horiz. Freq. 60 Hz Vert. Sync. Freq. 16x1 (Ig. char.)....$10.00 20x4 $15.00 40x2 2 for $20.00 Open Frame Conshudion Standard Interface Connector Degaussing Coil included Mir. Samtrat 16x2 $7.00 20x4 (lg. char.)....$10.00 40x4 $20.00 16x2 fig. char.)....$10.00 24x2 $10.00 4x2 $5.00 9" monochrome SVGA MONITOR $79 °° 16x4 $15.00 32x4 $10.00 Fully Enclosed - Tilt and swivel type. Mfr: WEN 5V power required Built -in C -MOS LCD driver & controller Easy "microprocessor" interface 98 ASCII character generator Certain models are backlit, call for more info. MISCELLANIEOUS Graphics and alphanumeric -serial interface ADAPTEC 4070A (RU.) OR 4000A (MFM), SCSI Controller, your choice $250 size Ml, price size kiss age IBM 370 option XT and AT emulation boards $25" 640x480 backlit Epson $25.00 480x128 Hitachi $10.00 640x400 backlit Panasonic $20.00 256x128 Epson $20.00 HACKER CORNER 640x200 Toshiba $15.00 240x128 (backlit) Optrex $20.00 L 480x128 (backlit) ALPS $10.00 240x64 Epson $15.00 160x128 Optrex $15.00 US made Micronics 486 VLB ALL in ONE $695'1 or 2 for $12911 motherboard, supports 3.4 or 5V CPU, at either 25 or 33 mhz basic clock. Con 6" VGA LCD 640X480, Sanyo LMDK55 -22 $25°-O use AMD or Intel from 486SX25 thru 486DX4 -100 to HOT new AMD 5X86-133 LASER PRODUCTS cpu. On board SVGA video. On board 1 meg video ram expandable to 2 meg L I with ATI Mach 2 chip set. On board 2 high speed serial ports, I printer port, HeNe Laser Head (10Mw max. output) TEMDO. 15.5" lung MFG: NEC $99.w floppy and IDE hard drive controller. On board 256K cache. Uses 72 pin simm Laser Power Supply (for HeNe tube) $89 sa memory. Landmark speed rating of 479 with AMD chip. L.ASJ.cR SCANNER ASSEMBLY $19." Board will not fit standard All in One case because of non standard location of riser board. VLB riser board is included with motherboard. Assembly intended for a laser ponter. Includes laser diode, polygon motor (6 sided) and misc. optics and lenses. LASER DIODE (5mW) with collimator $20.0, COLOR CCD CAMERA $114492-2 VISIBLE LASER DIODE: 5mw at 670nm $15." 12 VDC 1/3 -inch, CCD area image sensor 514 (horizontal) x 491 (vertical) 2:1 interlaced 15.734 Index guided. Threshold current 40 ma typical. kHz (horizontal), 59.94 Hz (vertical) 330 horizontal and 350 vertical lines 101x IV, NTSC signal format Lens: I/3 -inch, fixed focus (F:2.8 f:5.6) Dimensions: (W) 67 (2.63) x (H) 34 (1.45) x (D) 112.6 (4.43) 3 and 4mW, 1,300nm LASER DIODES, 5.6mm package, $ 1 5g* Mitsubishi Electric part number ML701BIR -E21A, General specs are: SONY Miniature Color LCD Display (LCX005BKB) $2991' I. Vop =1.25, Beam Divergence 25.6° x 28.6 °; 2. Tc =24 °C, lop =19 to 20mA, 1.4 CM (0.55 inch) Diagonal Full Color Display Built In Horizontal and Vertical Drivers Delta 1TH= 10.7mA; 3. Wavelength range between 1,280nm and 1,330 nm Dot Pattern for High Picture Quality - 537 dots (H) x 222 dots (V) Compatible with NTSC & PAL POLYGON MOTOR UNIT 8c DRIVER $79r1 Format and Sync Inputs 12 VDC Operation with -I to +17 V RGB Signal and Driver Input Voltage Teo .sidul fine carfare nun" mounted on an armature flua spins at 125 revoluunns fer retried yielding a kam sweep rae of 1251) swaps per Excellent Display for Virtual Reality Projects, Viewfinders, and Miniature Test Equipment second. The dnva ke the fnlygoe unit raryucs 24 valu and plus ad miaus 12 volte w operate. Thee is alma (-theta tens ie front of he polygon Displays Pin Outs and Specification Included Unit Requires Clock, Synchronization and Video ieaoaing mechanism wine a three iode for high quality dialwwr GUI iptical esperiments. dr. Wry unite ivre JAPAN Er.ecnur \1C3 t CELO. SITE'l'RANSCEIV'ER 2 for SI -I9°° 1117 ETWORK $79r" I These transceivers were designed for operation in an AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) cell site. The Proteon ProNet-4 Model p1347 Token Ring Board $49.05 20 MHz bandwidth of the transceiver allows h to operate on ell 666 channels allocated. The transmit channels are 870.030-889.980 MHz with the receive channels 45 HMz below those frequencies. A digital 16 bit 4 Mbps IEEE 802.2 and 802.5 compatible twisted pair interoperable with IBM Token Ring network synthesizer is utilized to generate the selected frequency. Each unit contains two independent receivers to demodulate voice and data with a Receive Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) circuit to select the one with the Pos at 13AR CODE best signal strength. The transmitter provides a 1.5 watt modulated signal to drive an external power i amplifier channel selection is accomplished with a 10 bit binary input via a connector on the back panel. MAGNETIC CARD READER Other interface requirements for operation are 26 VDC (unregulated) and an 18.990 MHz reference $25.0" frequency for the digital synthesizer. The units contain independent boards Includes: for receivers. exciter, synthesizer, 20 character dot matrix display with full alpha -numeric capability keypanel tunable front end, and interface assembly (which includes power supplies and voltage-controlled oscillator). with full alphanumeric entry separate 7.5 VDC /0.5 Amp power supply standard Service manual, schematics and circuit descriptions included. telephone interface extension cord lithium battery and flat -cone speaker. Encased Black & HP bar code wand (HBCS 2300) $25.00 White Composite CCD Camera with Adapter IR viewing to 1000 nm 7 ii L x 23f W x 1%H POWER SUPPLYS Comes complete with CCD camera, mounting nut on bosom of casing, I2VDC power supply. Excellent low light capability, standard RCA NTSC video out. ÿa.7$89.00 SWITCHING POWER SUPPLYS $12.00 or 2 for $20.00 115/230 Volts Great for: entryway security/remote monitoring, WATT 73 (2) 4 pin power connectors attached Dim: 8.5" L x 4.5" W x 2" H video conferencing/desktop video conferencing 2 for $159.U Output: + 5V02- 9, 75, A,+ 12V00- 1.5A,- 5V00- 0.4A,- 12V00 -0.5A This miniature camera is perfect for multimedia computer applications as well as security and 68 WATT Dim: 5.5" Lx3 .2 "Wx1.7 "H Output: 5VO4A,12VO4A surveillance. NTSC output allows use with all popular video digitizing boards for Apple Macintosh and Microsoft video for Windows. Connects directly to any composite monitor or VCR with 60 WATT Dim: 8Y.x4Vx3. Output :5V06A +12VOlA- 5V01A- 12V01A "video" input. Its razor -sharp wide -angle lens focuses from two inches to infinity and its state -of- CHARGE COUPLED DEVICES the -art CCD technology accurately captures 16 level grayscale images for Quick Time movies and still pictures. Records at 30 frames per second and 26(I lines resolution with excellent low light capability. Uses I2VDC (adapter supplied) and standard RCA cable. it "The Spy In The Sky" $29.°° MATRIX TYPE POINT OF SALE BANK TERMINAL $39N or 2 for $692 Thomson 576X550 pixel CCD I.CD Display 20 Char. x 4 Line Printer 16 Column Dot Matrix - Epson 24 Key Domed Membrane 400 -1,1 OOnm resolution and responsivity. $500 Original cost device Keypad Intel 80C32 Processor 2 PCMCIA Sockets (ICC Slots) Dallas DS1287 Realtime Clock 2 Solid State Buzzers (Piezo Electric) 4 Crystals Rockwell Modem Chip Telephone Line Interface (4 Sony CCD Imager - designed for black and white composite video Pin "Rl" Connector) RS -232 Interface (8 Pin "Rl" Connector) NI-CAD Battery Pack Inside cameras. Picture. elements: 384 (H) x 491 (V) $ 29" Note: We have not been able to bypass an accea code in the software. Thus, while time of day and other introductory things arc displayed on LCD, the full original capabilities of this unit cannot be guaranteed. Also, we Chip size 10.7 (H) x 9.3 (V) mm'm' U nit cell size (H) x 13.4 (V) um'. 23.0 do not have a source for the smart cards that were to to in the PCM CIA sockets. Requires 12 volt adapter for power. Ceramic 24 pin DIP package Mfr: Sony, Part# O16AL (Not included) Dimensions: 9 -1/2L x 6 -114W x 2 -112 D Original cost over 5450.00 4096 element CCD $15.00 LINEAR TYPE .6" COMPOSITE MINIATURE COLO DISPLAY $99.°0 1024 element CCD $10.00 Full0 encased. x x power. signal. 250 H x 300 resolie bfkafe e. Applications ude camcordercorder

2048 element CCD $10.00 1728 element CCD $10.00 viewfinder, h t un ed splay, etc... Original cost over $600.00

2539 W. 237th Street, Bldg. F, Torrance, CA 90505 Minimum Order: $20.00. Minimum shipping and handling charge $5.00. We accept cashiers Order desk only: USA: (800) 872 -8878 CA: (800) 223 -9977 checks, MC or VISA. No personal checks or COD's. CA residents odd 8.25% sales tax. We ore not responsible for typographical L.A. & Technical Info: (310) 784 -5488 Fax: (310) 784 -7590 errors. All merchandise subject to prior sale. Phone orders welcome. Foreign orders require special handling. Prices subject to change without notice. 20% OEM INQUIRIES WELCOME restocking fee for returned orders. 86 CIRCLE 275 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD www.americanradiohistory.com I DO-IT-YOURSELF AUDIO AMPLIFIER KITS Mark V Electronics, Inc. Enclosures at Unbeatable prices ! kits for learning and more fun! 8019 E. Slauson Ave., New educational Montebello, CA 90640 Free Catalog 213/888 -8988 Fax 213/888 -6868 E -Mail [email protected] Order 1-800 -521 -MARK / 1- 800 -423 -FIVE Kit skill levels are specified as beginner intermediate or W advanced! Metal Cabinets with Modular Desktop Alarm Box with Aluminum Front Panel Consoles Lock

LG -1273 3x12x7" $ 28.50 LxWxH LB -1085 83/4x101/4x5" $18.75 LG -1684 4x16x8" 32.50 LE -453 4x4'/4x3 "$ 7.50 LB -1395 93/4 x13 %x5" 25.50 LG -1924 4x19x111,4" 38.25 LE -653 6x4'/4x3" 9.75 LB -1525 12%x15%x5" 35.25 LG -1925 5x19x111/2" 42.00 LE -853 8x4'/4x3" 11.75 "LB -1494 93/4x141/4x41/4" 21.50 LG -1983 21/4x19x8" 35.25 LE- Black finished aluminum LB -1383A 8 %2 x 13 %4x4" 23.25 LG -1923 3x19x111/2 " 36.50 panel 1mm thick. No lock & LB- Sheet Metal 0.8mm LG -1927 7x19x111/2" 52.50 LG- Black anodized rack cabinet Power Transformers Camera &* *Toroidal Transformer "LL -19238 2'%19x12" 69.50 "LL -1925A 5x19x12" 79.50 Housing 001 28/30V x 2 6A $ 30.00 002 36V x 2 3A 25.00 LL- High quality full Aluminum Cabinet "LD -1 244 23/4x103/4x4"$55.00 ILL- Front panel .157 & other panels .078' 1516 3'/.x13'/4 x4" 29.50 003 40V x 2 6A 32.00 LL- Gold plated cap screw for front panel "LD LD -1565 4x13 %x5%4" 31.75 **008 28/30V x 2 6A 42.00 - Dimensions in inches +.05 Steel **009 48/53V x 2 8A 68.00 - Custom -made for other dimensions 'LD- Stainless 0.7mm Sheet Metal 1mm if over 100 .cs for sin.le model ! 'LD- **012 33/40/42Vx2 6A 52.00 TA- 800MK2 AA 120 +120W Pre & Main Stereo Amp. (4 lbs.) School Educational Kits Source ... Power Output:120W into 4 ohms RMS. 72W into 8 ohms KA -901 30 -In -one electronic lab kit S 15.99 RMS. Frequency Response:l0- 20KHZ. THD: <0.01%. No soldering is required! Build a radio, alarm, Tone Control: Bass Mid & Treble ±12dB, ±8dB. timer... Earphone for private listening. Uses Sensitivity: Phono Input, 3mV into 47K. Line, 0.3V into safe battery power. Requires 4 "AA" batteries'. 47K. Signal to Noise Ratio: 86dB. Power Requirement: 40VDC (g? 6A. Suggested Mark V model 001 or 008 KA -902 130-In-one electronic lab kit S 29.99 transformer. Recommended Metal Cabinet LG -1924. Build 130 funny circuits, AM broadcast station, Kits 2 82.00 Asmb.$ 88.95 sonic fish caller, timer... No special tools or AF -3 AA 300W MOSFET High Power Mono Amp. (7 lbs.) soldering required due to premounted parts, Power Output: 300W into 4 ohms RMS. 200W into 8 ohms pre -cut wires and simple coil -spring RMS. Frequency Response: 10HZ-20KHZ. THD: <0.03 %. connectors. Requires 6 "AA" batteries'. Signal to noise ratio: 91dB. Input Sensitivity & Impedance at KA -904 500 -in-one electronic lab kit 98.99 1KHZ, 1V 47K. Load Impedance 4-16 ohms. Power Requirement: ±55 to ±65VDC 8A. Suggested Mark V Contains its own computer with a simple explanation basic(Assembler) language model 009 Transformer. Capacitor 8,200uf 100V model of the 150.00 required for operation. Compile programs to Kirs Asmb.$ 105.00 020. Recommended Cabinet LG -1925 for each channel. discover how computers operate while gaining an understanding of hardware & software. With TA -388 W Class A FET Dynamic Buffer Stereo Pre -Amp (1 Ib.) easy-to- follow manual which explains by com- Frequency Response (at rated output): Overall 10HZ- prehensive diagrams.Requires 6 "AA" batteries 100KHZ +0.5dB -1dB. THD: Overall <0.007% at or KA -905 75- in-one electronic lab kit S 24.99 below rated output level. Channel Separation (at rated output 1KHZ): Overall better than 70dB. Hum & Noise: Build strobe light, touch switch, digital circuits, Overall better than 90dB. Input Sensitivity (1KHZ for rated electronic organ... No special tools or soldering output): 300- 600mV. Maximum Output Level: Pre -Amp required. Requires 4 "AA" batteries'. 58.00 output 1.8V (0.1% THD). Power Requirement: 30V X 2 KA -906 300 -in -one electronic lab kit S 59.99 AC 500mA. Suggested Mark V model 010 transformer. Kit:93440 Asmb.$ 80.00 Learn about power amplifier, operation amplifier, digital, test instrument & fun games... SM -100 150 MHZ 8 Digit Frequency Counter (2 lbs.) W It even includes a breadboard for adding your own components. Complete with easy -to -follow Frequency Range: 10HZ- 150MHZ. Gate Time: 0.Ols, manuel. Requires 6 "AA" batteries'. 0.1s, ls, 10s. Input Sensitivity: KHZ range 10HZ- Batteries are not included? 10MHZ 20mV(min.). MHZ range 1MHZ- 120MHZ KA-904 20mV(min.), 120MHZ- 150MHZ 35mV (min.), 150MHZ- 200MHZ 40mV(typical). Time Base: 10MHZ crystal, ±10 ppm. Input Impedance: 1M ohm. Limited time offer! Response Time: 0.2s. Resolution: 0.1 HZ: lOs gate time, 1HZ: is gate time, 10HZ: 0.1s gate time, 100 KA-906 Kit:ts:O 68.00 HZ: 0.Ols gate time. Hold the last input signal. Reset Asm(S 99.00 counter to 0. DC 9V power adapter not included. See our catalog for more kits/

Minimum order S 20. We accept Visa, MasterCard & Money Orders. Checks allow 2 weeks for clearance. We ship by UPS ground inside US (1 -2 lbs min $ 6.00) and ship by US mail outside US. Please call for orders shipping & handling or fax (foreign) orders. PO Orders are welcome from schools. We are not responsible for typographical errors. 87 CIRCLE 336 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

www.americanradiohistory.com TM YOUR SOURCE FOR ELECTRONIC PROJECTS, KELVIN POWER A in BREADBOARD LAB"" KELVIN COMPONENTS, TRAINERS & KITS EST 1945

KELVIN'S METERS THE BEST PRICES! 100LE AC /DC Volts... DCA to 10A...Ohm Test Diode Test_. Continuity Buzzer... Battery Test...990087...$1995 150LE AC /DC Volts...DCA to 10A...Ohms to 20M...Diode Test... Continuity Buzzer...Battery Test...Transistor Test...990122...82995 200LE AC /DC Volts...AC /DC Current to 10A...Ohms to 20M... Diode Test...Continuity Tester with Buzzer...Transistor Test... Autoranging...10ML2 Input Impedance...Frequency Test range to 15mHz...Capacitance Test from 2,000 pf to 20mfd... +/- 0.5% Accuracy...3 -1/2" LCD Display...990123...84995 300LE Autoranging to3,200 counts...AC /DC Volts...AC /DCA to 10A...Ohms to 32M...Continuity Test...Diode Test...990125...84995 1St BREADBOARD LAB"" 400LE AC /DC Volts...DCA to 20A...Ohms to 2,000M... Trainer Diode Test...Continuity Test...Transistor Test...Autoranging Easy to use; build circuits that are far from Frequency to 20mHz with Duty Cycle...Cap. Test to 200mfd... simple in function. Includes lab manual with Inductance Test to 20Hy...Maximum Hold...990124...87995 30 experiments, a 6 "x6-1/2" breadboard for students to assemble circuits on and the 250LE CAPACITANCE METER ONLY basic components that most circuits use - Zero Adjustment...9 Ranges...200pF- 20,000 mfd...990126...85995 right on the board, ready for easy wiring. Assembled. GRADES 6 & uP K E L VIN BINARY QUARTZ CLOCK 840739 AC TROUBLESHOOT TRAINER sots" #4f 444 1 ANALOG LAB 111.2. ,

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1st ANALOG LAB`" Trainer Economical. This is the ideal trainer to [I1 : i , .tï 'Atli t lü compliment textbooks on analog electronics. Built -in features include: display readout for AC TROUBLESHOOTING TRAINER BINARY QUARTZ CLOCK frequency, audio, power and voltage (6 digit, K_-__ tN ..... 7-segment LED); audio generator (up to A great conversation piece! Advanced 60KHz) for sine, square and triangle waves; students can explore binary and digtal frequency counter (0- 2MHz); power supply TROUBLESHOOTING TRAINERS electronics with Kelvin's exclusive 24-hour (0-12V DC, 5V DC fixed); and wall adapter. WITH BUILT -IN TEACHER INPUTS binary quartz accurate clock. Features GRADES 8 & uP include a s Make teaching electronic circuitry easy built -in alarm and bicolor LEDs. Kit, 840891 125 Comes a DC wall and cost -effective using actual electronic with transformer and Assembled, 840890 " "" $195 equipment, hardware and pre -wired circuits. detailed assembly instructions. GRADES 9 & ur. These inexpensive trainers are easy to set Kit, 840589 $87.95 or $84.95 ea. /10+ up because they require no wiring or Assembled, 840590 $129.95 soldering. Common, built -in faults allow students to practice their skills. "1 received the BINARY CLOCK today and assembled it in 3-1/2 hours. It worked great Each trainer comes with a pre -wired PC and is hanging on the wall in my living room. board (8-1/2 "x11 "), plug-in AC wall Everyone that sees it stares with fascination! transformer, 3-ring storage binder, working They then ask, 'How do you tell time ?' I then electronic circuits, DIP switches, student lab go into a lecture about binary numbers. manual and teacher guide. Additional Thank you very much." 11111:1z equipment may be required like, digital -John Tillery pIte / nnnstL multimeter, oscilloscope (dual trace, 15mHz nnnnts or higher) and a function /signal generator "This trainer (IROUBIFSHOOTING TRAINER) nWnnnq« Ideal 2- (1 -2 mHz). for vocational, trade and has exactly what the textbooks & traditional yr. schools. Assembled. GRADES 9-COLLEGE. theory labs are missing-instructor-controlled, KTEUQ'" TRAINER 8088 -Based AC Trainer, 840627 4 ...$195 fault-insert trainers which challenge students to a:' Compatible with IBM/PC computers and DC Trainer, 840626 $195 learn potential troubleshooting and problem - assembler languages; upwardly compatible solving habits at the very beginning of their Digital Trainer, 840856 $295 to Intel 8088 series, 486 series & the Pentium Linear /Analog Trainer, 840857 $295 technical training." -David L. Miles, Maryland processor. Enter machine code using keypad Communications Trainer, 840951 $295 or download as Intel hex file. w /LCD display. Assembled. GRADES 9 & uP lEL1 -800- KELVIN 4tORLD (1- 800 -535 -8469) or 1- 516 -756- 1750...FAX 1-800-756 -1025 or 1-516 -756-1763 MAIL Kelvin, 10 Hub Dr., Melville, NY 11747... E -MAIL [email protected] www.kelvin.com 840832 J..8495 88 CIRCLE 249 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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www.americanradiohistory.com THEHA CKER WE SELL RED,BLUE -GREEN & IR COMPAN ION CQ -10114S ik Ei--i Are you interested using the internet in ways you never 5 r is dreamed possible? Want a war -dialer program or something to dsack a password? Do you want to learn how the phone i y gets ripped off. or learn how to build a red box, or modify . IILAar phone? Want to see what the security holes in HUNDREDS OF UNITS TO CHOOSE FROM! Windows ' are? Or -how to compromise a Unix machine or a BBS? Want learn how to use the system in ways you never imagined po- iblg,? This1CD is the place to look! It contains all PRICES AS LOW AS $40.00! kinds of co ute14 telephone and general hacking information. Experiments Even a video of -dutch hackers breaking into a We also carry Classified US s Laser Light Shows military cglnouter! In all, over 600 megabytes of fascinating books and Ions ',information that's hard to get anywhere else! 0 Cutting & Burning p Communications about LASERS. PC- COMPATIBLE CD $29.95 SHIPPING $3 Cryptography Unlimited CD -ROM CALL FOR FREE CATALOG! Cryptographic software will soon be outlawed-by the US TEL government. Get this important bundle of ove ' megabytes (909) 278 -0563 of cryptographic software while you still can!' y in the US will even dare to publish a CD like this anymore e had to FAX (909) 278 -4887 import it from Africa! Includes fie -encr ors, di- ': cryptors, PGP, steganography, code cracking P° phone and lots more! pC r, I I¡ r a /NPU5TR/E5 CD-ROM, SH: QP:,v3 $39.95 $3 1 if Call (800)719-4957 now! to order (Visa/MC /COD) or call or write for FREE CATALOG of hard -to information -get about computer ;ruses. computer 1269 W. Pomona, hacking, security and cryptogr rohy!! Corona, California 91720 See our catalog on the internet. American. Eagle P =.ebticationz,, P. 0 1501, Dept E. HTTP: //WWW. MWKI N DUSTRI ES. COM Lower, Show . i4ë . EMAIL: MKENNYI989 @AOL.COM CIRCLE 320 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD

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www.americanradiohistory.com PROFESSIONAL DESOLDERING Ilith the New Á Improved More Vacuum DEN -ON SC7000Z Lane Norman - Nornrns Electronics Inc Atlanta GA 404451 -5057 A cost effective solution to desoldeing equipment at less than half the price of most equipment It's performance is ASIOUNDWG. LID

,..r Mike Mmmppllttyy -Service Cater -Van Nuys 805 CA 818- db ; SC-1000Z The single best investment of repair equipment we've oe,1n. .oernn a rn .. made. It outperforms all other desoldering tools we've used. Easier to use and least expensive.

Quicker Vacuum FREE TRIAL Tina thy Kraft Momiuok hr.h VA 804468-3932 Bob Monroe - M.A.R.C. FJedronics - Virginia Beads Available on Request rny Hii , NJ 609-751-3252 Best investment we've made. Saves time, especially with multi -sided replaced all our existing and We PCB's. Extremely pleased with warranty. Failed within 6 months desokàering stations with the SC7000. replaced by DEN -ON overnight. Our technicians are very pleased with performance, Dick Manning - Dicks Electronics - Hattiattd WI 414 -367-8339 the improved of component removal fitly increases productive titre. The portability, and reliability over The ease & speed higher priced SMD kit makes SMD inuioval a breeze, even for inexperienced Tacks. our previous Sale Price equipment. George Hefter - Hdnee Electronics - Coleridge NE 402- 283-4333 the money on a BM Warne[ ClT/CSM Being a one -men service center, I hesitated to spend Audio & Video when I nearly ruined a $400 $395.00 Warrens desoldering tool , however all that changed 1128 my desoldering time by 50 %, Knexs a TN - 234546- computer logic board. It has cut We have been extremely satisfied with the quality and durability of the DEN -ON SC7000 as well as Higher Temperature price includes with after the sale support.

Dan Cressini - Certified Electronics Sev ice - Ellicott City MD 301-461-8008 strand worth n5.00 Keith Salts - J & M Electronics - We have obtained excellent results with the SC7000 including repairing Omaha NE 402- 291 -7100 made. I can high density UN tuners. It is one of the best purchases we have extra and It's a must tool for my bench. one filter pin IC's quickly VA 703-7435400 desolder multiple potty Pettit - LuRay FJedronics - LaRay and clean. It will even take up We found that the SC7000 not only saves money vs. wick, but saves valuable time in SMD's. two tip clenners, large solder amounts on tuner and troubleshooting. It allows you to be more accurate in removing case grounds. Randy Whitehead - Service West - Sal Lake Qty irr 801 -2624069 My techs thought it would be a waste. I bought one anyway_ after a demo. My techs then fought over it. Now we have three. It is the Best desoldering tool we have ever used. Cheek us out on the WEB Same Low Price http://www.heinc.com New Features New Specifications AC 100v,120V,230V,50/60HZ Totally Self Contained diaphragm vacuum pump and AC motor for Voltage -120W high vacuum suction or reversible hot air blow for SMD removal. Power C.nsumptlon Diaphragm Type 100Watt Ceramic heater with zero- crossover switching heater Pump 12W control circuit which prevents spikes and leakage currents. Motor Output 650mmHg Unique patented long lasting filter cartridge design. Solder builds up on Vacuum Attained °'C (572 °F- 932°F) easily cleaned baffle, while air flows around the outside of baffle. Temperature Range300°C -500 15 liter/Minute (Open) Totally ESD Safe. The housing contains carbon and the tip is at Air Flow Rate ground potential for complete ESD Protection. Heater 100W (Ceramic) Zero Cross -over Type Maximum vacuum of 650mmHg is attained in 100 milliseconds. Control System Feed Back 420Grams Temperature adjustable from 300 °C - 500°C (572°F - 932°F). Net Weight More suction power and hotter temperature if needed. Max.Temp. of Hot Blow -400°C s Visa - TUC - Uiscos er - .American l'express - Terms to Qualif in (onlpan 30 Day Slone' Rack 'Iutal Satisfaction Guarantee - a)nc Near l'arts and I.ahor \\arrant Web Site www.heinc.com HEOWARD Toll Free U.S. and Canada E -Mail sales @heinc.com ECTRONIC nQ International (316) 744 -1993 STRUMENTS or Fax (316) 744 -1994 Ya ue nti as St++'aliacsNC 1800394i 984/ V . CIRCLE 317 ON FREE INFORMATION CARD 93

www.americanradiohistory.com EASLNRELAYS LIGHTS MOTORS RF Data Modules TEMPERATURE PRESSURE LIGHT LEVELS HUMIDITYRE ERP 0.25mW into SOA MP' NUN o,, 3V(F), 5V(F) or 6- 12V(A) SWITCH POSITIONS THERMOSTATS LIQUID-r LEVELS 4" \r1k3' k ' 418 or 433.9Mhz FM - ik: pii I I:II I simply add antenna, data, power l l Ill Range up to 200m TXM -4XX -A $24.50 Analog or digital data i/p TXM -4XX -F S25.80 SAW controlled - stability

Only 21 x 47 x 5mm sY..e 4f y :. l : 13mA; 130uA on power save (100:1) 2 4 ' 1 *Carrier detect o/p 418 or 433.9MHz FM Superhet 4 , o SAW controlled - stability I ; I e3AMP i *Analog or digital o/p 16 DIGITAL I/O SILRX -4XX-A $39.38 *Wide supply range 4,5 -9V (A/F ver.) 1 AIM ARMOR INPUT SILRX -4XX -F $41.92 Fast enable time <3ms

Only 23 x 33 x 1 lmm Up to 40,000bps of balanced code *Up to 170m range. '4 mT. ; 5v operation ' 418 or 433MHz FM Ri-232INTERFACE aS-232INTERFACE .. 28 was OIGILLLI/0 16 eft AID Direct interface to 5V CMOS logic 6 ANALOG INPUTS SI, MOO BIM -4XX -F $87.36 *Fast Ims enable from power saving P1YM oUIWI W TO 60 064P/SEC OPTIONAL 12 Off AJO gn51`Qi 3 wire RS232 interface W *Up to 38400 bps 4i ' I, 59 x 40 x 14mm f 4 , 418 or 433MHz FM. 7.5 -15Vdc IVEEU A CUSTOM PCB? 7 -RY US- TX/RX LED indication CYPHERNET -RS232 S139.30 Up to 150m range

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www.americanradiohistory.com Roger's Systems Specialist 800 -366 -0579 "We Have Great Connections"

Internet Catalog Online! http: / /www.rogerssystems.com

PRINTER CABLES PC Compatible Joysticks 2 Computers to 1 Parallel Printer IBM Compatible 10' Bi- Directional Ergonomic design ManuaVAuto Switch Easy to install and operate SVGA Card 3 positive fire buttons 8 trigger All DB25 femal connections Vesa Local Bus card with 1 MB RAM Printer Cable 6h cable Fast screen refresh and compatible High quality 15 pin connector 1 1 DB25 male to standard 36 with most hardware and software ../ Centronics Cable for HP Fire Button C 32 -bit operation '-.±. laser and others; meets Built in cache \: 1284 -IEEE standards Fire Button B GUI Acceleration Up to 1280 x 1024 resolution 51044 Fire Button D 1 #DS-201P 1100-0 each #CC- PRI -1284 each Magavox Remote Windows 3.1 and Windows95 Trigger Preprogrammed 3' Standard Turbo Fire Switch Operates all primary functions and some extras Call regarding Printer Cable Throttle for TV, VCR, Cable Box 524 Will do 2 each!! #CC -PR3 each 51444 our new each The perfect replacement for lost o or broken remotes Bi- Directional 6' Standard Also Available #TM- REM -MAG Printer Cable 19 Button Programable Model 110°0 each Auto Switches 534° #CC -PR6 each 12844 each Blow Out!

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www.americanradiohistory.com CALL TOLL FREE CALL OR WRITE FOR C &S SALES A FREE 60 PAGE (800) 292 -7711 orders only CATALOG! Se Habla Español EXCELLENCE IN SERVICE 800 445 -3201 XK -550 Digital / Analog Trainer TK-3000 Elenco s advanced designed Digital / Analog Trainer is specially designed for school projects. It is built on a single PC board for maximum reliability. It includes 5 built - $89.95 in power supplies, a function generator with continuously sine, triangular and square wave forms. 1560 tie point breadboard area. Tools Included: XK -550 SR -2 - Deluxe Soldering Iron Assembled and Tested SH -1 - Soldering Iron Stand ST -1 - Diagonal Pliers ST-2 - Long No Pliers ST-30 - Deluxe Wire Stripper $169.95 SE -1 - Solder Ease Kit

ND -3 - 3 pc. Nut Driver Set XK -550K - Kit TL -8 - Precision Screw Drivers ST -5 - Screw Dr ver Slotted 3116 ST -6 - Screw Driver #1 Phillips $139.95 ET -10 - IC PuteF SP -2 - Solder Pump A professional technician service tool kit in a ST -20 - Safety Goggles metal reinforced tool case with heavy -duty han- Tools and meter shown optional ST -9 - Pocket Screw Driver dle and locks. A removable pallet handles most ST -4 - Solder Tube of the tools listed with more room for tools and

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WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- C &S SALES, INC. 15 DAY MONEY BACK 150 W. CARPENTER AVENUE GUARANTEE SOLD WHEELING, IL 60090 FULL FACTORY WARRANTY FAX (847) 541 -9904 (847) 541-0710 UPS SHIPPING- 48 STATES 5 PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOU r NOTICE 96 http: / /www.elenco.com /cs sales.

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www.americanradiohistory.com FREE PROBES CALL OR WRITE FOR OSCILLOSCOPES A FREE 60 PAGE WITH ALL CATALOG! SCOPES Lowest Prices of the Year! (800) 445 -3201 B &K Precision Quality Scopes by Elenco Scopes

60MHz ANALOG WITH DIGITAL STORAGE Model 2560 Cursors and readouts Free DMM { RS232 port 20MSIs real time sampling w/ any Elenco 1GHz equivalent time sampling at 0.1ys/div.) 1 -1 Prints Na RS -232 port Scope to any HPGL plotter $1995 ($20.00 value)!! 20MHz ANALOG WITH DIGITAL STORAGE Model 2522A 20MHz analog bandwldtb 20MS/s sampling rate 1I1UtitilNtkttìtr frv:, 2K memory ar oh aNnn ° +i 300MHZ egwpvalanlM1me sampling Pre-trigger capture $869.95 60MHz 40MHz 25 /30MHz 100MHz THREE -TRACE Model 2190A 1mv/mmeionsenemvny DS -603 $1350 S-1345 $569 DS -303 $1095 Duaeps eo aosdivision Dual time Dade Analog / Analog with Delayed Sweep Analog / Digital Storage ,ru Signal delay line Digital Storage 15KV accelerating voltage 20MS's Sampling Rate S -1340 $475 S -1330 $439 $1379.95 Analog 25MHz Analog 60MHz DUAL -TRACE S -1360 $749 Delayed Sweep Model 2160A tmV/myiamnsensrity Sweeps to Snvemslon Analog with Delayed Sweep Dual time base 2 Year S -1325 $325 Signal delay Ilse V modesdlaptays two signals urvelar 25MHz Analog ed in frequency. Component tester $949.95 40MHz DUAL -TRACE tmwdivislon CHART Model 1541C ' sensitivity OSCILLOSCOPE SELECTION video sync separator. Z -axis input ANALOG al Single Sweep V moda displays two signals antelar Model Bandwidth Sensitivity No. of Sweep Rate Delayed Video Component Beam Time ad In rrequency MHz (max) Channels Max ns /dtv Sweep Sync Tester Find Base Component tester S-1360 60 1 mV/div 2 10ns/div Yes Yes Yes Yes 2

S-1345 40 1 mV/div 2 10ns/div Yes Yes Yes Yes 2

1 2 1 60MHz, CURSORS 8 READOUTS, DUAL TIME BASE S-1340 40 mV/div 10ns /div No Yes No No S-1330 25 1 mV/div 2 10ns/div Yes Yes Yes Yes 2 Model 2260 De'ra and raadoels t mv:dw senslnwy S-1325 25 1 m V/div 2 i Ons /div No Yes No No

23 calibrated ranges - main time base to calibrated ranges delayed time base Signal delay time DIGITAL STORAGE Vmode - displays 2 signals unrelal Model Bandwidth Analog No. of Sampling Memory Internally Pretrigger Output ed in frequency MHz Sen (max) Channels Rate Channel Backed Up Component tester z -axle input DS -303 30 lmV div 2 20MS S 2K Yes 0, 25, 50, 75 RS232 Smote sweep DS -603 60 mV dtv 2 20MS S 2K Yes 0, 25, 50, 75 RS232 $1225

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V -555 - 50MHz w/ Cursors V-252 - 20MHz Was $1375. NOW $975 Save $400 419

WE WILL NOT BE UNDER- C &S SALES, INC. 15 DAY MONEY BACK 150 7111: GUARANTEE SOLD WCARPENTERIL 600 0NUE FULL FACTORY WARRANTY FAX: (847) 541 -9904 (847) 541 -0710 UPS SHIPPING: 48 STATES 5% PRICES SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE http:/ /www. elenco.com /cs_sales/ 97

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www.americanradiohistory.com ATTENTION CABLE VIEWERS

CABLE VIEWERS.. .get back to your BASIC Cable Needs Call 800- 577 -8775 For information regarding all of your BASIC cable needs

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www.americanradiohistory.com ADVERTISING ADVERTISING INDEX SALES OFFICES Electronics Now does not assume any responsibility for errors that may appear in the index below. Gernsback Publications, Inc. 500 Bi -County Blvd. Free Information Number Page Free Information Number Page Farmingdale, NY 11735 -3931 Abacom Technology 94 249 Kelvin Electronics 88 1 -(516) 293 -3000 ABC Electronics 102 Learn Inc. 25 Fax 1 -(516) 293 -3115 Larry ACM Company 109 M2L Electronics 108 Steckler publisher (ext. 201) Aegis Research, Canada 90 336 Mark V Electronics 87 e -mail [email protected] AES 99 331 MCM Electronics 81 Christina Estrada 214 All Electronics 89 Meredith Instruments 101 assistant to the publisher (ext. 209) Allison Technology 84 Merrimack Valley Systems 99 Arline Fishman advertising Allstar Electronics 110 128 MicroCode Engineering CV2 director (ext. 206) Michele Torrillo Amaze Electronics 107 Micro Engineering Labs 115 advertising assistant (ext. 211) AMC Sales 115 Modern Electronics 108 Adria Coren 320 American Eagle Publications 92 318 Mouser Electronics 102 credit manager (ext. 208) 282 American Innovations 109 MWK Industries 92 For Advertising 324 Basic Electrical Supply 98 NRI Schools 71 ONLY 327 Bel -Merit 108 NS International. 115 EAST /SOUTHEAST Stanley Levitan Bsoft Software, Inc. 99 330 Nu -Tek Electronics 76 Eastern Advertising 316 Butterworth - Heinemann 111 286 OWI 112 1 Overlook Ave. 333 C &S Sales, Inc. 96 262 Parts Express Inc 75 Great Neck, NY 11021 -3750 1- 516- 487 -9357 CD Electronics 84 Polaris Industries 73 Fax 1- 516- 487 -8402 332 Circuit Specialists 82 326 Prairie Digital 94 slevitan26 @aol.com CLAGGK, Inc. 12, 104 264 Print (Pace) 103 MIDWEST /Texas /Arkansas/Okla. Cleveland Inst. of Electronics 19 R -4 Systems Inc. 107 Ralph Bergen Command Productions 90 78 Radio Shack 5 Midwest Advertising One Northfield Plaza, Suite 300 226 Consumertronics 74 266 Ramsey Electronics 80 Northfield, IL 60093 -1214 328 CTG 79 RC Distributing Co. 115 1- 847 -559 -0555 Cybermation 98 RF Parts 90 Fax 1- 847 -559 -0562 bergenrj @aol.com DC Electronics 110 323 Roger's Systems Specialist 95 PACIFIC EDE - Spy Outlet 108 Sil Walker COAST 109 Janice Woods Electronic Goldmine 85 270 Skyvision Inc. 91 Pacific Advertising Electronics Technology Today 13 Square 1 Electronics 110 Hutch Looney & Associates, Inc. 6310 San Vicente Blvd. 334 Electronix Express 94 Starlet Systems 110 Suite 360 Emac Inc 79 Street Smart Security 79 Los Angeles, CA 90048 -5426 335 Foley -Belsaw Co. 105 Tab Books 3,52 1- 213- 931 -3444 (ext. 228) 334 Fotronic 104 TC Instruments 77 Fax 1- 213- 931 -7309 General Device Instruments 100 TCS Electronics 112 Electronic Shopper Joe Shere 122 Global Specialties 9 Technical Serv. & Solutions 109 National Representative Grantham Col. of Engineering 4 322 Telulex 107 P.O. Box 169 Home Automation 99 Test Equipment Sales 73 Idyllwild, CA 92549-0169 1- 909 Howard Electronics 77 275 Timeline 86 -659 -9743 Fax 1- 909 -659 -2469 317 Howard Electronics 93 U.S. Cyberlab 100 Jshere @gernsback.com Information Unlimited 78 Visual Communications 23 Megan Mitchell Intelligent Products 102 98 Wavetek Corp. 15 National Representative 126 Interactive Image Technologies CV4 319 Weka Publishing 113 9072 Lawton Pine Avenue Las Vegas, NV 89129 325 IVEX Design International 101 321 White Star Electronics 84 Phone/Fax 702-240-0184 J -Works 102 World College (Div. of C.I.E.) 37 Lorri88 @aol.com Jameco CV3 WPT Publications 98 Customer Service - James Electronics 77 280 Xandi Electronics 92 1- 800 -999 -7139 7:00 AM - 6:00 PM M -F MST 116

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Weight: Solderless Benchtop PC Board Part No. Description Price breadboard 12 -Bit Motor Control / 132281 486SLC com. sys. special $499,95 DC power supplies Solder Station Data Acquisition Board TraxMaker Software Function generator Holds PC boards A 3 wire UART (5 ranges) up to 13" wide port (Rx, Tx Compatible with CircuitMaket° Variable resistors, Can be adjusted by and GND) con- printed circuit Create data switches, pulse switches, speaker, using press release figurable to any board layouts with this - TraxMaker banana sockets, BNC jacks, and red LEDs and sliding support standard baud virtual reality software! ; .. 2- digits of segment LED display arm to hold desired size board rate in the 300 -115200 range (N,8,1) 6 single layers plus & PC) config- Size: 12.8"W x 9.8 "D x 3.7 "H Right hand soldering iron holder Three 12 -bit ports (PA/PB power and ground planes urable pin for pin as inputs or outputs Weight: 9.5 lbs. One -year warranty Size: 19.5 "W x 8.8 "D x 8.8'H -in Three stepper motor ports Built autorouter Part No. Description Price Part No. Description Price Minimum system Manual included One -year warranty 136266 Digital- Analog lab $329.95 133065 PC board solder station $29.95 requirements: 386 (or Size: 6.01 x 2.6'W Weight: 0.2 lbs. Piece Tool Kit Price higher) processor, Windows® 3.x/95/NT, Jameco ABS Speedy Boxes Jameco 66 Part No. Description A comprehensive set board 5MB hard disk space, 4MB RAM Will not crack or 140484 Data acquisition $149.95 of tools for field Part No. Description 1 -4 5 -9 split when drilled technicians, engineers Multi SWIM 139301 PCB design sw...$299.95 $269.95 or punched. PCB ll and lab personnel. Control Board mounting slots on all WinBoard PCB Layout Aluminum case Controls four sides and the lid Software features removable 4 stepper motors has a lip for precision fit Choose from over 700 pallets, surface -type independently (adds 0.4" height). 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Hardware kit 39.95 (above) & 123140 5:30am - 5:30pm PST http: / /www.jameco.com 81867 110 pc. Radial Capacitor kit 34.95 digital panel meters 81859 320 pc. Ceramic Capacitor kit 29.95 Case size: ® Menton V/S4 3 kit 34.95 0.4 lbs. Y.LP.# ae 81883 160 pc. Mylar Capacitor 6.0 "W x 2.8 "D x 2.8'H Weight: . II ® I - --. 129 pc. Tantalum Capac. kit 49.95 Includes connecting strips and screws 81841 82587 270 pc. Diode kit 39.95 Part No. Product No. 1 -9 10-24 w Call 1.800.831.4242 to order toda ! 82595 180 pc. Transistor kit 49.95 138974 MPB19 $9.95 $8.95

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